AIR TRANSPORT:

*Air Transport is one of the major modes of travel in which travelers are chartered from one tourist
destination to another.
*Without this industry, other tourism industries, like car rentals, hotels and resorts, food
establishments, and tourist spots, will be at a standstill.
*The shortened travel period provided by air transport allows tourists to have more time for their
activities.
*Today, