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ANNUAL REPORT
2016-17
Published by
Dr. P. Chowdappa
Director
ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
Kasaragod - 671 124, Kerala, India
Phone : 04994 – 232893, 232894, 232895 & 232996
Fax: 04994-232322
Email: directorcpcri@gmail.com, chowdappa.p@icar.gov.in
Website: http://www.cpcri.gov.in/
Photo Credits
Shri K. Shyama Prasad
Shri E.R. Asokan
Hindi Text
Mrs. K. Sreelatha
Dr. (Mrs.) Alka Gupta
Printed at
Niseema Printers
S. Kalamassery, Kochi, Ph: 2550849
June 2017
CONTENTS
Sl. Content Page
I. Preface
II. EòɪÉÇ ºÉÉ®úÉÆ¶É 1
III. Executive Summary 13
IV. Vision, Mission and Mandate 23
V. Institute Profile
Historical Perspective 24
Organogram 25
Achievements at a Glance 26
VI. Research Achievements
1. Genetic Resources 33
2. Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 52
3. Crop Production 58
4. Integrated Management of Diseases 69
5. Managing Pests and Nematodes 77
6. Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology 90
7. Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models 99
8. ICAR-All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Palms 118
9. Krishi Vigyan Kendras 124
VII. Library and Information Services 136
VIII. Publications 137
IX. Technologies 164
X. Awards and Recognition 167
XI. Capacity Building 169
XII. Centenary Celebrations of ICAR-CPCRI: A Retrospective 172
XIII. Workshops, Seminars and Farmers Day 188
XIV. Participation in Seminars/Symposia/Conferences and Workshops 190
XV. Research Collaborations 195
XVI. Research Projects 196
XVII. Research and Organisational Management 202
XVIII. Intellectual Property and Technology Management 203
XIX. Personnel 207
XX. Distinguished Visitors 216
XXI. Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav 218
XXII. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 223
XXIII. Women’s Cell Activities 226
XXIV. Events of National and International Importance 227
XXV. ®ÉVɦÉɹÉÉ EòɪÉÉÇx´ÉªÉxÉ Ê®{ÉÉä]Ç 230
XXVI. Budget 233
XXVII. Weather 234
Coconut gene bank at ICAR-CPCRI, Research Centre, Kidu
I. PREFACE
The year 2016 was a momentous year in the annals of ICAR-Central Plantation
Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI) and coconut research in India alike,
stamping its indelible footprint in sands of time, on having completed 100
glorious years in service of the nation from its modest beginning as a small
coconut research station in the sleepy village of Kudlu in Kasaragod, way
back in 1916. We had ceremoniously flagged off the centenary celebrations on
12th March 2016 in a unique way with simultaneous planting of 100 coconut
seedlings by 100 farmers in a minute in the Centenary Coconut Park, a massive
Kisan Mela and a plethora of other programmes spread along the year. The
year-long celebrations concluded with the Kisan Mela on 10th December 2016,
graced by Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Honourable Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,
and a host of other dignitaries, followed by the Third International Symposium on Coconut Research
and Development (ISOCRAD 3) during 10th-12th December 2016 and the 22nd edition of PLACROSYM
closely on its heels. In between, there was a large number of other programmes catering to all
sections of the stakeholders - scientific community, farmers, extension personnel, agri-business
entrepreneurs and SHGs. Reaching a century of years is indeed a grand landmark in the history
of an institution, certainly the joyous time for celebration and equally the right time for serious
introspection and strategizing for the future.
Plantation crops are a dynamic element in the world economy in terms of production, exports and
consumption. The Indian plantation sector has inherent strength of varied agro-climatic conditions,
huge domestic demand, higher productivity, strong research and development network and
technology dissemination systems. However, so far, the sector has not effectively utilized the possible
linkages between them for increasing the production and marketing efficiencies. Inclusive growth and
sustainability of plantation economy could be achieved through integrated development of cultivation
and industry coupled with a stable market. The research programmes targeting higher production
and better system productivity coupled with optimum input use efficiency and strengthening the
technology dissemination programmes with the active participation of beneficiaries along with new
‘social engineering’ strategies for aggregation of farmers for group activities (like the community
based organizations or CBOs and the three-tier neera producer companies) and creating more skilled
workers for farming, harvesting and processing operations, with the overall objective of triggering
production, processing and value addition, will, hopefully, place our coconut, arecanut and cocoa
sectors at forefront in the world.
Apart from these, since food safety standards are becoming more stringent in the world, and to be
competitive in the trade, we must give adequate importance to the Good Management Practices (GMP)
in the plantation sector. There is an urgent need to realign the production structure of plantation
crops in accordance with the international and domestic price signals. Needless to say, the research
and developmental agenda of the R&D institutions should invariably be ‘proactive’ to keep itself
abreast of the latest developments in the sector and to address them effectively. And, ICAR-CPCRI
has always been a model institution in plantation crops R&D in India and 100 years of its history
stands witness to it.
With the opening up of Indian economy by the end of the last century and liberalization of trade
regimes in the first decade of the present century with the GATT and free trade agreements in
place, the plantation crops sector in India has been increasingly exposed to competition. In the
present day global commodity markets, the winner is always the country in possession of better
technologies, that can produce/supply better products at lower prices. Needless to say, there has
to be a continuum of innovations, as technologies also get less effi cient over time and eventually
become obsolete. Evidently, there is a demand and a right ambience for technology development and
dissemination with the state-of-the art laboratories, immeasurable wealth of genetic resources and
well-trained scientifi c manpower in our possession.
The Institute has built up, over the years, a rich repository of genetic resources to provide breeders
with required genetic stock to tackle present and future challenges. It is a matter of national pride
that it maintains the largest collection of germplasm accessions: coconut (455), arecanut (176) and
cocoa (405). International Coconut Genebank for South Asia (ICG-SA) was established under a
tripartite agreement among ICAR-FAO-ITPGRFA. The Institute also hosts the National Coconut Gene
Bank (NCGB) and serves as the National Active Germplasm Site (NAGS) for coconut, arecanut and
cocoa. Recently, DUS (distinctiveness, uniqueness and stability) test centres for coconut, arecanut
and cocoa have been started with funding from PPV&FRA, New Delhi. The Institute has facilitated
development of the DUS guidelines for coconut and arecanut for effecting plant variety protection
mechanism.
Over the past hundred glorious years, this Institute has developed/released an impressive
array of high yielding varieties, considering that it takes nearly two decades of continuous and
strenuous efforts to develop, evaluate and release a variety in a perennial tree crop like coconut
and they have percolated far and wide in all coconut growing tracts. The impact of yearly
planting materials supplied from ICAR-CPCRI alone would be to the tune of ` 1604 lakh year-1,
considering the long economic life span of coconut. Most befi ttingly, in this centenary year, we have
released three varieties, Kalpa Shatabdi, Shatamangala and Nethra Centura, one each in coconut,
arecanut and cocoa respectively. ICAR-CPCRI has been instrumental in developing several technologies
and innovations, highly remunerative and sustainable coconut/arecanut based cropping/farming
system models, INM, IDM, IPM and organic farming packages and an impressive array of products
and processes for value-addition, product diversifi cation and agri-business entrepreneurship.
Besides the “Kalparasa” technology for fresh and hygienic neera production from coconut, coconut
sugar based value-added products like “Kalpa Dark Chocolate” and “Kalpa Drinking Chocolate”
and a virgin coconut oil residue based extruded product “Kalpa Krunch” have been commercially
launched recently.
Towards our vision of ushering in an era of science and technology led development of plantation
crops sector in India, we have identifi ed a few core research priorities for development of technologies/
products like tissue culture protocol for coconut, soil-less media for nursery, granular biofertilizers/
biopesticides, fertilizer mixtures for the mandate crops, fertigation-solubles and post harvest
handling and processing of coconut Kalparasa including spray-drying technologies. This is the most
opportune time for us to rededicate ourselves to the cause of plantation crops research and extension,
contributing our might to bring smiles to the farming community, to which we are beholden to.
In this backdrop, I am greatly privileged to present the Annual Report of ICAR-CPCRI, showcasing the
research activities and achievements of this institute for the year 2016-17, presented in a thematic
mode. I am grateful to Dr. T. Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR for the
encouragement and guidance. I place on record my sincere gratitude to the Deputy Director General
(Horticulture Science) for his support, guidance in the activities and progress of the institute. I thank
the Assistant Director Generals in the Horticulture Science Division, ICAR for the unstinting support
received. I thank the Scientists, Offi cers and all staff members of this institute for the signifi cant
contributions made in fulfi lling the mandate of the institute.
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11
Coconut planting materials production at ICAR-CPCRI
III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T
he plantation sector in India is dominated coconut, arecanut and cocoa. DUS (distinctiveness,
by millions of small and marginal farmers, uniqueness and stability) test centres for coconut,
mainly confined to the economically and arecanut and cocoa have been established at the
ecologically vulnerable regions. Coconut, institute with funding from PPV&FRA, New Delhi and
arecanut and cocoa are important plantation crops of it has facilitated development of the DUS guidelines
India with a profound influence on the rural economy for coconut and arecanut for effecting the plant
by supporting the livelihoods of 20 million people in variety protection under the institutional framework
the country. The changing cropping pattern, climate of PPV&FR Act of 2001.
change concerns and constraints on natural resource
Arecanut germplasm holdings has been further
use and reduction in profitability in the plantation
enhanced with the collection of 12 diverse
crops scenario warrant innovative strategies and
germplasm, six from North Bengal, two from Assam
approaches to address challenges and promote
and four from Karnataka, which include types with
accelerated growth of the sector.
bold nuts (>145 g wt.), ripe/fresh nuts with free
ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute kernel and variegated nuts. Theobroma grandiflorum
(ICAR-CPCRI), one of the premier agricultural research (Cupuassu fruit), a wild relative of cocoa (T. cacao L.)
institutions in the National Agricultural Research was collected for evaluating its utility as rootstock
System of India, is presently mandated to conduct and and for wilt resistance. A ‘pentagona’ type of cocoa
coordinate research on coconut, arecanut and cocoa with distinct five-ribbed pod with white to pink beans
in India. ICAR-CPCRI had a modest origin with its was collected, for utilizing in expression study of
lineage tracing back to the Coconut Research Station anthocyanin inhibitory genes, and possibly in quality
started in 1916 at Kudlu village (of present Kasargod improvement. Local cocoa types from Adimaly and
district of Kerala in Southern India) in the South Mankuva villages in high range of Idukki district of
Kanara district of erstwhile Madras presidency. Ever Kerala (with pod index 10, bean index 1.95 to 2.11 g,
since its inception, it has served the cause of science 9.52% shell, 90.6% nib recovery and 52-55% fat
and society with distinction through exemplary content) were collected and conserved at its Regional
research, generation of appropriate technologies Stations, Vittal and Kayamkulam for evaluating in
and development of skilled human resources. The the lower hills and plains for desirable quantitative
Institute has continued its momentum in conducting and qualitative traits.
basic and applied research relevant to the mandate
crops and the progress of research work during Gene bank maintenance, characterization and
the year 2016-17 is being reported under distinct evaluation of conserved coconut germplasm were
thematic areas. undertaken in the national gene banks at Kasaragod/
Kidu and the International Coconut Gene Bank
Plant Genetic Resources Utilization
for South Asia (ICG-SA) at Kidu. Higher potential
Genetic resources are the basic building blocks for for yield and yield component traits was recorded
undertaking crop improvement programmes and the in about 20 accessions in stabilized bearing and
institute has built up, over the years, a rich repository among them, Federated Malay States Tall (FMST)
of genetic resources to provide breeders with required with higher inflorescence sap yield of 31.23 litre
genetic stock to address the present concerns and the inflorescence-1 (as compared to 23.18 l inflorescence-1
future challenges. The institute maintains the world’s in West Coast Tall) has great potential for cultivation
largest collection of germplasm accessions in coconut for sap production in addition to copra/nuts. Among
(455) and arecanut (176), besides a vast assemblage the conserved germplasm from the Pacific region,
in cocoa (405). The institute hosts the International higher yield potential was recorded in Niu Bulavu,
Coconut Genebank for South Asia (ICG-SA) at its Solomon Tall, Niu Hako, Tutiala Tall, Rennell Tall
Research centre, Kidu, established under a tripartite and Nikkore Dwarf. In the comparative evaluation of
agreement among ICAR-FAO-ITPGRFA, besides the dwarf accessions at Kasaragod, early inflorescence
National Coconut Gene Bank (NCGB). It also serves emergence (in the 18th leaf axil) was recorded in
as the National Active Germplasm Site (NAGS) for IND003S.
13
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Studies on virgin coconut oil (VCO) yield in six tall core collections. A total of 20 distinct morphological/
accessions (Palawan Tall, Gangapani Tall, Panama quantitative/qualitative characteristics viz., plant
Tall, Nicobar Beak Tall, Andaman Ordinary Tall and habit, leaf blade shape of base, leaf apex shape, young
Federated Malay States Tall) indicated variation with flush leaf colour through anthocyanin pigmentation,
oil yield from 100 fruits, ranging from 4.1 litre in anthocyanin in flower pedicel, pedicel diameter,
Andaman Ordinary Tall to 6.3 litre in Palawan Tall and orientation of sepal, anthocyanin in stamen filament,
Federated Malay States Tall. Qualitative differences fruit shape, basal constriction, apex form, length/
in oil quality across accessions indicate the scope width ratio, surface rugosity, colour, husk thickness,
for identifying accessions with oil characteristics prominence of ridges and furrows, sweetness of pulp,
suitable for different end purposes. number of beans, bean length/ width ratio, cotyledon
colour and fat content were recorded from adult
Screening of coconut germplasm against abiotic
cocoa trees.
stresses viz., moisture deficit, cold, and high
temperature, is in progress. Among the 15 cold The focused breeding efforts have culminated in
tolerant coconut selections from West Bengal under development and release of several high yielding
evaluation at its Research Centre, Mohitnagar, no varieties and hybrids ensuring higher productivity
cold injury symptoms were noticed. and overall profitability to the farmers. Twenty
improved high yielding varieties (14 selections and six
Studies on days taken for germination in 12
hybrids) of coconut with higher yield and suitable for
accessions indicated very early germination in
copra/ tender nut/ biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
Kulasekharam Green Dwarf and San Ramon Tall,
have been released for cultivation. Altogether, 11
with maximum germination in about two weeks improved varieties of arecanut (nine selections
from sowing. Tender nut traits were studied in eight and two dwarf hybrids) with higher yield and eight
accessions, including five tall accessions from the high yielding varieties in cocoa (three elite clones
Pacific region. Higher volume of tender nut water and five hybrids), with varying processing qualities
and also higher tender fruit weight was recorded in have also been released. Presently, the emphasis is
Niu Ui Tall. A coconut palm bearing large fruits with on developing dwarf varieties and D x T hybrids in
pink coloured mesocarp was identified in San Ramon coconut and arecanut and dual purpose varieties in
Tall population and is being studied further for its coconut, in appreciation of the present day realities
potential use in marker assisted selection and to in this sector.
develop it as a genetic stock/exploitation in breeding
programme for a new tender coconut variety with Kalpa Shatabdi (a selection of IND034S) with large
attractive pink husk. In situ characterization for fruit fruits and a high copra out turn of 28.65 kg palm-1
component traits in Chittoor coconut population of year-1 is recommended for cultivation in the coconut
Palakkad and a pink husked tall accession in root growing tracts of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil
(wilt) disease prevalent tract of Kerala was undertaken. Nadu. A high-yielding selection, VTL-146, from a
Characterization of 10 coconut accessions, including germplasm line collected from Gujarat with dry kernel
eight tall accessions, for vegetative, reproductive yield of 3.91 kg palm-1 year-1and tender nut yield of
and inflorescence characters is in progress for 3.26 kg palm-1 year-1 was released as ‘Shatamangala’.
development of descriptors and descriptor traits were The cocoa hybrid, VTLCH-5, a hybrid between VTLC-
recorded in 13 conserved accessions at its Research 64 x VTLC-69 (IC 565554 x IC 565559) has been
Centre, Kidu. released as variety ‘Nethra Centura’. This variety is
precocious, stable and a heavy bearer with medium
In the alternative field gene bank at Mohitnagar, yield canopy (16-18 m2) under arecanut and coconut
components have been recorded for 71 accessions of gardens (as both seedlings and clones) under normal
arecanut and among them, VTL-40, VTL-60, VTL- and high density plantings. It is recommended
64, VTL-75 exhibited superiority for dry kernel yield. for Western Ghats hills and plains of Kerala and
Tender nut processing studies was undertaken in 14 Karnataka and irrigated arecanut and coconut
collections from Andaman and Nicobar islands and gardens of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
more than 66% first quality processed tender nuts
Recording of morphological traits and disease
could be recovered from accessions, VTL-34, VTL-36
indexing were undertaken in the yellow leaf disease
and VTL-37.
(YLD) screening trial and no symptoms of YLD
Generation of DUS test data was continued in 11 noticed in these palms. Screening of dwarf hybrids
released/extant coconut varieties. Under the newly (Mangala x HD, HD x Mangala, Sumangala x HD,
established DUS centre for cocoa, DUS testing HD x Sumangala, Mohitnagar x HD and HD x
characters for cocoa have been short-listed from Mohitnagar) along with parents for yellow leaf disease
14
Executive Summary
15
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Cropping and Farming Systems bimonthly interval resulting in high fodder yield of
139 t ha-1.
In the present scenario of integrated global markets
in the post GATT and FTAs, where the slightest Hybrid Bajra Napier cv. Suguna, intercropped in
disturbance in the production front in one country coconut garden along with Stylosanthes cv. Hamata,
can have unpredictable impact in the value chain is a compatible crop combination in coconut based
elsewhere in the world, it is all the more prudent mixed farming system under root (wilt) affected
that a traditional small-holder farmer should go for gardens. The results indicate that the combination
as many crops and agri-enterprises as can possibly of fodder grass and leguminous crops can help in the
be integrated seamlessly in to the farming system. enhancement of soil nutrient availability and fodder
Coconut and arecanut based inter/mixed, multi- yield mainly by combating the nutrient exhaustion by
storied multi-species cropping models as well as mixed the fodder grass when grown as a pure crop.
farming systems have been developed for increasing Studies were undertaken to assess the impact
total system productivity and farmer income. The of different harvesting intervals and sequence of
coconut based cropping system using multi species harvesting on tender nut and mature nut production.
cropping of coconut with pepper, banana, nutmeg, It was observed that harvesting of tender nut
pineapple, ginger, turmeric and elephant foot yam throughout the year recorded higher yield (167 tender
generated a net income of ` 3.7 lakhs ha-1, nearly one nuts palm-1) and nut weight (2.2 kg nut-1) which is
and a half times higher than that of coconut monocrop significantly different from all other treatments.
(`1.4 lakhs ha-1). A coconut based mixed farming Economic analysis shows that the harvesting of tender
system (CMFS) comprising coconut, pepper, banana, nut throughout the year has realized nearly four
crossbred cows, poultry birds, goat, and pisciculture times higher net returns (` 2,64,768/-) as compared
generated a net return of ` 6.1 lakhs, nearly three to harvesting of matured nuts (` 66,178).
times higher than that of coconut monocrop, in line
with the hon. Prime Minister’s vision of doubling From the field experiment conducted with graded
farmers income. levels of boron (0, 6, 12, 18, 24 g of boron palm-1)
as borax in boron deficient palms, the optimum dose
Arecanut based cropping system with cocoa, banana has been fixed as 160 g borax palm-1 to be applied
and black pepper as component crops generated net in four split doses along with husk burial in the
returns as high as ` 8.8 lakhs ha-1, which is more basin and vermicompost application @ 20 kg palm-1.
than double compared to that of arecanut monocrop Critical boron level was estimated as 0.87 ppm for
(` 3.80 lakhs ha-1). Arecanut based mixed farming soil and 13.87 mg kg-1 for leaf.
system (AMFS) with dairying, fresh water aquaculture
and fodder grass (Hybrid Napier) components A multi-institutional collaborative project for
generated net returns up to ` 6.6 lakhs ha-1, which evaluating the economic viability of coconut based
is quite higher than that of arecanut monocrop. cropping system through site-specific management
Cultivation of medicinal plants, asparagus and Aloe practices was initiated during 2015 in five Agro
vera, improved system productivity under arecanut Ecological Units of Kerala with the financial assistance
and coconut based cropping system at Mohitnagar. from the Kerala State Planning Board. The project
Arecanut based cropping system model involving consists of experimental trials and demonstration
in farmer’s plots. The experiment consists of five
arecanut, black pepper, acid lime and turmeric
treatment combinations including application of
continued to record higher system productivity with
all the major, secondary and micronutrients along
black pepper contributing 55-60%.
with sodium chloride, lime, dolomite and gypsum
It was demonstrated that in coconut based high and farmers’ practice kept as control. Boron content
density multi species cropping system higher in the leaf showed significant increase after the
coconut productivity, on par with integrated nutrient application of treatments. In situ recycling of palm
management, can be sustained through fully residues showed improvement in soil organic matter
organic treatments including recycling of biomass content in all the sites. Average annual nut yield also
(vermicompost), green manuring, application of showed significant improvement with the treatments.
biofertilizers, vermiwash application, husk burial
Bioresource Utilization
and mulching in coconut basin. Organic nutrient
management was standardized for cultivation of A ‘push-pull’ strategy was employed to harvest
Hybrid Napier var. CO3 fodder intercrop in coconut earthworms from vermicompost heaps through an
plantations, with application of cow dung slurry, integrated use of volatiles released by biological
vermicompost, Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria at materials as forces of avoidance and attraction to
16
Executive Summary
manipulate their migration from the vermicomposted make IPM more realistic, innovative and farmer-
heap to the adjacently laid fresh cow dung from centric through a community participatory mode. In
where they were eventually collected, thus, making recent times, agro-ecosystem based ecological bio-
sorting of earthworms from vermicomposting tanks engineering approaches have been projected as a
easy and labour-friendly. viable option in combating the pest menace.
In tender nut parlours/street vendors, mostly To counter the infestation of rhinoceros beetle
the tender nut water is consumed on the spot by on juvenile palms which is acquiring menacing
the consumers, leaving the husk refuse which proportions in recent years, a botanical cake and a
accumulate in heaps in the premises. For composting botanical paste have been developed for prophylactic
this extremely fibrous bio-waste, the immature leaf axil placement/application. Botanical cake in
coconut husks were processed and treated with tablet mode has been further refined to pellets for
diazotrophic microbial consortium and poultry effective field delivery. An agro-ecosystem based pest
manure over a three months period. Though this regression strategy through ecological bio-engineering
tannin and lignin rich material is less labile and its was designed for managing rhinoceros beetle with
carbon chemistry does not allow much vulnerability the crop combination of coconut with spices and
to microbial action, preliminary results revealed that fruit trees, exploiting the interplay of mixed-volatile
stoichiometrical changes could be achieved in this cues of crop plurality (rambutan, nutmeg, curry leaf,
organic material. Towards developing an eco-friendly banana, turmeric, red gram, papaya), with lesser
technology for composting the recalcitrant natured damage (15.8%) inflicted on the palms in the inner
lingo-cellulosic areca husk, microbial and non- lines compared to those in the outer lines (30%). In
microbial interventions are being attempted. addition to pest regression, continuous employment
and income is generated fostering closer care to
Micronutrient status map of major coconut growing
palms, complementing the concept of an “inch of
areas was developed from secondary data available
land and a bunch of crops”.
in the public domain. Among the major coconut
growing area in India, 47 per cent of the area falls Studies conducted at Kayamkulam, a pest endemic
under soil available zinc deficient zone 25 per cent region during 2014-2016 (June-May) using two
area under boron deficiency, 16 per cent under iron different modes of pheromone dispensation viz.,
deficient zone, around 10 per cent with manganese ‘Chemtica’ (polymer membrane) and ICAR-CPCRI
deficiency and 9 per cent of the area coming under (nanoporous matrix), established the superiority
Cu deficient zone. Among the five bacterial isolates of nanoporous matrix in trapping more number of
with high zinc solubilization poential, the isolate beetles in the field. However, it should not be used as
Micrococcus luteus CUK5 could solubilize both a sole component in IPM strategy under homestead
ZnO and ZnCO3 with equal efficiency (up to 400 %) conditions of Kerala; rather, an area-wide community
in cultures. In pot culture studies, soils low in level approach in a large plantation would be the
available zinc (0.31 to 0.70 ppm), when inoculated better option. Area-wide (1400 ha) implementation
with zinc solubilizing bacteria, showed appreciable of IPM technologies for the past three years (2013-
increase in Zn levels, with CUK5 isolate found most 2016) in three locations at Alappuzha district of
promising. Kerala involving prophylactic leaf axil filling of
botanical cakes admixed with sand, incorporation of
Different bioresources viz., Eudrilus sp. (coconut
Metarhizium anisopliae and the weed, Clerodendron
leaf vermicomposting earthworms; 3,60,000 Nos.),
infortunatum and release of Oryctes rhinoceros
Kalpa Organic Gold (coconut leaf vermicompost; 16
nudivirus inoculated beetle could reduce beetle
tonnes), Kalpa Soil Care (urea-free coir-pith compost;
damage by 81.2%.
6 tonnes), Kera Probio (PGPR bioinoculant; 120 kg),
coconut leaf vermiwash (80 l) and mushroom spawn A new morphological feature on sexual dimorphism
(70 kg) were produced and supplied to farmers and in red palm weevil, the most destructive pest of
other end users. palms, could be established with the presence of
thick setae on tibia as well as femur of male and
Reducing Crop Losses
the same totally absent in the female weevils. The
Pest management interventions in palms and cocoa plastic bucket trap used in the trapping of red
have been vastly refined, augmenting ecological palm weevil was re-designed with a PVC one with
stability and environmental sustainability. Botanical an umbrella mode ensuring enhanced durability,
preparations, biological suppression and semio- optimum dissipation of the pheromone and higher
chemical strategies are inexplicably intertwined to catch of weevils.
17
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Rugose Spiralling Whitefly (RSW) (Aleurodicus population. Recently, Conogethes punctiferalis has
rugioperculatus Martin), an invasive pest on coconut been reported as one of the emerging insect pests of
was reported from Pollachi (Tamil Nadu) and Palakkad cocoa in Karnataka. The pest incidence which was
(Kerala) during July-August 2016 and subsequently very low (2.07%) during 2013 has now increased to
in a period of next seven months, spread of RSW as high as 40% during 2016, probably due to change
was observed in all districts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu in weather factors.
(Pollachi, Pattukottai), Karnataka (Udupi) and
A new strain of Heterorhabditis indica has been
Andhra Pradesh (Kadiyampalanka). The distribution
reported from the root grub infested arecanut gardens
of the pest is uneven, mostly along the National
in Udma panchayat, Kasaragod district of Kerala
and State Highways, isolated gardens near water
that induced 90% mortality of early instar grubs. The
bodies and restricted gardens in midland regions.
area-wide demonstration of arecanut root grub bio-
Presence of sooty mould and the prevalence of active
suppression with the EPN, Steinernema carpocapsae
egg spirals and adult whiteflies are the marked
(1.5 billion IJs ha-1), in combination with 0.0045%
symptoms of infestation. Though it has not caused
imidacloprid and 2 kg neem cake palm-1 was carried
any severe economic losses, extensive desapping of
out in Sringeri and Sullia in Karnataka and has given
RSW could induce stress on the palms due to removal convincing results with drastic reduction of root grub
of water and nutrients. Even though there was loss of population by 91.8% and yield enhancement by
photosynthetic efficiency due to the formation of sooty 62.1% in treated palms over a period of two years.
mold fungus (Capnodium sp.), mortality of palms has
not been observed. Molecular characterization of The feeding and ingestion of Phytophthora palmivora,
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) of the coconut bud rot pathogen, by the common slug
Aleurodicus sp. collected from coconut indicated 100 Deroceros sp., the presence of sporangia in the faecal
% similarity with that of mitochondrial CO1 sequence matter of the slugs collected from coconut garden,
of A. rugioperculatus reported from Florida, USA, induction of symptoms of water soaked lesions on
thus confirming its taxonomic identity. Modulations the fresh healthy tender coconut on inoculation with
in weather factors (with over 40% deficit in monsoon faecal matter and the re-isolation of P. palmivora
and at least 2oC increase in temperature and a from the inoculated nuts confirmed role of slugs in
reduction of afternoon relative humidity to the tune the spread of coconut bud rot disease.
of 7% during the post-monsoon period) experienced Morphological and molecular characterization of
during 2016 could have been the reasons for the flare- Phytophthora isolates recovered from self-grown
up of A. rugioperculatus. Since use of insecticides is colocasia samples collected from diseased arecanut
not a viable option for the management of whitefly gardens and those grown as a monocrop has given
as it causes a reduction in the build of natural interesting results. Eighteen out of the twenty
enemies, especially E. guadeloupae, an integrated Phytophthora isolates from the diseased arecanut
pest management aimed at population build-up of gardens showed 100% identity with P. meadii, the
natural enemies, either through biological control or arecanut fruit rot pathogen, in terms of its morphology
introduction of parasitized pupae, would be a more and ITS sequences. The other two isolates recovered
feasible and sustainable alternative approach at this from self-grown colocasia and five from colocasia
point of time for the long-term bio-suppression of grown as monocrop exhibited 100% identity with P.
RSW. colocasiae isolates. Cross inoculation of P. meadii
A new pest, ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus sp. isolates from colocasia to arecanut exhibited typical
symptoms of fruit rot disease symptoms, adding
(Curculionidae) was recorded from an arecanut garden
credence to the theory that colocasia is a collateral
in Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district, with
host for the arecanut fruit rot pathogen, Phytophthora
oozing of yellowish gummy exudates from the point
meadii.
of entry of beetle as the most conspicuous symptom.
Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell is the predominant Random survey on arecanut inflorescence dieback
mealy bug species infesting cocoa pods, cherelles, revealed that this disease is prevalent in all the
flower cushions and leaves. Seasonal incidence of major arecanut growing areas of Karnataka and
mealy bugs on cherelles and pods indicated pest Kerala, with higher incidence in Davanagere district
build-up during February with peak incidence of Karnataka (27.3) followed by Kasaragod district
during March to May. Two natural enemies viz., (24.7) of Kerala. Significant morphological variability
Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff and Aenasius has been observed among the isolates collected from
arizonensis (Girault) were found dominant in cocoa the disease endemic areas. Survey on coconut leaf
ecosystem for natural bio-suppression of mealy bug blight disease indicated highest leaf blight disease
18
Executive Summary
incidence (80%) in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, Product Diversification, Value Addition and
followed by Tumkur district (20%) of Karnataka. Mechanization
Molecular detection of phytoplasma in different Coconut milk residue (CMR) is the main underutilized
auchenorrhyncha fauna collected from coconut by-product of virgin coconut oil processing, which
ecosystem using phytoplasma-specific universal is rich in dietary fibre, protein, polyphenols and
primers (P1/P6-R16F2n/R16R2) indicated positive antioxidants. Towards encouraging optimum
amplification at 1250 bp for Orosius albicinctus utilization of by-products generated in the process
(Distant) alone, indicating its vectoral role in and ensuring higher economic returns and viability
transmission of phytoplasma disease especially of the VCO technology, efforts were made to develop
in Sesamum sp. phyllody group. Molecular healthy, natural and crispy extrudates from coconut
characterization of phytoplasma from symptomatic milk residue. Kalpa Krunch is a coconut milk residue
weeds in RWD affected coconut plantations showed enriched ready-to-eat extruded snack, coated with
the presence of 16Sr II group in dicot weeds (wild natural and healthy flavours like coriander, garlic,
Sesamum sp. and Cleome viscosa) and 16 Sr XIV clove, cinnamon, chilli, mint and cardamom. The
group in monocot weeds (Urochloa distachya and feasibility of using coconut milk residue (CMR) for the
Cynodon dactylon) indicating that these weeds do not preparation of fibre enriched pasta, rusk (a hard, dry
serve as the hosts for RWD phytoplasma. biscuit or twice-baked bread) and fried snacks are
also being explored. A new initiative for preparation of
Climate Resilient Technologies
jelly from tender coconut water/coconut inflorescence
The interaction effect of climate change variables viz., sap with coconut sugar as sweetening agent, instead
CO2 and elevated temperature (ET) with moisture of cane sugar, is also currently underway.
deficit, on growth and development of coconut The institute has developed a beating type arecanut
seedlings was studied in an Open Top Chamber de-husking machine and an arecanut grading unit
(OTC). Response of coconut to ECO2 and ET at with an automatic feeding device to avoid manual
reproductive phase show that above-ground plant feeding. Performance evaluation of the de-husking
growth was almost 1.5 fold higher at 550 ppm, and machine conducted in the institute farm and by
two fold higher at 700 ppm CO2 compared to chamber farmers has given encouraging feedback, with the
control, whereas growth was significantly low with labour cost of de-husking reduced to one fifth of the
[ET]. Elevated CO2 compensated the growth loss with cost of manual de-husking.
[ET] to a certain extent. However, the intrinsic WUE
was high in plants grown under ECO2 due to lower Capacity Building Programmes
stomatal conductance. For mitigating the effect of Coconut is one of the important plantation crops
drought in coconut, an imminent threat under climate mainly grown in the southern states of India
change, improving crop water use efficiency (WUE) providing livelihood security to more than 12
is most important for sustained nut production. million people. Average productivity of coconut from
While WUE for tall genotypes was high under non- southern states (11775 nuts ha-1) is much lower in
stress conditions, it was relatively low under stress comparison to research station yield of 30625 nuts
condition. On the other hand, dwarf cultivars showed ha-1. In recent times, coconut sector has suffered
low WUE under non-stress condition and showed from frequent price flucutations, incidence of pests
comparatively high WUE under water deficit stress, and diseases, moisture stress, lack of value addition
indicating that talls are more efficient than dwarfs in etc. Hence, technological innovations and diffusion
utilizing available water resources. of new technologies are the key drivers to enhance
The optimum temperature required for in vitro pollen the productivity and profitability of coconut farming.
germination ranged from 24.55°C to 29.31°C, with A series of Kisan Melas (five) were organized at
the tall and dwarf genotypes showing differential Kasaragod, Kayamkulam, Kahikuchi and Mohitnagar
response to high temperature. Tall cultivars, in during the centenary year covering the entire growing
general, maintained an acceptable level of germination tracts in the country with the participation of a large
from 20°C to 35°C, but showed a decline of about number of farmers. Several interface programmes
35% when the temperature rose to 40°C. Dwarfs, on through interactive video conferencing were organized
the other hand, showed a germination percentage of connecting various stakeholders in the loop,
30-32% only at near-optimum temperatures, and at addressing a wide range of issues close to their heart.
temperatures higher or lower than that, germination Considering the high density of mobile telephones
was significantly reduced and at 40°C, germination and the ever increasing reach of the digital network in
was lower than 5%. India, an android based mobile application ‘e- kalpa’
19
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
enabling technology delivery, interactive learning participatory integrated management of root (wilt)
and real time data recording was developed for better disease, bio input production units, mastitis
reaching out to farming communities. The contents elimination campaign for improving milk production
are now available in multi-language formats. Besides and health of livestock, tissue culture banana
this, an e-Plantation Survey App was also developed cultivation and soil moisture conservation measures.
for accurate GPS tagged data collection for research
NABARD supported (Farm Innovation and Promotion
projects and extension activities.
Fund) Project on community based bio-resource
About 23 capacity building programmes were management was implemented in Kanjikuzhy Block
organized in collaboration with Department of of Alappuzha District during 2014-16. The major
Agriculture/Horticulture, ATMA and other agencies, objectives of the project were (a) to strengthen the
imparting training on improved technologies for the capacities of farmers on biomass recycling and
mandate crops to over 600 extension personnel from enrichment of organics with beneficial microbes to
various states. Over a 100 training programmes, ensure sustainability in agricultural production and
covering hybridization techniques, nursery (b) to increase the productivity and income from
management, crop production, protection and value coconut based farming system through integrated
addition on mandate crops were conducted for nutrient management with emphasis on bio-resource
the benefit of a large number of farmers. Frontline management, soil and water conservation techniques
demonstrations (FLDs) established in 35 ha of and crop diversification.
farmers’ gardens (5 ha in a select panchayath in
The major problems faced by farmers practicing
each district) on integrated management of coconut
organic farming in the area were lack of proper
root (wilt) disease in seven districts of Kerala,
knowledge on the organic inputs to be used and
integrated management of arecanut root grub in
availability of quality organic inputs. Apart from
Sullia in Karnataka and Ganoderma wilt of coconut
this, the project area (Kanjikuzhy block) having
in Kasaragod, are being continued. Besides, 50
littoral sandy soil characterized by low organic
demonstration plots (comprising of one ha each)
matter content and poor water holding capacity,
on cocoa technologies were maintained in five
was found to have several constraints with regard to
districts viz., West Godavari, East Godavari, Krishna,
soil fertility status. As part of capacity development,
Vishakapatnam and Vizianagaram in Andhra
the selected farmers were trained on composting
Pradesh and the techno-socio-economic feasibility of
techniques, microbial enrichment of organics and
the technologies is being assessed on a participatory
soil test based nutrient application with special
mode.
emphasis on bioresource management and imparted
Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav programme is being large number of skill development programmes,
implemented successfully in 70 villages across based on which the farmers could adopt site-specific
Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Karnataka. ‘World management practices and further replicate to
Soil Day’ was celebrated on 5th December 2016, with farmers of the entire block area. Awareness creation
an Interface programme on ‘Soil Health Management’ and application of lime and other nutrients based on
with the participation of a large number of farmers regular soil testing resulted in gradual improvement
and soil health cards were distributed to 120 farmers. in the yield of coconut (26%), intercrops by 142.9%
and livestock and other enterprises to the tune of
Technology Delivery Models
30.9%, contributing to an increase in the average
The FARMERS’ FIRST project is being implemented at farm income from ` 1.17 to 2.91 lakhs ha-1 (149.8%)
Pathiyoor panchayath in Kerala involving the farming over the project period. Farmer participatory
communities of the entire area (1657 ha) since action management, involving experiential learning
November, 2016. A series of activities/technological and adoption coupled with continuous field level
interventions are envisaged under six modules viz., assessment and refinement, was found to strengthen
coconut based systems, horticulture based module, the confidence of the farmers to accept farming as a
livestock/poultry based modules, NRM based profitable enterprise.
modules, value addition/product diversification
Economic Analysis and Policy Perspectives
module and Integrated Farming System module.
During the year, emphasis was on enhancing area As part of the assessment of field level utilisation
and technology adoption of high yielding varieties of of technologies in coconut sector, an analysis was
turmeric, spices, tuber crops, sesamum, community done on the evolving sectoral innovation system of
approaches in coconut plant protection, promoting Kalparasa in the state of Kerala. In a span of last
medicinal and traditional ‘Navara’ paddy, farmer three years, a total of 220 licenses have been granted
20
Executive Summary
for Kalparasa production and though 94 Coconut the share of India in coconut product exports is
Producer Societies (CPSs) initiated the production meagre. Though it is an accepted fact that India holds
activities, only 57 Coconut Producer Federations a robust domestic market in the coconut sector, it is
(CPFs) are continuing the Kalparasa production at high time that we emerge as a major export player by
present, which point towards the already experienced upgrading our position in the global value chain of
commodity problematique in the sector. The farmer coconut exports.
share in the value chain is just 17% of the consumer
The cost of production of arecanut (chali) was worked
price and the tapper’s share is 20%. Issues concerned
out following the standard cultivation practices in
with Kalparasa production at policy level include
a well-maintained garden as ` 200/-per kilogram
the ceiling for the number of coconut palms to be
of chali and adding 25 percent profit margin to the
tapped per day, the selling controls on the product,
cost of production, ` 250 per kilogram of chali was
the registration formalities etc. On the production
recommended as MSP. Policy brief on Minimum
front, scarcity of skilled tappers and lack of adequate
Support Price for arecanut was also presented in the
infrastructure for processing are the major problems. stakeholder’s meeting and the proceedings were sent
Marketing of Kalparasa also poses challenges as to the Ministry of Commerce. The cost of production
consumer perception and buyer segment studies are for fixation of MSP was suggested as ` 76 kg-1 of copra
completely lacking and profit analyses are based only and a policy note on raw coconut procurement was
on projections without any structured marketing prepared and submitted to the CACP, New Delhi.
studies. Further to compete with other similar In view of the efficient raw coconut procurement,
products, it has to be appropriately positioned in it was suggested to establish panchayat level hubs
the market for its nutritional edge. Since it is an with forward and backward integration under the
evolving product, lack of product uniformity may supervision of CPS networks.
hamper the market penetration. Above all, from April
2017 onwards ASEAN products may flood the Indian Agri-business Ventures
market with the phasing out of customs import duty Under the aegis of ITMU, a record number of 52 MoAs
as per the trade agreement, and the real competition on transfer of technology/ know-how were executed
will be set in motion then onwards. during 2016-17 realizing a revenue of ` 15,62,000.
Analysis of socio-economic dimensions and value Among the technologies transferred in the year, 45
chain dynamics from a policy perspective is one of were on protocols for coconut processing. Another
the important activities providing critical inputs higher-end technology commercialized in the year
for policy decisions. Price analysis revealed that was the nanomatrix for pheromone delivery (priced
the price wedge of coconut oil (between domestic at ` 3 lakhs) which was jointly developed by ICAR-
and international) from the year 2013 onwards led CPCRI and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced
to price instability and price crash of the domestic Scientific Research, Bengaluru.
coconut oil as the price sensitive consumers switched Krishi Vigyan Kendras
to cheaper oils. It was observed that low palm oil
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), established under
prices act as a downward anchor, and only a demand
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
pulled price rise can sustain the coconut prices in
in all rural districts, are disseminating frontline
the country. The time series price movement of
technologies, imparting knowledge and critical input
coconut oil (domestic as well as international) for the
support to the famers. KVK Kasaragod undertook five
last 13 years (from the year 2004 onwards) revealed
OFTs and 18 FLDs, besides 100 training programme
that whenever there is rise in domestic coconut oil
benefitting 2985 farmers. KVK Alappuzha organized
price, the international prices exerted a pull-down-
seven OFTs, 14 FLDs and 89 training programmes
force to make the prices integrated. This aspect very
benefitting 2467 farmers. In addition, extension
well validates the international trade theory on price
activities like harvest festivals, campaigns, helpline
integration of primary commodities in the trade
services, agro clinics, exhibitions, technology meets,
liberalized regime. The crucial interpretation is that
field days were conducted. Krishi Vigyan Kendra has
dependency on single commodity like coconut oil will
organized an Awareness Programme on the Pradhan
never provide the adequate margin to sustain for a
Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana on 28th May, 2016 at
longer period.
Kasaragod, highlighting the potential benefits and
It is also imperative to analyze the international modalities to be followed, enabling the farmers for
trade scenario of coconut value added products to deriving maximum benefit from this new initiative
understand the country-wise trade competency. of the Government of India. Towards transforming
While comparing with other major global exporters, farmers to entrepreneurs, two Farmers-Producer
21
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Companies have been promoted under the aegis of During the centenary year, about 60 extension
the two KVKs, one each in Kasaragod and Alappuzha publications (extension folders/technical bulletins),
districts, with financial support from the NABARD. a few commemorative publications (souvenirs) and
ten scientific books (scholarly volumes edited by
Centenary Celebrations
scientists from CPCRI with contributions from
The year 2016 was a memorable one in the history a large pool of experts from within and outside
of ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute the organization) were also brought out during
(ICAR-CPCRI) and coconut research in India, on the year in arrangement with reputed publishers
completing 100 glorious years in service of the in India. The titles include “Diseases of Field
nation from its modest beginning as a small coconut and Horticultural Crops”, “Diseases, Pests and
research station in the sleepy village of Kudlu way Disorders of Plantation Crops”, “Biotechnology of
back in 1916. Plantation Crops”, “Coconut”, “Planting Material
The centenary celebrations were ceremoniously Production in Coconut”, “Impact of Climate
flagged off on 12th March 2016 in a unique way with Change on Plantation Crops”, “Organic Farming
simultaneous planting of 100 coconut seedlings by in Plantation Crops”, “Soil Health Management
100 farmers in a minute in the Centenary Coconut in Plantation Crops” and “Mechanization in
Park, a massive Kisan Mela and a host/ plethora of Plantation Crops”, released during the ISOCRAD 3
other programmes later in the day. During the year, and PLACROSYM 22. Video films on ‘CPCRI in the
over a hundred programmes catering to all sections of service of farming community’ and ‘Integrated pest
the stakeholders - a series of Kisan Melas and mass management in coconut’ were produced in English
contact programmes in all over the country, training and regional languages.
programmes for farmers and extension personnel,
Conscious efforts were made to meaningfully
workshops/seminars and brain-storming sessions
engage the visual and print media, along with the
for the scientific community, agri-business meets for
new-age social media platforms to reach out to
sensitizing the potential agri-business entrepreneurs
the varied clientele and put the message across
and SHGs were organized. The year-long celebrations
them. All the events/programmes conducted in
were concluded with the Kisan Mela on 10th
connection with the centenary celebrations were
December 2016, graced by the hon. Union Minister
widely covered and the achievements greatly
of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Shri. Radha
highlighted in the national/vernacular dailies, with
Mohan Singh Ji and a host of other dignitaries,
some of them bringing out exclusive supplements
followed by the third edition of the International
Symposium on Coconut Research and Development commemorating the centenary of ICAR-CPCRI and
(ISOCRAD-III) during 10th-12th December, 2016 and coconut research in India. The visual media was
PLACROSYM shortly thereafter. The Hon’ble Minister also equally appreciative of the efforts and they
also inaugurated the new Centenary Building and covered the programmes under their regular news
the renovated Kalpaka Guest House, released a few broadcasts as well as airing special programmes
commemorative publications, (‘CPCRI:100 Years of commemorating the event. The proposal for
Scientific Excellence’, ‘Harvesting Wisdom of Coconut releasing a commemorative postage stamp on 100
Growers’, and a special issue of ‘Indian Horticulture’ years of ICAR-CPCRI and coconut research in India
Journal) besides launching the value-added product has been approved by the Department of Posts and
from coconut, ‘Kalpa Chocolate Bar’ (jointly developed the special stamp is expected to be ceremoniously
by ICAR-CPCRI and CAMPCO) on the occasion. released on a convenient date later this year.
22
IV. VISION, MISSION
AND MANDATE
Vision
Mission
To develop technologies that enhance resource use efficiency, profitability and livelihood
security of people who depend on plantation crops.
Mandate
l Basic, strategic and applied research to enhance sustainable productivity, quality and
utilization of coconut, arecanut and cocoa,
l Repository of plantation crops genetic resources and scientific information,
l Transfer of technology, capacity building and impact assessment of technologies,
l Coordinate research and validation of technologies on plantation crops through AICRP
on Palms.
23
INSTITUTE PROFILE V.
I
CAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Since 1986, crops like spices, cashew, and oil palm
(ICAR-CPCRI), the premier research institution were taken out of the ambit of the institute with
in the National Agricultural Research System of the formation of dedicated research institutions
India, is presently mandated to conduct research like Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode,
in plantations crops (coconut, arecanut and cocoa). Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Indian
It had a modest origin with its lineage tracing back Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi and Central
to the Coconut Research Station started in 1916 at Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa. Some
Kudlu village (of present Kasaragod district of Kerala of the erstwhile Research Centres at Hirehalli,
in Southern India) in the South Kanara district of Palode, Appangala, Kannara, Port Blair and Minicoy
were either handed over to sister ICAR institutions
erstwhile Madras Presidency. Ever since its inception,
or phased out. At present, the mandated crops are
it has served the cause of science and society with
limited to coconut, arecanut and cocoa and the
distinction through exemplary research, generation
research and frontline extension aspects of these
of appropriate technologies and development of
crops are undertaken under five divisions viz., Crop
skilled human resource.
Improvement, Crop Production, Crop Protection,
Historical perspective Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology
and Social Sciences at the institute. The Regional Station
The Coconut Research Station at Kudlu (Kasaragod)
at Kayamkulam (Kerala) is mandated to work on pests
was subsequently taken over by the Indian Central and disease problems in coconut, while the Regional
Coconut Committee and established the Central Station at Vittal (Karnataka) caters to research and
Coconut Research Station (CCRS), Kasaragod in 1947 extension in arecanut and cocoa. The Research Centres
and a little later in 1949, the Central Coconut Research at Kahikuchi (Assam) and Mohitnagar (West Bengal)
Station (CCRS) at Kayamkulam was also established undertake location-specific research in these crops,
exclusively for tackling diseases in coconut. Coconut while the Research Centre at Kidu (Karnataka) hosts
research became an integral part of the national the National/ International Coconut Gene Bank for
agricultural research system in 1966 when the South-Asia (ICG-SA) and also caters to the large-scale
Indian Central Coconut Committee was abolished production of quality planting materials in the mandate
and the coconut research was taken over directly by crops. Besides, there are two KVKs (at Kasaragod and
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. In 1970, Kayamkulam) functioning under the Institute.
the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute All India Co-ordinated Coconut and Arecanut
was established with headquarters at Kasaragod, Improvement Project (AICCAIP) started functioning
by merging the Central Coconut Research Stations from 1972 at CPCRI, Kasaragod and was later
at Kasaragod and Kayamkulam and the Central renamed as All India Coordinated Research Project
Arecanut Research Station at Vittal along with its (AICRP) on Palms in 1986. The AICRPP has 15
five substations at Kannara, Mohitnagar, Kahikuchi, centres working on coconut, four on arecanut, eight
Hirehalli and Palode. on oil palm and two on palmyrah.
24
Institute Profile
Organogram
25
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
26
Institute Profile
27
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
and ‘Cocoa Probio’ containing Pseudomonas putida was found to be significantly effective in reducing
have been released for production of healthy and the fruit rot incidence compared to ten other
vigourous coconut and cocoa seedlings. The genes fungicides tested. Among the arecanut accessions
involved in the plant growth promoting properties screened, only two wild species viz., Areca triandra
and other important metabolic functions of three and Areca concinna were found resistant to fruit
PGPRs, one each from coconut, arecanut and rot. Basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma
cocoa, have been identified through whole genome lucidum is another major disease of coconut and
sequencing. An efficient zinc solubilizer has been soil application of Trichoderma enriched neem cake
identified from alkaline soil which could not only (5 kg palm-1) at quarterly interval was found very
increase availability of soluble zinc in soil, but also effective in reducing the disease incidence.
its electrical conductivity. This bioresource could Among the foliar fungal diseases, inflorescence die
prove to be useful in regions where zinc availability back of arecanut caused by Colletotrichum spp.
is a problem. and leaf blight of coconut caused by Lasiodiplodia
Reducing crop losses spp. were the major diseases observed. Random
survey conducted indicated up to 27 % incidence
Bud rot, stem bleeding, basal stem rot and root of inflorescence die back in arecanut. Survey
(wilt) of coconut; fruit rot, inflorescence die back conducted in coconut growing areas of Karnataka
and yellow leaf disease of arecanut and black pod and Tamil Nadu revealed highest leaf blight disease
and stem canker in cocoa are the major diseases incidence (80 %) in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu
that cause substantial crop losses. Integrated followed by Tumkur district of Karnataka (20 %).
disease management strategies developed for the A total of 20 Lasiodiplodia isolates were obtained
major diseases over the years has resulted in saving from coconut leaf blight samples collected from
of thousands of coconut and arecanut palms and Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and identified as
reduced the loss due to black pod diseases in cocoa. L. theobromae.
Most importantly, the disease management strategies
Root (wilt) disease of coconut caused by phytoplasma
are being continuously refined based on the change
is another major disease and efforts have been made
in pathogen population, soil and climatic factors and
to improve the PCR-based diagnostic techniques
screening of new and native bioagents or fungicides
for reliable early detection of phytoplasma. The
or host plant resistance.
phytoplasma causing phyllody in wild Sesamum
Random survey conducted in coconut gardens in sp. and Cleome viscose, a common weed in
Kasaragod district of Kerala has shown about 0.9 % coconut plantations, was identified as ‘‘Candidatus
bud rot incidence during the year 2016. The role of Phytoplasma australasiae” - related strain belonging
slug Deroceros sp. in spreading of bud rot has been to subgroup 16SrII and these weeds do not act as
confirmed by observing the presence of sporangia of hosts for coconut root (wilt) phytoplasma belonging
P. palmivora in faecal matter of the slugs collected from to 16 SrXI-B group. Integrated disease management
bud rot affected garden and proving its pathogenicity strategies involving farm and palm hygiene,
on coconut. Prophylactic treatments of Bordeaux application of soil test based nutrients NPK (N: 500 g,
mixture (1%) or placement of two perforated sachets P: 300 g K: 1250 g palm-1 yr-1 in two splits in May –June
containing mancozeb (5 g) or Trichoderma coir pith and August – September), 250 g MgSO4 palm-1 yr-1,
cake in the innermost leaf axil of coconut with the irrigating the palms (250 L water palm-1 week-1)
onset of monsoon (first week of June) can prevent the during summer months, basin management with
appearance of bud rot in disease endemic areas. green manure crops like cowpea and control of leaf
rot by application of hexaconazole 5 EC @ 2ml in
Survey of arecanut gardens in Dakshina Kannada,
300 ml water, which have been developed for root
Udupi and Uttara Kannada districts of Karnataka
(wilt) and leaf rot affected coconut gardens, could
and Kasaragod district of Kerala during the
increase the yield by 25-83% depending on severity
monsoon season (July-August, 2016) indicated less
of the disease.
than 5 % fruit rot incidence. Self-grown colocasia
(Colocasia esculenta) in the arecanut gardens was Phytoplasmal etiology of YLD has been established
confirmed as a collateral host of Phytophthora and management of the affected gardens with soil test
meadii, the causal organism of fruit rot of arecanut based application of NPK (N:100g, P:40g, K:140g per
based on PCR-based identification and cross palm-1 yr-1 application of FYM @ 12 kg per palm-1yr-1
inoculation studies. Out of the 12 fungicides with summer irrigation ( 20 L water palm-1 day-1) and
screened for management of fruit rot, spraying of improving drainage during rainy season has been
Bordeaux mixture (1 %) or mandipropamid (0.5 %) advocated.
28
Institute Profile
Clean and green innovative pest management of 58.6% observed in Krishnapuram (Kerala), Kottur
technologies have been developed and field validated (Tamil Nadu), Ambajipet, (Andhra Pradesh) and
for the bio-suppression of rhinoceros beetle, red Boranakoppalu (Karnataka), the pest incidence was
palm weevil, leaf eating caterpillar and eriophyid mite reduced to 16.3% in a period of two years indicating
infesting coconut. IPM module for the management the success of the technology at national level.
of rhinoceros beetle through integration of biocontrol
Integrated pest management strategies involving soil
agents viz., Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV),
application of neem cake (2 kg palm-1), drenching
Green Muscardine Fungus (GMF), Metarhizium
the root zone with chlorpyrifos 20EC @ 2.5 ml L-1 or
anisopliae, botanicals (leaf axil filling with neem/
imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 675 ml ha-1 or bifenthrin 10
marotti/pongamia cake @ 250 g mixed with equal
EC @ 20 litre ha-1 and entomopathogenic nematodes
volume of sand) and aggregation pheromone
(EPN), Steinernema carpocapsae @ 1.5 IJ ha-1
embedded nanomatrix trap @ one trap ha-1 has been
during May-June and September- October reduced
developed. Area-wide (1575 ha) farmer-participatory
the areacanut white grub population significantly.
experiments undertaken at Krishnapuram (Kerala),
Placement of the neonicotinoid, thiamethoxam (2 g)
Semanampathy (Tamil Nadu), Voodimudi (Andhra
in perforated poly sachets on the innermost two leaf
Pradesh) and Doddenhally (Karnataka) significantly
axils of areca palms during April-May safeguarded
reduced the spear leaf and inflorescence damage
arecanut palms from spindle bug damage. IPM
to an extent of 81.2%. Recently, an agro-ecosystem
strategies, developed for phytophagous mites and
based pest regression strategy through ecological
pentatomid bugs, involves the spraying of neem
bio-engineering has been designed for managing
rhinoceros beetle, exploiting the interplay of mixed- oil emulsion (0.5%) has been found effective in
volatile cues of crop plurality of coconut with spices controlling these sporadic pests on arecanut.
and fruit trees. Climate resilient technologies
Integrated management technologies involving Coconut, arecanut and cocoa are highly sensitive to
complete destruction of infested palm, close climate change variables like high temperature and
monitoring and sustained surveillance for early water deficit stress. The impact, adaptive strategies
diagnosis, leaf axil filling of chlorantraniliprole sachet, and the mitigation potential of the above crops were
curative management with imidacloprid (0.02%) and studied to develop climate resilient technologies.
pheromone trap @1 trap ha-1 were found effective The impact of climate change variables, elevated
in the management of red palm weevil. Community carbon dioxide [ECO2] and elevated temperature [ET],
level technology convergence and large-area on coconut seedlings was studied in an open top
adoption of IPM technologies conducted in 2150 ha chamber. The study indicated that the present level
in Bharanikavu (Kerala), Palladam (Tamil Nadu), of biomass could be produced in future climate with
Ambajipet, (Andhra Pradesh) and Bidramamandi less expense of water due to high water use efficiency
(Karnataka) could reduce the pest incidence to 56.8%. observed under [ECO2]; however, at high temperature
For the bio-suppression of leaf eating caterpillar, biomass production would be less. As an adaptive
augmentative release of stage-specific parasitoids strategy, coconut genotypes were phenotyped for
viz., Goniozus nephantidis and Bracon brevicornis @ water deficit and high temperature stress. At 100%
20 parasitoids per palm, removal of heavily damaged Field capacity (FC) tall genotypes exhibited high WUE
outer three leaves and improving soil and palm health (3.5 g biomass L-1 water), while at 25% FC dwarf
of infested palms reduced the leaf damage to 95.3% in genotypes had high WUE (3.8). Tall genotypes had
a period of 12-15 months. Area-wide field validation highly sensitive stomata while, dwarfs exhibited
and demonstration experiments conducted at better root growth under stress. Furthermore, studies
Vechoor and Kasaragod (Kerala), Sethumada (Tamil on leaf epicuticular wax content revealed that tall
Nadu), Matlapalem (Andhra Pradesh) and Arsikere cultivars (Kalpa Pratibha and Kalpatharu) showed
(Karnataka) in an area of 550 ha recorded a minimal relatively high wax content than dwarf varieties.
pest incidence of 2.4% from an initial damage level of At the reproductive phase, pollen germination was
about 73.4% indicating the success of the technology. found to be very sensitive to high temperature. It was
IPM technologies for the suppression of eriophyid 63% at 30oC and got drastically reduced to 14% at
mite developed by ICAR-CPCRI involving 2% neem 45oC. Across all the temperatures, WCT (58%) had
oil-garlic emulsion spray, root feeding of azadirachtin high pollen germination while it was least in MYD
10000 ppm @ 10 ml + 10 ml water and soil and palm (37%). A clear contrast was observed between talls
health management practices reduced pest incidence and dwarfs in terms of pollen germination at high
to the tune of 71.4%. From an initial pest incidence temperatures, which can be an important selection
29
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
criteria in evolving varieties with tolerance to high coconut de-shelling and shell removing machines for
temperature. As a climate change mitigation strategy, copra making and wet processing respectively, tender
areca based HDMSCS in North East significantly coconut punch and cutter, copra and coconut chips
sequestered the carbon into the soil and SOC dryers of varying capacities and using different fuel
increased to 52.796 t ha-1 as against 44.541 t ha-1 sources, testa remover, manual and power operated
of fallow lands. Similar sequestration was also seen coconut slicing machines, coconut milk expellers of
in coconut based cropping systems. various capacities, VCO cookers, VCO fermentation
tank and copra moisture meter are the other major
As a measure of water conservation, institute has
contributions from the institute. A recent addition to
developed hydraulically efficient, environmentally
this impressive array of gadgets is the gender-friendly
compatible and cost effective filtration systems
self loading arecanut dehusking device (with dust
and structures for roof water harvesting, run-off
control) along with the arecanut grading attachment.
collection, storage and percolation tanks. Low-cost
water harvesting structures like check dam, sub During the year, 10 post harvest technologies
surface dam, vented cross bars, storage structures developed by the institute have been successfully
using ferro-cement technology could augment transferred to 49 entrepreneurs, which generated a
surface/ sub surface water resources. revenue of ` 9,49,500.
30
Institute Profile
Socio-economic studies and policy interventions developed to estimate the trend and relative growth
rate of time series data. The method was extended
The impact of changing trade policy environment
for handling sudden shifts or changes in the trend
(domestic/international) on mandate crops in terms
or growth rate functions by adding dummy variables
of prices (cointegration also) and demand-supply
for the jumps. It has been applied to estimate trend
equations was studied and continuously monitored.
and growth rate of area, production and yield of
Consultancy briefs (yearly basis) on production and
major crops in India. Robust spatial smoothing
trade aspects of the coconut sector were submitted
technique was developed to estimate the spatial
to CACP as inputs to facilitate the fixation of
effect of a field in the presence of outliers or extreme
Minimum Support Prices of copra. Policy brief
observations. It is based on fitting M-type robust
on Minimum Support Price for arecanut was also
nonparametric spatial regression following iterative
prepared, suggestions of which were incorporated
kernel weighted local regression surface technique.
in price fixation of arecanut for the year 2016-
Yield prediction in cocoa was done using biometrical/
17. Policy note on raw coconut procurement was
partial harvest data. Besides, weather based crop
prepared and submitted to the CACP. In view of the
yield modelling was carried out in mandate crops.
efficient raw coconut procurement, it was suggested
Pest and disease incidence and severity were
to establish village level/panchayath level hubs
regularly assessed employing appropriate sampling
with forward and backward integration along with
strategies in Kerala and Karnataka. Customized
unit level collection centers under the supervision
programmes have been developed in SAS, R
of CPS networks.
and MATLAB for specific data analytic requirements.
The theoretical concept of Sectoral System of
Impact of ICAR-CPCRI technologies
Innovation approach was empirically adopted in the
coconut sector of India and a restructured sectoral In the case of coconut, studies on rate of adoption of
innovation system has been put forth for a vibrant the selected technologies showed that about 12 per
and sustainable coconut economy. Innovation system cent of farmers in Kerala adopted coconut hybrids
analysis of neera was also carried out. and improved varieties. Around 13.6 per cent of
total area in Karnataka is presently under released
Statistical models to improve field experiments
arecanut varieties. The economic impact of released
Analysis of covariance technique in field experiments arecanut varieties in monetory terms was estimated
has been made more robust/flexible by taking the to be ` 421 million yr-1. The impact assessment of
relationship between the response variable and arecanut based cropping systems in coastal region
covariate as non-parametric instead of linear. Semi- of Karnataka revealed that total economic impact in
parametric additive regression model has been monetary terms due to adoption of cropping systems
proposed to estimate/eliminate the positional effect in in the region was around ` 1022 million yr-1. There
field experiments, when the number of experimental would be an economic impact to the tune of ` 1604
units is comparatively small. Crop production model lakhs yr-1 from the planting materials supplied from
in arecanut was developed based on semiparametric the institute, considering the fairly long economic life
regression technique. A data driven technique was span of coconut palms.
31
Arecanut Plantation
GENETIC RESOURCES
VI. RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
1 GENETIC RESOURCES
1.1. Coconut Leka Dwarf, Guam Tall II, Jamaica Tall, Surinam
Tall, Kongthieyong Tall, Nigerian Green Dwarf,
1.1.1. Germplasm enrichment
C
Zanzibar Tall, Jamaican San Blas Tall, Cameroon
onservation of 10 accessions, including five Red Dwarf and Laccadive Orange Dwarf. Among
new germplasm from Andaman and Nicobar the conserved germplasm from the Pacific region,
Islands viz., Kodiaghat Tall, Prothopur higher yield potential was recorded in Niu Bulavu
Tall, Chitrakud Tall, Chitrakud Semi Tall, Tall, Solomon Tall, Niu Hake Tall, Kavieng Tall,
Andaman Green Dwarf and five Pacific germplasm, Tutiala Tall, Rennell Tall and Nikkore Dwarf. Among
namely, Solomon Island Tall, Fijian Tall Wanigata, the 11 accessions planted in 1991, with West Coast
Niu Leka Dwarf II, Tahitian Tall and Muwa Tall, was Tall (WCT) as local control, highest copra yield of
undertaken at Research Centre, Mohitnagar. Seed 28.65 kg palm-1 year-1 was recorded in the accession
nuts of a regular bearing coconut genotype from Philippines Lono Tall, followed by San Ramon Tall,
South Andaman Island were collected and sown in Palawan Tall and Federated Malay States Tall, with
the nursery for raising seedlings for conservation. 27.72, 27.58 and 26.28 kg palm-1 year-1, respectively.
For regeneration safety duplication, seed nut/ Among these, Federated Malay States Tall (FMST)
seedling production was undertaken in 15 coconut was observed to give higher inflorescence sap yield
accessions having low population size. as compared to West Coast Tall (WCT), with sap
1.1.2. Germplasm characterization and evaluation yield of 31.23 l inflorescence-1 in FMST as compared
to 23.18 l inflorescence-1 in WCT, during the month
Characterization and evaluation of conserved
of December, and has potential for sap production
coconut germplasm in the national gene banks at
in addition to production of copra/nuts.
Kasaragod/Kidu and the International Coconut
Gene Bank for South Asia (ICG-SA) at Kidu are Among the germplasm collections from Odisha in
being continued. Higher potential for yield and the pre-stabilized phase, highest yield was recorded
yield component traits in conserved germplasm in in the accession Goja (91 nuts palm-1 year-1), while
stabilized bearing phase was recorded in Federated the accessions Gole (72 nuts palm-1 year-1), Narangi
Malay States Tall, Kenya Tall, San Ramon Tall, (70 nuts palm-1 year-1) and Dhanei (64 nuts palm-1
Palawan Tall, Fiji Tall, Laguna Tall, Philippines year-1) also recorded higher yield than WCT (52 nuts
Lono Tall, Kappadam Tall, New Guinea Tall, Niu palm-1 year-1). Among the inflorescence characters,
33
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
significant differences were recorded for length of the yield (> 53 nuts palm-1 ), than the population mean
spikelet bearing portion. Significant differences were of 18 nuts palm-1, was recorded in Arasampatti Tall,
observed for time taken to flowering, with earliest Laccadive Micro Tall, Tiptur Tall, Federated Malay
flowering recorded in the accession Dhanei and States Tall, Kenya Tall, San Ramon Tall, Andaman
late flowering in the accessions Jahaji and Orissa Ordinary Tall, Laccadive Ordinary Tall, West
Giant Tall. Higher number of female flowers per Coast Tall, Benaulim Tall, Sakhigopal Tall, Lifou
inflorescence was observed in Dhanei Tall, while fruit Tall, West African Tall, Philippines Ordinary Tall,
yield was higher in the Goja (Table 1). British Solomon Islands Tall, Rotuma Tall, East
Among the five Pacific germplasm planted during Coast Tall, Straits Settlement Apricot Tall, Panama
1997, with WCT as local control, significant Tall, Borneo Tall, Car Nicobar Tall, Sri Lankan Tall,
variations were observed among the accessions for Spicata Tall, Guam Tall, Kappadam Tall, Standard
annual bunch and nut production. The time taken Kudat Tall, Java Tall, Straits Settlement Green
for flowering also varied among the accessions, with Tall, Philippines Lono Tall, Jamaican Tall, Niu
very late flowering (>10 years) recorded in Samoan Hake Tall, Adirampatam Tall, Kenya Tall, Zanzibar
Tall and Niu Tavkave Tall (Table 2). Significantly Tall, Niu Guinea Tall, Andaman Ranguchan Tall,
higher yield was recorded in Niu Hake Tall (97 nuts Chandan Nagar Tall, Sendagan Tall, Tinisera
palm-1 year-1). Tall, Cochin China Tall and Fiji Tall among Talls
and Kulashekaram Orange and Yellow Dwarfs,
Table 2. Evaluation of Pacific Ocean germplasm for
Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Pattukottai Green Dwarf,
yield
Chowghat Green Dwarf, Malayan Green Dwarf,
Accession No. of Nut yield Months Malayan Yellow Dwarf, Laccadive Orange Dwarf,
bunches (palm yr-1) to King Coconut and Cameroon Red Dwarf among
(palm yr-1) flowering
dwarfs (Fig. 1). Higher potential for fruit yield was
Niu Bulavu Tall 13.2a 81ab 80 observed in Sambava Green Tall, Kadedhdhoo
Small Round Tall, Kadedhdhoo Oblong Tall, King
Niu Hake Tall 13.0ab 97a 78
Kumbra Tall, Comoros Moheli Tall, Sambava Tall,
Niu Ui Tall 8.5b 44ab 76 Coco Bleu Tall, Comoros Tall and Pemba Red Dwarf
among Indian Ocean accessions; Uzirpur Tall,
Samoan Tall 10.2ab 44ab 134
Kayemkola Tall, Rupadia Tall, BARI Narikel Tall and
Niu Tavkave Tall 7.0b 33b 150 Khairthala Tall, among Bangladesh accessions and
WCT 10.2ab 78ab 89 Sri Lankan Green Dwarf, Sri Lankan Yellow Dwarf
and Sri Lankan Orange Dwarf among Sri Lankan
CD 0.05 2.26 36.4 accessions.
34
Genetic Resources
Laccadive Micro Tall, Kurmadera Tall, Burmanella 1.1.2.1. Sweet kernel nuts
Tall, Aliyarnagar Tall, Mayipadi Tall, Achamthuruty
Among the 22 seed propagated progenies of Mohachao
Tall, Kothavade Tall, Carbin Brown Tall, Engandiyoor
Narel, from Ratnagiri region of Maharashtra, nine
Tall, Malaca Tall, Barajaguli Tall, Chappadam Tall,
palms were found to produce fruits with sweet
Pinarai Tall, Mullasery Tall, Pallisery Tall, Champin
endosperm, with percentage of sweet kernel fruits
Micro Tall, Kodiaghat Big Round Tall, Katchal Micro
in a palm varying from 4.6 to 60 percent (Fig. 2).
Tall, Bionliton Green Tall, Manjery Tall and Nicobar
It was further observed that among the families,
Beak Tall.
NSD4 showed higher number of progenies (3) with
Among the 15 coconut genotypes under evaluation sweet kernel fruits, with one palm recording highest
at Kahikuchi, higher plant height (412 cm) were percentage (60%) of sweet kernel fruits. Only one
recorded in WCT and more number of leaves were sweet kernel producing progeny was recorded in
recorded in Chandra Laksha (28). In case of dwarfs, NSD1, NSD6, NSD10, NSD15, NSD27 and NSD28.
number of leaves (28) as well as nut production was
higher in Malayan Orange Dwarf (54 nuts palm-1
year-1) compared to check (Chowghat Orange Dwarf)
with 26 leaves and 46 nuts palm-1 year-1. Among the
13 local accessions, higher plant height (442 cm)
in KKHC 1 while higher number of leaves (24) and
nuts (36.67 nuts palm-1 year-1) in KKHC- 4 were
recorded. Fifteen accessions were studied for floral
characters at different intervals at Kahikuchi.
Among dwarf varieties, Malayan Orange Dwarf
produced larger inflorescence, with higher length
of inflorescence (77.70 cm), length of spikelet
(33.28 cm), with more number of spikelets (38),
more number of female flowers per inflorescence Fig. 2. Per cent of nuts with sweet kernel in
(25) and more number of male flowers per spikelet different palms
(212). Among the talls and hybrids, Laksha Ganga
recorded larger inflorescence (87.22 cm) with more 1.1.2.2. Tolerance to moisture deficiency and low
female flowers per inflorescence (41) followed by temperature
Chandra Sankara (87.10 cm length and 34 female
West Coast Tall, Tiptur Tall, Malayan Yellow
flowers inflorescence-1).
Dwarf, Chowghat Green Dwarf, Cochin China Tall
At Mohitnagar, higher yield was recorded in IND and Laccadive Ordinary Tall exhibited differential
172 (105 nuts palm-1 year-1) followed by IND175 response to moisture deficit stress at Kasaragod,
and IND 045S (85 nuts palm-1 year-1), as compared Kerala. In the evaluation trial for low moisture stress
to check (WCT-29 nuts). Among the five dwarfs tolerance planted in farmer’s garden in Sivaganga
under evaluation, Chowghat Green Dwarf recorded District, Tamil Nadu, better leaf production was
significantly lower nut yield (32) than the other four realized in Federated Malay States Tall, Philippines
dwarfs viz., Malayan Orange Dwarf (42), Malayan Ordinary Tall and Cochin China Tall among the 10
Green Dwarf (45), Malayan Yellow Dwarf (42) and coconut accessions. Among the 15 cold tolerant lines
Chowghat Orange Dwarf (43). The performance of identified from Sub Himalayan Terai region and under
hybrids viz., Laksha Ganga, Kera Ganga, Chandra evaluation at Mohitnagar, no cold injury symptoms
Laksha, Kera Sankara and Chandra Sankara, was were observed. However, significant variations in
poor with nut yield ranging from 28 nuts palm-1 year-1 plant height and girth were observed with highest
in Chandra Sankara to 38 nuts palm-1 year-1 in Laksha plant height in Mohitnagar III and Lataguri II (464.3
Ganga. Juvenile growth characters viz., plant height, and 420.3 cm, respectively) as compared to the
girth and number of leaves, recorded in 14 germplasm check, West Coast Tall (329.7 cm).
collected from North East India, indicated variation
1.1.2.3. Virgin coconut oil
in plant height and girth. Among the 21 coconut
accessions planted during 2016 at Mohitnagar, West Studies on yield of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in six
Bengal with local check Mohitnagar-III, plant height tall accessions viz., Palawan Tall, Gangapani Tall,
was observed to be higher in Kalpatharu (208.8 cm). Panama Tall, Nicobar Beak Tall, Andaman Ordinary
No variation was observed in leaf production among Tall and Federated Malay States Tall, indicated
these accessions. variation in oil yield from 100 nuts, ranging from
35
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
36
Genetic Resources
Port Blair and sown for conservation and evaluation. varieties (INGR13065, INGR13060, INGR13061,
Pollen of WCGC Acc. 5 was received for production of IND058 x EAT 32, IND0925 x IND0295, Kalpa Surya,
experimental crosses, while pollen of Cochin China Kalpa Jyothi, Kalpa Samrudhi and Chowghat Orange
Tall and San Ramon Tall were sent to ICAR-CIARI Dwarf have been established in farmers’ fields in the
for production of experimental crosses. Planting states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
materials of dwarf tender nut varieties, Kalpa Surya, and are being monitored for farmers participatory
Kalpa Jyothi and Chowghat Orange Dwarf, were performance evaluation.
provided to All India Coordinated Research Project 1.1.2.8. Potential markers for marker assisted
on Palms (AICRPP), Horticulture Research Station, selection
Arsikere, Karnataka, while seedlings of Kalpatharu
was provided to AICRPP Coconut Research Station, A coconut palm bearing large fruits with pink
coloured mesocarp was identified in San Ramon Tall
Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu for establishment of seed
population and studied for exploitation in breeding
garden. Planting materials of germplasm/released
programme to develop genetic stocks and new tender
varieties viz., San Ramon Tall, Tiptur Tall, Niu Leka
coconut varieties. The flowers and fruits from all
Dwarf and Kalpa Haritha were provided to ICAR-
bunches of the palm exhibit pink colour below the
CPCRI Regional Station, Kayankulam for evaluation
tepals, slightly extending outwards. The husk fibres
against root (wilt) disease; Straits Settlement Apricot
of tender fruits also exhibit the colour ranging from
Tall to AICRPP Centre, Aliyarnagar; Laguna Tall,
intense to light pink from outer to inner side. A
East African Tall 32, Kalpa Haritha, Kalparaksha significant observation was made on the male flowers
and Markham Tall to AICRPP Centre, Arsikere for of this palm which has potential for use in marker
conservation/evaluation; physiological screening assisted selection and in the development of tender
for moisture deficit tolerance (Malayan Yellow nut varieties with attractive pink husk. Two types of
Dwarf, Chowghat Green Dwarf, Tiptur Tall, Cochin male flowers, one with dark pink and another with
China Tall, Laccadive Ordinary Tall and West yellow colour anther filaments, were documented.
Coast Tall), climate change (Malayan Yellow Dwarf, This is the first report of differential colour of male
Chowghat Green Dwarf and Malayan Orange Dwarf) flowers in a single inflorescence. Although no
and hydroponic studies (Malayan Yellow Dwarf, morphological difference could be seen on size of male
Chowghat Green Dwarf, Federated Malay States flowers and anthers, the flowers with pink filaments
Tall and Kalpa Haritha) at Kasaragod. Technology could be easily identified even at unopened stage
evaluation trials on identified, registered / released as the pink tinge is present in the bottom of tepals.
Fig. 4. Pink coloured coconut showing distinct pink flowers and mesocarp
37
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Higher phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content the nut water of the pink husked coconut selection
were recorded in husk tissues of the palm with pink possesses total protein (38.75 µg ml-1), amino acid
mesocarp, as compared to palms with normal husk (29.75 µl ml-1) and total phenol (23.79 µg ml-1). The
colour (Table 4). The palm has been selected for tender nut water has antioxidant scavenging activity
further studies on the pollination behaviour and use against DPPH radical (IC50=19.5 µl ml-1 ascorbic
of pollen from the pink flowers for pollination and acid). A total of 25 SCoT and 16 RAPD primers were
studies on segregation. screened for molecular analysis and among these
1.1.2.9. In situ characterization of ecotypes four primers (SCoT 2, SCoT 18, SCoT 21 and SCoT
22) could differentiate pink husked coconut selection
In situ characterization for fruit component traits from normal West Coast Tall palms.
were undertaken in Chittur coconut population
of Palakkad district of Kerala. Two percent palms 1.1.2.10. Release of Kalpa Shatabdi
in the population showed fruits less than 1 kg in Kalpa Shatabdi (a selection of IND034S) has been
weight. Thirty nine percent palms in the population developed through selection and inter se mating
showed fresh fruit weight ranging from 1 to 1.5 kg. between the selected palms from the ICAR-CPCRI
Thirty five percent palms in the population showed accession IND034, originally introduced from the
fresh fruit weight ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 kg and 23 Philippines during 1955. This variety, with large
percent palms in the population showed fresh fruit fruits, gives a high copra out turn of 28.65 kg palm-1
weight ranging from 2.0 to 2.5 kg. Palms with more year-1, which is 61.40 % higher than the copra yield
than 2.5 kg of fruits were only about 2.5 percentage of local control, WCT (17.80 kg palm-1 year-1), at
in the population. Husk thickness varied from 2.0 Kasaragod (Fig 6). It has tender nut water in large
to 5.1 cm with 80 percent palms showing husk quantity (612 ml) with TSS of 6.12o Brix. Considering
thickness between 3.1 and 3.5 cm. Nut (husked fruit) the high copra out turn and tender nut quality, the
weight varied from 186 g to 928 g with 80 percent variety Kalpa Shatabdi has been recommended for
palms showing nut weight between 360 and 540 g.
cultivation in the coconut growing tracts of Kerala,
Copra weight varied from 102 g to 254 g with 80
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The proposal for release
percent palms showing copra weight between 135
of coconut variety Kalpa Shatabdi (based on the
and 220 g. Chittur Tall coconut population could be
performance at ICAR-CPCRI and AICRPP Centre,
grouped into two clusters based on fruit component
Aliyarnagar) was approved and recommended by the
traits.
XXV AICRPP Group Meeting 2016 for submission
In situ characterization of a pink husked tall to Central Sub-committee on Crop Standards,
accession in root (wilt) disease prevalent tract was Development and Release of Varieties of Horticultural
also undertaken. Biochemical analysis showed that crops for release and notification.
38
Genetic Resources
1.1.2.11. DUS Centre for coconut spacing of 4 m x 4 m, while leaf breadth, annual leaf
production and leaflet breadth were higher in the
Generation of DUS test data was continued in 10
6m x 6 m spacing.
released/extant coconut varieties viz., Chowghat
Orange Dwarf, West Coast Tall, Kalpa Pratibha, 1.2. Arecanut
Kalpa Dhenu, Kalpa Mitra, Chandra Kalpa, Kera
1.2.1. Enrichment of germplasm
Chandra, Kalparaksha, Chandra Sankara and
Chandra Laksha and Kera Sankara, which were Germplasm holdings in the main field gene bank
planted in 2013 in two different spacings (4 m x 4 has been enhanced to 176 with the collection of 12
m and 6 m x 6 m). Flower initiation was observed diverse germplasm from North Bengal (6), Assam (2)
in almost all the varieties, except West Coast Tall and Karnataka (4), which include types with bold
and Kalpa Dhenu. Early flowering (25 months nuts (>145 g wt.), nuts with free kernel and variegated
after planting) was recorded in Chowghat Orange nuts. Muchulpukuri, a promising accession with
Dwarf and Chandra Sankara, while flower initiation individual fresh nut weight >145 g, was collected
in other varieties (Kalpa Pratibha, Kalpa Mitra, from Coch Behar, North Bengal (Fig. 8). Seventeen
Chandra Kalpa, Kera Chandra, Chandra Laksha germplasm collected from Konkan, Andaman and
and Kera Sankara) ranged from 36-39 months after Nicobar Islands and Karnataka have been planted in
planting. Significant variations for juvenile growth the field during August 2016 for assessing the yield
characters were observed between the varieties. The and its economic traits.
plant height, girth, annual leaf production, length of
1.2.2. Germplasm evaluation
the leaf and breadth of leaflet, recorded significant
variations between the two spacings adopted, with A total of 176 accessions are under evaluation for yield
leaf length and plant height being higher in closer and other economic traits. Accessions Sirsi, Kodinar,
Table 5. Juvenile growth characters of coconut palm grown under different spacings
Trait 4 m x 4 m spacing 6 m x 6 m spacing CD 0.05
Palm height (cm) 708.89 686.93 14.61
No. of leaves produced per year 12.36 13.43 0.46
Petiole length (cm) 152.44 142.83 4.19
Leaf bearing portion (cm) 356.17 341.21 15.15
Total length of leaf (cm) 543.56 522.18 10.68
Leaflet breadth (cm) 4.50 5.03 0.16
39
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
40
Genetic Resources
synchronized maturity of nuts, high yield, well placed 1.3.2. Germplasm conservation and regeneration
bunches, round, orange colour fruits, higher content
A total of 405 cocoa accessions are being conserved in
of polysaccharides and polyphenols and high recovery
field gene banks of Vittal under arecanut. An alternate
(26.80%) of dry kernel from fresh nut. The variety is
cocoa gene bank, involving 61 genotypes, was
suitable for production of dry kernel and processed
established at Kidu and 25 genotypes, regenerated
tender nut, and is recommended for cultivation in the
as clones, were planted at Kayamkulam.
states of Karnataka, West Bengal and Gujarat.
1.3.3. Characterization and evaluation
1.3. Cocoa
1.3.3.1. DUS centre for cocoa
1.3.1. Germplasm enhancement
DUS descriptor characters such as morphological,
Theobroma grandiflorum (Cupuassu fruit) was
collected for evaluating its utility as rootstock, wilt floral, pod and bean traits have been short-
resistance and product diversification (Fig.12). listed from 50 core collections. A total of
Pentagona type of cocoa with distinct five-ribbed 20 distinct morphological/quantitative/qualitative
pod with white to pink beans (Fig.13) was collected, characteristics such as plant habit, shape of base
for utilizing in expression study of anthocyanin of leaf blade, leaf apex shape, young flush leaf
inhibitory genes, the sterility mechanism and quality colour through anthocyanin pigmentation (Fig.15),
improvement. Local cocoa types from Adimaly and anthocyanin in flower pedicel, pedicel diameter
Mankuva villages in high hills of Idukki district of (Fig. 16), orientation of sepal, anthocyanin in stamen
Kerala (with pod index 10, bean index 1.95 to 2.11 filament, fruit shape, basal constriction, apex form
g, 9.52% shell, 90.6% nib recovery and 52-55% (Fig. 17.), length/ width ratio, surface rugosity,
fat content) (Fig.14) were collected and conserved colour, husk thickness, prominence of ridges and
at Regional Station at Vittal and Kayamkulam for furrows (Fig. 18), sweetness of pulp, number of
evaluating in the lower hills and plains for quantitative beans, bean length/ width ratio, cotyledon colour
and qualitative parameters. and fat content were recorded from adult cocoa
41
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Mankuva pods
trees. Five pod and bean characters were identified each distinctive character along with illustrations
as useful grouping characteristics. Explanations to have also been prepared.
42
Genetic Resources
43
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Fig. 20. Cocoa flower bud covered with polythene Fig. 21. Artificial pollination
tube with one end covered with muslin cloth and
the other end fastened to the trunk by wood putty Nineteen red coloured Nigerian clones were evaluated
for tolerance to tea mosquito bug based on percentage
of pod damage which ranged from 0-65.2%. Severity
index based on grades of damage ranged from 0 to
1.17. Pods free of tea mosquito bug damage was
observed in clones NC-56, NC-25, and NC-41. Among
37 Upper Amazon Forastero / Refractario cocoa
clones, the severity index ranged from 0 to 1.91.
VTLC-173 and VTLC-176 were free of tea mosquito
bug damage.
Cocoa genotypes (seedlings) were evaluated for hydric
deficit stress at 20% field capacity with morpho-
physiological traits, secondary metabolites and
biochemical constituents. Based on these studies,
Fig. 22. Pollinated flowers covered with polythene VTLCP-26, VTLCP-27, VTLCP-25, VTLCH-4 and
tubes
VTLCP-22 have been identified with wider adaptability
which will be utilized for breeding for low moisture
flower retention was observed in VTLC-156 (6.6%),
stress.
followed by VTLC-153 (6.4 %), while VTLC-151
exhibited flower retention percentage of 2.9 % and 1.4. Coconut
the remaining seven accessions (VTLC-144, VTLC- 1.4.1. Hybrids for release
146, VTLC-148, VTLC-149, VTLC-155, VTLC-168 and
VTLC-191) recorded no flower retention. Therefore, The two coconut hybrids recommended for release,
all the 10 trees belonging to 10 different accessions Chowghat Orange Dwarf x West African Tall (COD
studied in the present investigation exhibited self x WAT) and Chowghat Orange Dwarf x Laccadive
incompatibility reaction (Fig. 19-22). Ordinary Tall (COD x LCT), showed superiority in
yield with more than 150 nuts palm-1 year-1 (Fig. 23)
1.3.3.5. Screening for biotic and abiotic stress compared to control (West Coast Tall; 149 nuts palm-1
Twenty six Upper Amazon Forastero/Refractario year-1). The hybrids have brownish green oval shaped
cocoa clones were screened against black pod fruits and are good for copra (4.83-5.71 t ha-1 year-1)
rot disease resistance under laboratory condition as well as tender nut purpose (Table 6). Seed nuts of
through detached pod technique. Highly virulent these hybrids have been produced for establishment
Phytophthora palmivora isolate (KL/CA-216), grown of multi location evaluation trials. These hybrids
in carrot agar medium, was used for inoculation. also yield higher inflorescence sap in comparison to
All the accessions exhibited susceptible reaction to Chandra Laksha (Laccadive Ordinary Tall x Chowghat
black pod rot. Orange Dwarf) and West Coast Tall (Fig. 24).
44
Genetic Resources
a b
Fig. 23. High yielding hybrids (a) COD x LCT and (b) COD x WAT
45
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
to 82.95cm (in selfed seedlings of S2 family 2/S2). high yielding and root (wilt) disease-free Chowghat
Leaflet width ranged from 3.01cm (in OP seedlings Green dwarf (CGD) mother palms. About 500 CGD
of WCT S2) to 4.3cm (in selfed seedlings of S2 family palms were selected based on visual observation
2/S2). and a Geographical Positioning System (GPS) based
database of 350 CGD palms has been developed. The
Table 7. Seedling characters of self pollinated GPS based database of CGD palms will be helpful in
WCT families locating the palms for seed nut collection and also
Family Seedling Petiole Leaflet Leaflet for using the palms for decentralized hybrid seedling
height length length width production. In addition, a GPS based database of
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 100 West Coast Tall (WCT) palms, being used as
1A/S2 self 282.87 91.30 76.48 4.22 pollen parent in the hybridization programme for
1B/S2 self 291.00 96.76 75.88 4.23 production of Kalpa Sankara (CGD x WCT) hybrid,
has been developed.
2/S2 self 300.32 110.53 82.95 4.30
3/S2 self 290.26 93.26 73.52 4.20 A total of 350 CGD palms were subjected to serological
testing and 210 palms have so far been found to be
4/S2 self 234.82 78.73 61.18 3.52
healthy based on ELISA test. Altogether 240 palms
5/S2 self 251.81 86.00 62.69 3.56 are currently under pollination, including the recently
WCT self (S1) 294.00 111.25 57.25 3.48 ELISA tested 210 healthy palms and 30 CGD which
S2 WCT (OP) 232.60 76.10 65.80 3.01 already was being used for seed nut collection
1.4.5.2. Crossing programme for production of
1.4.4. Genetical investigations Kalpa Sankara hybrids
Germination of pollen in nectar as a test of The crossing programme was carried out in 240
compatibility between coconut cultivars was studied visually disease-free and serologically negative CGD
in selected genotypes. The nectar was diluted to 1:50 mother palms located in ‘hot spots’ of Alappuzha,
with distilled water and used for pollen germination. Kollam, Kottayam and Patthanamthitta, as well as
Pollen from Malayan Orange Dwarf, Malayan Yellow the institute farm, for production of Kalpa Sankara
Dwarf, Malayan Green Dwarf, Gangabondam Green hybrid (CGD x WCT). A total of 787 inflorescences
Dwarf, Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Philippines Ordinary with 24,951 buttons (31.70 buttons per inflorescence)
Tall, Cochin China Tall, Laccadive Ordinary Tall and have been pollinated. Utmost care was taken to
West Coast Tall was tested for germination using ensure maximum fruit setting in all CGD palms
nectar collected from Malayan Orange Dwarf, Malayan under pollination. The previous year’s pollination
Yellow Dwarf, Gangabondam Green Dwarf, Laccadive recorded an average fruit setting of 18-20 %. A total
Ordinary Tall and Cochin China Tall. Initial results of 1050 pollinated (CGD x WCT) seed nuts have been
suggest that there exists differential germination of sown in nursery for producing hybrid seedlings of
pollen in nectar of different cultivars (Fig. 25) Kalpa Sankara.
1.4.5.3. Establishing decentralized hybridization
units
Nine institutions including ICAR-KVKs/NGOs
have been contacted for initiating decentralized
hybridization programme and skilled pollinators
have been trained in pollination techniques. The
decentralized hybrid seedling production programme
are being carried out in association with agencies
such as Sreyas, Neendakara (Kollam); ICAR-KVK,
Kottayam; Kottayam Social Service Society, Thellakom
Fig. 25. Pollen germination (%) in GBGD nectar (Kottayam) and Pazhakulam Social Service Society,
Adoor (Pathanamthitta).
1.4.5. Coconut root (wilt) disease
1.4.5.4. Production of Kalpasree seedlings
1.4.5.1. Survey and characterization
A total of 17,942 seed nuts of Kalpasree have been
Extensive survey was conducted in the root (wilt) collected and sown in nursery for raising seedlings for
disease ‘hotspots’ of Alappuzha, Kollam, Kottayam distribution among farmers in the root (wilt) disease
and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala for locating prevalent tract.
46
Genetic Resources
Fig. 26. Screening of tall accessions for root (wilt) Eight hybrids involving Hirehalli Dwarf (HD) and
disease resistance released varieties have been under evaluation for yield
47
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
potential and dwarfness at Vittal, Mohitnagar and (YLD) screening trial comprising of Areca triandra,
Kahikuchi. Hybrids and parents showed significant Areca concinna, Areca microcalyx and Actinorhytis
differences for dry kernel yield. Higher yield was calapparia and no symptoms of YLD were noticed in
recorded in the hybrids, HD × Mohitnagar, Mohitnagar these palms.
x HD and HD × Sumangala with dry kernel yield of
2.49, 2.42 and 2.37 kg palm-1 year-1, respectively.
At Kahikuchi, Sumangala × HD recorded maximum
dry kernel yield while Sreemangala × HD showed
maximum values for nut traits. Among the dwarf
hybrids, maximum number of nuts was recorded
in Mohitnagar × HD and tall parent Mohitnagar
produced maximum number of nuts under North
Bengal conditions. Among the tall hybrids, Mangala ×
Mohitnagar combination recorded highest dry kernel
yield of 3.82 kg palm-1 year-1 followed by the hybrid
Shriwardhan × Sumangala (Fig. 28) with 3.69 kg dry
kernel palm-1 year-1.
48
Genetic Resources
varieties (Areca catechu) has been initiated for yield of VTLCH-5 was much higher than the check
screening against YLD and fruit rot and a total of varieties VTLCH-1 (1.4 kg tree-1 in hybrid trial) and
954 female flowers were pollinated. A total of 849 VTLCC-1 (1-1.3 kg tree-1 in clonal trial). It is
inter se seedlings of released arecanut varieties recommended for cultivation in Western Ghats, hills
viz., Shatamangala, Nalbari, Madhuramangala and and plains of Kerala and Karnataka and irrigated
Mangala selections have been planted and compact arecanut and coconut gardens of Tamil Nadu and
blocks established for elite planting materials Andhra Pradesh.
production. In addition, parental blocks of Hirehalli
1.7. Planting material production
Dwarf have been established at AICRPP Centres at
Wakawali (Maharashtra) and Shimoga (Karnataka) 1.7.1. Kasaragod
with 50 seedlings each for production of hybrids
A total of 47498 hybrid seed nuts were produced
utilizing high yielding local/released varieties.
and sown in the nursery from the flowers pollinated
1.6. Cocoa last year (Fig. 32). Over 1,11,662 female flowers from
650 WCT palms were pollinated during the current
1.6.1. Release of Nethra Centura
year. About 27358 seed nuts of coconut varieties
The cocoa hybrid, VTLCH-5 (IC 622884), was were produced and sown in the nursery for seedling
released as variety ‘Nethra Centura’ in the XXV production. Pollen germination was observed daily to
AICRPP workshop. It is a hybrid between VTLC-64 determine the viability and pollen with more than 30%
x VTLC-69 (IC 565554 x IC 565559). This variety is germination used for pollination. Breeding behaviour
precocious, stable and a heavy bearer with medium of selected palms in terms of male and female phase,
canopy (16-18 m2) under arecanut and coconut days to female flower receptivity were observed. The
gardens (as both seedlings and clones) under normal database, developed for monitoring and planning
(2.7 m x 5.4 m under arecanut) and high density artificial pollination program in coconut, has been
plantings (2.7 m x 2.7 m under arecanut and 2.5 m used during the year. The database has been useful
x 2.5 m under coconut). With an average of 66 pods in recording all the pollination details as well as for
tree-1 year-1, 43 beans pod-1, single bean dry weight analysis of data.
of 1.11 g, it recorded the highest dry bean yield
The blocks of mother palms planted in farmer’s field at
of 3.2 kg tree-1 year-1 and the yield per hectare is
Mooladkam seed garden were continuously monitored
1800 kg (600 trees). With 11% shelling percentage,
for developing seed gardens in a participatory mode.
88% nib recovery and 52% fat content, this variety
Three varieties (Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Kalpa Jyothi
is highly suitable for chocolate industry. Further, the
and Kalpa Haritha) out of seven varieties planted in
this garden flowered within 30 months of planting.
Observations were recorded on the seedling
characters for developing a soilless media for coconut
planting material production. Seedlings sown in bags
with media containing vermicompost showed better
germination and growth (Table 8).
Pollination in the rainy season, for increasing
production of hybrids, was continued on an
experimental basis. Different types of bags were tested
for bagging bunches and pollination: 23 bunches
(682 female flowers) in five palms for plastic bag, 34
bunches (1036 female flowers) in seven palms for
denim cloth and 488 bunches (1151 female flowers)
in 115 palms for kora cloth. Fruit setting was better
(12.8% in COD and 15.8% in WCT) when denim cloth
bags were used (Table 9).
1.7.2. Kidu
In coconut, 10524 hybrid seed nuts were produced
and sown in the nursery from the flowers pollinated
last year. During the year, 43,529 female flowers from
Fig. 31. Nethra Centura 508 WCT were pollinated and assisted pollination
49
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
50
Genetic Resources
farmers themselves. Using this device, the climber can be undertaken from ground-level itself using
bags the emasculated inflorescence and attaches a the pollen delivery tube and pollen pump. After
pollen tube to inflorescence and suspends it to the the pollination, the bag can also be pulled down
ground. This first visit to the crown is followed by effortlessly from ground. The pollination device
another climbing to ascertain the maturity of the reduces the drudgery of pollination work and can
female flowers. Thereafter, there is no need to climb also be adapted for hybrid seed production in other
the palm for pollination and bag removal (saving commercially valuable palms such as oil palm, date
4-5 climbings per inflorescence). Pollen dusting palm, arecanut and palmyrah.
51
ICAR-CPCRI ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND 2
BIOINFORMATICS
2.1. Coconut tissue culture ‘Planton’ plant tissue culture container (100 × 75 mm)
were studied for its efficiency for callus induction
2.1.1. Medium optimization for efficient somatic
from shoot meristem explants of coconut zygotic
embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from
embryos of WCT variety. The explants were cultured
shoot meristem explants of coconut zygotic
in these vessels in Y3 medium supplemented with
embryo
V
picloram (24.2 mg l-1) and TDZ (one mg l-1). No evident
arious combinations of growth regulators/ differences were observed in these cultures.
supplements and gelling agents were
Agar or agarose was used as gelling agent in Y3 or MS
experimented to optimize media for efficient
medium supplemented with 2,4-D (16.5 mg l-1) and
somatic embryogenesis and plantlet
TDZ (one mg l-1) for culturing embryonic meristem
regeneration from shoot meristem explants of coconut
and thin layers of shoot apical portion from WCT and
zygotic embryos. Different concentrations of zeatin
Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD) varieties. Irrespective
riboside viz., 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l-1 along with picloram
of basal medium or cultivars, enlargement of explants
(24.2 mg l-1) and TDZ (one mg l-1) were supplemented
was observed in media supplemented with agarose
in Y3 media for testing the potential of these growth
in comparison with media supplemented with agar
regulators in enhancing somatic embryogenesis from
(Fig. 34). However marked differences were not observed
shoot meristem explants of coconut zygotic embryos
between the two treatments for callus induction.
of West Coast Tall (WCT) variety. Zeatin riboside
at one mg l-1 was found to be good for formation of
embryogenic calli (Fig. 33).
52
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
all the treatments. Effect of TIBA (1, 2, 3 and 4 mg l-1), study indicated the feasibility of developing an in vitro
an auxin inhibitor, was studied on embryonic shoot plant regeneration protocol with the use of immature
meristem of WCT for callus induction; however, callus inflorescence of coconut as the explants (Fig. 36).
initiation was not noticed in the cultures. In another
experiment, embryonic shoot meristem explants from
WCT were cultured in Y3 medium with a combination
of auxins viz., 2,4-D (5.5 mg l-1) + picloram
(6.1 mg l-1), 2,4-D (5.5 mg l-1) + dicamba (5.5 mg l-1),
dicamba (5.5 mg l-1) + picloram (6.1 mg l-1), along Fig. 36. Plantlet regeneration from immature
with TDZ (one mg l-1), to study the synergistic effect inflorescence
of auxins, if any, on callus induction. Combination of
2.1.2.2. Meristem culture
auxins did not alter the frequency of induction of calli
or nature of calli (Fig. 35). Meristem base obtained from a 40-year old WCT palm
was chopped and inoculated in modified MS medium
with 2,4-D (5 mg l-1), TDZ (one mg l-1) and glutamine
(500 mg l-1) as additional supplements and incubated
for three months. Subsequent transfer of these
cultures in to modified MS medium supplemented
with 2, 4-D (one mg l-1), TDZ (one mg l-1) and glutamine
(500 mg l-1) resulted in callus formation. However, the
2, 4-D + dicamba dicamba + picloram rate of multiplication and callus growth was observed
2, 4-D + picloram
to be very slow (Fig. 37).
Fig. 35. Callus initiation from embryonic shoot
meristem in various combination of auxins
53
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
54
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
pricks) with a sterile entomological pin. Leaf surface under cryogenic condition for its effective utilization
was inoculated with 50 µl of sporangial suspension for hybrid seed production. A two-step drying process
adjusted to a concentration of 2x104 sporangia ml-l. followed by cryogenic storage resulted in 37 to 74 %
Plantlets were maintained in 12 hr light/dark period germination in West Coast Tall (WCT) and 22 to 30 %
at 27˚C and 95% humidity in plant growth chamber. in Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD). The same pollen
Treatments were compared after three and six days from WCT utilized for pollination with COD resulted
after inoculation (Fig. 42 b & c). in 8% nut set using desiccated pollen whereas it was
9.5% with cryopreserved pollen after four months
2.3. Cryopreservation
(Fig. 44).
2.3.1. Validation of coconut embryo
cryopreservation protocol
Cryopreservation of coconut embryo provides an
alternative option for long-term conservation of
coconut germplasm at relatively low cost without
the risk of natural calamities, pests and diseases. a b c
A vitrification based method utilizing PVS3 was
standardized for cryopreservation coconut zygotic Fig. 44. Cryopreservation of coconut pollen. In
vitro germination of cryopreserved pollen of WCT
embryos and the same was validated in Kalpa Jyothi
(a), COD (b) and nut set in COD using cryopreserved
and Kalpa Surya. The survival percentage after
pollen (c)
cryopreservation was found to be 75% in Kalpa Jyothi
and 93% in Kalpa Surya, respectively. However, the
2.3.3. Maintenance of arecanut embryogenic calli
regeneration percentage was found to be high in
Kalpa Jyothi (70%) and low in Kalpa Surya (31%) Studies were initiated to cryopreserve embryogenic
(Fig. 43). calli derived from immature inflorescence of HD by
V-cryoplate method. Embryogenic calli were pre-
grown in 0.2/0.3/0.4 M sucrose solution for 3/6
days and subsequently dehydrated in PVS3 solution
for 10/20/30 minutes. The maximum survival and
somatic embryo formation after cryopreservation
was noticed in cultures pre-grown at 0.3 M sucrose
and dehydration for 30 minutes in PVS3 solution
(Fig. 45).
55
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Accuracy
coconut
From the data obtained from double digest restriction-
site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) of six
each of West Coast Tall (WCT) and Chowghat Green
Dwarf (CGD) palms, unique primers were designed
which could differentiate these two varieties. These Composition
primers were validated in individual palms of
these varieties and also their hybrid, with hybrid b
displaying the banding pattern of both the parents
(Fig. 46).
Accuracy
Composition
Fig. 46. Amplification of WCT (lanes 1-9), CGD
palms (lanes 10-22) and CGD x WCT hybrid (lane 9) c
using primers designed from ddRAD sequence data.
L: 100 bp ladder
Accuracy
2.6. Bioinformatics
2.6.1. Development of gene prediction algorithms
for genes invovled in somatic embryogenesis
Machine learning classification algorithm, Support
Vector Machine (SVM), was used to create predictive Composition
models for proteins invovled in somatic embryogenesis
viz., Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-like Kinase Fig. 47. Performance chart of accuracy for different
composition methods for linear kernel for the
(SERK), Leafy Cotyledon (LEC) and Wuschel (WUS).
independent and cross validation data set test for
In order to obtain different features based on amino
SERK (a), LEC (b) and WUS (c) proteins.
acids, the frequency of occurrence of the 20 amino
acids and their composition were considered. the DNA-binding domain was 67. The predicted 3-D
Different standard window size were created structure contained three helices, four strands and
among all the selected sequences i.e. N-Terminal eight turns (Fig. 48).
composition and C-terminal composition with 15,
20, 30 window size in both cases. Performance
evaluation was carried out using standard prediction
methods (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy
and F-measure). Independent data set and cross
validation set were used to evaluate the performance
of the predictive model and the best models were
selected (Fig. 47).
2.6.2. Structure based computational study of
coconut WRINKLED (WRI1) transcriptional factor
WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a member of the APETALA2/
ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (AP2/
EREBP), which is an important regulator of oil
accumulation. Computational study of WRI1 protein
from coconut was carried out. The protein contained Fig. 48. 3-D strucutre of coconut WRINKLED (WRI1)
two domains. The predicted amino acid length of protein
56
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
2.6.3. Structure based computational studies of 1,17,790 unigenes from coconut embryogenic calli
coconut resistance (R) proteins were compared against monocot mature miRNA
sequences. A total of 27 mature miRNA sequences,
Families of R-proteins from coconut were identified
through a comparative genomic approach and these belonging to 15 miRNA families, were identified
proteins could be grouped into different classes such as (Fig. 50 a, b). Target prediction of these miRNAs
NBS, NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LRR, TIR-NBS-LRR and STK. was carried out using psRNATarget tool. All the 27
Full length ORFs of a few of these genes were isolated miRNAs were found to possess particular roles in
and computational analyses of these TIR, NBS, CC plant development. Predicted targets could be mainly
and KINASE class proteins revealed features about classified into transcription factors, comprising of
their physicochemical properties like molecular weight, auxin response factor, nuclear transcription factor
isoelectric point, grand average of hydropathy, instability Y subunit (miR167), transcription factor bHLH113-
and aliphatic index. 3-D structures of R-proteins like (miR156), E2F transcription factor-like E2FE
were determined by homology modeling (Fig. 49). and transcription factor RAX3-like (miR172). Some
Docking studies were also undertaken to identify the of the miRNAs were observed to possess tendencies
interaction network of R proteins with ligands. to regulate kinases such a calcium-dependent
a b c d
Fig. 49. 3-D structure of coconut RGAs (a) NBS-LRR (b) TIR-NBS-LRR (c) CC-NBS-LRR (d) STK
2.6.4. Prediction of miRNAs invovled in somatic protein kinase (miR166), mitogen-activated protein
embryogenesis kinase (miR164) and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like
serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase SOBIR1
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the
(miR2118). Multiple targets were found for all the
regulation of a plethora of cellular, physiological
predicted miRNAs.
and developmental processes which include
developmental regulation, hormone response
and adaptation to stresses. In an attempt to
study the role of miRNAs in the regulation of in
vitro embryogenesis in coconut, miRNA and their
targets were predicted from callus transcriptome
data of coconut embryogenic calli generated in an
Illumina Hi-Seq platform (SRX 472157). A total of
57
ICAR-CPCRI ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17
CROP PRODUCTION 3
T
he sustainability and profitability of the
coconut based integrated farming system
58
Crop Production
the experiment, the palms in the experimental site (10 l palm-1) and palms with 2/3rd (NPK @ 333:213:
were categorized into ‘healthy’ (28%), ‘disease early’ 800 g plant-1) recommended chemical fertilizer and
(25%), ‘disease middle’ (22%) and ‘disease advanced’ recycling of biomass (vermicompost @ 30 kg palm-1).
(20%), based on disease indexing. After three years of The net returns from the coconut based HDMSCS was
experiment, 13% palms in the ‘disease middle’ stage to the tune of ` 6,59,082/- ha-1 year-1 which is seven
recorded a reduction in yellowing and flaccidity, times more than coconut monocrop (` 98,148/-)
shifting to ‘disease early’ category where as only 5% indicating advantage of adoption of HDMSCS
palms shifted from ‘disease advanced’ to ‘disease in coconut for increasing the income of farmers
middle’ stage. No progression in disease was noticed (Fig. 53).
in ‘disease early’ or ‘healthy’ palms. After three years
of experiment, the nut yield from ‘healthy’, ‘disease
early’ and ‘disease middle’ palms increased from
50 to 66, 36 to 42 and 13 to 18 and the percentage
of fallen nuts reduced from 52 to 51, 62 to 54 and
81 to 72 respectively. There was an improvement in
the soil health of the system in terms of nutrients,
59
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
3.1.5. Coconut based fodder - legume intercropping nutrient exhaustion by the fodder grass when grown
as a pure crop, which was indicated by improvement
Field experiment was laid out to study the impact
in soil organic carbon (0.539% from 0.215%) and
of growing fodder and leguminous crops on the soil
calcium (303 ppm from 202.5 ppm) content in soil.
quality and yield of root (wilt) affected coconut palms,
Hybrid Bajra Napier cv. Suguna, intercropped in
with six treatments viz., fodder grass (Hybrid Bajra
coconut gardens along with Stylosanthes cv. Hamata,
Napier cv. Suguna), (Fig. 55) Stylosanthes (cv. Hamata)
(Fig. 57) is a compatible crop combination in coconut
and cowpea (EC 4216) as pure crop followed by the
based integrated farming system under root (wilt)
combination of fodder grass and Stylosanthes, fodder
affected gardens. The average annual net returns
grass and cowpea (Fig. 56) and fodder, Stylosanthes
from the coconut + fodder grass - legume cropping
and cowpea under organic management. The highest
green fodder yield of 132 t ha-1 year-1 was recorded
in the combination of fodder grass and Stylosanthes,
followed by the combination of fodder grass and
cowpea (126.3 t ha-1). The available nutrient status
in the plots having the sole crop of fodder grass was
23.75 ppm K, 211.68 ppm Ca and 35.54 ppm Mg.
Treatment with the combination of fodder grass and
Stylosanthess recorded 27.5 ppm K, 303.05 ppm
Ca and 55.09 ppm Mg. Treatment with combination
of fodder grass and cowpea recorded 22.63 ppm K,
226.57 ppm Ca and 40.64 ppm Mg. The results reveal
that the combination of fodder grass and leguminous
crops can help in the enhancement of soil nutrient Fig. 56. Cowpea and Hybrid Bajra Napier cv.
availability and fodder yield mainly by combating the Suguna as components of the system
Fig. 55. Hybrid Bajra Napier cv. Suguna as a Fig. 57. Stylosanthes as a component of the
component of the system system
60
Crop Production
system was ` 2,06,000/- ha-1 whereas under mono The sustainability and profitability of the arecanut
cropping system, the net income was ` 44,720/- ha-1, based High Density Multi Species Cropping
indicating the possibility of increasing the farmers System (HDMSCS) comprising arecanut, black
income by four times with this technology. pepper, acid lime, banana, turmeric and jute were
assessed in different combinations to find out the
3.1.6. Palm based cropping system for sub-
total system productivity and net returns and
Himalayan Terai region
also find out the percent contributions of different
Medicinal plants viz., Asparagus, Aloe vera, Mentha, crops on total system productivity. It was found
Swertia and Rauwolfia were evaluated as intercrop that arecanut + black pepper + acid lime + turmeric
in arecanut and coconut plantation to increase the (Model 2) had maximum total system productivity
system productivity. In arecanut based system, (10361 kg ha-1 of arecanut chali) and net
maximum system productivity (8.77 t chali ha-1) was returns of ` 10,01,618/- followed by arecanut
recorded in arecanut and Asparagus combination + black pepper + acid lime + banana (Model 1)
followed by arecanut and Aloe vera (7.22 t chali ha-1) with a total system productivity of 9355 kg ha-1
and arecanut and Rauwolfia combination arecanut chali and net returns of ` 8,73,895/-.
(6.22 t chali ha-1) over arecanut as monocrop Among the different inter/mixed crops, black
(3.82 t chali ha-1). All the cropping systems except pepper contributed maximum (55-60%) to the
arecanut + mentha increased the net returns by total system productivity whereas the main crop
1.2 to 2.5 times over arecanut monocrop (Fig. 58). arecanut contributed only 29-36%. The results of
these experiment revealed that the cultivation of
inter/mixed crops in arecanut system is highly
profitable with 224-334% increase in total system
productivity. Thus, with the adoption of cropping
Net returns (` ha-1)
61
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
yam was 8.1, 9.2, 8.6 and 10.8 t ha-1, for lesser yam combinations. There was no significant differences in
5.9, 4.7, 6.5 and 5.3 t ha-1 and for dwarf white yam leaf production rate with an average of 17 leaves year-1.
4.7, 5.2, 4.7 and 3.2 t ha-1 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 Among the treatments, 100% soil test based nutrient
respectively. Yield of tapioca var. Sree Vijaya was management + green manure + vermicompost +
8.0, 10.1, 8.1 and 7.0 t ha-1, 11.4, 9.6, 9.5 and neem cake recorded the highest nut yield (47 nuts
8.4 t ha-1 for Vellayani Hraswa and 10.6, 12.0, 8.7 palm-1 year-1) with an average tender nut weight of
and 9.3 t ha-1 for H165 under treatments T1, T2, T3 1.87 kg nut-1. The tender nut water quantity, TSS
and T4 respectively. of endosperm and water under this treatment were
365 ml nut-1, 5.9° Brix and 7.1° Brix respectively.
3.1.8. Impact of harvesting tender nut on the
The disease indices were recorded using standard
sustained productivity of coconut
procedures. In Kaparaksha, 18 palms showed disease
Studies were undertaken to assess the impact incidence, whereas three palms each of COD and
of different harvesting intervals and sequence of Kalpasree were diseased. At the end of eight years of
harvesting on tender nut and mature nut production. experiment, root (wilt) disease was recorded in 5.2,
It was observed that harvesting of tender nuts 3.1, 1.6 percent of palms in Kalparaksha, COD and
throughout the year (at 25 days intervals) recorded Kalpasree varieties, respectively. The lowest disease
significantly higher yield (167 tender nuts palm-1) incidence (5.6%) was recorded with the treatment,
and nut weight (2.2 kg nut-1). Harvesting of mature 100% soil test based nutrient management + green
nut throughout the year (at 35-40 days intervals) manure + vermicompost + neem cake. The early
recorded lowest nut yield (106 mature nuts palm-1). growth of palms and initial disease incidence and
The economic analysis showed that harvesting of yield indicated that 100% soil test based nutrient
tender nuts throughout the year recorded higher management + green manure + vermicompost + neem
net returns (` 2,64,768/-) compared with harvesting cake application helps in preventing the disease
mature nuts (` 66,178/-). Quality parameters of incidence in the early years of establishment of dwarf
tender nut water were analysed from May 2015 to coconut types (Fig. 61).
April 2016 to assess the effect of harvesting stage.
Results reveal that there is no significant difference 3.2.2. Boron nutrition in coconut
among the treatments with the volume of water A field experiment was conducted with graded levels
ranging from 290-366 ml nut-1, TSS from 4.8-5.6° Brix of boron (0, 6, 12, 18, 24 g of boron palm-1) as borax in
and pH from 5.1-5.2. boron deficient palms. From the quadratic response
3.2. Nutrient and water management in palms plot with different levels of borax and that of the
absolute yield level, the optimum dose was fixed as
3.2.1. Nutritional requirement of dwarf varieties 16 g boron palm-1 (160 g borax palm-1) to be applied
of coconut in root (wilt) affected area in four split doses along with husk burial in the
Nutritional requirement of dwarf varieties of basin and vermicompost application @ 20 kg palm-1.
coconut (Kalparaksha, Chowghat Orange Dwarf Critical boron level was estimated as 0.87 mg kg-1
and Kalpasree) were tested with different nutrient for soil and 13.87 mg kg-1 for leaf.
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Crop Production
63
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
showed significant increase after the application of Allyl isothiocyanate present in mustard seeds was
treatments. In situ recycling of palm residues showed responsible for ‘pushing’ the earthworms from the
improvement in soil organic matter content (50 to compost heaps and cowdung, a known attractant,
75% increase) over control in all the sites. After one was used for ‘pulling’ the earthworms.
year of treatment imposition, the average annual nut
3.3.2. Composting of tender coconut husk
yield increased by 25% in the project area.
In ICAR-CPCRI tender nut parlour, mostly tender nut
3.3. Bioresource management
water is consumed on the spot by the consumers,
3.3.1. ‘Push-pull’ strategy for harvesting leaving the husk refuse which accumulates in heaps
earthworms from vermicomposting tanks (Fig. 65). This extremely fibrous tender nut refuse
(alternatively called as immature or green coconut
‘Push-pull’ concept, a business management
husk) was used for making compost. The immature
strategy, was adopted by Rothamsted Research,
coconut husks were processed (Fig. 66) and treated
UK for insect management based on chemical
with diazotrophic microbial consortium (Fig. 67) and
ecology principle. This push-pull strategy was
poultry manure, etc. over a three months period.
followed at ICAR-CPCRI to harvest earthworms from
Though this tannin and lignin rich material is less
vermicompost heaps by employing an integrated use
labile and its carbon chemistry does not allow much
of volatiles released by biological materials as forces
vulnerability to microbial action, preliminary results
of avoidance and attraction. In the ready-to-harvest
revealed that stoichiometrical changes could be
coconut leaf vermicomposting tanks, the strategy
achieved in this organic material. Tender nut wastes
was adopted through the use of behaviour-modifying
were composted to a reasonable extent (Fig. 68).
stimuli to earthworms to manipulate their migration
The composted material had an alkaline pH with a
from the vermicomposted heap to the adjacently
significant narrowing down of C/N ratio. However,
laid fresh cowdung from where they were eventually
further efforts and some procedural modifications are
collected, thus, making sorting of earthworms from
required for its quality up gradation.
vermicomposting tanks easy and labour-friendly.
To achieve this, in the vermicomposting tanks, a thin
strip of cow dung was spread on the periphery of
vermicomposting heap after the composting process
was over. At the same time, PVC pipes were inserted
into the vermicomposted substrate and mustard
solution was poured through these pipes. Mustard
repelled earthworms from the vermicomposted
substrate which was the ‘push’ component. The fresh
cowdung, being a preferred food for the earthworms,
attracted earthworms from the vermicomposted
substrate which was the ‘pull’ component (Fig. 64).
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Crop Production
65
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
solubilized tricalcium phosphate and magnesium studies, bacterial proliferation occurred over a period
trisilicate. of 30 days, (Fig. 72) concurrently with a drop in the
pH of the zinc oxide-supplemented culture broths,
3.3.5. Physico-chemical and biological studies of
eventually reaching a final value of pH 2.95 from the
YLD affected areas
initial pH of 6.9.
Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from
3.3.7. Solubilization of different insoluble Zn
traditional elevated terrains and low land paddy
sources
converted arecanut gardens of both healthy and
YLD infected palms during pre-monsoon, monsoon On comparison of different insoluble Zn sources, it
and post monsoon seasons. Rhizosphere microflora was found that most of the isolates solubilized more
were enumerated and no significant differences in Zn when ZnCO3 was used as insoluble source of Zn
bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population was in solid minimal medium. However, the isolate CUK5
noticed. The root endophytic microflora (22 nos.) could solubilize both ZnO and ZnCO3 with equal
and the rhizosphere microflora (15 nos.) associated efficiency (upto 400%) (Fig. 73).
with both the healthy and YLD affected palms were
isolated and screened for ACC deaminase (11 nos.)
and mineral Zn solubilization potential (15 nos.)
qualitatively. The available macro and micronutrient
dynamics revealed that K, Mg and Zn are the key
limiting nutrients in arecanut yellow leaf disease
complex areas of Sullia, Karnataka.
3.3.6. Quantitative zinc metal solubilization in
liquid medium
Zinc solubilization potential of five bacterial isolates,
which gave highest zone of solubilization in solid
medium, was studied quantitatively in liquid medium
with ZnO as insoluble zinc source. Among them, two
isolates AHR1 and CUK5 (Fig. 71) solubilized highest
quantities of zinc (494 mg L-1 to 548 mg L-1), after Fig. 73. Zn solubilization by Micrococcus luteus
three weeks of incubation. During the solubilization CUK5
Fig. 72. ZnO amended culture broths of solubilizing Fig. 74. Pin head type colonies formed by
bacteria Micrococcus luteus CUK5
66
Crop Production
16S rRNA region was amplified and sequenced (Fig. 75); by AAS. Available zinc levels in soils inoculated with
sequence analysis revealed it to be Micrococcus all three zinc solubilizing bacteria showed increase
luteus. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of ~1.3 kb with Micrococcus luteus CUK5 inoculation recording
was obtained and deposited in NCBI Genbank highest levels. In uninoculated control treatment,
database with Accession number KX532238. Based available zinc level showed no change throughout
on maximum identity score, first few sequences the experimental period of seven weeks (Fig. 78).
were selected and aligned using multiple sequence Additionally, the electrical conductivity levels in soils
alignment software ClustalW2 and a dendrogram inoculated with zinc solubilizers showed increase in
was constructed (Fig. 76). comparison to uninoculated soils, as measured at
the end of the experiment (50th day). However, there
was no change in the pH status of all the treatment
soils throughout the 7 weeks experimental period
(Fig. 79).
67
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
68
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES
4 INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES
4.1. Phytophthora diseases
4.1.1. Bud rot of coconut
4.1.1.1. Survey and collection of isolates
Random survey of coconut gardens in nine grama
panchayats of Kasaragod district of Kerala during
October 2016 indicated 0.2 to 2.7 per cent bud
rot incidence. Out of 7950 coconut palms in 19
randomly selected coconut gardens in these nine
panchayats, 79 coconut palms (0.9 %) were observed
to be affected with bud rot. Prophylactic treatment
for management of bud rot was not taken up by the
farmers in all the 19 gardens. Two fresh isolates of
P. palmivora were obtained from the bud rot affected
samples during the year 2016 and were added to the
Fig. 80. Starved slugs feeding on the Phytophthora
culture collections. palmivora culture
4.1.1.2. Epidemiology
Previous studies have indicated the involvement of
slug Deroceros sp. in the spread of bud rot disease
of coconut. The feeding and ingestion of coconut bud
rot pathogen P. palmivora, by the slug was further
confirmed by observing sporangia in the faecal matter
of the slugs collected from coconut gardens from
Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. The common
slugs were collected from bud rot disease affected
coconut gardens of Kasaragod during June-August
2016 and starved for two days. Starved slugs were
found feeding voraciously on the P. palmivora culture
but not on Trichoderma harzianum culture when
released under a bell jar in the laboratory (Fig. 80).
Microscopic examination of faecal matter of the slugs,
fed on P. palmivara cultures and collected at 24
hours interval, revealed the presence of Phytophthora Fig. 81. Phytophthora sporangia in fecal matter
propagules (Fig. 81). The faecal matter (about one g) of slugs
containing the Phytophthora propagules, when
inoculated on seven months old nuts of West Coast Kasaragod district, Kerala using nine treatments viz.
Tall cultivar, induced typical water soaked lesions copper oxychloride 50WG, copper hydroxide 77% WP,
five days after inoculation (Fig. 82). The pathogen chlorothalonil 78.12%WP, iprovalicarb 5.5 + propineb
could be reisolated from the inoculated nuts after 61.25 % WP, dimethomorph (9 %) + mancozeb (60 %),
eight days. This study further confirms the role of fosetyl-Al 80 WP + propineb 61.25%WP, metiram 50
slugs in spread of coconut bud rot disease. + pyraclostrobin 50%WG, 1% Bordeaux mixture and
Trichoderma coir pith cake. Prophylactic treatments
4.1.1.3. Disease management
were imposed by placing two perforated sachets
Field trial on management of coconut bud rot disease containing 3 g fungicide in innermost leaf axil
was conducted in Konnakkad of Balal panchayath of during first week of June 2016. In the treatment,
69
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
P. meadii P. colocasiae
Fig. 83. Culture and sporangia of P. meadii and P. colocasiae
70
Integrated Management of Diseases
71
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
a b c d
e f g h
Fig. 87. Symptoms of arecanut inflorescence dieback (a-d), colony (e,f) and conidia (g,h) of Colletotrichum sp.
isolated from the inflorescence dieback samples
72
Integrated Management of Diseases
Table 13. Morphological characterization of Colletotrichum spp. associated with inflorescence dieback
disease of arecanut
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Fig. 89. Symptoms of coconut leaf blight and cultures and spores of isolated pathogen
L. theobromae
Fig. 90. Identification and characterization of Pestalotiopsis palmarum causing grey leaf spot of
coconut
74
Integrated Management of Diseases
Table 14. Morphological characterization of coconut leaf spot and blight pathogens (Lasiodiplodia
theobromae and Pestalotiopsis palmarum)
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
symptomatic weeds in root (wilt) affected coconut weeds (Urochloa distachya and Cynodon dactylon)
plantations showed the presence of 16Sr II group indicating that these weeds do not serve as the
in dicot weeds and 16 Sr XIV group in monocot hosts for RWD phytoplasma (Fig. 93).
Fig. 92. c. PCR based detection of phytoplasma Fig. 93. Phylogenetic tree constructed using
associated with weeds in coconut root (wilt) affected the 16Sr RNA gene sequences of phytoplasma
garden (P1/P6-R16F2n/R16R2). Lane1: 1 kb DNA obtained from symptomatic weeds in RWD
Ladder, 2: Non-template control, 3: Lane 3-6: affected plantations
Cleome viscosa (CLP1-4), 7-10: Sesamum phyllody
76
MANAGING PESTS AND NEMATODES
P
est management interventions in palms and 5.1.1.1. Botanical cake
cocoa have been vastly refined, augmenting
To counter rhinoceros beetle infestation on juvenile
ecological stability and environmental
palms, a botanical cake and a botanical paste have
sustainability. Botanical preparations,
been developed for prophylactic leaf axil placement.
biological suppression and semio-chemical strategies
Placement of two cakes weighing 3 g on top most
are inexplicably intertwined to make IPM more realistic,
three leaf axils and swiping of the paste on the
innovative and farmer-centric through a community
spear leaf and adjoining petiole of juvenile palms
participatory mode. Agro-ecosystem based ecological
during June, October and February resulted in
bio-engineering approaches towards crop health
significant reduction in leaf damage by 51.3 % and
management have been projected as viable options in
53.8 %, respectively. These treatments were found
combating the pest menace. Greater impetus has been
to be superior to placement of chlorantraniliprole
bestowed upon tactfully controlling down invasive
sachets (5 g) which evinced reduction in leaf damage
pests and developing an emergency preparedness
by 24.5 %. Botanical cake in tablet mode has been
module for the potential invasive species waiting at our
further refined to pellets for effective field delivery and
doorsteps. The refined IPM strategies in the long-term
suppression of rhinoceros beetle damage (Fig. 95).
pest suppression of key pests of coconut, arecanut
and cocoa such as rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, 5.1.1.2. Ecological bioengineering
eriophyid mite, white grub and the invasive pest
An agro-ecosystem based pest regression strategy
rugose spiraling whitefly is presented.
through ecological bio-engineering was designed
5.1. Coconut using the root (wilt) tolerant coconut hybrid, Kalpa
Sankara (CGD x WCT) admixed with spices and
5.1.1. Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros Linn.)
fruit trees. Rhinoceros beetle inflicted lesser damage
This ubiquitous and cosmopolitan pest has become (15.8 %) on the inner lines of 19 Kalpa Sankara
the greatest impediment in the early establishment palms (51 months old) under the influence of
of juvenile palms causing more than 20 % damage mixed-volatile cues of crop plurality (rambutan,
through collar entry. Growth of juvenile palms gets nutmeg, curry leaf, banana, turmeric, red gram,
stunted and twisted, which leads to their improper papaya) compared to palms in outer lines (30 %).
establishment (Fig.94 a). Of late, the beetle has Infestation by rugose sprialling whitefly (Aleurodicus
also been found to cause damage in tender nuts rugioperculatus Martin) was found to be lower in the
(Fig. 94 b). diversification plot (<5 live colonies leaflet-1) than in
a b
Fig. 94. Damage caused by rhinoceros beetle in juvenile palm (a) and tender nuts (b)
77
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
a b c
Fig. 95. Botanical pellets in two colour forms (a, b) and botanical cake (c) in tablet mode
garden with coconut as monocrop (>15 live colonies be reduced marginally from 68 % to 58 %, but was
leaflet-1). Average yield of Kalpa Sankara was found found non-significant indicating that trapped beetles
to be 131 nuts palm-1 year-1. In situ stimulo-deterrent could only moderately subdue the pest attack on the
diversionary strategy infused less pest damage and palms (Fig. 96). The superiority of nanoporous matrix
encouraged more defender population through eco- in trapping more number of beetles in the field has
feast crops (Antigonon leptopus) and diversity in fruit been recorded. Area-wide community level approach
crops. In addition to pest regression, continuous in large plantations would be the better option rather
employment and income is generated fostering closer than for operation in homestead gardens of Kerala.
care to palms, complementing the concept of an ‘inch
of land and a bunch of crops’.
5.1.1.3. Pheromone dispensation
Incidence (%)
78
Managing Pests and Nematodes
a b c d
Fig. 98. Sexual dimorphism in red palm weevil male (a & c), female (b & d)
79
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Table 15. Gut microbes in red palm weevil and associated putative functions
Microbe Putative functions
Serratia marcescens Cellulose degradation & host fitness against parasitoids
Enterococcus casseliflavus Synergistic effect on entomopathogens
Klebsiella spp. Survive on high C/N ratio medium
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Imparts resistance against fungal invasion
Bacillus aryabhattai Ability to withstand harsh environment
Bacillus megaterium Imparts immunity against fungi, bacteria and virus due to the presence of
antifungal and antiviral principles
Paenibacillus cineris Produce antimicrobial substances which imparts immunity
Citrobacter sp. Nitrogen fixation
Klebsiella variicola, Klebsiella pneumoniae, the first group is relatively involved in the nutritional
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Citrobacter role of RPW while the latter group imparts immunity
amalonaticus, Paenibacillus cineris, Bacillus to the insect against harsh environment.
aryabhattai and Bacillus megaterium. These microbes
A holistic characterization of culturable and non-
have different functional roles in the fitness behaviour
culturable bacterial colonies would hold key to
of the insect (Table 15).
understand the microbiome dynamics of RPW so as to
In the phylogenetic tree, the gut microbes delineated exploit these insights for innovative pest management
into two major clusters: Gram negative group strategies.
comprising of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella
5.1.2.4. Refined pheromone trap
variicola, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter sp. and
Stenotrophomas maltophilia and Gram positive The plastic bucket trap used in the trapping of RPW
bacteria that includes Paenibacillus cineris, was re-designed with an umbrella mode as well as
Enterococcus cassaeliflavus, Bacillus arybhattai and PVC tube for enhanced durability and higher catch
Bacillus megaterium (Fig. 100). Functional differences of weevils (Fig.101). The design aims to reduce the
among the two groups are not quite explicit; however, slippage of weevils and orient them perfectly in to the
trap. On account of its PVC make, the durability of
the trap is enhanced and the umbrella could reduce
the dissipation loss of the aggregation pheromone
considerably.
80
Managing Pests and Nematodes
dissipation of citriodora oil from sodium alginate (Udupi). The distribution of the pest is uneven, mostly
beads was observed to be 12.04, 20.31, 25.31 and along the National and State Highways, isolated
34.11 % respectively at weekly intervals up to four gardens near water bodies and restricted gardens in
weeks. Para-pheromone (9:1 mixture of 4-methyl midland regions. Presence of sooty mould and the
6- nonanol and 4- methyl 5 - nonanone) loaded in prevalence of active egg spirals and adult whiteflies
calcium alginate matrix (Fig. 102) could trap the are the marked symptoms of infestation. Though the
RPW beetles effectively up to 45 days; thereafter, its pest has been reported in different districts of Kerala,
efficacy was reduced. it has not caused any severe economic losses. Feeding
was noticed to be confined mostly on the older whorl
of coconut leaves. Extensive desapping of RSW would
induce stress on the palms due to removal of water
and nutrients, but neither colour change nor necrosis
of leaves was observed. Even though there was loss
of photosynthetic efficiently due to the formation
of sooty mould fungus (Capnodium sp.), mortality
of palms has not been observed. In case of severe
attack, egg spirals could be located on leaf petiole as
well as on tender coconuts which is very unique and
observed for the first time (Fig. 103).
5.1.3.1. Morphology
RSW has a body length of about 2.5 mm, relatively
larger than common whiteflies. Presence of a pair of
Fig. 102. Citriodora oil impregnated calcium
irregular light brown bands across the wings is one of
alginate beads
the identifying features of RSW. Male flies are slightly
smaller than females and have elongate claspers at
5.1.3. Rugose spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus
the distal end of the abdomen. Eggs are elliptical and
rugioperculatus Martin)
yellowish in colour, 0.3 mm long, translucent with a
Rugose Spiralling Whitefly (RSW) (Aleurodicus short stalk and are laid singly and associated with
rugioperculatus Martin) is an invasive pest on irregularly spiralling deposits of white flocculent wax
coconut reported from Pollachi (Tamil Nadu) and surrounding each egg in a semi-circular spiralling
Palakkad (Kerala) during July-August 2016. It was fashion (Fig. 104). The spiralling of waxy material is
first reported in coconut during 2004 at Belize and the feature from which its common name ‘spiralling’
Mexico and later from Florida, USA during 2009. In whitefly is derived. The first-instar crawlers are the
a period of seven months after it was first noticed, immature stage with functional legs and distinct
spread of RSW was observed in Kerala (Palakkad, antennae and are mobile. Subsequent larval stages
Malappuram, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kannur, are sedentary and have oval shaped soft bodies with
Kasaragod, Ernakulam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, cream colour, studded with white waxy material on
Kollam, Kottayam and Thiruvananthapuram the sides. Immature stages become more convex with
districts), Tamil Nadu (Pollachi and Pattukottai), the advancement of life cycle. Presence of rugose
Andhra Pradesh (Kadiyampalanka) and Karnataka operculum with triangular and acute lingula, presence
a b c
Fig. 103. Incidence of rugose spiralling whitefly on (a) leaflets, (b) petiole and (c) nuts
81
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
a b c
d e f g
Fig. 104. Life stages of RSW (a) eggs, (b) mobile crawler, (c) nymphs, (d) nymph with single fluff,
(e) colony of RSW, (f) female, (g) male
of dagger-like compound pores and the occurrence of (WFTN2, KY574538), Tamil Nadu, indicated 100%
smaller compound pores on the abdominal segment similarity with that of mitochondrial CO1 sequence
of VII and VIII are the characteristic identification of A. rugioperculatus reported from Florida, USA
features of RSW (Fig.105). Nymphs have a fused (KP032219) thus confirming the molecular taxonomic
broader fluff on the posterior side. identity as A. rugioperculatus in conjunction
with the species-specific morphological characters
5.1.3.2. Molecular characterization (Fig. 106).
Molecular characterization of mitochondrial On the other hand, Aleurodicus sp. collected from
cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) of Aleurodicus guava in Krishnapuram, Alappuzha (WFG1AL1,
sp. collected from coconut in Chathenkari, KY574539) and Kumarakom, Kottayam (WFG1KT1,
Pathanamthitta (WFPT1, Genbank accession KY574540), both in Kerala, was identified as
no. KY574536), Kozhinjampara, Palakkad (CN- Aleurodicus dispersus based on morphological
WFP1a, KY574535), Oachira, Kollam (CN-WFKOa, taxonomic keys and showed 100% similarity
KY499623), Kumarakom, Kottayam (WFKT1, with COI sequences of A. dispersus (KC822647)
KY574534), Krishnapuram, Alappuzha (WFAL1, thus confirming its taxonomic identity (Fig.107).
KY574533) and Vellangallur, Thrissur (WFTb2, Morphological identity of these species of spiralling
KY574537) in Kerala and Pollachi, Coimbatore whiteflies was also confirmed by staining of puparia.
a b c
Fig. 105. Taxonomic features of RSW (a) Rugose operculum with triangular lingula, (b) compound pores
with dagger-like process, (c) smaller but prominent compound pores in VII and VIII segments
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Managing Pests and Nematodes
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
84
Managing Pests and Nematodes
and nuts, was reported from an isolated garden near coconut palms in South India in recent years causing
Kayamkulam, Kerala during July 2016 at moderate shedding of button and immature nuts to the tune
levels. Though this was a sporadic outbreak, it 18-66 %. Among the various botanicals and new
was suppressed all of sudden by the emergence generation molecules evaluated against coreid bug
of a natural ladybird predator, Sasajiscymnus in coconut, palms treated with chlorantraniliprole
dwipakalpa (Ghorpade) (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). (0.018 %) and nimbidine (1 %) reduced coreid bug
Immature stages of the beetle, resembling a mealy infestation by 91.02 % and 63.21 %, respectively.
bug, as well as the adult beetles voraciously fed
Occurrence of leaf webworm, Acria meyrinki sp.,
on all the life stages of A. destructor bringing down
causing defoliation, was observed in Kasaragod
the pest population very significantly. As much as
during October to December. The flat green-coloured
56 % of natural parasitism by aphelinid parasitoid
caterpillar inside the silken web, feeds voraciously on
Aphytis melinus was also noticed on A. destructor.
coconut seedlings at random (Fig. 116). Adult moth is
Another coccinellid predator, Chilocorus nigrita was
yellow coloured with prominent labial palpi. It is also
also abundantly present in scales infested coconut
reported as a minor pest in oil palm.
nursery (Fig. 114 & 115). A perfect co-existence of
pest-predator linkage in coconut system thus creates 5.2. Arecanut
a niche for minor pests to remain under control.
5.2.1. Ambrosia beetle (Crossotarsus sp.)
5.1.4.1. Emerging pests
A new pest, ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus sp.
The coreid bug, Paradasynus rostratus Dist. has (Curculionidae) was recorded from an arecanut
attained the status of a potential emerging pest of garden in Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district
a b c
d e f g
Fig. 114. a) Coconut scale, b) Predatory grub feeding on scale insects, c) Lady beetle Sasajiscymnus
dwipakalpa, d) close view of a grub of lady beetle, e) Chilocorus nigrita predating on scale insect,
f) Eggs of C. nigrita g) predator
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
a b c
Fig. 116. Larva of Acria meyrinki sp. (a) inside silken web, (b) pupa and (c) adult moth
a b
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Managing Pests and Nematodes
found inhibitory to Trichoderma harzianum (ICAR- Two natural enemies viz., Acerophagus papayae Noyes
CPCRI TR 28 isolate). & Schauff and Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) were
found dominant in cocoa ecosystem for natural bio-
The refined IPM strategy of white grubs in arecanut
suppression of mealy bug population.
garden consists of :
5.3.2. Cocoa pod borer (Conogethes punctiferalis
l Hand picking and destruction of adult beetles
Guenee)
during emergence period (in June)
Conogethes punctiferalis is one of the emerging
l Soil application of bifenthrin @ 2 kg ai/ha
insect pests of cocoa in Karnataka (Fig. 120).
(Talstar 10 EC @ 20 litres ha-1 in 500 l of water)
The pest incidence was very low (2.07%) during 2013
when first instar stage of grubs dominate in the
which increased to 40% during 2016 due to change
field (July-August)
in weather factors.
l Root zone application of entomopathogenic
nematode (EPN), Steinernema carpocapsae @ 1.5
billion IJs / ha and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.25
ml / litre during September-October. Need based
repeated application of EPN.
l Regular ploughing to expose the grubs to
predators
5.3. Cocoa
5.3.1. Mealy bugs
Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell was the predominant
mealy bug species infesting cocoa pods, cherelles,
flower cushions and leaves in Kerala, Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka. Other species include Ferrisia virgata
(Fig. 119) and Crissicoccus hirsutus. Seasonal
Fig. 120. Conogethes punctiferalis infestation on
incidence of mealy bugs on cherelles and pods cocoa pods
indicated pest build up during February with peak
incidence during March to May. 5.3.3. Ambrosia beetle
The ambrosia beetle Crossotarsus sp. was also
reported from cocoa and the visible symptoms of
attack include appearance of numerous round bore
holes on the tree trunk and branches and extrusion
of fibrous dust frass from the tree trunk (Fig. 121).
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
a b
a b c
Fig. 123. a) Yellowing of papaya, b) Knots/galls on roots caused by M. incognita, c) Severely infested
papaya roots having bigger knots/galls
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Managing Pests and Nematodes
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ICAR-CPCRI ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17
PHYSIOLOGY, 6
BIOCHEMISTRY AND POST-
HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
6.1. Phenotyping for climate resilient adaptation recorded in palms subjected to ECO2 treatment.
and mitigation strategies As a result, the intrinsic WUE was high in plants
grown under ECO2 (3.2 g litre-1) compared to control
6.1.1. Interaction effect of elevated CO2 [ECO2] and
(2.5 g litre-1) that could be due to lower stomatal
elevated temperature [ET] with water deficit stress
conductance.
in OTC (open top chamber) grown coconut seedlings
T
he interaction effect of climate change
variables viz., CO2 and elevated temperature
(ET) with moisture-deficit, on growth and
development of coconut seedlings, was
studied in an Open Top Chamber (OTC) at Kasaragod.
Seedlings were exposed to elevated CO2 [ECO2] (550
and 700 ppm), ET (3oC above ambient) and ET+ECO2
(550 ppm CO2 + 3oC). In each OTC, a set of palms were
subjected to water deficit stress (50 % field capacity
(FC)), while the other set was under 100 % FC. Plants
accumulated significantly higher biomass when grown
under ECO2 which was 1.13 and 1.98 kg palm-1 with Control 550 ppm CO2 700 ppm CO2
550 and 700 ppm CO2 respectively as against 1.10 kg Fig. 128. Effect of elevated CO2 [ECO2] 550 and
palm-1 under ambient conditions. Biomass 700 ppm CO2 on MYD coconut seedlings in
accumulation was found to be least in ET treatment comparison to control
(0.91 kg palm-1). As a consequence, the ECO2
treatment had higher Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
of 2.73 and 3.17 g litre-1 at 550 and 700 ppm
respectively as against 1.79 g litre-1 under ambient
and 1.37 g litre-1 under ET treatment. Thus, the
water requirement to produce unit biomass in ECO2
treatment is less. This indicates that to produce the
present biomass level in the future climatic scenario
with elevated CO2, the water requirement of coconut
plant would be less (52 % less at 550 ppm); however,
at high temperature, it would be more (23 % more at
3ºC above ambient). WUE under water deficit stress
was significantly reduced in all the treatments. Control Elevated ET+ [ECO2]
temperature (ET) 550 ppm
In order to study the response of coconut to ECO2 and
Fig. 129. Effect of elevated temperature (ET) and
ET at reproductive phase, a dwarf coconut seedling
ET+ [ECO2] 550 ppm on MYD coconut seedlings in
was transplanted during June, 2015 in each OTC.
comparison to control
Above ground plant growth was almost 1.5-fold
high at 550 ppm, and 2-fold high at 700 ppm CO2
6.1.1.1. Whole plant water use efficiency
compared to chamber control (Fig. 128). Growth was
significantly low with [ET] (Fig. 129). Elevated CO2 To circumvent the effect of moisture-deficit in coconut,
compensated the growth loss with [ET] to a certain which is an imminent threat under climate change,
extent. Photosynthesis (25 % increase), leaf area (27 % improving crop water use efficiency (WUE) is a most
increase) and other physiological parameters were important strategy for sustained nut production.
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Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology
Table 16. Epicuticular wax content of the leaves in coconut seedlings under water-deficit stress
Moisture Coconut variety Wax content (µg cm-2)
regime (Field I II III IV V Mean SD
capacity)
100% Kalpa Pratibha 40.38 63.88 41.29 69.25 58.70 54.70 13.20
50% Kalpa Pratibha 40.55 62.96 40.92 79.07 68.33 57.36 16.50
25% Kalpa Pratibha 60.75 64.07 70.37 80.92 64.07 68.04 7.99
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
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Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology
of 40 to 45 days. Even if the sap produced from six extrudates from coconut milk residue was developed
of the twelve spadices are tapped and the remaining and christened as Kalpa Krunch (Fig. 134). It is a
were allowed to produce nuts, around 400 litres of coconut milk residue enriched ready to eat extruded
sap and few nuts could be harvested per tree per snack. The optimized formulation is rice flour
year. The sap yield is again influenced by the skill (60%), corn flour (25%) and coconut milk residue
of the tappers. Highly skilled tappers could tap the flour (15%). It is coated with natural and healthy
spadix for two months as against average tapping of flavours like coriander, garlic, turmeric, clove,
30-45 days. cinnamon, chilli, mint, cardamom, tomato and
celery. No microflora was detected even after three
6.2. Product Diversification
months of storage in two layer packaging film. Kalpa
6.2.1. Kalpa Bar Dark Chocolate Krunch is rich in fibre, protein, fat and carbohydrate
with antioxidant activity; it is therefore a healthy,
Kalpa Bar, a coconut sugar based chocolate purely
nutritious and crunchy snack food for people of all
made from plant based ingredients without dairy milk
age groups. Kalpa Krunch technology was released for
(Fig.133), is a joint venture between ICAR-CPCRI and
commercialization during the ‘Kisan Mela’ organized
CAMPCO (Central Arecanut and Cocoa Marketing
at ICAR-CPCRI Regional Station, Kayamkulam on
and Processing Cooperative Ltd.). It contains cocoa
29th September 2016 by Hon’ble Union Minister of
powder, coconut sugar, natural vanilla extract and
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India.
GMO free sunflower lecithin as ingredients. Also, it
does not contain any added artificial ingredients. It
is a delicious dark chocolate for a healthy life as it
is low in glycemic index. It can be stored under room
temperature as it does not melt and is made available
in 40 g slabs.
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Composition Moisture (%) Carbohydrate (%) Protein (%) Fat (%) Ash (%)
CMR 6.523 (0.04) 23.46 (0.16) 4.80 (0.08) 43.192 (0.19) 0.960 (0.02)
FBE 14 (0.14) 71.92 (1.13) 5.03 (0.06) 7.550 (0.08) 0.744 (0.04)
FAE 3.312 (0.06) 76.31 (1.22) 7.85 (0.14) 5.951 (0.11) 1.927 (0.05)
CMR-Coconut milk residue, FBE- Flour before extrusion, FAE-Flour after extrusion
*Values in parenthesis represent the standard deviation
6.2.2.2. Scanning electron microscopy of extruded 6.2.3. Feasibility of coconut milk residue for cold
product: Kalpa Krunch extrusion
The ultra structure of the CMR enriched extrudates Pasta is the main product prepared through cold
was studied with scanning electron microscope extrusion method. An experiment was carried out to
(Fig. 135). The scanning electron micrographs explore the feasibility of using coconut milk residue
revealed that the extrudates containing 15 % CMR (CMR), a nutritious underutilized co-product of
formed a dense network and more compact texture. coconut milk, for the preparation of fibre enriched
Further, number of cells per unit area was found to pasta. Coconut milk residue was added at the rate
be increased and the cell size was apparently smaller of 0-20 % to durum wheat semolina to prepare pasta
compared to extrudates from corn and rice flour. (Fig. 136). The proximate composition analysis of the
Also, the cell sizes in the centre of the extrudate CMR based pasta is presented in Table 18.
were larger than those on the edges. It is evident that
increasing fibre content in the form of CMR caused Significant improvement was observed for all
premature rupture of cells and the cell walls have parameters of cooking quality such as cooking time,
become thicker. swelling index, gruel loss, water absorption and
a b
Fig. 135. Scanning electron micrographs of control (a) and CMR enriched (b) extrudate
Table 18. Proximate analysis of the ingredients of coconut milk residue (CMR) based pasta
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Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
96
Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology
present in the coconut testa using Acquity UPLC-H whereas flavonoids are better extracted with both
class coupled with TQD-MS/MS with ESI source. pure and acidified ethanol followed by acidified
Polyphenolic compounds from testa were extracted methanol.
using different solvent systems and the identification
6.4. Machineries and gadgets for gender
of individual phenolic compounds was carried out by
mainstreaming
comparing the retention times, the MS and MS/MS
spectral data with those obtained for the available 6.4.1. Prototype of self loading arecanut dehusking
standards. A total number of 16 phenolic acids were machine
identified in different solvent extracts and conformed
A beating type arecanut de-husking machine has
with commercial standards. Out of 16 phenolic
been developed in the Institute (Fig. 142.). The
acids, three belonged to monohydroxy benzoic acid
machine has a capacity to de-husk 48 kg (chali)
derivatives (salicylic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and
hour-1. It could reach up to 55 kg h-1, if the nuts
3-hydroxy benzoic acid); four belonged to dihydroxy
are uniform in shape and the machine has an
benzoic acid derivatives (protocatechuic acid, vanillic
automatic feeding device. An arecanut grading
acid, 2,4-dihdroxy benzoic acid, gentisic acid); two
unit was fabricated with an automatic feeding
of trihydroxy benzoic acid derivatives (gallic acid
mechanism to avoid manual feeding of arecanut
and syringic acid) and seven belonged to hydroxyl
(Fig. 143). Since the machine works based on
cinnamic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, ferulic
beating action of the nylon shafts, a large quantity
acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid,
of dust is produced especially when old nuts were
sinapic acid and cinnamic acid). Major phenolic acids
de-husked. In order ensure the safe disposal of
identified were protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid
the dust formed, a dust collection chamber was
and ferulic acid (Fig. 140).
developed and connected to the outlet of the
blower. Technical performance of the dehusking
machine was conducted both in the institute farm
and in the farmers’ field. It could reduce the labour
cost of dehusking to one fifth of the cost incurred
in manual dehusking.
Protocatechuic acid p-coumaric acid Ferulic acid
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
6.5. Techno-socio-economic assessment of soil intervention observed for coconut. The water table
and water conservation and water harvesting improved by 1m (0.5 m to 1.5 m depth of water)
structures in May by terracing 13 acres of land with a slope
Technical soundness of water harvesting/ of 30%. Equivalent water availability in May was
conservation structures developed under the Rural 48750 litres day-1. Together, terracing and improved
Infrastructure Development Fund of NABARD irrigation, enhanced coconut yield from 40 nuts/
executed by the Dept. of Soil Survey and Soil tree/ year to 70 nuts/ tree/ year (57 %). Nearly
Conservation, Govt. of Kerala, was evaluated. one thousand cubic meters (1033 m3) of soil was
Concrete structures, check dam and ventilated accumulated in three years in the Kariyottuchal
cross bar were observed to be technically superior. watershed from 765 numbers of loose boulder
Terracing was the best soil-water conservation check dams (Fig. 144).
Fig. 144. Water harvesting structures comprising concrete structures, check dam - ventilated cross bar
98
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, ECONOMICS AND STATISTICAL MODELS
7 TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER, ECONOMICS AND
STATISTICAL MODELS
7.1. Technology transfer and co-learning action Federation. He collects Kalparasa from the coconut
research approaches palms twice a day (morning between 6.00 am and
10.00 a.m and evening between 4.00 pm and
7.1.1. ‘Kalparasa’ for higher income from coconut
7.30 p.m). Mr. Shaju is able to collect on an average
farming - the success story of a young farmer
T
three litres of Kalparasa per palm, and from some
he success story of a young farmer, Mr. palms the yield goes up to five litres per day. Neera
Shaju from Udayagiri village in the hilly is sold in the sales counter of Udayagiri Coconut
terrain of Kannur district, who is earning Federation @ ` 70/-per litre. Hence, Mr. Shaju is
a substantial income from Kalparasa able to realize a substantial income from sales of
extraction and marketing, is quite an inspiring one. Kalparasa, on an average @ ` 75000/- per month from
Mr. Shaju came to know about Kalparasa from 12 palms tapped, apart from the income from the
the office bearers of Udayagiri Coconut Producer other components in his farm including vegetables,
Federation under the Thejaswini Coconut Producer milch cows etc. After he started Kalparasa collection
Company and also from farm news and publications and marketing, he was able to repay the bank loan
including ICAR-CPCRI. With the preliminary taken for rubber cultivation and other purposes. He
information he could gather on Kalparasa, he gets support in farming from his wife Mrs. Lusy and
developed keen interest for planning the production childrens, Ms. Diya and Mr. Jithu.
of Kalparasa from the coconut palms in his farm.
7.1.2. Harvesting wisdom of coconut growers
Mr. Shaju turned to farming after completing his pre-
degree course. From childhood onwards, he used A team of scientists from ICAR-CPCRI visited
to climb coconut and arecanut palms. He attended the identified farmers’ gardens and documented
the Kalparasa technician training programme for experiences of successful coconut growers. Farmers
1 ½ months duration conducted by the Udayagiri were selected in consultation with the concerned
Coconut Producer Federation and acquired the State Agriculture/Horticulture Departments, Coconut
required skill in Kalparasa tapping. After the Development Board, All India Co-ordinated Research
successful completion of the training, Shaju started Project (Palms) Centres functioning under ICAR-CPCRI
tapping Kalparasa from 12 selected coconut palms in and Krishi Vigyan Kendras. The team of scientists
his garden (Fig. 145). identified for each state interacted with the above
agencies and finalized the list of selected farmers.
The ‘coconut sap chiller’ device developed by ICAR-
A structured interview schedule was employed for
CPCRI and other necessary gadgets for Kalparasa
collecting socio-personal profile of the coconut farmers,
extraction was made available by the Coconut
details of the coconut gardens, extent of adoption
of improved farming practices including improved
varieties and quality planting materials, effective water
management and irrigation techniques, integrated
nutrient management, multiple cropping and integrated
farming, integrated pest and disease management,
value addition through product diversification,
innovative farming practices evolved, economics of
coconut farming, marketing practices, efforts made
for disseminating improved coconut production
technologies among other farmers and linkages with
Fig. 145. Mr. Shaju along with the team from research, development and extension institutions.
ICAR-CPCRI in his coconut garden The invaluable experiences of 100 innovative coconut
99
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
growers across 12 major coconut growing tracts are pre-treatment yield were recorded and subsequently,
documented as a book ‘Harvesting Wisdom of Coconut changes were monitored.
Growers’. The innovative farmers were honored by Dr.
7.1.3.2. Coconut root (wilt) disease management
Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary DARE and Director
General ICAR, New Delhi on 10th December, 2016 at Frontline demonstrations were established in
ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod (Fig. 146-147). 35 ha of farmers’ gardens (5 ha in each district) in the
panchayaths of Elakamon in Thiruvananthapuram,
Kulasekharapuram in Kollam, Cherthala South
in Alappuzha, Nedumpuram in Pathanamthitta,
Kooroppada in Kottayam, Vellangallur in Thrissur
and Parakkadavu in Kozhikode districts in Kerala.
The project focuses on farmer-participatory
strategies linking with the Keragramam scheme
being implemented by the Department of Farmers’
Welfare and Agricultural Development, Govt. of
Kerala. The scientists of ICAR-CPCRI facilitate
technology implementation, awareness - building
and documentation (Fig. 148). Extension officials of
Department of Agriculture, local panchayaths, coconut
farmers’ organization and farmers are partners in these
Fig. 146. Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Union front line demonstrations. The management strategies
Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare adopted were soil test based nutrition management,
interacting with innovative coconut growers leaf rot disease management using biological and
chemical means, Metarhizium treatment in breeding
sites of rhinoceros beetle (farm yard manure pits),
prophylactic leaf axil filling in seedlings, basin
management with cowpea and community based red
palm weevil management. The observable impact was
50 per cent reduction in leaf rot disease.
100
Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
102
Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
Fig. 154. Exhibition and Kisan Mela inaugurated by Shri Khageswar Roy, Hon’ble Member of Legislative
Assembly (Rajganj), Govt. of West Bengal
Fig. 155. Inauguration of Kisan Mela and Centenary Expo by Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Honourable
Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India, at Kasaragod
and centenary park. Shri E. Chandrasekharan Nair, Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (Fig. 157-158).
Hon. Minister for Revenue, Govt. of Kerala, also graced One hundred participants, covering craft artists,
the occasion. scientists and other stakeholders, participated in the
workshop. An interaction with artists, scientists and
7.1.6. Workshop on coconut leaf craft
students was also organized along with the workshop
A workshop on coconut leaf craft was organized during on 7th September, 2016. A seminar on ‘Coconut Leaf
6-8th September, 2016 at Kasaragod in collaboration and Kerala Community: Art, Rituals, Crafts and
with Folkland, Kasaragod and Indian National Sustainability’ was organized on 8th September, 2016.
Fig. 156. Address by Chief Guest Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Honourable Union Minister for Agriculture
and Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India
103
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Fig. 157. Honouring leaf craft artist by Director, Fig. 158. Leaf crafts prepared during the
ICAR-CPCRI workshop
104
Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
106
Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
and processing technology’ was organized for 6. RAWE programme for six days for 11
25 farmers from Cocoa Growers Association B.Sc. (Agriculture) students from College of
and Balpa Grama Vikasa, Balpa, Sullia Tk., Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur (KAU) at
Dakshina Kannada Dt., Karnataka at Regional Regional Station, Kayamkulam during 2nd-6th
Station, Vittal on 4th October 2016. April, 2016.
7. Training programme for women farmers of 7.1.12.4. Exposure visits for the farmers and
Karnataka on ‘Multi species cropping system in other stakeholders
arecanut garden for higher income’ sponsored
Exposure visits on ‘Improved technologies on
by the Directorate of Arecanut and Spices
mandate crops’ were organized [Kasaragod: 45
Development (DASD) was organized at Research
(8536); Kayamkulam: 38 (6574); Vittal: 48 (1922);
Center, Kidu on 5th November 2016. More than
Mohitnagar: 14 (1200) and Kahikuchi: 8 (641)] for the
125 participants attended the training.
farmers and other stakeholders from different states.
7.1.12.3. Programmes for students Lecture-cum-discussion and field visits on crop
Training programmes on mandate crops were also improvement, production, protection and processing
organized for the benefit of students [Kasaragod: technologies of coconut, arecanut and cocoa were
4 (185 participants); Kayamkulam: 15 (664 organized.
participants) and Vittal: 3 (84 participants)]. 7.1.12.5. Stakeholder Interface Programmes
1. RAWE programme for nine B.Sc (Agriculture) Stakeholder interface programmes [Kasaragod: 10
students of Gandhigram Rural Institute, (834); Kayamkulam: 6 (552) and Vittal: 3 (213)] were
Dindigul, Tamil Nadu during 23rd May – 10th organized on different aspects of mandate crops in
June 2016 at Kasaragod. different states.
2. Training for students of College of Horticulture, 1. Farmer-Scientist Interface programme was
University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot on organized on 23rd June 2016 at Kanjikuzhi,
12th July 2016 at Kasaragod (Fig. 166). Alappuzha by Regional Station, Kayamkulam to
mark the successful completion of the NABARD
funded project on “Community Based Bio-
Resource Management for Sustaining Production
and Livelihood Security Under Coconut Based
Farming Systems”.
2. A Stakeholder Interface was organized at
Farmers’ First Project location at Pathiyoor
Panchayath on 26th November 2017 on ‘Problem
prioritization and need analysis in coconut
based farming systems, wherein 63 stakeholder
representatives actively participated.
Fig. 166. Students of University of Horticultural 3. Interface programme on ‘Value addition in
Sciences, Bagalkot visiting coconut based coconut’ was organized during 10th -11th January
cropping system
2017 at MYRADA-KVK, Erode, Tamil Nadu.
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
7.2. Impact analysis of capacity building technology integration. Impact analysis indicates
programmes that it was highly effective to conduct such type of
capacity building programmes for enhancing the
7.2.1. Impact analysis of capacity building
competency level of SMSs of KVKs at grass root level,
programmes on coconut
and also suggests the research institutes to integrate
Technological innovations and diffusion of new such programme in the training schedule.
technologies are the key drivers to enhance the
7.2.2. Impact of Farm Field School on coconut
productivity and profitability of coconut farming.
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) established under Two farm field schools were organized in Alappuzha
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) district on ‘Biomanagement of rhinoceros beetle
in all rural districts, are disseminating frontline involving 10 coconut farmers’ groups during the year
technologies, imparting knowledge and critical input 2015-16. The impact of the FFS on the knowledge
support to the famers. Coconut being a perennial of the participants were analyzed and the results
crop, field level integration of improved technologies indicated significant improvement among FFS
at the grass root level should be strengthened through participants compared to non FFS farmers. The
institutions like KVKs. FFS curriculum enables them for an experiential
In this context, with the objective of enhancing and learning process and the learning will be sustainable
updating the knowledge levels of Subject Matter compared to other programme modes.
Specialists (SMSs) of KVKs, a training on improved The overall knowledge level of the FFS farmers was
technologies of coconut was organized by ICAR– higher when compared to non-FFS farmers as shown
CPCRI, Kasaragod in collaboration with ICAR-ATARI, in Fig 167. Eighty per cent of the FFS farmers were in
Bengaluru for SMSs from the states of Kerala, either medium or high level of knowledge. There was
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu during February 2016 in 65 per cent knowledge gap between FFS participants
two batches. Impact analysis was done on different and non participants.
aspects viz., gain in knowledge, level of satisfaction of
trainees, usefulness of the topics covered and overall
grading of the training. Data were collected using
structured interview schedule and a questionnaire
before and after the programme. Majority (67.6 %) of
the trainees belonged to middle age category, 65 % were
male respondents, about 60 % possessed a doctoral
degree, 50 % had specialization in horticulture, 53
% trainees were from Kerala and 15 %t trainees had
attended the training on coconut before. Paired ‘t’
test conducted for testing the statistical significance
of difference in scores in pre and post evaluation
revealed that training had significant impact on
enhancing the knowledge level of the respondents
Fig. 167. Knowledge of participants on
in all subjects of coconut technologies. Average gain management of rhinoceros beetle
in knowledge was estimated to be 18.36 per cent.
There was a difference in knowledge levels in pre The overall knowledge level of the FFS and Non FFS
evaluation and in knowledge gain among age groups farmers showed statistically significant difference,
wherein, youngsters were having high knowledge indicating the effectiveness of FFS methodology in
gain. Similarly, knowledge gain was higher among improving the knowledge of participating farmers as
respondents who had undergone training earlier. indicated in the table 21. Hence it could be inferred
Majority (79 %) of the respondents were highly that, FFS is an appropriate extension methodology
satisfied with the course contents and training
delivery methods. More than 75 per cent of the Table 21. Comparison of knowledge level between
respondents opined that the subjects like planting FFS and non-FFS farmers (n=240)
materials production, disease management, post
harvest technologies and social sciences were highly Category of farmers Mean Standard ‘t’ value
deviation
useful. Sixty one per cent of the respondents graded
training course as excellent. FFS 51.76 17.75 9.369**
Non-FFS 31.35 12.75
After the training, about 38 per cent of KVKs initiated
OFTs and FLDs on coconut technologies for better Significant at p <0.01 level
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Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
for improving knowledge based decision making in was the nanomatrix for pheromone delivery (priced
technology adoption. at ` 3 lakhs) which was jointly developed by ICAR-
CPCRI and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced
7.3. Single window system to serve farmers (ATIC)
Scientific Research, Bengaluru for which two MoAs
ATIC at Kasaragod provided technology advisory were signed.
services, quality planting materials and other
Two incubatees have registered for using the
technology inputs/products through a single window
production facility for activated shell carbon. The
system (Table 22).
ABI infrastructure was strengthened with an effluent
Table 22. Sale of planting materials/technology treatment plant.
products/publications As part of entrepreneurship development activities
Sl. Item Total of the ABI centre, a Workshop on ‘Coconut Based
No. Qty. Amount Business Ventures’ was conducted at Kasaragod
(`) during 9th and 10th September 2016 in collaboration
with Coconut Development Board (CDB), Kochi.
1 Books 118 6743
Members of the Coconut Producer Companies (CPCs)
2 CD Rom 5 740 registered with CDB were the participants. Dr H.P.
3 Earth worms 9950 7861 Singh, former DDG (Hort. Sci.), ICAR inaugurated
4 Vermicompost/vermiwash 6183 60946 (Fig. 168) the Workshop in the presence of
5 Coirpith compost 454 4994 Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director, ICAR-CPCRI, Shri S. R.
Satheeshchandra, President, CAMPCO Ltd., Shri.
6 Coconuts 13425 120261
Sankaranarayana Bhat, Vice President, CAMPCO
7 Mushroom/mushroom 40.5 3586 Ltd. and Shri C. Kamraj, President, Federation of All
spawn
India Coir and Coconut Manufacturers Association,
8 Coconut seedlings - Talls 9929 823384 Pollachi. In the first technical session on ‘Innovative
9 Coconut seedlings - Dwarfs 3668 407880 business models’, seven selected CPCs presented
10 Coconut seedlings - Hybrids 24762 6117540 their business plans submitted for the ‘Dream Big
Kalpa’ business plan competition. In the second
11 Polybag coconut seedlings 969 180560
session, ‘Business aspirations’, presentations on
12 Coconut seednuts 48 2563
various technologies were made by Dr. K.B. Hebbar,
13 Kera probio 582 16005 Head, Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post
Total 77,53,063 Harvest Technology, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod and
Mr. Radhakrishnan, Coir Board, Kochi. Thereafter,
As part of farm advisory services, farmer’s queries Mr. Sarath, District Industry Centre, Kasaragod
related to production, protection and value addition and Mr. S. S. Choyal, Deputy Director, Coconut
aspects of coconut, arecanut and cocoa were Development Board, Kochi interacted with the
promptly attended to. A total of 3869 queries raised participants. In the session on ‘Enhancing
by farmers and other stakeholders were answered competitiveness’ presentations were by
through phone, postal and email. Maximum number Dr. K. Prakash, Chairman, Agricultural Price
of queries raised by farmers and other stakeholders Commission, Government of Karnataka, Shri. C. Rajan,
were related to availability of planting materials
(2707), integrated pest management (142), integrated
disease management (137), post harvest technologies
(87), TOT programmes (81), extension publications
(65) and integrated nutrient management (52).
7.4. Agri-business Incubation (ABI) Centre
A record number of 52 MoAs on transfer of technology
know-how were executed during 2016-17 realizing
a revenue of ` 15,62,000. Among the technologies
transferred in the year, 43 were on protocols for
coconut processing, virgin coconut oil (15), coconut
chips (14), Kalparasa and sugar (10), Kalpa Krunch Fig. 168. Dr. H. P. Singh, Former DDG (Hort. Sci.),
(2) and carbonated tendernut water(2). Another ICAR inaugurating the workshop on ‘Coconut
higher-end technology commercialized in the year based business ventures’
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Chairman, Dinesh Food, Kannur, and Dr. Omkumar was organized on 31st January 2017 (Fig. 170).
Krishnan, IIM-Kozhikode. The first prize for the Shri P. V. Velayudan, Director, MSME-DI, Thrissur
best business plan was won by Thejaswini Coconut inaugurated the programme in the presence of
Producers Company Pvt. Ltd., Kannur while the Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director, ICAR-CPCRI,
second and third prizes were awarded to Perambra Shri Jyotis Jagannathan, DGM, NABARD,
CPC Perambra, and Vinayaga CPC, Devambady, Shri Rajendran, General Manager, DIC, Kasaragod
respectively. The following are the action points that and Shri C. M. Kamaraj, an industrialist from
emerged in the Workshop: Coimbatore. More than 125 entrepreneurs from
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka participated in
1. A National Consortium of Coconut Producer
the programme. Ten MoAs on technology transfer
Companies should be formed as an apex body
also materialized during the event (Fig. 171). Other
to co-ordinate business plans and marketing of
important programmes conducted by ITMU are (i)
coconut value added products of CPCs.
Interface meeting on value addition in coconut
2. In order to enter the international market of (9th January 2017 at MYRAD-KVK, Erode); (ii)
coconut value added products, there is an Seminar on ‘Business opportunities in coconut’
urgent need to scale up the production in (10th January 2017 at Bannariamman Institute
compliance with the international food safety of Agriculture and Technology, Sathyamangalam)
standards. Conglomeration of companies having and (iii) Interface meeting on value addition in
common product lines is the plausible option in coconut and palmyrah (25th February 2017 at
this regard. Prof. Jayashankar Telengana State Agricultural
University, Hyderabad).
3. For better communication and interaction
among CPCs, social media may be effectively
used.
7.4.1. Intellectual property management and
transfer/commercialization of agricultural
technology
The Institute Technology Management Committee had
nine meetings in the year in connection with activities
related to IP management. Technology transfer fee
for three technologies were fixed (nanomatrix for
Fig. 170. Shri P. V. Velayudan, Director, MSME-
pheromone delivery; carbonated tendernut water and
DI, Thrissur inaugurating ‘Dream-Big Kalpa 2017’
Kalpa Krunch) and fee for seven technologies were
revised. Cost of one each of contractual research,
consultancy and overseas training programmes were
also finalized. National patent for ‘Coconut testa
removing machine’ (No. 278013) has been granted on
8th December 2016 (Fig. 169).
On the auspices of ITMU, the annual series
programme christened as ‘Dream Big - Kalpa’
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Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
farming according to these farmers were low yield of availability of quality organic inputs. Apart from this,
crops under organic farming and difficulty in pest the project area (Kanjikuzhy block) having littoral
and disease management through organic means. sandy soil characterized by low organic matter
Majority (57 %) of the farmers perceived that the content and poor water holding capacity, was found
policy for organic farming in the district was rational to have several constraints with regard to soil fertility
and could be practically implemented. However, a status. Major constraints like chronic shortage of
sizeable segment of the participants (44 %) of FGDs potassium, magnesium and boron and higher level
perceived that implementation of organic farming of calcium and phosphorus (most of which linked to
schemes were not effective. over-liming) resulted in poor productivity of the main
crop (coconut) rather than intercrops.
The important constraints faced by them were lack of
premium price for organic products, lack of marketing As part of capacity development, the selected farmers
facilities, lack of effective extension support, lack of were trained on composting techniques, microbial
labour, lack of availability of quality organic inputs, enrichment of organics and soil test based nutrient
high cost of production in organic farming etc. application with special emphasis on bioresource
Major suggestions put forth for the effective management and imparted large number of skill
implementation of the schemes under organic farming development programmes, based on which the farmers
were to provide subsidy through organic cluster, could adopt site-specific management practices and
panchayath level mechanism for procuring and further replicate to farmers of the entire block area.
marketing organic farm produce, ensuring the timely A total number of 84 programmes including awareness
supply of organic inputs, making available labour for programmes, training - cum demonstrations,
farming operations through NREGS scheme, effective small group discussions, farmer field schools and
extension support, evolving effective organic methods household level trainings were conducted with 806
of pest and disease management, etc. beneficiaries. Awareness creation and application of
lime and other nutrients based on regular soil testing
As was the case revealed from primary data collected resulted in increased setting percentage and gradual
from individual farmers, FGDs also indicated the improvement in the yield of coconut.
fact that majority were not convinced about the
rationality and feasibility of switching over to organic Master farmers and SHGs were trained on effective
farming. Besides, the inadequacies in the promotional utilization of bioresources like enriched composts
schemes implemented for promoting organic farming and organic manure mixes and produced 30 MT
in the district, constraints experienced in adopting Trichoderma enriched organic manures and 3500
organic farming and suggestions to overcome the Trichoderma cakes. The farmer groups produced 159
problems experienced in organic farming were also good quality bioprimed coconut seedlings (from 200
highlighted through the FGDs conducted. seednuts sown) having average collar girth of 17 cm,
nine fronds and 160 cm height.
7.7. Community based bio-resource management
for sustaining production and livelihood security Eight native strains of Trichoderma were isolated
under coconut based farming systems from Kanjikuzhy Block Panchayat area and
among them, Trichoderma isolate KKT-6 showed
NABARD supported (Farm Innovation and Promotion
highest antagonistic activity to leaf rot and stem
Fund) Project on community based bio-resource
bleeding pathogens of coconut under in vitro and
management was implemented in Kanjikuzhy Block
field conditions. Based on the evaluation of locally
of Alappuzha District during 2014-16. The major
available organic substrates for mass multiplication
objectives of the project were (a) to strengthen the
of Trichoderma sp., two organic mixes viz., cowdung +
capacities of farmers on biomass recycling and
neem cake (4:1) and coir pith compost + neem cake +
enrichment of organics with beneficial microbes to
poultry manure + cowdung (2:1:1:1) were found ideal
ensure sustainability in agricultural production and
in terms of higher Trichoderma population in soil,
(b) to increase the productivity and income from
higher nutrient status of soil and high and steady
coconut based farming system through integrated
crop yield. Based on the results, recommendations
nutrient management with emphasis on bio-resource
were provided in the soil health cards to apply these
management, soil and water conservation techniques
enriched organic mixes to coconut, vegetables, ginger,
and crop diversification
turmeric, pepper etc., based on the soil test results.
The major problems faced by farmers practicing Identification of ideal organic substrates/substrate
organic farming in the area were lack of proper combinations for enrichment with beneficial microbes
knowledge on the organic inputs to be used and and formulation of two enriched organic manures
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Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
for organic farming tracts encouraged the farmers Farmer participatory action management, involving
to bring more area under intercrops and to achieve experiential learning and adoption coupled with
sustainable income from intercrops, in addition to continuous field level assessment and refinement,
the generation of supplementary income through the was found to strengthen the confidence of the
sale of enriched organic manure. farmers to accept farming as a profitable enterprise.
Community based bio resource management was
Soil health cards, indicating site-specific nutrient
accepted as a model project by local self government
management recommendations based on soil test
and included in the Alappuzha district panchayath
results, were provided to 52 master farmers and the
plan 2017-18.
Agricultural officers and ATMA functionaries coming
under the project area were also educated on the 7.8. Farmers FIRST: Participatory technology
general nutrient status of the area so as to ensure integration to empower and ensure livelihood
site-specific nutrient management under various security of farmers
programmes.
The prestigious Farmers’ FIRST project is being
Pre and post test knowledge levels indicated implemented at Pathiyoor panchayath in 1657 ha
improvement in knowledge indices related to bio- involving the farming communities of the entire area
resource management (44 to 96 %), integrated since November 2016. The major activities are being
nutrient management (54 to 95 %) and coconut organized under six modules viz., coconut based
cultivation practices (59 to 92 %). The adoption index systems, horticulture based module, livestock/
related to coconut cultivation practices recorded poultry based modules, NRM based modules,
improvement from 41 to 84 %. value addition/product diversification module and
integrated farming system module. Participatory
An improvement in setting percentage of 32.44 % was
rural appraisal tools like resource and social
observed in the observational palms one year after
mapping, transect analysis, problem tree and cause
introducing the interventions (during 2015), which
effect diagrams for problem prioritization, time line
was reflected in the yield improvement of 30.64 %
and farm mapping have been completed.
in the subsequent year (during 2016). Further
improvement (45.48 %) was observed in the setting Benchmark survey for documenting farm/farmer/
percentage during 2016. Average yield, in general, crop (pre- project data) has been completed covering
from the demonstration gardens also recorded an 740 sample farmers. Stakeholders meetings have
improvement to the tune of 25.47 % over a period of two been organized for initiating the FFP programme
years. The average area under intercrops increased and documenting general farming situation and
by 80 % and income from intercrops doubled over farming issues. Besides, 19 focus group meetings (in
the project period. The income from coconut recorded which 996 stakeholder representatives participated)
26 % improvement, and that of intercrops by and seven training programmes benefitting 568
142.91 % and livestock and other enterprises to the participants, were also organized.
tune of 30.88 %, contributing to an increase in the
At present, the number of farmers directly involved
average farm income from ` 1.17 to 2.91 lakhs ha-1
in various modules is 830. The technologies
(149.84 %) over the project period.
introduced for participatory appraisal, evaluation
Community level production of quality bio inputs and experimentation are: Prathibha turmeric
resulted in ensuring its availability of at grass root variety (ICAR-IISR), Suvarna turmeric variety,
level. Similarly, participatory demonstration on the Sreekeerthi (Dioscorea from ICAR-CTCRI), Gajendra
ideal organic substrate combination for microbial (Amorphophallus from APAU), white sesame variety
enrichment for improving organic resource use (SVPR-1 from TNAU), drudgery reduction of women
efficiency could bring in improvement in the area farmers in paddy cultivation through use of farmer
under organic farming which resulted in enhanced refined paddy seed drill (Fig. 173), rural enterprise on
productivity. Soil test based recommendations Virgin Coconut Oil and other coconut based products
for nutrient management resulted in improved of ICAR-CPCRI, mushroom cultivation, bio-input
setting percentage and yield in coconut. Among the multiplication (Trichoderma) (three units initiated),
interventions, production of bio-primed coconut released vegetable varieties of ICAR-IIHR, black
seedlings was rated as the most useful technology pepper varieties (eight from ICAR-IISR), mastitis
all the farmers. Availability of registered cultures management of livestock as a participatory model
of bio agents for large scale production and sale programme, fodder supplement during summer
and occasional contamination of cultures in local through hydroponics fodder production by seven
production units were the major constraints faced. farmers with more than 6-10 milch animals per
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
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Technology Transfer, Economics and Statistical Models
sustain the coconut prices in the country. The time of coconut exports. The Philippines and Indonesia
series price movement of coconut oil (domestic as together contribute to the major export share of
well as international) for the last 13 years (from the coconut oil, copra meal and desiccated coconut.
year 2004 onwards) revealed that whenever there is Sri Lanka too contributes substantially to the
rise in domestic coconut oil price, the international international exports of coconut milk, shell charcoal
prices exerted a pull-down-force to make the prices and coir products.
integrated (Fig. 176). This aspect very well validates
It is noteworthy that almost major proportion of
the international trade theory on price integration of
the domestic production of coconuts in India is
primary commodities in the trade liberalized regime.
consumed in the domestic market itself. On the other
The crucial interpretation is that dependency on
hand, the Philippines consumes only 25 per cent of
single commodity like coconut oil will never provide
its coconut production domestically. The economic
the adequate margin to sustain for a longer period.
logic always point towards the correlation between
the domestic consumption and export growth. In
most of the cases, when there is market surplus
there is a need to develop outward market orientation
and thereby, in the long run, a robust export market
for the product can be developed. This is what
exactly happened with the Philippines and now they
are the most competent exporter with respect to
coconut and coconut products. Nevertheless, India,
of late, has been making concerted effort to postition
their products in the high value export segments
(Table 23).
The analysis suggests the need to formulate plausible
strategies to reach the overseas market and capture
Fig. 176. Price movement of coconut oil
the optimal share in market segments (Table 24).
Though we have a strong domestic market base, it
7.9.2. Trade competitiveness of coconut value
is an indubitable fact that in the near future, due to
added products
It is imperative to analyze the international trade Table 24. Consumption-production balance (Copra
equivalent)
scenario of coconut value added products to
understand the country-wise trade competency. Country Production* Consumption* C:P ratio
While comparing with other major global exporters, India 3.1 3.04 0.98
the share of India in coconut product exports is
Philippines 2.22 0.77 0.35
meagre. Though it is an accepted fact that India holds
a robust domestic market in the coconut sector, it is Indonesia 3.01 2.17 0.72
high time that we emerge as a major export player Sri Lanka 0.56 0.4 0.71
by upgrading our position in the global value chain *million tonnes
Table 23. Market share of major countries in the coconut products export
Country Coconut oil Desiccated Coconut milk Copra meal Shell charcoal Coir/coir
coconut products
India 0.3 1.2 — 0.004 7.0 25
Indonesia 35.2 19.7 50.7 34 70.2 10
Malaysia 8.6 2.2 — — — —
Philippines 41.4 24.7 3.6 64 20.3 —
Sri Lanka — 11.6 — — 2.5 42
Vietnam — 9.1 45.4 — — —
Others 14.5 30.6 0.3 1.996 23
World (MT) 2190911 440983 38343 866441 355288 331021
Source: Calculation from APCC Statistical Year Books
Note: Figures are in percentage share of the world total; ‘—‘represents insignificant/nil
115
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
the evolving trade agreements even in the domestic organic farming, farmers are quite apprehensive on
sector, we may confront fierce price competition the low yield in the initial years, high labour costs
from the overseas export. Hence, we need to chalk and rudimentary marketing system.
out modalities and action plans to elevate our export
7.12. Development of statistical and computational
competitiveness and comparative advantage.
techniques for improving research methodology
7.10. Policy analysis and its implications in
7.12.1. Crop-weather relationship
arecanut
The relationship between weather variables and the
The cost of production of arecanut (chali) was worked
yield of arecanut and cocoa has been investigated. In
out following the standard cultivation practices in
the case of arecanut, 12 years of average annual yield
a well-maintained garden, wherein on an average
and monthly weather data (maximum temperature,
(in different regions of Kerala and Karnataka) 25
minimum temperature, rainfall and rainy days) at
quintal chali ha-1 is expected. In this case, the
Regional Station, Vittal were used for the study. It has
cost of production per kilogram of chali would be
been observed that the maximum temperature during
` 200/-. Adding 25 percent profit margin to the
November, December, January, July and September
cost of production, the meeting on arecanut market
have positive correlation with yield and rainfall and
intervention conducted at ICAR-CPCRI Kasaragod
number of rainy days during November and July have
recommended ` 250 per kilogram of chali as Minimum
negative correlation with yield (Table 25).
Support Price (MSP). Policy brief on MSP for arecanut
was presented in the stakeholder’s meeting and the Table 25. Correlation between arecanut yield and
proceedings were sent to the Ministry of Commerce. weather variables
The cost of production for fixation of MSP was Weather variable Month Correlation
suggested as ` 76 kg-1 of copra and presented to coefficient
the CACP. Policy note on raw coconut procurement
Maximum Temperature November* 0.73
was also prepared and submitted to the CACP. In
view of the efficient raw coconut procurement, it December* 0.56
was suggested to establish panchayat level hubs January 0.65
with forward and backward integration under the
July 0.64
supervision of CPS networks.
September 0.65
7.11. Economic impact studies on technology
Rainfall November* -0.76
adoption in coconut
July -0.70
Economic impact of technology adoption in coconut
farming in Kannur and Kasaragod districts of northern Rainy days November* -0.78
Kerala was assessed based on a field survey with a July -0.52
structured schedule. The study mainly concentrated
*Previous year
on field level adoption of improved coconut varieties/
hybrids, coconut based cropping systems, and Stepwise regression with annual yield as response
vermicomposting. It was observed that the adoption variable and the monthly weather data as independent
of technology is highly individual-centric and thereby variable is used to predict the annual yield of arecanut
reflects a scattered pattern of adoption. Though and the resultant regression function (R2=0.92) is
the awareness on beneficial aspects and economic given as:
advantages of the technology adoption is well known
y=-1952 + 42.23x1 + 65.67x2 - 145.65x3 + 108.89x4 +
among the farmers, the proactive adoption and
4.23x5 - 33.44x6 - 16.22x7
experimentation is quite lacking. It was revealed that
majority of the respondents adopts cropping systems where y is the annual yield (July to June) of arecanut
as per their own convenience and not in tune with (chali palm-1 in kg), x1 is the average maximum
the recommended scientific pattern. Even though, temperature during December (previous year),
farmers unequivocally expressed the comparative x2 is the average maximum temperature during
yield benefits and higher economic returns of the January (previous year), x3 is the average maximum
improved coconut varieties vis a vis local varieties, temperature during July, x4 is the average maximum
the comparison is mostly based on the few numbers temperature during September, x5 is the total rainfall
of improved palms scattered in the field with that of during July, x6 is the number of rainy days during
senile local palms cultivated in large area, which turns November (previous year) and x7 is the number of
out to be erroneous. With regard to the adoption of rainy days during July.
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ICAR-CPCRI ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17
ICAR-ALL INDIA 8
COORDINATED RESEARCH
PROJECT ON PALMS
T
he All India Coordinated Research Project years old and among the combinations, Malayan
(AICRP) on Palms started functioning from Green Dwarf x Aliyarnagar Tall was observed to
1972 with the objective of conducting be the earliest to start flowering (34 months). The
location-specific research on coconut, oil crosses Chowghat Orange Dwarf x Aliyarnagar (65
palm, palmyrah and sulphi palm. In the XII plan, nuts palm-1 year-1) and Aliyarnagar Tall x Malayan
arecanut has also been included and at present Green Dwarf (58 nuts palm-1 year-1) (Fig. 180) were
the project is being implemented in 29 centres. Its found to be promising.
headquarters is at Kasaragod with fifteen centres
working on coconut, eight on oil palm, four on
arecanut, two on palmyrah and one on sulphi palm.
The coordinating centres are located at 13 states and
one union territory covering 13 SAUs/SHUs, one
CAU and four ICAR institutes (Fig. 179).
The budget for the year 2016-17 was ` 360 lakhs and
the scheme was implemented through the respective
state Agricultural/Horticultural Universities on
75:25 basis, with 75% ICAR share and with 100%
ICAR funding in the case of Central Agricultural
University and ICAR Institutes.
8.1. Coconut
8.1.1. Crop Improvement
At Aliyarnagar centre, five location-specific hybrid
combinations are under evaluation. The trial is four Fig. 181. Godavari Ganga
118
ICAR - All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms
136 nuts palm-1 year-1. However, significantly compared to coconut monocrop (142 nuts
higher copra content nut-1 was recorded in with B : C ratio of 1.52).
Chandra Sankara (168.7 g) and was on par with
l At Arsikere centre, the integrated farming
VHC-2 (166.8 g).
system with coconut + pasture crops (Cenchrus
8.1.2. Crop Production ciliaris + Stylosanthes hamata) + fodder trees
(drum stick and Sesbania grandiflora) + sheep
l In coconut + cocoa + banana + pine apple
recorded highest net income of ` 44124/- ha-1
cropping system, Integrated Nutrient
with B:C ratio 1.82 as against ` 24856/- ha-1 net
Management (INM) recorded 11 per cent higher
income from monocrop of coconut.
net income (3.28 lakhs ha-1) than fully organic
treatment at Aliyarnagar centre (Fig. 182). 8.1.3. Crop Protection
l At Ambajipeta, experiment on evaluation of 8.1.3.1. Survey and surveillance of coconut
nutrient management for high density cropping diseases
systems for different agro climatic regions
l Roving survey conducted in three states viz.,
(Fig. 183) revealed that application of 75 %
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
recommended dose of NPK + organic recycling
for the major diseases of coconut revealed
with vermi compost (T1) recorded higher nut
occurrence of basal stem rot, stem bleeding, leaf
yield of coconut, followed by application of
spot, leaf blight and bud rot. The incidence of
50% recommended NPK + organic recycling
basal stem rot was highest in Andhra Pradesh
with vermi compost (179, 173 nuts palm-1
with PDI of 9.35%, followed by Karnataka (3.13%)
year-1 respectively) and component crops
and Tamil Nadu (1.46%). Stem bleeding disease
with B: C ratio of 2.68 and 2.30 respectively,
was also more severe in Andhra Pradesh with
PDI of 2.43%, followed by Karnataka (1.95%)
and Tamil Nadu (0.05%).
l Fixed plot survey conducted at different
locations in three states revealed a general
increase in severity and spread of basal stem rot
and stem bleeding disease over a period of one
year. Foliar diseases like leaf blight and leaf spot
were reduced over a period of one year.
Basal stem rot disease
Collection of Ganoderma isolates from various
locations to analyze diversity
l Thirteen isolates of Ganoderma were collected
from Karnataka (Fig.184), Tamil Nadu and
Fig. 182. Coconut based integrated cropping Andhra Pradesh (Fig.185) and their variations
system at Aliyarnagar centre have been characterized.
Fig. 183. Coconut based integrated cropping Fig. 184. Ganoderma isolates collected at Arsikere
system at Ambajipeta centre centre
119
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
120
ICAR - All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms
to an extent of 78.2 per cent at Kaliyapuram yield data during 2016-17 indicated that, the
village, Anaimalai block, Coimbatore district, hybrid NRCOP-2 recorded significantly higher
subsequently leading to biosuppression of the FFB yield (22.2 t ha-1). Similarly, NRCOP-4
RSW. recorded significantly higher FFB yield (16.4 t
ha-1) at Gangavathi centre (Fig. 190). At Vijayarai
Black headed caterpillar
centre, NRCOP-9 recorded significantly higher
l During 2016-17, incidence of coconut black FFB yield (25.2 t ha-1).
headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella was
l Under progeny evaluation trial planted during
noticed in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
2009-10, the hybrid NRCOP-31 performed better
Karnataka and Maharashtra for which larval
as compared to other hybrids with respect to
parasitoids viz., Bracon brevicornis and Goniozus
FFB yield (13.5 t ha-1) at Mulde centre (Fig. 191).
nephantidis were successfully mass reared and
At Vijayarai centre, NRCOP-39 gave significantly
distributed by different AICRP (Palms) centres
higher FFB yield (23.7 t ha-1).
(Table 27 and Fig.189).
Fig. 189. Parasitoid production at Arsikere centre Fig. 191. NRCOP-31 at Mulde centre
121
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
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ICAR - All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms
123
ICAR-CPCRI ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17
KRISHI VIGYAN 9
KENDRAS
9.1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kasaragod personnel from the Department of Agricultural
K
Development and Farmers Welfare participated in
rishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Kasaragod had
the meeting. Further, 4,000 leaflets in Malayalam
undertaken five on farm trials and 16 front
and 3,000 leaflets in Kannada were prepared and
line demonstrations during 2016-17 as a
distributed among the farming community for
part of its mandatory activities. Besides, 63
creation of awareness on the benefits of the scheme.
on campus and 37 off-campus training programmes
were also conducted benefitting 2,985 farmers. 9.1.1.2. Entrepreneurship Development Programmes
Further, various extension programmes including (EDP)
field visits to farmers’ plots, advisories to farmers
A project for promoting a farmer-producer
over phone, diagnostic visits, agricultural seminars,
organization at a total project cost of ` 9.06 lakhs
workshops, field days etc. were also organized
was sanctioned by NABARD to KVK, ICAR-CPCRI,
benefitting more than 15,000 farm men and women.
Kasaragod. As part of the programme, a sensitization
The Kendra also organized and participated in programme was organized at Kasaragod on 10th June
nine exhibitions and prepared 121 Technology 2016 with the participation of 63 farmers. KVK has
display sheets depicting pest, disease and nutrient facilitated the registration procedures for the new
management of major crops cultivated in the district. company, ‘Tulunadu Ecogreen Farmers Producer
9.1.1. Major extension events undertaken Company Limited’. The company has initiated its
operation in Kinanoor Karindalam panchayats,
9.1.1.1. Awareness Meeting on Pradhan Mantri
Kasaragod district, by hiring a factory and more than
Fasal Bima Yojana one tonne of honey was agglomerated from farmers.
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kasaragod organized For ensuring higher value to the local produce of
the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Awareness farming community through value addition, the
Programme and an exhibition on 28th May 2016 at company has obtained various licences. The staffs
ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director, were trained at KVK and production of jackfruit
ICAR-CPCRI delivered the welcome address and Shri products were initiated.
N.A. Nellikkunnu, hon. MLA (Kasaragod) delivered KVK promoted minimal processing of fruits and
the presidential address. Shri P. Karunakaran, hon. vegetables (especially jackfruit) in schools and
Member of Parliament (Kasaragod), in his inaugural among women groups on community basis. Women
speech, opined that price fluctuations need to be SHGs were mobilized for production and sales of
included under PMFBY to mitigate losses to farmers coconut based nutraceutical/medicinal products
(Fig. 194). More than 250 farmers and 50 extension and nutraceutical foods and value added products
of tapioca/sweet potato/raw jackfruit with minimal
processing.
9.1.1.3. Technology advisory meeting
A technology advisory meeting was organized
under the joint auspices of ATMA, Department of
Agricultural Development and Farmers Welfare,
ICAR-CPCRI and KVK, Kasaragod at Kasaragod on
28th April 2016. Dr. P Chowdappa, Director, ICAR-
CPCRI inaugurated the programme and the farmer-
friendly technologies developed by ICAR-CPCRI
Fig. 194. Shri P. Karunakaran, Hon’ble MP, were demonstrated during the meeting. Technology
Kasaragod addressing the gathering on PMFBY at display sheets prepared by KVK depicting pest,
ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod disease and nutrient management of commonly
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Krishi Vigyan Kendras
cultivated crops in the district were handed over for 9.1.1.7. Rabi Sammelan
display in the Plant Health Clinics. Further, KVK staff
‘Rabi Sammelan’ was organized during the
were associated with technology demonstration in
centenary celebrations of ICAR-CPCRI from 10th
the farmers fields through front line demonstrations
to 13th December, 2016. As part of the ‘World
of the Department of Agricultural Development and
Soil Day’ celebrations, a seminar on ‘Soil health
Farmers Welfare and ATMA schemes under various
management and drought mitigation measures’
Krishi Bahvans.
was organized on 10th December, followed by the
9.1.1.4. Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan Diwas “Farmer- Scientist Interaction” session. On 11th
‘Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan’ Diwas was celebrated at Ajanur December, 2016 seminars on ‘Scientific practices in
panchayath, Kasaragod district on 29th December dairy management’ and ‘Profitable goat rearing’ were
2016. Two agricultural seminars were conducted conducted. More than 300 farmers participated in
on ‘Role of pulse crops in food and nutritional the seminar and obtained advisories on their field
security’ and ‘Scientific banana cultivation’ with the issues from the expert panel.
participation of 50 farmers. 9.1.2. Scientific Advisory Committee Meeting of
9.1.1.5. Technology Meet KVK Kasaragod
Technology Week was organized (in collaboration The 21st Scientific Advisory Committee meeting of
with ATMA) at Nileshwar, Kasaragod on 18th and KVK, Kasaragod was conducted on 28th January
19th Novemeber 2016 with six seminars, interface 2017 at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. The meeting was
programmes, exhibitions (with 25 stalls showcasing attended by 30 members including the Director
technologies by ICAR-CPCRI, KVK, developmental of Extension, KAU, scientists from ICAR-ATARI,
departments, private companies etc.), in which over Bengaluru, heads of divisions, ICAR-CPCRI and
4000 farmers participated. heads of various line departments from the district.
The major recommendations were
9.1.1.6. Harvest Festival
1. Programmes to manage Ganoderma wilt and
Under the auspices of KVK, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod,
stem bleeding need to be taken up in Kasaragod
a Harvest Festival was organized at Paramba,
and adjoining district as common intervention.
West Eleri panchayath, Kasaragod district on 10th
Janaury, 2017 in connection with the Front Line 2. Skill development training programmes need to
Demonstration on ‘Introduction of greater yam be given more emphasis.
(Discorea alata) var. ‘Sree Keerthi’ and lesser yam
3. Drought mitigation measures should be
(Diascorea esculenta) var. ‘Sree Latha’, (released
demonstrated in coconut gardens through mass
by ICAR-CTCRI) in coconut based homesteads’
campaigns for rejuvenation.
(Fig. 195). The average yield of greater yam and lesser
yam were 23.75 and 8.82 tonnes ha-1 respectively. Due 4. The interventions made in home science need to
to this intervention, farmers could raise an income of be categorized and up scaled.
` 34,980/- and ` 20,532/- respectively from 50 cents
5. Activities in veterinary and fisheries disciplines
of cultivated area. Greater yam was observed to be a
need to be undertaken with department and
climate resilient crop as it has performed well and
neighbouring KVKs.
given good yield in spite of long spell of drought as
perceived by farmers. 6. Validation of ITKs should be taken up.
Fig. 195. Field day -FLD on greater yam and lesser yam
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
9.1.3. Ecological engineering for management of 9.1.4. Production and supply of technology
rice pests products
A trial to study the effect of ecological engineering The various technology products produced/sold
measures in paddy cultivation by planting nectar by KVK include 17 kg of vegetable seeds, 59,272
providing flowering plants combined with trap planting materials of arecanut, papaya, drumstick,
plants on the bunds of paddy fields at Uduma and black pepper and vegetables, 791 kg bioproducts,
Seed Farm, Karandakkad (covering an area of 5 ha), 207 pheromone blocks and 1,000 fish fingerlings.
Kasaragod was conducted. Marigold was planted Also, 225 kg of cereal based nutraceutical products,
around on bunds (Fig. 196) which helped in the 318 kg honey, 10 kg of coconut oil based value
build-up of natural enemy population by providing added products, 110 kg of mushroom spawn and
pollen and nectar; sesamum flowers attracted different chutney mixes were produced and sold.
natural enemies of paddy pests and the vetiver KVK generated a revenue of ` 9,06,126 through the
plants served as trap crop for stem borers. The pest revolving fund activity.
incidence recorded was below threshold levels in the
9.1.5. Success Stories
trial plot. In the trial plots, predators such as dragon
flies, damsel flies, praying mantises and spiders were 9.1.5.1. Bee keeping for sustainable livelihood,
observed in large numbers as compared with control food and nutritional security
fields. Further, no incidence of stem borer and leaf
Shri Devaraj, aged 41 years, belonging to Kundamkuzhi
roller was recorded over and above threshold levels
village of Bedadka Panchayath Kasaragod, is an
in the trial plot. Generally three to four sprays are
enterprising youth willing to practice recent trends
given for the management of pests alone during each
in the area of farming. His main occupation is
crop season. They opined that the new technology is
farming activities. He frequently contacts KVK and
highly encouraging and promising and by adopting
Agriculture department for new varieties of vegetable
this technique, around ` 10,000/- could be saved
crops. He owns around one acre of land where he
towards pesticidal application besides environmental
cultivates coconut and arecanut; in addition, he also
benefits. More over, they could get an additional
cultivates vegetable crops in around 80 cents owned
income of ` 5,000/- through the sales of marigold
by one of his relatives. To do his farming organically,
flowers and vetiver roots.
he maintains two cows also.
9.1.5.2. Intervention process
He came to know about bee keeping as a remunerative
enterprise and approached KVK for getting trained
on the same. He attended the vocational training
programmes on bee keeping and stingless bee
keeping organized by KVK, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod
during the year 2014-2015.
9.1.5.3. Intervention technology
As a part of the training programme, he was given
ten bee colonies with 50% subsidy from SHM. He
Fig. 196. Ecological engineering measures with managed the colonies very well as per scientific norms
marigold plants in paddy cultivation and was able to divide the colonies to around 30 by
the honey flow season of 2015-2016 (December -
Soil, water and plant analysis
January). Once he obtained trained on bee keeping
KVK could analyze 204 soil samples for major, enterprise, he resigned his temporary job and
secondary and micro nutrients during the period. expanded his farming activities.
The soil in Kasaragod district was found to be acidic
9.1.5.4. Impact - Economic gains
(pH : 4.5 - 5.5) and deficiency disorder with respect
to secondary nutrients like Ca and Mg as well as During the current year, his total earnings was
micronutrients such as B and Zn were observed. ` 1,90,000/- as compared against previous year’s
Among the major nutrients, average available K is in ` 1,35,000/- (4 qtl of arecanut, 2000 coconuts and
the range of 5.5 kg ha-1 , which is very low and P was around 10 qt. of different vegetable crops). This
also found to be 9.8 kg ha-1 which is also in the lower year he obtained an additional income of ` 55,000/-
range. from the sales of 1.7 quintals of honey from Indian
126
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
127
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
the farm produce. Traditionally jackfruit brining jackfruit which was earlier stored in large pots or
was done using hand measure and the shelf life plastic containers is also made available in small
of the product was more than a year. Brined standing pouches with attractive packaging and
jackfruit is used in the form of curry and is a labeling and sold @ ` 150/- kg-1. Value added
special delicacy in the region of Kasaragod district products from brined jackfruit like Nippattu and
and South Karnataka. However this technique Undalakalu (supplemented with sprouted ragi
was familiar only to few of the elderly women, flour) has also standardized and promoted through
who managed to process it for their household the two women entrepreneurs.
use. Considering its demand and its low cost, it
9.2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Alappuzha
was felt that the fruit can be used effectively by
revival of this technique through standardization 9.2.1. Technologies Assessed and Transferred
of the same and community approach. Large scale
Seven on farm testing (OFTs) trials and 14 front line
processing and bulk utilization of the raw fruit to
demonstrations (FLDs) were taken up in farmers field
achieve food security was the major focus of the
during the year (Tables 29, 30 and Fig. 199, 200,
activity. On determining the brining percentage, the
201, 202).
technology was demonstrated in a few schools with
school lunch programmes, involving teachers and 9.2.2. Capacity building programmes
students and women SHG’s. The technology has been
Ninety eight training programmes were organized
taken up at Sri Bharathi Vidyapeeta at Mujangavu
during 2016-17 benefitting 2856 participants
and Badiadka, Sri Durga Parameshwari High School,
(Table 31).
Dharmathadka, Holy Family Convent, Kumbla,
Sadguru Sri Nithyananda Vidyapeeta, Kondevoor 9.2.3. National Innovations on Climate Resilient
and by two women enterprenurs (Table 28). Agriculture
Through community approach in schools involving The NICRA project is funded by ICAR and coordinated
parents, students and teachers, the traditional by ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad through ICAR-ATARI,
technique has been familiarized for revival of the Bengaluru. Technology Demonstration Component of
same for the future generations. The activity is the project is implemented at Muttar village (Veliyanad
made innovative to sustain it further by taking it up block, Kuttanad taluk) in Alappuzha district by the
regularly under their curriculum of science activity KVK. The following technology demonstrations were
and also saved on a considerable amount of money taken up during the year.
on purchase of vegetables. The brined jackfruit is
9.2.3.1. Large scale composting of aquatic
served in the form of curry at least twice a week
weeds using EM solution and use for vegetable
in schools in different forms. The importance of
cultivation in grow bags
natural food forms and effective utilization of our
own farm produce to the maximum extent in place Aquatic weeds from 64 ha paddy fields amounting
of purchased vegetables from the market in view of to 5500 m3 were removed and composted using EM
health and safety and significance of the usage of solution to produce 60 t of compost which was utilized
natural /organic forms with minimum processing for banana and vegetables crops in the field and for
which is the main objective of this activity is well media preparation for grow bag cultivation of vegetables.
taken with a very positive implication. The brined About 400 farm women were involved in this activity.
128
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
Table 30. Details of front line demonstrations (FLDs) taken up during the year 2016-17
129
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
130
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
Fig. 202. FLD on fodder production through Fig. 203. Paddy harvest festival at Muttar
hydropinics
9.2.3.2. Cultivation of high yielding short duration of protein deficiency in homestead poultry and increase
cassava variety (Sree Jaya) the egg production. Moreover, fish waste could be
effectively utilized which improved cleanliness.
The short duration variety was introduced to escape
flood during monsoon season. 9.2.3.8. Demonstration of low cost hydroponics
fodder sprouts production for dairy units
9.2.3.3. Planting of different tree species having
flood tolerance and green foliage Four low cost hydroponics fodder production units
were established in partnership with dairy farmers
To promote afforestation for climate resilience, six
which proved as an effective and efficient fodder
different species of plants (mango, jack, rose wood,
production system of high quality which in turn
guava, curry leaf and neermaruthu) were planted at
enhanced the returns to farmers.
350 farmers plots.
9.2.4. Enhancing economic viability of coconut
9.2.3.4. Soil health card for better nutrient
based land use systems for land use planning in
management
Kerala state
Two hundred and fourteen soil samples, covering about
220 ha area including upland and low land fields, were KVK implemented the demonstration component of
collected and analyzed for major and micronutrients the Kerala State Planning Board funded project on
and soil health cards issued to about 1000 farmers. ‘Enhancing the economic viability of coconut based
land use system for land use planning in Kerala state’
9.2.3.5. Milky mushroom cultivation for income at Chettikulangara, representing the Onattukara
generation during summer Sandy soils (AEU-3) and Mayyanad panchayath
In order to overcome the lower productivity of oyster representing Southern Coastal Plains (AEU-1). Started
mushroom during summer, cultivation of milky in April 2015, this project aims at increasing the
mushroom was introduced to increase the income returns from coconut based land use system through
generation during the summer season. increasing productivity of coconut palms by improving
the soil health through organic residue recycling
9.2.3.6. Resource conserving and eco friendly
and soil test based nutrient management. Ten
management practices in paddy cultivation
demonstration plots, each having 30-40 palms, are
The technology package was demonstrated in 31 maintained in both the locations with management
ha area involving 24 farmers during the year which practices including soil test based fertilizer application
resulted in an yield increase of 11% (from 6.1 in two splits, prophylactic plant protection measures,
to 6.8 t ha-1) enhancing the B:C ratio from 1.68 to 2.48 and residue recycling in the basins. Recording of yield
(Fig. 203). and related observations are being taken up to assess
the effect of these management practices.
9.2.3.7. Demonstration of fish silage as
supplementing feed for backyard poultry during 9.2.5. New initiatives in entrepreneurship
flood situations development: Farmer Producer Company under
the aegis of KVK
Fish silage (fish waste treated with 3.5% formic acid)
preparation and feeding to homestead poultry was NABARD has sanctioned a new project under
demonstrated in 100 homesteads which could manage the Produce Fund Scheme to KVK-Alappuzha
131
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
for promoting a farmer producer company on lack of centralized marketing system, and lack of
spices with a budget outlay of ` 9.06 lakhs. The cold storage facilities. Vegetables like amaranthus,
‘Onattukara Spices Farmers Producer Company’ oriental pickling melon, ash gourd, bitter gourd,
covering Bharanikkavu block of Alappuzha district bottle gourd, cow pea, pumpkin, snake gourd, ridge
has been registered with the Registrar of Companies gourd, tomato, chilly and brinjal are the commonly
on 7th December 2016 with the objectives of cultivated vegetables in Kerala which are prone
organizing spices farmers (mainly turmeric, ginger, to wastage in peak seasons. Processing and value
pepper, and garcinia) to undertake scientific addition of these perishables is one of the effective
cultivation, seed production, centralized nursery ways to overcome this situation which can prolong
for seedling production, processing, branding, the shelf life and assure economic returns when
and marketing, and expanding the activities on taken up as a group activity especially for women
commercial basis so as to enhance the income of farmers. ICAR-KVK-Alappuzha has developed/
the share holding member farmers. The first general refined several technologies for value addition of
body meeting was conducted on 2nd March 2017 vegetables with prolonged shelf life and marketability
which elected a 11 member Director Board. Till (Fig. 204, 205 & Table 32).
31st March 2017, 209 farmers have become share
holders of the company. About 2 t seed rhizomes
of turmeric HYV (IISR-Prathibha) has been made
available to the share holding farmers for the
expansion of cultivation and about 7 t of rhizomes
procured for processing and value addition during
the year. Training programmes for the scientific
cultivation of ginger and turmeric are conducted in
different locations for the benefit of the shareholder
farmers.
9.2.6. Impact of KVK interventions on value
addition of vegetables in the state
Various interventions of the Govt. of Kerala and
other agencies have resulted in increased vegetable
production in the state during the last few years,
but farmers face problems of seasonal glut and low Fig. 204. Value added products from vegetables
price, highly perishable nature of the vegetables, exibited in VAIGA 2016
132
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
Table 33. District wise participation of farmers in the training programme and no. of adopters
District No. of participants No. of adopters No. of units established
Thiruvananthapuram 22 9 3
Kollam 13 - -
Pathanamthitta 10 4 2
Alappuzha 32 15 4
Kottayam 14 2 1
Idukki 11 2 1
Ernakulam 11 2 1
Thrissur 07 2 1
Palakkad 09 - -
Malappuram 15 4 1
Kozhikkode 11 8 2
Wayanad 13 6 2
Kannur 11 3 1
Kasaragod 09 3 1
Total 188 60 20
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Name and Address Products from vegetables/fruits Returns per Other activities
month* (`)
Shini P.S., Vellamunda, Vattal, Vatak, Kondattam Pickle (Using 1,00,000 Products from
Wayanad vegetables), Ginger and amla candy spices and fruits
Johnson T.A., Wayanad Halwa using cucumber and Papaya, 20,000 Involving in
Eco-shop, Patinjarethara Pickle using different vegetables, cultivation of
Wayanad Squash from amaranthus and vegetables and
cucumber spices
Mary Mathew, Jaivikam Pickle using different vegetables 25,000 Chips making and
Vegetable Cluster, Squash using cucumber and fruit jams
Koorachund, Calicut pineapple Kondattam
Remya R., Thanima Pickle using different vegetables, 30,000 Products
Vegetable Cluster, Palamel Halwa using snake gourd, from seasonal
Alappuzha cucumber, carrot, jackfruit, beetroot fruit, spices
etc., Squash from cucumber, powderSquash,
amaranthus, Vattals, soap halwa and Jam
Bobby M.D., Cucumber soap, Squash from 15,000 Members of the
Malayali Vegetable cucumber, amaranthus and banana Karshika Karma
Cluster, Tholicode pseudo stem, Pickle using different Sena engaged
Thiruvananthapuram vegetables, Halwa from pumpkin in cultivation of
and cucumber, Cutlet from vegetables, paddy,
vegetables on demand banana etc
Sudha Devi, Farm Fresh Pickles cucumber, ash gourd and 11,000 Chips
Vegetable Cluster, Kuzhur, Bitter gourd, Brined vegetables
Thrissur Squash
Jijimon C.P., Gramin Fresh Soap using – cucumber, ash 20,000 Chips
Chettikkode, Eranakulam gourd, turmeric and lemonPickles
from cucumber, ash gourd and
Bittergourd, Squash from cucumber
and pineapple
Usha Prasannan, Pickles using seasonally available 9,000 Jack fruit products
Bheemanadi Vegetable vegetables, Halwa using cucumber, in season
Cluster, Kasaragod Squash from cucumber,
amaranthus, Vattals
Padma Sasikumar, Thejus Fresh cut Ready to cook vegetables, 15,000 Rice flourSpice
Agrifood Processing Unit, Pickles From vegetables and fruits, powderChutney
Kulanada, Pathanamthitta Squash powderAnd chips
Subhadramma, Sivam Squash from cucumber, 15,000 Chips from
Vegetable Cluster amaranthus and banana pseudo banana and
Chunakkara, Alappuzha stem, Pickle using different tapiocaPickles
vegetables, Halwa from pumpkin using fruits
and cucumber, Soap
134
Krishi Vigyan Kendras
Name and Address Products from vegetables/fruits Returns per Other activities
month* (`)
Vijayamma, Udayam Pickles using seasonally available 15,000 Fruit products
Vegetable Cluster, vegetables, Halwa using cucumber, ,Jackfruit products
Venmony, Alappuzha carrot Squash from cucumber,
amaranthus, Jam using beetroot
Fruit products
Sanjayan, Ujjwala Squash using cucumber and 20,000 Chips from
Vegetable Cluster, Aryanad, amaranthus, Soap using cucumber, banana,
Thiruvananthapuram Pickle using vegetables, Halwa using tapioca,Potato
pumpkin and cucumber
Suresh, Sree Haritha FIG, Cucumber soap and Squash 10,000 Regularly
Perumbalam, Alappuzha preparing soap
Sandhya Chalunkal, Cucumber soap, Squash from 10,000-15,000 Products from fruit
Haritha Vegetable Cluster, Amaranthus, cucumberPickle from and vegetables
Kanjikkuzhy, Alappuzha Amaranthus
Sarala Gopalan, Samridhi Cucumber soap, Squash and pickle, 15,000 Actively engaged
Vegetable Cluster, Face pack in vegetable
Cheriyanad, Alappuzha cultivation
*From value addition of vegetables alone
products prepared from vegetables resulting in an activities are mainly concentrated in the rural area,
income of about ` 44.5 lakhs within a short period which enhances the livelihood of rural population
of six months during 2016. These processing units/ and serve as inspiring models for others to follow.
135
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
T
he ICAR-CPCRI Library and Information l Research Papers by ICAR-CPCRI Staff
Centre is one of the finest libraries in India
l Institute Publications
housing a rich collection of resources on
plantation crops catering to the information l Mandate Crops-Other than ICAR-CPCRI
requirements of the scientific, technical and
l Deputation Reports
administrative staff of the institute, the researchers
from universities, under graduate and post graduate l Reprints
students, industries on plantation crops and other
related organizations. l RPF
The library web page under the institute website gives The institute provided links to access the subscribed
an overall view of activities and services provided by e-journals, archives of e-journals, e-databases
the library. and e-books in the library page of the institute
website.
l The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
Document Delivery Service
l Institute publications
As part of the Resource Sharing Programme under
l Institute Digital Repository CeRA, the library provided online Document Delivery
Service to the tune of 255 articles, on demand.
l Consortium of E-resources in Agriculture
(CeRA)/Krishikosh/Krishiprabha/Agricat Newspaper Clippings Service (Glimpse)
l Links to subscribed e-books/online databases “The glimpse”, a newspaper clippings service covering
news items related to agriculture and allied sciences
l Online journals/archives was brought out every month. News items related to
l Databases developed in-house the institute were made available under ICAR-CPCRI
in media in the institute web site.
l Open access resources
Reprography Service
ICAR-CPCRI Digital Repository
Library and Information Centre provided reprography
The institute digital repository, holding a literature service such as scanning / photocopying of resources
collection to the tune of 6600, is user friendly with to clientele as well as to visitors.
six communities and provides full text access to its
Exchange of Publications
resources through the intranet. The access to the
digital repository is provided in the institute website The institute received around 250 publications such
under the webpage for library. The usage of the digital as Annual Reports, Research Highlights and Vision
repository came to around 471 hits per month. on exchange from other institutes.
136
Publications
VIII. PUBLICATIONS
Research Articles Bhavyashree U., Lakshmi Jayaraj K., Fayas
T.P., Muralikrishna K.S., Sajini K.K.,
Akhil V., Amal V., Hemalatha N. and Rajesh
Rajesh M.K. and Karun A. 2016. A
M.K. 2016. A machine learning approach for
comparative study of three different methods
prediction of domains of DELLA proteins, a key
of shoot meristem excision for induction
component of gibberellic acid signaling in plants.
of embryogenic calli in coconut. Research in
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, doi:
Biotechnology, 7: 50-57.
10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i12/70538.
Anithakumari P., Muralidharan K. and Chandrika Bhavyashree U., Rachana K.E., Lakshmi K.J., Rajesh
Mohan. 2016. Impact of area wide extension M.K. and Karun A. 2016. Comparative gene
approach for bio-management of rhinoceros expression profiling during in vitro regeneration
beetle with Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of in two coconut cultivars. Emirates Journal of
Plantation Crops, 44 (1): 16-22. NAAS SCORE Food and Agriculture, 28 (8): 572-580. NAAS
5.54. SCORE 6.52.
Anithakumari P., Muralidharan K., Thamban C. Chaturvedi V.K., Rajeev G. and Nampoothiri C.K.
and Kalavathi S. 2016. Farmer initiatives in 2016. Detection of root (wilt) disease of coconut
ICT use for information exchange. Journal of (Cocos nucifera Linn.) based on polyacrylamide
Global Communication, 9: 59-70. NAAS SCORE gel electrophoresis. IRA-International Journal of
4.50. Applied Sciences, 3 (3): 316-326.
Apshara S.E. 2016. Selection of potential clones from Chethana C.S., Chowdappa P., Biju C.N., Praveena R.
Wayanad cocoa collections. Journal of Plantation and Sujatha A.M. 2016. Molecular and phenotypic
Crops, 44 (2): 124-128. NAAS SCORE 5.54. characterization revealed six Colletotrichum
species responsible for anthracnose disease
Arivalagan M., Rakesh B., Sugatha P., Poonam S.,
of small cardamom in South India. European
Hebbar K.B. and Santosh R.K. 2016. Biochemical
Journal of Plant Pathology, 146 (3): 465–481.
and nutritional characterization of coconut
NAAS SCORE 7.49.
(Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium. Food Chemistry,
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem. 2016.10.127. NAAS Chowdappa P., Kumar B.J.N., Kumar S.P.M.,
SCORE 10.05. Madhura S., Bhargavi B.R. and Jyothi M.L.
2016. Population structure of Phytophthora
Basavarajappa and Rajkumar. 2016. Participatory
nicotianae reveals host specific lineages on
rural appraisal: A systems approach for
brinjal, ridge gourd and tomato in South India.
identification of problems by an agro-
Phytopathology, 106 (12): 1553-1562. NAAS
ecosystem analysis. International Journal of
SCORE 9.01.
Agricultural Sciences, 12 (1): 123-133. NAAS
SCORE 4.82. Devakumar K., Neema Babu, Uma Maheswari T.S.,
Beegum P.P.S., Monika Sharma, Manikantan M.R. Naganeeswaran S., Niral V. and Jerard B.A.
and Gupta R.K. 2016. Effect of virgin coconut oil 2016. Analysis of genetic diversity among Indian
cake on physical, textural, microbial and sensory Ocean coconut accessions through microsatellite
attributes of muffins. International Journal of markers. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 73 (1):
Food Science and Technology, 52 (2): 540-549. 13-18. NAAS SCORE 6.13.
NAAS SCORE 7.5. George J., Venkataramana K.T., Nainar P., Rajesh
Bhat R., Sujatha, S. and Jose C.T. 2016. Role of M.K. and Anitha Karun. 2016. Evaluation
nutrient imbalance on Yellow Leaf Disease in of molecular diversity of ex situ conserved
small holder arecanut systems on a laterite germplasm of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer
soil in India. Communications in Soil Science L.) accessions using RAPD markers. Journal of
and Plant Analysis, 47 (15): 1738-1750. NAAS Plantation Crops, 44 (2): 96-102. NAAS SCORE
SCORE 6.53. 5.54.
137
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
138
Publications
Nagaraja N.R., Kumar M.B.A., Prasad C.T.M., paired-end sequencing. Protoplasma, 253 (3):
Rajkumar, Sinha P. and Jain J. 2016. Genetic 913-928. NAAS SCORE 8.34.
diversity studies and screening for fusarium
Rajesh M.K., Gangaraj K.P., Jamshinath T.P., Fayas
wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) resistance in wild
T.P., Naganeeswaran S., Sajini K.K. and Anitha
pigeon pea accessions, Cajanus scarabaeoides
Karun. 2016. Virtual screening and in vitro
(L.) Thouars. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic
evaluation of potential growth regulators against
Resources, 29 (2): 121-129. NAAS SCORE
somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase
5.12.
(SERK) in Cocos nucifera L. Indian Journal of
Nagendran K., Priyanka R., Keerthana U., Biochemistry and Biophysics, 52 (5&6): 328-340.
Mohankumar S. and Karthikeyan G. 2016. NAAS SCORE 6.96.
First report of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus on
Rajesh M.K., Sabana A.A., Rachana K.E., Ananda
Cucurbita moschata in India. Journal of Plant
K.S. and Karun A. 2016. Potential of start
Pathology, 98 (1): 173. NAAS SCORE 7.04.
codon targeted (SCoT) markers for assessment
Neenu S., Ramesh K., Ramana S. and Somasundaram of genetic diversity of arecanut (Areca catechu
J. 2017. Dry matter partitioning and yield of L.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 73: 423-426.
different varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) NAAS SCORE 6.13.
Merrill) under aberrant climatic conditions in
Rajkumar, Nagesh A., Raghavendra and Reddy S.
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2015. Distribution of root knot nematode on
Soil Science, 14 (6): 1-9. NAAS SCORE 4.77.
crossandra in Rayalaseema region of Andhra
Pandian R.T.P., Raja M., Kumar A. and Pradesh. Indian Journal of Nematology, 45 (1):
Pratibha Sharma. 2016. Morphological and 119-121. NAAS SCORE 5.03.
molecular characterization of Trichoderma
Rajkumar, Rachana K.E., Rajesh M.K., Sabana
asperellum strain Ta13. Indian Phytopathology,
A.A., Nagaraja N.R., Shahin S. and Subaharan
69 (3): 298-303. NAAS SCORE 5.9.
K. 2016. Molecular identification of
Patil J., Rajkumar and Subhaharan K. 2014. Virulence entomopathogenic nematode isolate and its
of Steinernema carpocpasae and Heterorhabditis virulence to white grub, Leucopholis burmeisteri
indica against coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Vegetos 29: 4. doi:
rhinoceros L. (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera). Indian 10.4172/2229-4473.1000187. NAAS SCORE
Journal of Nematology, 44 (1): 73-81. NAAS 5.0.
SCORE 5.03.
Rizal S.K., Chowdhury S. and Sit A.K. 2016. A study
Preethi P., Rajesh M.K., Rahul C.U., Jerard B.A., on the extent of constraints perceived by the
Samsudeen K., Thomas R.J. and Anitha Karun. farmers in adaptation of technologies in arecanut
2016. Identification and utilization of informative in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Journal of
EST-SSR markers for genetic purity testing of Interacademicia, 20 (1): 107-115. NAAS SCORE
coconut hybrids. Journal of Plantation Crops, 44 3.96.
(2): 77-84. NAAS SCORE 5.54.
Shil S. and Das K.K. 2016. An exploratory statistical
Rahul C.U. and Rajesh M.K. 2016. Conserved miRNA analysis of phytoplasma protein sequence
detection in the ESTs of Ganoderma lucidum. associated with coconut (Cocos nucifera) root
Research Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 34-42. (wilt) disease isolated from Malabar Coastal
NAAS SCORE 6.24. Region of India. Journal of the Indian Society
of Coastal Agricultural Research, 33 (2): 69-72.
Rajeela T.H.K., Gopal M., Gupta A., Bhat R. and
NAAS SCORE 4.0.
Thomas G.V. 2016. Cross-compatibility evaluation
of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria of coconut Shil S., Das K.K. and Sarkar A. 2016. Normalization
and cocoa on yield and rhizosphere properties of gene expression data using support vector
of vegetable crops. Biocatalysis and Agricultural machine approach. Electronic Journal of Applied
Biotechnology, 9: 67-73. Statistical Analysis, 9 (1): 95-110.
Rajesh M.K., Fayas T.P., Naganeeswaran S., Rachana Srinivasan T. and Chandrika Mohan. 2017.
K.E., Bhavyashree U., Sajini K.K. and Karun A. Population growth potential of Bracon brevicornis
2016. De novo assembly and characterization Wesmael (Braconidae: Hymenoptera): A life table
of global transcriptome of coconut palm (Cocos analysis. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica
nucifera L.) embryogenic calli using Illumina Hungarica, doi: 10.1556/038.52.2017.010.
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Sujatha S., Bhat R. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Cropping The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Special Issue on
systems approach for improving resource use Cocoa, October-December, 2016, 5 (4):24-29.
in arecanut (Areca catechu) plantation. Indian
Arumuganathan T., Manikantan M.R. and Indu
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 86 (9): 1113–
Rani C. 2016. Technology for the production
1120. NAAS SCORE 6.17.
of hot and fermentation process virgin
Thamban C., Subramanian P., Jayasekhar S., coconut oil. Valarum velanmai, 8 (5): 45-49
Jaganathan D. and Muralidharan K. 2016. (in Tamil).
Group approach for enhancing profitability of
Beegum P.P.S. 2016. Wound healing
small holders through technology integration–
property of coconut leaf sheath scale.
reflections from coconut farming. Journal of
Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (3): 23-25.
Plantation Crops, 44 (2): 158-165. NAAS SCORE
5.54. Beegum P.P.S., Neema M., Aparna V., Manikantan
M.R. 2015. Nata de coco-A unique value added
Thomas R.J., Shareefa M., Nair R.V., Jacob P.M.,
product from coconut. Beverage and Food World,
Sasikala M., Rajesh M.K. and Anitha Karun.
43 (4): 40-42.
2016. Studies on improvement of West Coast
Tall variety of coconut for yield and resistance Beegum P.P.S., Thamban C., Manikantan M.R. and
to root (wilt) disease through recurrent selection. Mathew A.C. 2016. Technologies for utilization of
Acta Horticulturae, 1127: 141-147. co-products of virgin coconut oil. Indian Coconut
Journal, 59 (3): 14-17.
Thube S.H., Mahapatro G.K. and Arun Kumar M.B.
2016. In vitro evaluation of insecticides, bio- Bhat R., Subramanian P. and Chowdappa P. 2017.
fungicide and bio-fertilizer for strategic and Coconut cultivation making small farmers
eco-friendly combinatorial seed treatments in cheerful. Indian Horticulture, January–February,
chickpea. Proceedings of National Academy of 2017, 62 (1): 48-50.
Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences,
Bhat R., Sujatha S. and Chowdappa, P. 2016.
doi:10.1007/s40011-016-0794-z. NAAS SCORE
Arecanut-based cropping systems. Indian
5.0.
Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants,
Popular Articles October-December, 2016, 18 (4): 35-41.
Ananda K.S. and Jose C.T. 2016. Processing, chemical Bhat R., Sujatha S., Bhavishya and Karthika K.S.
composition and utilization of arecanut. Indian 2016. Nutrient management for sustained
Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants, productivity of arecanut. Indian Journal of
October-December, 2016, 18 (4): 52-55. Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants, October-
Ananda K.S., Nagaraja N.R. and Chowdappa, P. December, 2016, 18 (4): 26-29.
2016. Arecanut varieties and hybrids released by Chandrashekara G. S., Manjunatha H., Maheswarappa
ICAR-CPCRI. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices H.P. and Jilu V.S. 2016. Outbreak of coconut
and Medicinal Plants, October-December, 2016, slug caterpillar in Karnataka state. Indian
18 (4): 16-21. Coconut Journal, 59 (8): 13-14.
Ananda K.S., Nagaraja N.R. and Krithika K.S. 2016. Chandrika Mohan and Joseph Rajkumar A. 2017.
Quality planting material production in arecanut. Reducing pest incidence for quality coconut.
Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Indian Horticulture, January–February 2017, 62
Plants, October-December, 2016, 18 (4): 22-25. (1): 66-70.
Anitha Karun, Rajesh M.K. and Chowdappa P. Chandrika Mohan, Josephrajkumar A. and
2017. Overcoming complexities in coconut Krishnakumar V. 2017. No pesticide for rugose
improvement. Indian Horticulture, January–
whitefly management in coconut. Kerala
February, 2017, 62 (1): 82-84.
Karshakan. 62 (6): 60-61 (in Malayalam).
Apshara S.E. and Bhavishya. 2016. Harvesting and
Chandrika Mohan, Josephrajkumar A., Vinayaka
Processing. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal,
Hedge, Krishnakumar V., Renjith P.B., Anjali
Special Issue on Cocoa, October-December,
A.S. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Gradient outbreak
2016, 5 (4):42-44.
and bio-suppression of spiralling whitefly in
Apshara S.E., Bhavishya and Kartika K.S. 2016. coconut gardens in South India. Indian Coconut
Production systems and canopy architecture. Journal, 59 (8): 9-12.
140
Publications
Chandrika Mohan, Josephrajkumar A., Vinayaka Gopal M., Gupta A. and Thomas G.V. 2017. Microbial
Hedge, Krishnakumar V., Renjith P.B., Anjali and non-microbial technologies for plant and soil
A.S. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Biological health management in coconut. Indian Coconut
suppression of rugose spiraling whitefly in Journal, 59 (10): 5-9.
coconut gardens Indian Coconut Journal 7 (12):
Gopal M., Subramanian P. and Gupta A. 2016.
28-30 (in Malayalam).
Pulverization of coconut leaves for efficient
Chowdappa P. 2016. CPCRI: 100 years in evolution, vermicomposting. Indian Coconut Journal, 59
foundation in the colonial and the mansion in (1): 21-24.
the independent India. The Cashew and Cocoa
Gupta A., Gopal M. and Thomas G.V. 2016. Edible
Journal, Special Issue on Cocoa, October-
mushroom production technology using coconut
December, 2016, 5 (4) :5-6.
residues. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (6): 21-23.
Chowdappa P. and Cheriyan H. 2016. Arecanut:
Gupta A., Gopal M. and Thomas G.V. 2016. Coir pith
Production, consumption and marketing. Indian
khaad banayen, woh bhi urea bagair. Bharatiya
Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants,
Nariyal Patrika, 27 (1): 25-27 (in Hindi).
October-December, 2016, 18 (4): 6-15.
Gupta A., Gopal M., Sreelatha K. and Thomas G.V.
Chowdappa P. and Jayasekhar S. 2017. Coconut:
2016. Nariyal avshisht par oyster mushroom
National and international scenario. Indian
ugayen aur atirikt aamadni kamayen. Bharatiya
Horticulture, January–February, 2017, 62 (1) : 3-9.
Nariyal Patrika, 27 (2): 30-32 (in Hindi).
Chowdappa P. and Singh A.K. 2016. 100 years
of coconut research in India. Indian Coconut Hebbar K.B. 2017. Mitigating climatic changes
Journal, 59 (7): 5-21. for sustainable coconut production. Indian
Horticulture, January–February, 2017, 62 (1):56-
Chowdappa P., Thava Prakasa Pandian R. 59.
and Chaithra M. 2016. Integrated disease
management. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Hebbar K.B., Manikantan M.R. and Chowdappa P.
Special Issue on Cocoa, October-December, 2017. Kalparasa to boost rural economy. Indian
2016, 5 (4):30-33. Horticulture, January–February, 2017, 62 (1):71-
73.
Chowdappa P., Thava Prakash Pandian R., Keerthana
U. and Chaithra M. 2016. Cocoa mein rog Hegde V., Prathibha V.H. and Chowdappa P. 2017.
prabandhan. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Enhancing farmers’ income by diseases-free
Special Issue on Cocoa, October-December, coconut. Indian Horticulture, January–February
2016, 5 (4):2-4 (in Hindi). 2017, 62 (1):51-55.
Chowdappa P., Hegde V., Thava Prakasa Pandian R. Jaganathan D. and Thamban C. 2017. Participatory
and Chaithra M. 2016. Arecanut diseases and approaches for enhancing technology utilization
their management. Indian Journal of Arecanut, in coconut. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (11): 18-
Spices and Medicinal Plants, October-December, 24.
2016, 18 (4): 46-51. Jaganathan D., Nagaraja N.R., Jose C.T., Rajkumar,
Chowdappa, P. 2016. CPCRI: 100 Years in evolution, Ananda K.S. and Thamban C. 2017. Farmers’
foundation in the colonial and the mansion in the participatory demonstration on arecanut based
independent India. Indian Journal of Arecanut, cropping system – A success story. Indian
Spices and Medicinal Plants, October-December, Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants,
2016, 18 (4): 3-5. 19 (1): 4-9.
Elain Apshara S. 2016. Cocoa Varieties developed at Jayasekhar S. and Thamban C. 2016. Coconut
CPCRI. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Special Issue sector: Global scenario and Indian Perspective.
on Cocoa, October-December, 2016, 5 (4):15-18. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (8): 17-21.
Gopal M. and Gupta A. 2016. A sci-fi film about a Mars Jayasekhar S., Chandran K.P., Jaganathan D. and
survivor calls our attention to the importance of Thamban C. 2016. Indian coconut sector: Trade
microbiome in agriculture. Current Science, 110 and marketing. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (8):
(1): 15-16. 5-8.
Gopal M., Gupta A. and Thomas G.V. 2016. Produce Jissy George and Muralidharan P. 2016. Preserving
coir pith compost without adding urea. Indian tender jackfruit through drying. Karshakashree,
Coconut Journal, 59 (4): 29-31. 22 (4): 56-57.
141
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Jissy George and Muralidharan P. 2016. Turmeric Krishnakumar V. 2016. Establishing coconut garden.
processing at Onattukkara. Karshakashree, 22 Indian Horticulture, 62 (1): 23-28.
(6): 40.
Krishnakumar V. 2017. Establishing coconut garden.
Jissy George and Muralidharan P. 2016. Earnings Indian Horticulture, January–February, 2017, 62
from fruit pulps. Karshakasree, 22 (8): 96-97. (1): 23-28.
Jissy George and Muralidharan P. 2016. Products Krishnakumar V., Nihad K. and Sudhanadan K.K.
from banana. Karshakasree, 22 (9): 96-97. 2016. Naalikerathinoppam nendranum Indian
Naleekera Journal, 7 (4): 12-13 (in Malayalam)
Jissy George. 2017. From fruit pulp to clothes.
Karshakasree, 23 (2): 89-90. Maheswarappa H.P., Subramanian P. and
Chowdappa P. 2017. Integrated coconut farming
Jissy George. 2017. Many more products from system for stable income. Indian Horticulture,
pepper. Karshakasree, 23 (3): 82. January–February, 2017, 62 (1): 29-33.
Jissy George. 2017. New machineries for food Manikantan M.R., Mathew A.C. and Deo M.M. 2016.
processing. Karshakasree, 23 (1): 90. Value added products of coconut. Basanti
Jose C.T., Chandran K.P., Jaganathan D., Agriculture Research Journal, 1 (2): 1-5 (in Hindi).
Jayasekhar S. and Muralidharan K. 2016. Yellow Mathew A.C., Manikantan M.R. and Chowdappa P.
Leaf Disease (YLD) of arecanut– Present status 2017. Mechanization to reduce human drudgery
in Karnataka. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices in coconut production. Indian Horticulture,
and Medicinal Plants, 18 (2): 13-19. January–February, 2017, 62 (1): 60-65.
Jose C.T., Nagaraja N. R., Jaganathan D. and Meena B.P., Tiwari P.K., Neenu S., Dotaniya M.L.,
Purandhara C. 2016. Transfer of technology Sinha N.K. and Biswas A.K. 2016. Popcorn:
programmes for arecanut. Indian Journal of Makka ki visisht sasya kriyayem evam moolya
Arecanut Spices & Medical Plants, 18 (4): 67-72. samvardan (in Hindi). Kheti 4: 12-16.
Jose C.T., Nagaraja N.R. and Purandhara C. 2016. Muralidharan K., Mathew A.C. and Muralikrishna H.
Transfer of technology. The Cashew and Cocoa 2017. Technologies at farmers’ doorsteps. Indian
Journal, Special Issue on Cocoa, October- Horticulture, January–February, 2017, 62 (1):
December, 2016, 5 (4): 51-54. 74-77.
Jose C.T., Nagaraja N.R., Jaganathan, D. and Nagaraja N.R., Niral V. and Ananda K.S. 2016.
Purandhara C. 2016. Transfer of technology Bharavaseya Thengina Thaligalu: Thengu
programmes for arecanut. Indian Journal of Lekhana-4. Krishibimba, 15 (10): 13-15 (in
Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants, October- Kannada).
December, 2016, 18 (4): 67-72. Nagaraja N.R., Niral V. and Ananda K.S. 2016.
Josephrajkumar A. and Krishnakumar V. 2016. Good Thengina sudharitha ettara thaligalu: Thengu
agricultural practices in coconut cultivation. Lekhana-2. Krishibimba, 15 (8): 11-17 (in
Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (2): 13-15. Kannada).
Josephrajkumar A., Chandrika Mohan and Nagaraja N.R., Niral V. and Ananda K.S. 2016.
Krishnakumar V. 2016. Parasitism induced Thenginalli Sudharitha Sankarana Thaligalu:
Thengu Lekhana-3. Krishibimba, 15 (9): 17-21
bio-suppression of coconut whitefly in Kerala.
(in Kannada).
E-Kerala Karshakan, 4 (7): 26-27
Nagaraja N.R., Niral V. and Ananda K.S. 2016.
Josephrajkumar A., Chandrika Mohan, Anjali
Thenginalli sudharitha kubja/ madhyama
A.S., Sunny Thomas and Shanavas M. 2016.
ettara taligalu. Krishibimba, 15 (7): 8-14 (in
Management strategies to know down red palm
Kannada).
weevil infested coconut. Indian Coconut Journal,
59 (6): 29-31. Nihad K., Krishnakumar V. and Abdul Haris A.
2016. Intercropping Heliconia with coconut is
Karthika K.S., Priya U.K. and Bhat R. 2016. Nutrient
remunerative. Indian Horticulture, 61 (3): 3-5.
deficiency disorders and their management in
arecanut. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Nihad K., Krishnakumar V. and Abdul Haris A.
Medicinal Plants, October-December, 2016, 18 2016 Inter crop your coconut groves with
(4): 30-34. Heliconia. Keralakarshakan, E-journal 31-35
142
Publications
Niral V., Jerard B.A. and Chowdappa P. 2017. Coconut Thamban C. and Jayasekhar S. 2016. Nalikera
varieties for more returns. Indian Horticulture, gaveshana reethi shasthram parishodhana
January–February, 2017, 62 (1): 15-22. videyamakumbol. Indian Nalikera Journal, 7
(12): 9-13 (in Malayalam).
Ravi S. 2016. Fish silage for backyard poultry.
Karshakashree, 22 (4): 30. Thamban C. and Jayasekhar S. 2016. Research into
use - the context of coconut technologies. Indian
Ravi S. and Muralidharan P. 2016. Family farming –
Coconut Journal, 59(7): 41-46.
Profit and proud. Karshakashree, 22 (4): 52-54.
Samsudeen K., Thamban C., Niral V. and Chowdappa Thamban C., Anithakumari P. and Jaganathan
P. 2017. Ensuring quality planting material for D. 2017. Empowering coconut stakeholders
sustainable coconut production. Indian Horticulture, through extension. Indian Horticulture, January–
January–February, 2017, 62 (1): 10-14. February, 2017, 62 (1):78-81.
Saneera E.K. and Thube S.H. 2016. Arecanut Thamban C., Jaganathan D. and Rajesh M.K. 2016.
pests and their management. Indian Journal of Centenary of CPCRI celebrated. Indian Coconut
Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants, October- Journal, 59 (8): 22-23.
December, 2016, 18 (4): 42-45. Thamban C., Jaganathan D. and Rajesh M.K. 2016.
Senthil Amudhan M. and Apshara S.E. 2016. Thotavila Sthapana Shathabdhi Aghosham.
Antioxidant activity and biochemical profile of Indian Coconut Journal 7 (12): 17-19 (in
cocoa clones. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, 5 Malayalam).
(4): 35-39. Thamban C., Jayasekhar S. and Chandran
Senthil Amudhan M. and Apshara S.E. 2016. K.P. 2016. Keragaveshanam oru noottandu
Antioxidant activity and biological profile of cocoa pinnidumbol. Indian Nalikera Journal, 7 (5): 08-
clones. The Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Special 11 (in Malayalam).
Issue on Cocoa, October-December, 2016, 5 (4): Thamban C., Jayasekhar S., Chandran K.P. and
39-41. Jaganathan D. 2016. Coconut production in
Shareefa M., Sudhin Raj, Anandha Narayanan Kerala – Trends, challenges and opportunities.
and Thomas R.J. 2016. Thenginte sasthreeya Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (4): 10-15.
paripalanam. Indian Nalikera Journal 7 (6): 7 (in Thamban C., Kalavathy S., Anithakumari P. and
Malayalam). Jaganathan D. 2017. Extension approaches for
Shareefa M., Sudhin Raj, Anantha Narayan and reaching the farmers and stakeholders. Indian
Thomas R.J. 2016. Scientific management of Coconut Journal, 59 (9): 24-31.
young coconut palms. Indian Coconut Journal,
Thamban C., Mathew A.C. and Jaganathan D. 2017.
59 (2): 20-22.
Drip irrigation for sustainable coconut farming-
Subramanian P., Krishnakumar V., Gupta A., Institutional and technology perspectives. Indian
Gopal M., Surekha R. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Coconut Journal, 59 (11): 5-9.
Exploring potential of organic coconut. Indian
Thamban C., Prathibha V.H. and Chandran K.P.
Horticulture, 62 (1): 34-41.
2016. Incidence and intensity of stem bleeding
Subramanian P., Krishnakumar V., Gupta A., Gopal disease. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (4): 18-21.
M., Surekha and Chowdappa P. 2017. Exploring
Thamban C., Prathibha V.H. and Chandran K.P.
potential of organic coconut. Indian Horticulture,
2016. Integrated management of Ganoderma/
January–February, 2017, 62 (1): 34-41.
Thanjavur wilt: Need for farmer participatory
Suchithra M.S., Prasanna H.S. and Apshara S.E. interventions. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (9):
2016. Quality planting material production. The 09-11.
Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Special Issue on
Thamban C., Beegum P.P.S., Jayarajan V. and Shyama
Cocoa, October-December 2016, 5 (4): 19-23.
Prasad K. 2016. Grihathurasmaranakalude
Thamban C. 2016. Nalikerathinte nattil kera samrudhi kurutholakkalari. Indian Nalikera Journal, 7 (10):
veendedukkan. Panchayath Raj, 56 (5): 17-20 26-29 (in Malayalam).
(in Malayalam).
Thamban C., Beegum P.P.S., Jayarajan V., Jaganathan
Thamban C. 2016. Thengolakalkkumundu kadha D and Shyama Prasad K. 2016. Coconut leaf
parayan. Gramabhumi, 39 (5): 32-33 (in craft. Indian Coconut Journal, 52 (7): 26-29 (in
Malayalam). Malayalam).
143
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Thamban C., Beegum P.P.S., Jayarajan V., Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and
Jaganathan D. and Shyama Prasad, K. 2016. Ramesh S.V. 2016. Abstracts: 22nd Plantation
Coconut leaf craft- A participatory reflection on Crops Symposium. ICAR-Central Plantation
reviving an ancient art tradition. Indian Coconut Crops Research Institute Kasaragod, Kerala,
Journal 59 (6): 16-20. India. 290p. (ISBN: 13-978-81-932263-3-9).
Thamban C., Subramanian P. and Jayasekhar S. Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
2016. Management of coconut garden during K. and Rajesh M.K. 2016. Abstracts- 3rd
rainy season. Indian Coconut Journal, 59 (2): International Symposium on Coconut Research
08-12. and Development (ISOCRAD3). ICAR-Central
Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod,
Thamban C., Subramanian P. and Leena S. 2017.
Kerala, India. 178p. (ISBN: 13-978-81-932263-
Mazhavyathiyanangal thengukrishikkudakkunna
2-2).
aghathavum athu laghookarikkunnathinulla
margangalum. Indian Nalikera Journal, 8 (1): 5-9 Chowdappa P., Niral V., Jerard B.A. and Samsudeen
(in Malayalam). K. (Eds.) 2017. Coconut. Daya Publishing House,
A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. New
Thomas R.J., Shareefa M. and Mohammad H. 2016.
Delhi, India. 440p. (ISBN:978-93-5124-837-8).
Thengin thaikalude lebhyadhayum nadilum:
Karshakan arijirikenda karyangal. Indian Chowdappa P., Samsudeen K., Thamban C. and
Nalikera Journal, 7 (6): 10-12 (in Malayalam). Rajesh M.K. (Eds.) 2016. Planting Material
Production in Coconut. Today & Tomorrow’s
Thube S.H., Saneera E.K. and Prathibha P.S. 2016.
Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India. 125p.
Pests of cocoa and their management. The
(ISBN: 8170195493).
Cashew and Cocoa Journal, Special Issue on
Cocoa, October-December, 2016, 5 (4): 34-38. CPCRI. 2016. ICAR-CPCRI Annual Report
2015-16. Niral V., Jerard B.A., Rajesh
Books
M.K., Josephrajkumar A., Jayasekhar S.,
Bhat R., Panjavarnam G., Gopal M. and Chowdappa Muralikrishna H. and John George (Eds.). ICAR-
P. 2016. Abstracts- National Seminar on Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
Plantation Based Cropping System for Improving Kasaragod, Kerala, India. 210p.
Livelihood Security, ICAR-Central Plantation
Hebbar K.B., Naresh Kumar S. and Chowdappa.
Crops Research Institute Kasaragod, Kerala,
P. (Eds.) 2016. Impact of Climate Change on
India. 39p.
Plantation Crops. Astral International Pvt. Ltd.,
Chowdappa P. 2016. Diseases of Field and New Delhi, India. 253p. (ISBN: 978-93-5124-
Horticultural Crops. Astral International Pvt. 833-0).
Ltd., New Delhi, India. 538p. (ISBN 13-978-
Kalavathi S., Thomas R.J., Haris A.A.,
935124-7470 ).
Josephrajkumar A., Krishnakumar V. and
Chowdappa P. 2017. Diseases, Pests and Disorders Chowdappa P. (Eds.) 2016. Souvenir-Gleanings
of Plantation Crops. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers of Coconut, National Meet on Prospects of Coconut
and Publishers, New Delhi, India. 266p. (ISBN: Sector, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research
81-7019-557-4). Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala,
India. 72p.
Chowdappa P., Anitha Karun, Rajesh M.K. and
Ramesh S.V. 2017. Biotechnology of Plantation Krishnakumar V. and Chowdappa P. (Eds.) 2017.
Crops. Daya Publishing House, Astral Organic Farming in Plantation Crops. Daya
International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. 742p. Publishing House, Astral International Pvt. Ltd.
(ISBN: 978-93-5124-836-1). New Delhi, India. 384p. (ISBN: 978-93-5124-
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Engineering for pest management. Krishi Vigyan Regional Station, Kayamkulam. 59p.
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Gopal M., Gupta A., Palaniswami C. and Thomas G.V. Kasaragod. 83p.
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“Perspective of Future Challenges and Options S.J. 2016. Screening of cocoa clones for their
in Agriculture”. 28-31 May, 2016, Jain Hills, performance as intercrop in coconut gardens
JISL, Jalgaon, Maharashtra. pp. 64-65. under South Gujarat condition. In: Chowdappa
P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and
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2016. Effect of GA3 on plant growth and flowering
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in standard chrysanthemum cultivars under
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
short-day conditions. In: Book of Abstracts,
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Sciences and Food Technologies for Sustainable Chalapathirao N.B.V., Nischala A., Snehalatharani
Productivity and Nutritional Security”. 25-27 A., Ramanandamand G. and Maheshwarappa
August, 2016, UAS, Bengaluru. p. 79. H.P. 2016. Biological suppression of coconut
black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella
Arivalagan M., Hebbar K.B. and Kanade S.R. 2016.
outbreak in East Godavari district of Andhra
Phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant potential
Pradesh. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
of different solvent extracts of coconut (Cocos
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on Coconut Research and Development
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- Chandran K.P., Thamban C., Prathibha V.H.
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 142. and Prathibha P.S. 2016. Cluster approach
for assessing status of pests and diseases - A
Arivalagan M., Manikantan M.R., Sreejith S., case of coconut in Northern Kerala, India. In:
Balasubramanian D., Kanade S.R. and Hebbar Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
K.B. 2016. Biochemical characterization of K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd
coconut haustorium based extrudates. p. 247. International Symposium on Coconut Research
Arivalagan M., Sugatha P., Kanade S.R. and Hebbar and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
K.B. 2016. Biochemical changes in coconut 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 107.
haustorium during different developmental Chandran K.P, Jose C.T, Jaganathan D., Jayasekhar
stages. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., S., and Muralidharan K. 2016. Incidence and
Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- spread of yellow leaf disease (YLD) of arecanut in
3rd International Symposium on Coconut Karnataka. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
137. 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
Jerard B.A., Niral V., Samsudeen K., Basavaraju p. 267.
T.B., Prashanth M. and Maheshwarappa Chandrashekar G.S., Maheshwarappa H.P. and
H.P. 2016. Kalpa Sreshta- a promising Dwarf Manjunath Hubballi. 2016. Evaluation of
x Tall coconut hybrid. In: Chowdappa P., olfactory pre conditioned larval parasitoid
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh Goniozus nephantidis Muesebeck against
M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Opisina arenosella Walker under field condition
Symposium on Coconut Research and at Tumkur district of Karnataka. In: Chowdappa
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 18. Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International
Symposium on Coconut Research and
Basavaraju T.B. and Maheswarappa H.P. 2016.
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
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2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 104.
integrated nutrient management for southern
dry region of Karnataka. In: Chowdappa P., Chandrika Mohan, Renjith P.B., Josephrajkumar
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. A., Sunny Thomas and Shanavas M. 2016.
(Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium Evaluation of botanical formulations and
on Coconut Research and Development chlorantraniliprole for management of coreid
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- bug infestation in coconut. In: Chowdappa, P.,
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 51. Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
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CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 91. Agricultural Sciences, University Park, USA.
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Chaturvedi V.K., Hebbar K.B., Chandran K.P., Regi
Jacob Thomas, Shareefa M., Chandrika Mohan Gangaraj K.P., Rajesh M.K., Sharadraj K.M.,
P, Nampoothiri C.K. and Sivadasan J. 2016. Muralikrishna K.S., Prathibha V.H. and
Influence of temperature, germination duration Hegde V. 2016. Development of a novel in vitro
and cultivar on in vitro pollen germination and inoculation assay to investigate Phytophthora
pollen tube growth in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). palmivora-coconut interactions. In: Chowdappa
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International Symposium on Coconut Research Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 194.
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 114.
Gayathri U.K., Niral V., Jerard B.A. and Samsudeen
Deo M.M., Mathew A.C., Manikantan M.R. and Hebbar K. 2016. Evaluation of fruit component traits in
K.B. 2016. Performance evaluation of semi- conserved coconut accession of Pacific Ocean
automatic coconut de-husking machine for West region. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
Coast Tall variety of coconut. In: Chowdappa P., M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
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and Agustine Jerard B. 2016. Characterization
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Gangaraj K.P. and Anitha Karun. 2016. An testing. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
improved device for coconut embryo extraction. Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
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M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 20.
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Ghosh (Sr.) D.K., Das S., Bandopadhayay A., Hebbar
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K.B. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Coconut sap
Diwakar Y., Vipin Kumar M.S., Samsudeen K. and (Neera) and its value added milk based Bengali
Niral V. 2016. Morphological characterization of sweets Prospects and possibilities in West
coconut seed nuts and seedlings. In: Chowdappa Bengal. In: Chowdappa, P., Muralidharan K.,
P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
Symposium on Coconut Research and Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 12 December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 22. p. 141.
Apshara S.E. and Krithika K.S. 2016. Evaluation of Haritha R.H., Indhuja S., Jeena Mathew, Merin
selective cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones from Babu and Anithakumari P. 2016. Isolation and
Central and South America in their initial years screening of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
of growth. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., associated with healthy coconut palms in root
Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd (wilt) disease endemic tract. In: Chowdappa
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p. 71. Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. pp.190-191.
Apshara S.E. and Rajesh M.K. 2016. Evaluation
of exotic cocoa collections in India for their Helen Mary Rose, Hebbar K.B., Niral V., Gupta A.,
morphological and molecular diversity. In: Samsudeen K. and Kannan S. 2016. Screening
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test. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Krishnakumar V., Induja S., Narayanan
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3rd International Symposium on Coconut Boban and Chinchu M. Raj. 2016. Assessment
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10- of major and secondary nutrient profile of
12 December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. coconut palms grown in different agro-ecological
p. 119. zones of South Kerala. In: Chowdappa P.,
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demonstration on arecanut based cropping (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
system – A success story. In: Bhat R., CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 68.
Panjavarnam G., Gopal M. and Chowdappa P.
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Plantation Based Cropping System for Improving and Nair R.V. 2016. Population improvement
Livelihood Security. 23-24 July, 2016, ICAR- in coconut using West Coast Tall cultivar
aiming high homogeneity for desirable traits.
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Impact analysis of capacity building programme 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
on coconut: The case of SMSs of KVKs in South p. 81.
India. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
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U.K. 2016. Pink husked coconut selection- a trait
3rd International Symposium on Coconut
of promise. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
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K.P. and Jose C.T. 2016. A multidimensional Jilu V.S., Sharma K., Subramanian S., Singh S.,
analysis of cocoa farming in Andhra Pradesh. Padaria J.C. and Sharma R.K. 2016. Isolation
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh and identification of symbiotic bacteria from
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett).
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), In: Book of Abstracts, National Seminar on
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. “Understanding Tephritids in Toto: Taxonomy,
pp. 284-285. Ecology, Quarantine and Management”. 27 May,
Jayasekhar S., Chandran K.P, Thamban C., 2016, ICAR- Indian Instituite of Horticultuaral
Jaganathan D. and Muralidhran K. 2016. Research, Bengaluru. pp. 20-21.
Sectoral innovation system of coconuts in India: Jilu V.S., Swathi P. and Sridhar V. 2016. Tephritid
Institutional voids and organizational resilience. fruit flies on spices, plantation and medicinal
2016. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh crops. In: Book of Abstracts, National Seminar on
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd “Understanding Tephritids in Toto: Taxonomy,
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), Ecology, Quarantine and Management”. 27 May,
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. 2016, ICAR- Indian Instituite of Horticultuaral
pp. 268-269. Research, Bengaluru. p. 45.
Jayasekhar S., Chandran K.P., Thamban C., Jissy George and Muralidharan P. 2017. Processing
Jaganathan D. and Muralidharan K. 2016. SWOT and value addition of vegetables as a high income
analysis of Indian Coconut sector with respect enterprises for women SHGs. In: Proceedings of
to production sphere and trade competitiveness. Second KVK Symposium 7-8 March, 2017, TNAU,
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spatial regression and its application in field data
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3rd International Symposium on Coconut Rao N., Gurav S., Rajamanickam, Ganesan
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 S. Josephrajkumar A., Maheshwarappa H.P.
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of ethyl-4-methyl octonate, the pheromone of
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growth and morphogentic modulations in red In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
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Josephrajkumar A., Subaharan K., Chandrika scenario in India (1960-2014). In: Chowdappa
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beetle as influenced by pheromone trapping. Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
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Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), K.S., Rajesh M.K. and Anitha Karun. 2016.
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p. 160. immature inflorescence culture. In: Book of
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and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, of organic coconut based cropping system in
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 177. different farmers’ fields of Kerala. In: Chowdappa
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perception and awareness in establishing S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
a feasible farmer producer organization. A Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
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2016. Efficacy of water conservation measures
3rd International Symposium on Coconut
in coconut plantations to enhance groundwater
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
resource and coconut yield in West coast region.
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M’bo Kacou Antoine Alban, Apshara S.E., Hebbar 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 89.
K.B., Ananda K.S., Tahi G Mathias and Aké Gopal M., Gupta A. and Thomas G.V. 2016. Coconut
Sévérin. 2016. Change in leaf epicuticular wax based farming system offers an ideal ecosystem
and biochemical secondary metabolites in cocoa for circular carbon and microbial economy
under hydric stress. In: Book of Abstracts, through recycling of biomass residues. In: Bhat
International Symposium on “Frontiers in R., Panjavarnam G., Gopal M. and Chowdappa
Science and Technology for Cacao Quality, P. (Eds.). Book of Abstracts. National Seminar on
Productivity and Sustainability”. 31 May-3 Plantation Based Cropping System for Improving
June, 2016, Penn State College of Agricultural Livelihood Security. 23-24 July, 2016, ICAR-
Sciences, University Park, USA. p. 48. CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala.p. 13.
Manikantan M.R., Arivalagan M., Balakrishnan Gopal M., Gupta A., Apshara S.E., Hegde V.,
M., Kamalapreeetha B. and Dharini M. 2016. Bhat R., Ananda K.S. and Chowdappa P.
Prediction of thin layer convection drying 2016. Coconut residue composts as soil-less
characteristics of osmo-dehydrated coconut medium for raising quality arecanut and cocoa
slices. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh seedlings. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
15-17 December, 2016 ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
p. 248. December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 53.
Manikantan M.R., Arivalagan M., Beegum P.P.S., Gopal M., Gupta A., Jaganathan D., Bhat R. and
Kamalapreeetha B. and Dharini M. 2016. Effect Chowdappa P. 2016. Rhizosphere microbial status
of osmotic solution and soaking time on quality on yellow leaf diseased and healthy arecanut
characteristics of coconut chips. In: Chowdappa palms growing in Sringeri Taluk of Karnataka.
P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
Symposium on Coconut Research and Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI,
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 134. Kasaragod.p. 192.
Manjula C., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. 2016. Gopal M., Gupta A., Shahul Hameed K., and Thomas
Root anatomical characters of coconut (Cocos G.V. 2016. Properties of biochars produced from
nucifera L.) growing in two different agro- coconut residues and their impact on humid
climatic regions of Kerala In: Chowdappa P., tropical soils. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh S.V. Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts
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Gopal M., Anitha Karun, Gupta A., Rajesh Kumar P.P., Nair K.M., Anil Kumar K.S., Thamban C., Hegde R. and
Ambili K. and Thomas G.V. 2016. 2016. Effect of Singh S.K. 2016. What ails coconut production
inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the ex in Kerala? In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
vitro establishment of embryo-derived coconut Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
plantlets. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
3rd International Symposium on Coconut December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 50.
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
Naveen Kumar K.S. and Maheswarappa H.P. 2016.
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 75.
Carbon sequestration potential of coconut
Muralidharan K., Anithakumari P., Thamban C., based cropping systems with different cropping
Mathew A.C. and Subramanian P. 2016. Farmer sequences and INM practices. In: Chowdappa P.,
Participatory Action Research Programmes: Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
The CPCRI experiences. In: Chowdappa P., (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. on Coconut Research and Development
(Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
on Coconut Research and Development CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 116.
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
Neema M., Aparna V., Sajini K.K., Muralikrishna
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 170.
K.S and Anitha Karun. 2016. Effect of different
Muralidharan K., Jayasekhar S. and Mathew A.C. media, auxins, sugars and calcium chloride
2016. Coconut chips: Value chain. In: Chowdappa in callus induction from plumular explants of
P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh coconut. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts
Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December, 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 273. Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-
12 December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
Muralidharan K., Matthew A.C., Manikantan
p. 38.
M.R., Alok Nath and Murali Krishna H.M.
2016. Intellectual property management, Neema M., Aparna V., Sajini K.K., Muralikrishna K.S.
commercialization and incubation. In: and Anitha Karun. 2016. Effect of charcoal in
Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen callogenesis and embryogenic callus induction
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd in coconut plumule culture. In: Chowdappa
International Symposium on Coconut Research P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 152. Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 87.
Muralikrishna K.S., Rajesh M.K., Sharadraj K.M.,
Prathibha V.H., Nagaraja N.R., Sajini K.K. and Nihad K. and Krishnakumar V. 2016. Tagetus-
Anitha Karun. 2016. Screening for resistance Gomphrena sequential cropping under coconut
to Phytophthora meadii in embryo cultured based farming system in coastal humid tropics.
plantlets of Areca triandra and Areca concinna. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. pp. 126-127.
p. 85.
Nihad K., Krishnakumar V., Abdul Haris A. and Jeena
Nagaraja N.R., Ananda K.S., Sabana A.A. and Mathew. 2016. Yield performance of coconut
Rajesh M.K. 2016. 2016. Simple sequence on intercropping with Heliconia. In: Bhat R.,
repeat marker-based molecular characterization Panjavarnam G., Gopal M. and Chowdappa P.
and genetic diversity studies in cultivated and (Eds.) Book of Abstracts. National Seminar on
wild species of arecanut. In: Chowdappa P., Plantation Based Cropping System for Improving
Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh Livelihood Security. 23-24 July, 2016, ICAR-
S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala. pp.11-12.
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Publications
Niral V., Jerard B.A. and Samsudeen K. 2016. Kalpa Prashanth B.K., Hebbar K.B., Sugatha P. Manikantan
Shatabdi- A promising dual purpose coconut M.R., Beegum P.P.S. and Patil V.S. 2016.
variety. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan Optimization of pasteurization temperature
K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). to improve the shelf life of Kalparasa (coconut
Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium inflorescence sap). In: Chowdappa P.,
on Coconut Research and Development Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 19. on Coconut Research and Development
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
Niral V., Jerard B.A., Samsudeen K., Ganesh K.,
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 139.
Diwakar Y. and Chowdappa P. 2016. Sustaining
regional coconut diversity through ex situ Prathibha P.S., Subaharan K. and Kumar A.R.V.
conservation at ICG-SA, India. In: Chowdappa 2016. Toxicity and dissipation of soil insecticides
P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and applied against arecanut root grub, Leucopholis
Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International burmeisteri and its compatibility to Trichoderma.
Symposium on Coconut Research and In: Book of abstracts, 8th Swadesh Prem
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, Jagriti Sangosthi 2016, Global Conference on
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p.12. “Perspective of Future Challenges and Options
Niral V., Jerard B.A., Hebbar K.B. and Manikandan in Agriculture”. 28-31 May 2016, Jain Hills,
K. 2016. Coconut milk and VCO recovery in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. p. 87.
selected accessions of coconut. In: Chowdappa Prathibha P.S., Subaharan K. and Kumar A.R.V.
P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh 2016. Integrated management of white grubs,
S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops Leucopholis spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in
Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December, palm gardens. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. pp. 82. K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.).
Padma E., Ramanandam G., Kalpana M., Dorajee Rao Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
A.V.D., Ravindra Kumar K. and Maheswarappa on Coconut Research and Development
H.P. 2016. Evaluation of different sources of (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
organic manures on yield attributes of coconut CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 90.
under coastal conditions of Andhra Pradesh. In: Prathibha P.S., Subaharan K., Hegde V. and Sharadraj
Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K.M. 2016. Dissipation of soil insecticide applied
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd in arecanut garden for the management of root
International Symposium on Coconut Research grubs, Leucopholis spp. In: Book of Abstracts,
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 6th International Conference on “Technology
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 63. Innovation and Management for Sustainable
Pandiselvam R., Manikantan M.R., Sreejith S., Development”. 11-13 February 2016, ITM
Hebbar K.B. and Bindu J. 2016. Effect of feed University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. p. 145.
composition and processing parameters on Prathibha V.H., Vinayaka Hegde, Suresh K.R.,
physical properties of coconut milk residue- Sharadraj K.M., Keerthana U., Rachana K.E. and
corn-rice based ready to eat extrudates. In: Chowdappa P. 2016. Phenotypic and molecular
Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen based identification of Colletotrichum spp. incitant
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-3rd of arecanut inflorescence dieback disease.
International Symposium on Coconut Research In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 133. Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
Pandiselvam R., Manikantan M.R., Sreejith S., Beegum
p. 195.
P.P.S. and Bindu J. 2016. Effect of processing
parameters on functional and textural properties Prathibha V.H., Hegde V., Keerthana U., Suresh K.
of coconut milk residue enriched extrudates. R., Sharadraj K.M. and Ramjegathesh R. 2016.
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh Characterization of symptoms and pathogens
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd associated with coconut leaf spot/blight disease.
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd
p. 229. International Symposium on Coconut Research
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and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 105 p. 89.
Pratibha Sharma, Verna C. Leon, Raja M. Thava Rajkumar and Subaharan K. 2016. Entomo-
Prakasa Pandian R., Shaily Javeria and pathogenic nematodes: A novel approach for white
Prashant P. Jambhulkar. 2016. Opportunistic grub management in coconut. In: Chowdappa
endophytism of Trichoderma spp. and its biocontrol P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh
activity against Rhizoctonia solani causing S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
sheath blight in rice. In: IOBC-WPRS Working Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
group “Biological and Integrated Control of Plant 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 197.
Pathogens”. 12-15 September, Berlin, Germany.
Rajkumar, Maheshwarappa H.P., Subramanian P.,
pp. 117-121.
Surekha R. and Pratibha V.H. 2016. Management
Rachana K.E. and Rajesh M.K. 2016. Cloning and of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
characterization of full length cDNA encoding infecting non in coconut gardens. In: Chowdappa
coiled-coiled type NBS-LRR (CC-NBS-LRR) P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh
Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) in coconut. S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 188.
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
Rajkumar, Maheswarappa H.P., Subramanian P.
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
and Surekha. 2016. Management of plant
p. 88.
parasitic nematodes in coconut based cropping
Rajeev M. S. and Muralidharan P. 2016. Performance of system. In: Bhat R., Panjavarnam G., Gopal M.
turmeric varieties as intercrop in coconut garden. and Chowdappa P. (Eds.) Book of Abstracts.
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh National Seminar on Plantation Based Cropping
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd System for Improving Livelihood Security. 23-
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 24 July, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala.
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 19.
p. 117.
Rajkumar, Sujithra M. and Harsha K. 2016.
Rajesh M.K., Mhato A.K., Preethi P., Shafeeq Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes
Rahman, Jerard B.A., Anitha Karun, Chowdappa against coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes
P. and Singh N.K. 2016. Development of genic rhinoceros (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera). In:
SSR marker resources from RNA-Seq data in Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
coconut. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-3rd
Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- International Symposium on Coconut Research
3rd International Symposium on Coconut and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 92.
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 35.
Ramanandam G., Ravindra Kumar K., Padma E.,
Rajesh M.K., Muralikrishna K.S., Sajini K.K. and Kalpana M. and Maheswarappa H.P. 2016.
Anitha Karun. 2016. Anther and isolated Evaluations of coconut cross combinations
microspore culture of coconut. In: Chowdappa suitable for Andhra Pradesh. In: Chowdappa
P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and
Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Rajesh M.K.(Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International
Symposium on Coconut Research and Symposium on Coconut Research and
Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 37. 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p.16.
Rajesh M.K., Sabana A.A., Nagaraja N.R., Muralikrishna Ranjini T.N., Niral V., Surekha and Gayatri U.K. 2016.
K.S., Ananda K.S. and Anitha Karun. 2016. Studies on weed diversity and density in coconut
Molecular characterization of arecanut (Areca (Cocos nucifera) plots with different spacing.
catechu L.) and its wild relatives using Start In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
Codon Targeted (SCoT) and RPB2 markers. M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), p. 139.
160
Publications
Ranjini T.N., Suryanarayana M.A., Bhanuprakash K. Samsudeen K., Deepa P., Nirmala A. and Chandran
and Mallikarjuna Gowda A.P. 2016. Variability K.P. 2016. Seasonal and varietal specifications
studies in a multi potent medicinal tree in floral development and pollen characteristics
Terminalia chebula Retz. In: Book of Abstracts. of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). In: Chowdappa P.,
National Seminar on “Forest and Tree based Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
Land use Systems for Livelihood, Nutritional and (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
Environmental Security”. 21-23 December 2016, on Coconut Research and Development
Navasari Agricultural University, Gujarat. p. 6. (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 23.
Ravi S. and Muralidharan P. 2017. Low cost
hydroponic fodder production for economic milk Samsudeen K., Nirmala A., Deepa P. and Chandran
production from dairy cows. In: Proceedings K.P. 2016. Seedling age in selection of quality
of Second KVK Symposium 7 - 8 March, planting material in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
2017, TNAU, Coimbatore. pp. 25-26. varieties. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
Regi J. Thomas, Shareefa M., Jacob K., Nihad and
3rd International Symposium on Coconut
Nair R.V. 2016. Performance of dwarf varieties
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
and hybrids combinations of coconut in the root
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 25.
(wilt) disease prevalent tract. In: Chowdappa P.,
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. Samsudeen K., Nirmala A., Deepa P. and Chandran,
(Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium K.P. 2016. Evolution of progenies for assessing
on Coconut Research and Development the influence of palm combinations to refine the
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- selection of parents in coconut hybrid production.
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 9. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
Regi J. Thomas., Aswathy L., Soumya Gopal., Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
Sreelekshmi J.S. and Shareefa M. 2016. 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
Characterization of pink husked selection of p. 59.
coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). In: Chowdappa P.,
Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh Selva Rani A., Rajendran R., Mohandas S.,
S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops Maheshwarappa H.P. and Sumitha S. 2016.
Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December, Integrated nutrient management in coconut
2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 80. based cropping system. In: Chowdappa P.,
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
Sajnanath K. and Muralidharan P. 2017. Site (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
specific nutrient management in banana for on Coconut Research and Development
enhancing productivity in Onattukara sandy (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
plains of Alappuzha district of Kerala. In: CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 70.
Proceedings of Second KVK Symposium 7 - 8
March, 2017, TNAU, Coimbatore. pp. 88-89. Selvamani V., Surekha, Bhat R. and Subramanian
P. 2016. Mapping soil related constraints for
Samsudeen K. and Niral V. 2016. Geographical coconut in the major coconut growing districts in
distribution of dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Tamil Nadu. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
International Symposium on Coconut Research Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 74.
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 17.
Selvaraj K.S.V., Ganesamurthy K., Natarajan C.,
Samsudeen K., Deepa P., Nirmala A. and Chandran Rajendran R., Mohandas S., Jawaharlal M.,
K.P. 2016. Innovative approach for pollination Jerard B.A. and Maheswarappa H.P. 2016.
in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): Whole spikelet Development and evaluation of promising
method. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan Tall x Tall coconut hybrid. In: Chowdappa P.,
K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
on Coconut Research and Development on Coconut Research and Development
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 24. CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 15.
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Shafeeq Rahman, Rachana K.E., Sabana A.A., and Sivakumar T., Naseema A, Jiji T., and Thomas
Rajesh M.K. 2016. Expression analysis of genes George. 2016. Studies on in vitro reactions of
involved in gibberellic acid biosynthesis in coconut. fungicides on Metarhizium majus, a bio control
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh agent against rhinoceros beetle. In: Chowdappa
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
p. 84. 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 189.
Shameena Beegum P.P., Manikantan M.R., Monika Snehalatharani A., Chalapathi Rao N.B.V.,
Sharma, Arivalagan M., Hebbar K.B. and Gupta Ramanandam G., Padma E. and Maheswarappa
R.K. 2016. Optimization and evaluation of ready to H.P. 2016. Field management of basal stem
eat extruded snacks from virgin coconut oil cake. rot disease of coconut using native biocontrol
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen agents. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
International Symposium on Coconut Research 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 127. December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 98.
Shameena Beegum P.P., Manikantan M.R., Srinivasan T., Rajamanickam K., Chalapathi Rao
Monika Sharma, Arivalagan M., Hebbar N.B.V., Chandrika Mohan, Shoba N. and
K.B. and Gupta R.K. 2016. Feasibility of Maheswarappa H.P. 2016. Management of
coconut milk residue for cold extrusion. In: coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros
Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh (L.) (Scaraebaeidae: Coleoptera) through IPM
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd intervention. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
p. 240. Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 93.
Shareefa M., Thomas R. J. and Nampoothiri C.K. 2016.
2016. Standardization of seed nut storage method Subramanian A., Shoba N. and Maheshwarappa H.P.
for Chowghat Green Dwarf variety of coconut. 2016. Trait based selection for copra content in
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh tall coconut. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts-
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
p. 136. December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 14.
Shareefa M., Thomas R.J., Sreelekshmi J.S., Raju Subramanian P., Krishnakumar V., Gupta A., Gopal
C.R. and Anitha Karun. 2016. In vitro shoot M., Surekha R., Selvamani V., and Thomas G.V.
regeneration from immature inflorescence of 2016. Impact of long term organic cultivation
coconut. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., practices on soil health and productivity of
Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- coconut. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K.,
3rd International Symposium on Coconut Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. Abstracts-
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 32. Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12
December, 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 54.
Shivakumar S.N., Bhat R., Subramanian P.,
Umesha K., Surekha R. and Hemalatha. 2016. Subramanian P., Krishnakumar V., Gupta A., Gopal
Feasibility of flowers as intercrop in coconut by M., Surekha R. and Selvamani V. 2016. Impact
different agro techniques under coastal sandy of long term organic cultivation practices on
soil system. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan soil heath and productivity of coconut. In:
K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen
Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd
on Coconut Research and Development International Symposium on Coconut Research
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR- and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December,
CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 73. 2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 54.
162
Publications
Subramanian P., Surekha R., Maheswarappa H.P., management centric production strategy in
Selvamani V., Dhanapal R., Reddy D.V.S., Gupta Kerala. In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh
A. and Gopal M. 2016. Inter cropping of medicinal M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd
tree species in coconut based cropping system. Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22),
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh 15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.
M.K. and Ramesh S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd p. 271.
Plantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), Thangeswari S., Rajendran, R and Maheswarappa
15-17 December, 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. H.P. 2016. In vitro screening of fungicides against
p. 137. the growth of Ganoderma lucidum causing basal
Sujithra M. 2016. Ecological safety of newer stem rot disease on coconut. In: Chowdappa P.,
insecticides against larval parasitoids, Bracon Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
brevicornis and Goniozus nephantidis of coconut (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
black head caterpillar, Opisina arenosella. In: on Coconut Research and Development
Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 99.
International Symposium on Coconut Research Vinayaka Hegde, Sharadraj K.M. and Prathibha
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, V.H. 2016. Trichoderma harzianum (CPTD28)
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 101. - Effective in controlling diseases in coconut
based cropping system. In: Chowdappa P.,
Thamban C., Jayasekhar S., Chandran K.P.,
Muralidharan K., Samsudeen K. and Rajesh M.K.
Jaganathan D. and Jesmi Vijayan. 2016.
(Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd International Symposium
Evolving sectoral innovation system of ‘Neera’:
on Coconut Research and Development
The apprehensions, potential, and strategies.
(ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016, ICAR-
In: Chowdappa P., Muralidharan K., Samsudeen CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 103.
K. and Rajesh M.K. (Eds.). Abstracts- 3rd
International Symposium on Coconut Research Vinayaka Hegde, Sharadraj K.M. and Prathibha V.H.
and Development (ISOCRAD-3), 10-12 December, 2016.Colocasia: An alternative host for arecanut
2016, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 169. pathogen Phytophthora meadii. In: Chowdappa
P., Muralidharan K., Rajesh M.K. and Ramesh
Thamban C., Lijo Thomas, Nair K.M. and Chandran S.V. (Eds.). Abstracts: 22nd Plantation Crops
K.P. 2016. Analysis of contemporary profile of Symposium (PLACROSYM 22), 15-17 December,
coconut farming – Espousing the need for nutrient 2016. ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod.p. 196.
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
TECHNOLOGIES IX.
K
alpa Shatabdi: A high yielding coconut Nethra Centura: A high yielding cocoa hybrid variety
variety with high copra out turn of 28.65 kg of IC 565554 x IC 565559, with a bean yield of 3.2 kg
palm-1 year-1, under Kasaragod conditions, dry beans tree-1 year-1. The pods are green to yellow.
with large fruits, and higher copra content The hybrid is recommended for Karnataka, Kerala,
(272.9 g). The tender nut water is good to taste with TSS Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
of 6.12o Brix and large in quantity (612 ml). The variety
is recommended for cultivation in Kerala, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu.
Nethra Centura
Kalpa Shatabdi Machineries and gadgets for gender mainstreaming
164
Technologies
165
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Arecanut and Cocoa Marketing and Processing drinking chocolate lovers who want a healthier life
Cooperative Ltd.). It contains cocoa powder, coconut style. It does not contain any artificial ingredients.
sugar, natural vanilla extract and GMO free sunflower The product is produced by a unique technology of
lecithin. It is low in glycemic index. It does not contain instantisation and agglomeration technique that
any added artificial ingredients. It is delicious dark makes the product soluble instantly in hot or cold
chocolate for a healthy life and can be stored under milk releasing the chocolate aroma. The product
room temperature and does not melt. It is available is filled in 200 g PET jars duly sealed, case
in 30 g slabs. corrugated.
166
Awards and Recognition
X. AWARDS AND
RECOGNITION
Best Oral Paper Presentation Awards award for the paper on Processing and value addition
T
of vegetables as a high income enterprises for women
he research paper entitled ‘In vitro shoot
SHGs in the session on ‘‘Processing and Value
regeneration from immature inflorescence
Addition and Market led Extension Programmes’’ in
of coconut’, by Shareefa, M., Thomas, R.J.,
the Second KVK Symposium conducted during 7th -
Sreelekshmi, J.S., Raju, C.R. and Anitha
8th March, 2017 at TNAU, Coimbatore.
Karun was awarded the best oral paper presentation
award in the Technical Session ‘Biotechnology Award for the best oral paper presented at the National
for Crop Improvement’ during 3rd International Conference on ‘‘Frontiers in Genetics & Genomics’’,
Symposium on Coconut Research and Development organized by Dept. of Genome Science, School of
(ISOCRAD-3) held at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod during Biological Science, Central University of Kerala,
10th-12th December, 2016. Padannakad, Kasaragod, Kerala during 7th-8th April,
2016, was bagged by the research paper entitled,
The research paper entitled ‘Controlled delivery
of ethyl 4-methyl octonate, the pheromone of ‘Comparative gene expression profiling during in vitro
coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L.’ regeneration in two coconut cultivars’ authored by
by Subaharan, K., Eswarmoorthy, Pavankumar, Bhavyashree, U., Rachana, K.E., Lakshmi Jayaraj, K.,
B.V.V.S., Vibina Venugopal, Chalapathi Rao, N., Rajesh M.K. and Anitha Karun.
Gaurav, S., Rajamanickam, S., Ganesan, S., Best Poster Awards
Josephrajkumar, A., Maheswarappa, H.P., and
Dr. Jeena Mathew was awarded the Best Poster Award
Raveendran, P. has been awarded the best oral
for the paper entitled ‘‘Assessment of major and
presentation award in the Technical Session
secondary nutrient profile of coconut palms grown in
‘Management of Pests’ during 3rd International
different Agro Ecological Zones of South Kerala’’ in the
Symposium on Coconut Research and Development
Technical Session ‘‘Enhancing Input Use Efficiency’’
(ISOCRAD-3) held at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod during
at 3rd International Symposium on Coconut Research
10th-12th December, 2016.
and Development (ISOCRAD-3) held at ICAR-CPCRI,
The research paper entitled ‘Optimization and Kasaragod from 10th - 12th December, 2016.
evaluation of ready to eat extruded snack from
Award for the best poster presented in the Technical
virgin coconut oil cake’ by Shameena Beegum,
Session “Biotechnology for Crop improvement” at
Manikantan, M.R., Monika Sharma, Arivalagan, M.,
3rd International Symposium on Coconut Research
Hebbar, K.B. and Gupta, R.K. has been awarded
and Development (ISOCRAD-3) held during 10th-12th
the best oral presentation award in the Technical
December, 2016, at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod was
Session “Value addition and product diversification”
bagged by the poster entitled, ‘Anther and isolated
of 3rd International Symposium on Coconut Research
microspore culture of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)’
and Development (ISOCRAD-3) held at ICAR-CPCRI,
presented by Rajesh, M.K., Muralikrishna, K.S.,
Kasaragod during 10th-12th December, 2016.
Sajini K.K. and Karun, A.
Best oral presentation award was presented to
Best poster award was bestowed upon the research
Ms. T.N. Ranjini, Scientist, for a paper on ‘Variability
paper on ‘e-kalpa cloud based interactive mobile
studies in a multi potent medicinal tree Terminalia
application for coconut farmers and stakeholders’
chebula Retz. at National Seminar on Forest and Tree
by Anithakumari, P., Merin Babu, Chowdappa, P.,
Based Land Use Systems for Livelihood, Nutritional
and Krishnakumar, V. in the Technical Session on
and Environmental Security’ held at the Navasari
‘‘Research Extension Interface and policy issues’’
Agricultural University, Gujarath during 21st - 23rd
during 3rd International Symposium on Coconut
December, 2016.
Research and Development (ISOCRAD-3) helded at
Mrs. Jissy George (Subject Matter Specialist-Home ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod during 10th-12th December,
Science) of KVK-Alappuzha bagged the best paper 2016.
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
168
Capacity Building
A
Physical targets and achievements
hands on training on “Soil Testing
Category No. of No. of %
for Sustainable Agriculture” was
trainings employees realization
organized for 16 Agricultural Officers/ planned who have of trainings
Technical Personnel of the Department as per undergone planned
of Agriculture at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod during ATP training
26th-30th September, 2016 in connection with
Scientist 22 17 77
distribution of ‘Soil Health Card’ to farmers under
‘National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture’. Technical 27 6 22
Administrative & 16 3 19
Finance
Skilled 20 - -
Supporting Staff
Total 85 26
169
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
170
Capacity Building
Shri T.J. Saji Administrative/finance procedures/rules and regulations 23-12-2016 to ICAR-CPCRI Kasaragod
06-01-2017
171
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
T
he year 2016 was a memorable one in Coconut Research Station (CCRS), Kasaragod and
the history of ICAR-Central Plantation a little later in 1949, the Central Coconut Research
Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI) Station (CCRS) at Kayamkulam, exclusively for
and coconut research in India alike, tackling diseases in coconut. Coconut research
on completing 100 glorious years in service of became an integral part of the national agricultural
the nation. The centenary celebrations were research system of the country in 1966 when the
ceremoniously flagged off on 12th March, 2016 in Indian Central Coconut Committee was abolished
a unique way with simultaneous planting of 100 and the coconut research was taken over directly
coconut seedlings by 100 farmers in a minute in by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The
the Centenary Coconut Park (a feat recorded in the defining moment in history was in 1970, when lCAR
Limca Book of Records), a massive Kisan Mela and a established the Central Plantation Crops Research
host/plethora of other programmes later in the day. Institute with headquarters at Kasaragod, by merging
The year-long celebrations concluded with the Kisan the Central Coconut Research Stations at Kasaragod
Mela on 10th December, 2016, graced by the Hon’ble and Kayamkulam and the Central Arecanut Research
Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Station at Vittal along with its five substations at
Shri Radha Mohan Singh Ji and a host of other Kannara, Mohitnagar, Kahikuchi, Hirehalli and
dignitaries, followed by the 3rd International Palode.
Symposium on Coconut Research and Development Since 1986, crops like spices, cashew, and oil palm
(ISOCRAD-III) during 10th-12th December and the 22nd were taken out of the ambit of the institute with the
edition of PLACROSYM shortly thereafter. The Hon’ble formation of dedicated research institutions like IISR,
Minister also inaugurated the new Centenary Building Kozhikode, DCR, Puttur and IIOPR, Pedvegi. Some of
and the renovated Kalpaka Guest House, released a the erstwhile Research Centres at Hirehalli, Palode,
few commemorative publications (‘CPCRI:100 Years of Appangala, Kannara, Port Blair and Minicoy either
Scientific Excellence’, ‘Harvesting Wisdom of Coconut handed over to sister ICAR institutions or phased out.
Growers’, and a special issue of the journal, ‘Indian At present, the mandated crops are limited to coconut,
Horticulture’), besides launching the value-added arecanut and cocoa and the research and frontline
product from coconut, ‘Kalpa Chocolate Bar’ (jointly extension aspects of these crops are undertaken
developed by ICAR-CPCRI and CAMPCO) on the under five divisions viz., Crop Improvement, Crop
occasion. In between, there was a host of programmes Production, Crop Protection, Physiology, Biochemistry
catering to all sections of the stakeholders - a series and Post Harvest Technology and Social Sciences at
of Kisan Melas and mass contact programmes all the institute. The Regional Station at Kayamkulam
over the country, training programmes for farmers (Kerala) is mandated to work on pests and disease
and extension personnel, workshops/seminars and problems in coconut, while the Regional Station at
brain-storming sessions for the scientific community, Vittal (Karnataka) caters to research and extension
agri-business meets for sensitizing the potential agri- in arecanut and cocoa. The Research Centres at
business entrepreneurs and SHGs. Kahikuchi (Assam) and Mohitnagar (West Bengal)
undertake location-specific research in these crops,
A recap of its history
while the Research Centre at Kidu (Karnataka) hosts
ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute the National/ International Coconut Gene Bank for
(ICAR-CPCRI) had its modest beginning as a small South-Asia (ICG-SA) and also caters to the large-
coconut research station started way back in 1916 scale production of quality planting materials in the
in the sleepy village of Kudlu in Kasaragod under mandate crops.
the erstwhile Madras Presidency. The turning point
Launching the centenary celebrations
was in 1947, when the Indian Central Coconut
Committee took over the Coconut Research Station The centenary celebrations were formally launched
at Kudlu (Kasaragod) and established the Central on 12th March, 2016 in a unique way with the
172
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174
Centenary Celebrations
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
l Training on ‘Value Addition in Coconut and Agriculture/Horticulture, ATMA and other agencies
Neera Production’ organized on 27th May, 2016 for the benefit of over 600 extension personnel from
at Kasaragod for 48 farmers of NITTE Coconut the various states. The extension personnel were
Producers’ Society, Uttara Kannada district of imparted training on improved technologies of the
Karnataka. mandate crops. Some of the most important training
programmes were:
l Training on ‘Coconut Production Technologies’
organized for 25 farmers of Shivamogga, l Training programme on ‘Advances in Arecanut
Karnataka during 24th-25th July, 2016 at and Cocoa Production Technology’ organized
Kasaragod. at Regional Station, Vittal on 1st April, 2016 for
officers from the Department of Horticulture,
l Training on ‘Crop Management in Coconut’
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
organized for 60 farmers from Narsipatnam,
Vishakapatnam on 21st September, 2016 at l Training on ‘Hybridization Techniques in
Kasaragod. Coconut’ for extension personnel at ICAR-CPCRI,
Kasaragod on 15th April, 2016
l Training on ‘Hybridization Techniques and
Palm Health Management in Coconut’ organized l Training on ‘Coconut Production Technology’
at Kayamkulam for 42 farmers/climbers organized at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod on 8th
from Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, Kollam and August, 2016 for 40 stockmen trainees from Goa
Alappuzha districts of Kerala (three batches). l Training programmes (2 batches) on ‘Hybridization
l Training programme on ‘Trichoderma Mass Techniques and Plant Health Management in
Multiplication’ and ‘Training-cum-Exposure Visit Coconut’ at Kayamkulam (during 12-16 April,
on Advances in Arecanut and Cocoa Production 2016 and 11-15 November, 2016) for extension
and Processing Technology’ organized for 25 personnel and coconut climbers from Kerala.
farmers from Cocoa Growers Association and l Capacity building programmes on ‘Techniques
Balpa Grama Vikasa, Balpa, Sullia at Regional for Soil Health Assessment’ at Regional Station,
Station, Vittal on 4th October, 2016 Kayamkulam during 27th June - 1st July, 2016,
19-23th July, 2016 and 24-28th October, 2016)
l Training programme for 125 women farmers of
benefitting 57 Agricultural Officers/ Scientific
Karnataka on ‘Multi Species Cropping System in
Assistants of Krishi Bhavans and District Soil
Arecanut Garden for Higher Income’ (sponsored
Testing Laboratories from Kerala.
by the Directorate of Arecanut and Spices
Development, Kozhikode) was organized at its l Training programme on ‘Cutting-edge
Research Center, Kidu, on 5th November, 2016. Technologies in Crop Protection’ organized
at Kayamkulam on 10th August, 2016 for the
l Training on ‘Cocoa Production and Processing
benefit of 25 Agricultural Assistants from Kerala.
Technology’ conducted at Regional Station,
Vittal from 1st to 3rd December, 2016. Among 55 l ‘Good Agricultural Practices in Coconut’
farmers participated, there were 34 women and organized for 90 Agricultural Officers and
23 of them from tribal communities. Assistants from Kattakada on 22th August, 2016
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
soil health over time. Therefore, soil health is spatially the Indian coconut industry to be cost-effective and
and temporally very dynamic, which warrants site- globally competitive.
specific soil health assessment periodically at farm
Traditionally, the share of value added products from
level and recommending the tailor-made management
coconut (apart from coir and coir based products) in
practices. In recent times, the deteriorating soil
the Indian export basket is very negligible, though
health is observed to be a major concern in all major
the situation has started changing over the last few
agricultural tracts in India. Soil health cards, tailor-
years. Undoubtedly, there exists a huge scope for
made for the site-specific soil health information and
coconut based agri-business in India in order to
recommendation, will be a promising tool to ensure
increase the present 8 % level of value addition to
higher productivity and profitability in a sustainable
25 %. Value added products can became a deciding
manner.
factor in the price movement of coconut to ensure
In furtherance of this objective, soil samples were fair, reasonable and steady price to coconut farmers.
collected from the farmer’s fields and analyzed at the In an effort towards value addition, the institute
institute. Based on the test results, 500 soil health has developed complete ‘technology packages’ for
cards with the soil health information and soil test production of virgin coconut oil, coconut chips,
based fertilizer recommendations for different crops coconut honey, jaggery, sugar, ice creams, extruded
were prepared and distributed to the farmers. For products and sugar based chocolates and drinking
achieving the Government’s target to issue soil health chocolates and sweets.
cards to all farmers within the time schedule, it is
Workshop on Coconut Based Business Ventures
important to train other agencies involved in this
great mission. To strengthen the analytical knowledge A Workshop on ‘Coconut Based Business Ventures’
and required skills for interpretation of the soil test was held at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod on 09th
results and generating the soil test based site-specific September 2016, opening a window to this unlimited
recommendation for major crops, hands-on training possibilities that the sector offers. Dr. P. Chowdappa,
programmes were conducted for the officials from Director, ICAR-CPCRI, in his presidential address,
the Department of Agriculture involved in the soil emphasized the significance of positioning coconut
health card distribution. Besides, several awareness as a nutraceutical food through effective value
programmes highlighting the need, benefits and addition technologies, and highlighted the crucial
modalities of soil test based manuring were organized role that the Coconut Producer Companies (CPCs)
by the institute during the year. can play in commercializing the value-added
technologies of coconut. Dr H.P. Singh, formerly
DDG (Horticultural Sciences), ICAR in his inaugural
address, wanted coconut farmers to comprehend
the changing market trends and accordingly orient
their production and marketing activities. Shri S. R.
Satheeshchandra, President, CAMPCO, highlighted
the issues of decelerating commodity prices in the
current liberalized trade regime and the importance
of competitiveness in marketing and value addition of
the coconut products. Subsequently, seven coconut
producer companies presented their business plans
followed by presentations from the Coir Board and the
District Industry Department on the Prime Minister’s
Distribution of soil health card by
Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) for
Shri P. Karunakaran, Hon’ble MP, Kasaragod
entrepreneurship development. In B2B meet that
Programmes for agri-enteprenuers and women followed, Mr. Krishnakumar from CAMPCO, Mr.
SHGs S. S. Choyal, Dy. Director, Coconut Development
Board, Kochi, Dr. Anitha Karun, Dr. K.B. Hebbar
The price of coconut is highly dependent on the
and Dr. Ravi Bhat, Heads of Divisions, ICAR-CPCRI,
prevailing price of coconut oil, which in turn is highly
Kasaragod made presentations.
dependent on the overall supply-demand chain of oils
and fats in the country. In many ways, value addition The session on ‘Enhancing Competitiveness’ was
and by-product utilization play a crucial role in the chaired by Dr. K. Prakash, Chairman, Karnataka
stabilization of this coconut oil-driven domestic Agricultural Price Commission, Bengaluru on
market and the key to reorienting and engineering 10th September, 2016 in which Shri C. Rajan,
178
Centenary Celebrations
Chairman, Dinesh Foods, Kannur; Dr. Omkumar Enterprises (MSME) Department for the upcoming
Krishnan, management expert from IIM-Kozhikode; entrepreneurs. Shri Jyotis Jagannathan, DGM,
Mr. Sibi Mathew, Magico Enterprise, Kasaragod; NABARD enlightened on credit availability and
Shri Mahesh Bhat, Sri Kalpa Industries, Kumbla; Shri D. Rajendran, General Manager, DIC, Kasaragod
Shri Dinesh, We & Co Carbon Pvt Ltd, Kangayam; on assistance available from the Industry Department
Shri C.V.S. Das, Pilot Smith India Pvt Ltd., Thrissur; for starting business ventures. Shri C. M. Kamaraj,
Shri Nagaraj, Pro B Products Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru Industrialist, Coimbatore, appraised on the emerging
and Shri Rajesh Kartha, CEO, ESSAR Techins, domestic and international markets for coconut
Kochi made presentations. The valedictory session products like virgin coconut oil (VCO) and coconut
of the workshop was chaired by Dr. Narayana milk. The presentation on commercially important
Gowda, former Vice Chancellor, UAS, Bangalore. He technologies developed at ICAR-CPCRI was followed
presented the business plan competition prizes to by a panel discussion. MoAs were signed for transfer
Thejaswini Coconut Producers Company Pvt. Ltd, of 12 technologies such as ‘Kalparasa and sugar’,
Kannur, Perambra Coconut Producers Company, VCO, coconut chips, ‘Kalpa Krunch’, etc. during this
Perambra, and Vinayaga Coconut Producers interface.
Company, Devambady. A Whatsapp social group
named “Kalpa” for the CPCs was also launched on
the occasion.
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
leaves and their role in socio-cultural life of people in International Symposium on Coconut Research
the rural landscape of entire Kerala and most parts of and Development
Karnataka, literally starting from the childhood and
The symposium started with a welcome address
it goes up to the last rites.
by Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director, ICAR-CPCRI.
Over one hundred participants covering craft artists, Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE and
scientists and other stakeholders participated in the Director General, ICAR, inaugurated the symposium
workshop. An interaction with artists, scientists and and called upon employment of genomic research
students was also arranged along with the workshop to accelerate breeding and disease management.
on 7th September, 2016. A seminar on ‘Coconut Dr. Uron N. Salum, Executive Director, Asia Pacific
leaf and Kerala community: Art, rituals, crafts and Coconut Community, Jakarta, in his address,
sustainability’ was organized on 8th September, congratulated Government of India, ICAR-CPCRI
2016. Dr. Shree Ram Shetty, Professor and Head, and Indian coconut farmers for organizing various
Department of Kannada, Mangalore University was programmes for commemorating the centenary of
the chief guest Dr. Shetty enlightened the audience coconut research. Efforts of Coconut Development
on the significance of reviving ancient art traditions, Board in promoting coconut producer companies for
including coconut leaf craft. realizing better income for coconut farmers through
adoption of scientific cultivations practices and value
addition were described by Dr. A. K. Singh, Chairman,
Coconut Development Board, India. Dr. P. K. R. Nair,
Distinguished Professor, University of Florida, USA
suggested to adopt a holistic approach focusing on
the overall productivity and sustainability of the
coconut-based agroecosystem as a whole, to cope
with the increasing threats posed by climate change.
Dr. N. M. Nayar, Formerly Director, ICAR-CPCRI in his
key note address, outlined the present day impasse
Workshop on coconut leaf craft
on policies on coconut sector (on trade, development
Scientific meetings fostering national/ and research) and suggested certain remedial steps
international linkages in research such as bringing coconut as a mandate crop of World
The post World Trade Agreement (WTA) and ASEAN Agroforestry Centre and initiate a consortium to
Treaty regime witnessed integration of coconut address issues related to pests and diseases.
economies across the globe that resulted in fierce The symposium comprised of eight technical
competition among the coconut producing countries. sessions: Germplasm conservation and utilization,
Enhancing farm level income through adoption of Biotechnology for crop improvement, Enhancing input
competitive and sustainable production techniques, use efficiency, Management of pests and diseases,
product diversification and demand creations for Climate change: Effects and mitigation, Value
coconut products are the need of the hour. It is a addition and product diversification, Agribusiness
matter of serious concern that despite economic, and entrepreneurship, and Research-extension
nutritive and health contributions of coconut,
coconut farming across the world has been becoming
less profitable in the recent years. It is pertinent to
note that the failure to respond to changing patterns
of the world trade in coconut products will have
adverse effect on the employment and revenue of
the major coconut producing countries in the Asia -
Pacific region. Therefore, it is important to define
the factors that drive international coconut markets,
identify threats to the sector and accordingly reorient
the research and developmental activities of the
major institutions across the world. Keeping these
points in view, the 3rd International Symposium on
Coconut Research and Development (ISOCRAD 3)
was organized from 10-12 December 2016 at Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Hon’ble Secretary,
ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, DARE & Director General, ICAR inaugurating
Kasaragod, Kerala. ISOCRAD 3
180
Centenary Celebrations
Delegates of ISOCRAD 3
interface and policy issues. Recommendations coconut tissue culture, pests and diseases of coconut,
which emerged from the technical sessions were genome analysis and special breeding programmes
compiled presented in the valedictory session. for abiotic and biotic stress management.”
The major recommendations are (i) prevail upon
Plantation Crops Symposium
CGIAR to include coconut as a mandate crop under
ICRAF/WAC for better coordinated research among A unique initiative of research and development
nations, (ii) make available the mapping population institutions associated with plantation crops in
developed in Côte d’Ivoire to COGENT member India is the organization of Symposia on Plantation
countries for QTL mapping studies, (iii) networking Crops (PLACROSYM) biennially. The main objective
of international laboratories for cryogene banking of the symposia is to provide a common forum for
of pollen and cryopreservation of zygotic embryos/ interaction among academia, industry and extension
plumular tissues, (iv) evaluation of economics of and development agencies engaged in plantation crops
organic farming studies over the years and replication research and development. The key to accelerated
of successful models, (v) address biosecurity issues of transformation of the plantation sector, in the face of
coconut in the wake of climate change, globalization, globalization, is strengthening the linkages between
free trade and increased travel across the globe; a plantations and industry through enhanced value
‘Global Initiative on Pest and Disease Network of added processing and exports. PLACROSYM22,
coconut’ need to be formed involving all the coconut 22nd in the series, was organized from 15th-17th
growing countries and organizations like COGENT December, 2016 at ICAR-Central Plantation Crops
and APCC, (vi) strict implementation of domestic Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala with the theme
quarantine to prevent the spread of diseases/ ‘Leveraging Innovation System in Plantation Sector
pests, (vii) validation of the InfoCrop-COCOCNUT through Value Addition’.
model in other coconut producing countries, The inaugural session of the symposium commenced
(viii) promotion of value added coconut products with a welcome address by Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director,
through market promotion, brand promotion and ICAR-CPCRI, in which he highlighted the need for
attractive and hygienic packing, and (ix) initiating impetus for increased value addition to overcome
policies and developmental interventions for the vulnerability of plantation sector to intermittent
enhancing the farmers’ share in the value chain. vagaries of price risks, market dynamics and climate
Encompassing these recommendations, the changes. Dr. W.S. Dhillon, ADG (Horticultural Science),
following ‘Kasaragod Resolution’ was adopted in the ICAR, in his inaugural address, emphasized the huge
Symposium: ‘The Third International Symposium on scope for plantation crops-based agribusiness in India
Coconut Research and Development (ISOCRAD 3), with reference to processing and value added products.
held at ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research The three day symposium was divided into
Institute, Kasaragod, India during 10th-12th December seven technical sessions: ‘Genetic resources and
2016, resolves that COGENT should be strengthened genomics’, ‘Input use efficiency’, ‘Plantation health
and made vibrant to cater to conventional and management’, ‘Impact of climate change on plantation
complementary strategies like cryopreservation sector’, ‘Mechanization & product development’,
and pollen conservation of coconut germplasm and ‘Agribusiness & policy issues’ and ‘Reaching
promote its safe international exchange, and support stakeholders’. The recommendations emerging from
the establishment of international networks of each of the technical sessions were compiled and
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
presented in the valedictory session. The major technologies for enhancing income generation and
recommendations include (i) greater synergy between nutritional security through intercropping in palm
the conventional breeding programmes and modern based cropping systems with tubers, spices etc.,
molecular tools and bioinformatics for reaping quick both in the mature as well as juvenile plantations.
dividends in crop improvement, (ii) demonstration The seminar also reviewed the research on beneficial
of technologies developed by Institutes in farmers’ microorganisms, biomass recycling in coconut based
fields for achieving the goal of doubling the farmer’s eco-system towards making it as an ideal system for
income, (iii) utilization of soil heath cards for circular carbon.
achieving higher nutrient use efficiency, (iv) prepare
National Workshop on Cryopreservation of Plant
land suitability map for different plantation crops,
Germplasm
taking into consideration the future climate scenario,
(v) compilation of data available on growth, yield and National Workshop on ‘Cryopreservation of Plant
quality parameters in different plantation crops and Germplasm’ was conducted at Kasaragod on 2nd
its correlation with climatic data to ascertain climate November, 2016. Dr. K. Nirmal Babu, Director, ICAR-
influence on plantation crops, (vi) concerted efforts IISR inaugurated the workshop and delivered a talk on
need to be taken to establish 4-5 incubation centers ‘In vitro conservation technique in spices plant genetic
in every state for hands-on training to entrepreneurs, resource management’. Scientists from ICAR institutes,
(vii) perceived attributes of pest management over 80 Ph. D scholars and Post Graduate students
technologies to be taken into account for development from Kerala Agricultural University, Central University
of farmer-friendly technologies for enhancing of Kerala, Mangalore University and St. Aloysius
adoption, (viii) hand-holding of entrepreneurs for College, Mangalore participated in the Workshop.
income and employment generation as achieved in
Culmination of the Centenary Celebrations
spice sector to be replicated in suitable regions with
funding from initiatives like “Make in India” and The valedictory session of the year-long centenary
“Startup India”, and (ix) large scale multiplication and celebrations of the Central Plantation Crops
distribution of bioagents for the management of pests Research Institute was on 10th December, 2016 at
should be strengthened by enhancing participation of ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, with the Union Minister for
local farming community. Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Shri Radha Mohan
Singh lauding the contribution of scientists and
innovative farmers for helping the country become the
global leader in coconut production. ‘Data from the
agricultural census during 2010-11 suggest that the
average land size holding in Kerala is 0.22 hectares
against the national average of 1.15 hectares. It
is, therefore, imperative to adopt high-value crops
and a unified agriculture system to turn the sector
remunerative,’ he said while inaugurating the Kisan
Mela. There is a need to adopt multi-crop system
by including pepper, banana, pineapple, ginger,
Inauguration of PLACROSYM 22 turmeric, in coconut gardens, he said addressing the
farmers.
National Seminar on Plantation Based Cropping
The Hon’ble Minister also spoke on the new policies of
System for Improving Livelihood Security
the Government and also touched upon the problems
A National Seminar on ‘Plantation Based Cropping being faced by the farmers. He enlightened the
System for improving Livelihood Security’ was participants on the Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchayi
held during 22nd-23rd July, 2016 at ICAR-CPCRI, Yojana and the Crop Insurance scheme. ‘Fields would
Kasaragod. Dr. K.L. Chadha, Formerly DDG lose fertility due to imbalanced use of chemicals and
(Hort.), ICAR, New Delhi inaugurated the Seminar. fertilizers. Keeping this in view, a soil health card
The Technical Sessions dealt with the cropping/ scheme for farmers was launched in 2014-15 and
farming systems in coconut, arecanut, oil palm, this initiative would help farmers assess soil fertility
cashew and spices. In each Session, there were along with recommendation of appropriate quantity
lead talks by the experts followed by research paper of nutritious elements’, he said. He also exhorted the
presentation by the scientists from ICAR Institutes farmers to take up fish culture by taking advantage of
and Agricultural/Horticultural Universities. The the vast inland and marine water bodies, which the
presentations mainly focused on opportunities and southern states are blessed with.
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Centenary Celebrations
The announcement of Minimum Support Price for Parliament, Kasaragod, presided over the function.
agriculture produce, bringing down the price of Shri E. Chandrashekharan, Hon’ble Minister of
agricultural inputs and making available fertilisers Revenue & Housing, Govt. of Kerala, Shri Anant
at subsidised price are all aimed to bring relief Kumar Hegde, Hon’ble Member of Parliament,
and succor to the farmers. He also spoke on the Uttara Kannada, Shri N.A. Nellikunnu,
government policy of digital and cashless economy Hon’ble MLA, Kasaragod, Shri A.G.C. Basheer,
and the advantages it has over dealing with cash. President, Kasaragod District Panchayath, Shri
He also touched upon e- markets for agricultural Sathish Chandra, President CAMPCO, Shri P.R.
products in the country, which is highly advantageous Muralidharan, Member, Coconut Development
to the farming community. Board offered felicitations. The Hon. Minister also
inaugurated the grand exhibition organized at the
In commemoration of the centenary celebrations, the
same venue with 105 stalls covering horticultural
Hon’ble Minister also released three books (“CPCRI-
crops, fisheries, animal husbandry and other allied
100 years of scientific excellence”, “Harvesting
enterprises. There was active participation of various
wisdom of coconut growers”, and “Coconut”) and a
ICAR institutes, Agriculture Universities, State
special issue of “Indian Horticulture” journal. “Kalpa
Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Input Dealers
Chocolate Bar”, a value-added product from coconut,
and Self Help Groups in the programme.
jointly developed by ICAR-CPCRI and CAMPCO
was also released by the Hon’ble Minister on the Earlier in the day, Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra,
occasion. Shri P. Karunakaran Hon’ble Member of Secretary, DARE & Director General of the Indian
Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Union Minister Release of centenary commemmorative book on
for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare visiting the ICAR-CPCRI by Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble
exhibition stalls at Kasaragod Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare addressing the
gathering at Kasaragod
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Council of Agriculture Research, felicitated 100 select Harvesting Wisdom of Coconut Growers
farmers from across the nation on the sidelines of (Eds. C. Thamban, D. Jaganathan, S. Jayasekhar,
the valedictory session. There is a need to reorient K.P. Chandran and P. Chowdappa)
farm research by incorporating farmers’ wisdom to
The invaluable experiences
suit ground-level requirements and the ecosystem,
of one hundred innovative
Dr. Mohapatra said. Dr. A.K. Singh, Chairman,
coconut growers across twelve
Coconut Development Board and Dr. Uron N. Salum,
major coconut growing tracts
Executive Director, Asia Pacific Coconut Community
are documented in this book.
were also present.
Their socio-personal profile,
Centenary Publications details of their coconut gardens,
extent of adoption of improved
During the centenary year, about 100 extension
farming practices, innovative farming practices
publications (extension folders/technical bulletins)
evolved by them, their insights on economics of
in English, Hindi and vernacular languages
coconut farming, marketing practices, efforts made
(Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese and
for disseminating improved coconut production
Bengali), a few commemorative publications (ICAR-
technologies among other farmers and linkages with
CPCRI: 100 years of scientific excellence”, “Harvesting
research, development and extension institutions are
wisdom of coconut growers”, and two souvenirs)
beautifully collated in this book.
and ten scientific books (scholarly volumes edited
by scientists from ICAR-CPCRI with contributions Soil Health Management in Plantation Crops
from a large pool of experts from within and outside (Eds. H.P. Maheswarappa and P. Chowdappa)
the organization) were also brought out during the The time has come to shift from a
year in arrangement with reputed publishers in mere nutrient management to a
India. These titles include ‘Diseases of Field and holistic soil health management
Horticultural Crops’, ‘Diseases, Pests and Disorders approach to unlock the stagnation
of Plantation Crops’, ‘Biotechnology of Plantation in enhancing the crop productivity.
Crops’, ‘Coconut’, ‘Planting Material Production To ensure the profitability of the
in Coconut’, ‘Impact of Climate Change on unit agricultural land, soil health
Plantation Crops’, ‘Organic Farming in Plantation management practices should be
Crops’, ‘Soil Health Management in Plantation practiced in a confined and closed
Crops’, ‘Mechanization in Plantation Crops’ and system within the farm unit, with high in situ resource
‘Compendium of Phytophthora Diseases’, released use efficiency. This book provides a glimpse of
during the scientific fora like ISOCRAD 3 and management options derived through intense research
PLACROSYM 22. Besides, two video films on ‘ICAR- efforts, for preserving soil health for the sustained crop
CPCRI in the service of farming community’ and productivity in plantation crops sector.
‘Integrated pest management in coconut’ were
produced in English and regional languages. Coconut
(Eds. P. Chowdappa, V. Niral, B.A. Jerard and
A review of some select books K. Samsudeen)
ICAR-CPCRI:100 years of scientific excellence The book, ‘Coconut’ provides an
(Eds. P. Chowdappa, John George, M.K. Rajesh and insight into this wonderful palm,
H. Muralikrishna) traces its origin and domestication,
describes the palm and its diversity,
This book endeavours to open a and presents the status of research
window to the fascinating world and technology development to
of plantation crops in India and facilitate scientific coconut cultivation
most pertinently ICAR-Central and social empowerment. The book
Plantation Crops Research is a treasure house of information for
Institute (CPCRI), the epicentre of all coconut enthusiasts.
plantation crops R&D, taking the
Biotechnology of Plantation Crops
reader along its 100 years journey
(Eds. P. Chowdappa, Anitha Karun, M.K. Rajesh
from the its inception as a coconut research station at
and S.V. Ramesh)
Kudlu in 1916, through its evolution, achievements,
the present day realities in the plantation crops sector This compendium of research achievements in
and a vision for the future. various fields of biotechnology in plantation crops is
184
Centenary Celebrations
a multi-authored book and authors in the climate change context, providing adaptation
have been hand-picked based on options and mitigation potential of plantation
their vast expertise in respective crops.
fields such as molecular markers,
Mechanization in Plantation Crops
genomics, transcriptomics, in
(Eds. A.C. Mathew, M.R. Manikantan and
vitro culture and genetic engineering
P. Chowdappa)
of plantation crops. This book has
been brought out to serve post- Plantation crops sector in India is
graduate students, researchers demanding mechanization in every
and academicians involved in biotechnology related pre-and post harvest unit operation
aspects of plantation crops, undoubtedly, a one-stop- in view of reduction in availability of
shop for acquainting with recent developments in the manpower, high wage levels and high
field of plantation crops biotechnology. levels of drudgery, all leading to an
increase in cost of production. This
Organic Farming in Plantation Crops
book discusses all the developments
(Eds. V. Krishnakumar and P. Chowdappa)
in mechanization of major activities
This book, written by experts in of land preparation, intercultural operations,
the field, is a valuable source of irrigation, harvesting and post-harvest processing
information to all those involved and value addition in major plantation and spice
in organic farming including crops.
scientists, development personnel,
Planting Material Production in Coconut
policy makers, NGOs and farmers,
(Eds. P. Chowdappa, K. Samsudeen, C. Thamban
with the hope of stimulating
and M.K. Rajesh)
and motivating more intensified
R & D efforts and favourable policy One of the important strategies for
initiatives to spread organic farming enhancing productivity in coconut is
of plantation crops at the grass roots level for the the development and cultivation of
production of safe food under healthy environmental improved varieties. However, a major
conditions. limitation is the non-availability
of quality planting materials for
Diseases, Pests and Disorders of
replanting and area expansion,
Plantation Crops
owing to a variety of reasons
(Ed. P. Chowdappa)
especially limited number of mother
This ready-to-use compendium palms, huge area required for raising seed gardens,
summarizes the biotic disorders, lack of skilled manpower and most importantly
insect pests, abiotic stress induced the absence of a mechanism to ensure the quality
disorders, and invasive and of planting materials in the distribution chain.
emerging threats for plantation crops This book provides comprehensive information
production. on all aspects of planting material production in
coconut, which will be useful to all stakeholders in
Impact of Climate Change on Plantation Crops
the sector.
(Eds. K.B. Hebbar, S. Naresh Kumar and
P. Chowdappa) Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops
(Ed. P. Chowdappa)
Plantation crops, being perennial
in growth pattern, are exposed to In keeping with the advancements
climatic stresses and experience in technology, this book is a
climate change in every stage of their comprehensive and up-to-date
life cycle. Hence, it is of paramount resource on the diseases of
importance to understand the important field and horticultural
impacts and developing adaptation crops, giving out information on
and mitigation strategies for causes, distribution, symptoms,
improving plantation productivity in epidemiology and integrated
changing climate scenario. This book summarizes strategies for disease control in 30
the status information on all major plantation crops crops.
185
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
186
Centenary Celebrations
clientele and put the message across them. All the Epilogue
events/programmes conducted in connection with In retrospect, for an organization at its 100-year
the centenary celebrations were widely covered and milestone, with 100 years of experience and excellence
the achievements greatly highlighted in the national/ behind it, it takes tremendous engagement and
vernacular dailies (225 instances across 18 dailies), commitment for positively impacting the lives of
with some of them bringing out exclusive supplements farmers in plantation crops sector, one of the most
commemorating the centenary of ICAR-CPCRI and fragile and vulnerable section of the present day Indian
coconut research in India. The visual media was also agriculture. Ever since its inception, ICAR-CPCRI has
equally appreciative of the efforts and they covered served the cause of science and society with distinction
the programmes under their regular news broadcasts through exemplary research, generation of appropriate
as well as airing special programmes commemorating technologies and reaching out to the farmers. In this
the event. centenary year, it had been our earnest endeavour to
Commemorative postage stamp place ICAR-CPCRI in the right perspective, for a better
understanding of its history and appreciation of its
The proposal for releasing a commemorative contributions to plantation crops. Undoubtedly, it has
postage stamp on 100 years of ICAR-CPCRI and been an eventful journey in rediscovering our legacy
coconut research in India has been approved by the of the past, a realistic assessment of the present and
Department of Posts and the special stamp is expected its achievements to be proud of, and cognizant of the
to be ceremoniously released on a convenient date limitless opportunities and responsibilities that the
later this year. future beckons us.
187
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
A
stated that cocoa production should be increased
n Interface Programme on ‘Coconut Farming’
to meet the increasing demands. To control the
was conducted at Kasaragod on 15th June
price volatility, more value added products should
2016 to evolve strategies for effectively
come out and appropriate regulation of price would
implementing the ‘Kera Suraksha Scheme’
aid cocoa farmers. He also highlighted the need for
for the development of coconut farming in Kasaragod
farmers to be trained on processing technologies to
District, Kerala. The scheme is a joint effort between
produce the good quality beans for getting premium
ICAR-CPCRI and Kasaragod District Panchayat. The
price. Shri Krishna Prasad, a progressive farmer, was
interface programme was inaugurated by Shri A.G.C.
felicitated during the inaugural function. He gave a
Basheer, President, Kasaragod District Panchayat.
talk on his experience on cocoa cultivation. He also
Dr. P. Chowdappa, Director, ICAR-CPCRI gave explained ways to obtain maximum profit from cocoa
the introductory remarks. Shri Arshad Vorkady, and arecanut cropping systems. Dr. P. Chowdappa,
Chairman, Kasaragod District Panchayat Standing Director, ICAR-CPCRI, presided over the function. In
Committee, Shri Pradeep, Principal Agricultural his presidential address, he stressed that cocoa is the
Officer, Kasaragod and Shri V. Venu, Deputy Director best companion crop with coconut and arecanut and
of Agriculture, offered felicitations.
188
Workshops, Seminars and Farmers Day
189
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
PARTICIPATION IN XIV.
SEMINARS/ SYMPOSIA/
CONFERENCES/ WORKSHOPS
190
Participation in Seminars
Dr. C. Thamban and Dr. Vinayaka Hegde, World Coconut Day Pollachi, Coimbatore,
Heads, Dr. Joseph Rajkumar, Principal celebrations & Interface 2nd September, 2016
Scientist and Dr. D. Jaganathan, Scientist programme on Crop
Management and Value
Addition in Coconut
191
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
192
Participation in Seminars
Dr. Prathibha. P.S., Dr. Prathibha. V.H., Fifth National Conference ICAR-NBAIR , Bengaluru,
Scientists on Biological Control 9th-11th February, 2017
193
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
194
Research Collaborations
XV. RESEARCH
COLLABORATIONS
International
APCC, Jakarta, Indonesia Cooperation between coconut growing countries in the Asia – Pacific region.
Bioversity International Coconut genetic resources, International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia
and socio-economic collaboration
Coconut Research Institute, Resistance breeding programme against coconut Weligama Wilt disease in
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
National
ICAR Institutes
Others
195
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
At present, there are 48 research projects, including 31 projects with funding provided by external agencies.
Details of the same are provided below:
Institute 4 3 3 4 3 17
Projects
NAIF/ 1 3 4 1 2 11
Network
DBT/DST 1 — 1 — 1 3
CDB/DASD/ 1 — 1 — 2 4
DCCD
KSCSTE 1 — — — — 1
Others 4 1 1 2 4 12
Total 12 7 10 7 12 48
Institute Projects
196
Research Projects
197
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
198
Research Projects
199
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
200
Research Projects
201
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
202
Intellectual Property and Technology Management
XVIII. INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY AND TECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
Patent granted
A patent on ‘Coconut testa removing machine’ was granted (Inventors: A.C. Mathew, K. Madhavan and
M.V. Krishnan, Patent No. 278013 dated 8th December 2016).
Consultancy services
A number of consultancy services and contract research projects were taken up as part of the professional
service functions of the Institute.
Nutrient analysis of neem cake, bone meal Malabar Agro Industries, KINFRA Small 2500
and organic manure Industries Park, Seethangoli, Kasaragod,
Kerala
203
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Technology commercialization
About 42 technologies were commercialized through non-exclusive licensing.
204
Intellectual Property and Technology Management
205
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
206
Personnel
XIX. PERSONNEL
Scientific
Kasaragod
207
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
KVK, Kasaragod
42. Dr. Manojkumar T.S. Principal Scientist & Programme Coodinator, KVK
Kidu
Mohitnagar
Kahikuchi
Kayamkulam
KVK, Kayamkulam
Vittal
208
Personnel
Technical
Kasaragod
209
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
KVK, Kasaragod
Kayamkulam
210
Personnel
KVK, Kayamkulam
147. Sri Rajeev M.S. Asst. Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Agronomy)
148. Dr. Ravi S. Asst. Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Animal husbandry)
149. Sri Sivakumar T. Asst.Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Agrl.Entomology)
150. Smt. Lekha G. Asst.Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Plant Pathology)
151. Smt. Jissy George Asst.Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Home Science)
152. Dr. Sajnanath Asst.Chief Technical Officer (SMS - Soil Science)
153. Smt. Arathy K. Balakrishnan Sr. Tech. Asst (Prog.Asst.) (Agril. Extn.)
154. Sri Ansary K.M. Technical Assistant (Computer)
155. Smt. Bijila P.V. Technical Assistant (Hort)
156. Sri Dayanandan Unnithan T. Technical Assistant (Vehicles)
Vittal
Kidu
Mohitnagar
Kahikuchi
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ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
RC, Minicoy
181. Mr. P. Ravindran Asst. Chief Technical Officer (Field/Farm)
182. Mr. Shareefuddeen Hassan Karangothi Technical Assistant (Field/Farm)
183. Mr. M.I. Arif Technician (Field/Farm)
Administrative
Kasaragod
Kayamkulam
212
Personnel
Vittal
Kidu
Mohitnagar
234. Sri Sushanta Roy Assistant
235. Sri Sathyabratha Moharana Lower Division Clerk
Kahikuchi
RC, Minicoy
240. Mr. T.N. Vidhyadharan Assistant
213
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
214
Personnel
215
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
DISTINGUISHED XX.
VISITORS
216
Distinguished Visitors
Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Union Minister 10th December 2016 ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod
of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Govt. of
India; Shri P. Karunakaran Hon’ble Member of
Parliament, Kasaragod; Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra,
Secretary DARE & Director General, ICAR,
New Delhi; Shri E. Chandrashekharan,
Hon’ble Minister of Revenue & Housing, Govt.
of Kerala; Shri N.A. Nellikunnu, Hon’ble MLA,
Kasaragod; Shri Anant Kumar Hegde, Hon’ble
Member of Parliament, Uttara Kannada
Shri P. V. Velayudan, Director, MSME-DI, Thrissur 31st January 2017 ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod
Dr. H.P. Singh, Former DDG (Horticultural 18th February 2017 ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod
Science), ICAR, New Delhi.
217
CPCRI annual report 2016-17
T
he innovative initiative ‘Mera Gaon Mera ICAR- CPCRI, Kasaragod and its regional stations and
Gaurav’ by Ministry of Agriculture and research centres have implemented the ‘Mera Gaon
Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India, has been Mera Gaurav’ initiative in collaboration with other
planned to promote the direct interface of stakeholders viz., Department of Agriculture, Krishi
agricultural scientists with the farmers to hasten Vigyan Kendra, grama panchayat, input dealers,
the lab to land process. The objective of this scheme progressive farmers, SHGs etc. During 2016-17,
is to provide farmers with required information, training programmes, demonstrations on improved
knowledge and advisories on regular basis by practices, farm advisory visits, mobile advisory services
adopting villages. With this background, ICAR- etc., were organized in the selected villages for the
CPCRI, Kasaragod and its regional stations and benefit of farming community. A total of 64 scientists
research centres have implemented the initiative as adopted 71 villages for the overall development of the
per the guidelines. villages as given below:
Kayamkulam 13 3 16 C. T. Jose
Mohitnagar 2 1 3 A. K. Sit
Kidu 1 1 1 Y. Diwakar
Total 64 17 71
Nos. No. of Nos. No. of Nos. No. of Nos. No. of Nos. No. of Nos. No. of
farmers farmers farmers farmers farmers farmers
Total 348 5872 218 9309 109 2996 43 3358 188 4465 95 9809
218
Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav
Training on arecanut based cropping system at Nirchal Training on pest and disease management at Badiadka
Demonstration on soil and water conservation at Periya Interface programme on soil health management
219
CPCRI annual report 2016-17
220
Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav
221
CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Field visit at South Matali, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal Farm advisory visit at Pradhanpara, Jalpaiguri,
West Bengal
222
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
C
leaning drive was taken up at activities (16th–31st October, 2016) were launched
Headquarters, Regional Stations & at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, its Regional Stations at
Research Centres on every Fridays with Kayamkulam, Kerala and Vittal, Karnataka as well
the participation of all the staff. Public as Research Centres at Kahikuchi (Assam), Kidu
places adjoining ICAR-CPCRI campuses were kept (Karnataka), Minicoy (U,T. of Lakshadweep) and
clean by these activities. Continuation of the group Mohitnagar (West Bengal) on 17th October, 2016.
activities of farm waste management through Launching was with Swachhta Shapath plegde,
vegetable cultivation was done at Regional Station, Dr. P. Chowdappa, administered the pledge at
Kayamkulam. Kasaragod, Dr. V. Krishnakumar at Kayamkulam,
Swachhta Pakhwada Dr. K.S. Ananda at Vittal and respective Scientists
In-Charge and Officer In-Charge have administered
Swachh Bharat Fortnight was observed in the Swachhta Pledge in their respective stations.
Institute including headquarters, two Regional
Stations as well as four Research Centres during Cleaning activities, carried out as per the ICAR
16th-31st May, 2016. Special cleaning drive along prescribed parameters for a clean and green
with oath taking by the staff was organized environment and eco-friendly and sustainable
on 19th May, 2016. The Swachhta Pakhwada farming, are given below:
ICAR-CPCRI staff taking Swachh Bharat pledge Staff carrying out cleanliness activity around
and taking part in cleaning activities at Kasaragod technology building at Kasaragod
223
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Staff carrying out cleanliness activity around coconut seed storage building at Kasaragod
224
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Treatment of Bio-Degradable/ Non Bio-Degradable materials into good quality organic manure for
Wastes application in the field. Biogas plant has been
installed in the Dairy Unit for treatment of waste for
An awareness programme and a Staff Meeting was
production of biogas and slurry from the bio gas plant
conducted at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod on 31st October,
is used for fodder grass cultivation. Bio-degradable
2016 under the chairmanship of Dr. P. Chowdappa,
wastes were used for composting in pits and non bio-
Director. Shri Kabeer B. Haroon, Managing Director,
degradable wastes collected at Research Centre, Kidu
Clean Kerala Company was the chief guest. The Clean
which were sorted, burnt and buried depending upon
Kerala Company have joined hands with ICAR-CPCRI
the nature of the wastes. The bio degradable waste
for solid waste management, especially for conversion
material collected at Research Centre, Mohitnagar
of non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics.
were used for mulching the plants and also deposited
Vermicomposting is being promoted at Regional in the compost pit. Non-biodegradable waste like
Station, Kayamkulam for effective recycling of plastic, bottle, glass handed over to the District
biomass from coconut palms and other waste Administration, Jalpaiguri for recycling.
225
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
T
‘Empowerment through self-defense for women
he International Women’s Day was
and girls’ by Mr. Lakshmikant K., Indian Academy
celebrated at the Institute on the 8th
of Martial Arts, Mangalore. A food exhibition was
March 2017 with the active participation
also arranged concurrently by the members of the
of all staff members. Dr. P. Chowdappa,
Women’s Cell, including KVK beneficiaries.
Director, ICAR-CPCRI, presided over the function.
Dr. V. Selvamani, member, Women’s Cell, welcomed The International Womens’ Day was observed
the gathering. Mrs. P.P. Maniamma, an advocate for creation of awareness and empowerment of
from Kasaragod, was the chief guest and delivered a women cell/ ladies club members of ICAR-CPCRI,
talk on the general issues faced by working women in RS, Vittal. A team of 25 members visited Central
the society. Mrs. Sulochana Nair, Convener, Women’s Coffee Research Institute (CCRI), Balehonnur on
Cell, proposed the vote of thanks. 08th March, 2017.
226
Events of National Importance
Dr. V. Krishnakumar planting a sapling at Kalavoor A view of the yoga performance as a part of
School, Alappuzha, Kerala International Yoga Day at Kasaragod
227
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
Kasaragod was held at the end of the programme to celebrated in the Regional Stations at Kayamkulam
create awareness and importance of yoga. and Vittal and Research Centre’s at Kahikuchi, Kidu,
Minicoy and Mohitnagar.
International Yoga Day 2016 was observed at
ICAR-CPCRI, RS, Kayamkulam on 21th June, 2016 World Coconut Day
with a thought provoking lecture on the basics of
World Coconut Day celebrations was organized
yoga science followed by practical demonstration
in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu on 2nd September, 2016.
of yogasanas. In his presidential address,
Hon’ble Member of Parliament, Shri Mahendran
Dr. V. Krishnakumar, ICAR-CPCRI, RS, Kayamkulam
inaugurated the programme and assured the
called upon the staff members to make yoga an
coconut farmers that their problems will be
integral part of life to tide over all lifestyle diseases. He
addressed at the national level. The meeting was
urged to embrace yoga for leading a hale and healthy
organized by Coimbatore Coconut Producers
life and ushering universal peace. He emphasized
Company and Vinayaka Coconut Producers
yoga as the gift to the world by India, symbolizing the
Company, Pollachi in collaboration with ICAR-
union of body and consciousness. Dr. E.M.G. Nair,
CPCRI, Kasaragod. Dr. C. Thamban and
Founder and Chief Acharya, Pathanjali Pranayoga
Dr. Vinayaka Hegde, ICAR-CPCRI, in their
Vidyapeedom, Kottayam, inaugurated the session. In
addresses, highlighted the need for upliftment of
his inaugural address, he pointed out the importance
coconut sector through price stability, organic
of yoga for basic well-being of mankind. He expressed
recycling of residues, cropping system approach
his views regarding the science of coordinated
and value addition techniques. Though production
hormonal regulation in humans that was achieved
has attained a plateau in the region, product
through routine practice of yoga. This was followed
diversification is still in infancy. Dr. A. Joseph
by demonstration of yogasanas.
Rajkumar, ICAR-CPCRI, highlighted the strategies
for root (wilt) disease management through
cultivation of tolerant varieties and nutritional
management. Dr. Ramasamy, Vice-Chancellor,
TNAU, offered his views on traditional approaches in
coconut farming and water conservation strategies.
Several dignitaries emphasized on the potential
of coconut for livelihood sustainability. The
meeting culminated with a debate on usefulness of
coconut for the survival of mankind. An exhibition
showcasing key ICAR-CPCRI technologies on value
addition was organized concurrently for the benefit
of participating farmers. The meeting was attended
by over 1200 farmers.
International Yoga Day celebration at Vittal
228
Events of National Importance
229
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232
Budget
XXVI. BUDGET
The Budget and Expenditure under Non-Plan and Plan for the financial year 2016-17.
(Figures in lakh `)
Budget Head Non-Plan Plan
Budget Expenditure Budget Expenditure
Revenue
Estt. Charges 2454.51 2448.16 - -
OTA 0.10 0.04 - -
Pension 1973.46 1962.15 - -
TA 17.00 16.46 25.00 24.90
Research & Operational expenses 298.00 298.00 161.09 161.09
Works Repair & Maintenance
Office Buildings 60.00 34.55 - -
Residential Buildings 44.50 32.38 - -
Minor Work 60.00 49.86 - -
Other Administrative Charges 431.00 478.48 - -
Miscellaneous Expenses (including HRD) 33.43 33.41 - -
Tribal Sub Plan - General - - - -
Capital
Equipments 15.00 13.85 11.92 11.93
Information Technology 1.04 0.45 0.44
Library 16.23 16.21
Furniture & Fixtures 10.00 9.95 13.40 13.40
Livestock 1.00 0.99
Works - - 94.91 94.91
Minor Work - - - -
Tribal Sub Plan - Capital - - - -
TOTAL 5398.00 5379.31 323.00 322.88
Budget Expenditure
Loans & Advances 22.00 10.39
Other Projects Opening Balance Receipts Expenditure Refund
Other Plan Schemes 10.61 490.43 430.82 64.25
Deposit Schemes (Externally funded) 170.26 225.82 196.09 50.72
KVK, Kasaragod & Alappuzha 0.06 257.42 257.48 0
Revenue receipts
Head Target Achievement
Income from sales/services 679.88 234.32
Fee/Subscription 6.10 10.95
Income from Royalty, Publication etc. 0.10 0.07
Other Income - 209.45
STD Interest - 52.18
Recoveries on Loans & Advances - 25.62
TOTAL 686.08 532.59
233
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
WEATHER XXVII.
ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod
234
Weather
235
ICAR-CPCRI annual report 2016-17
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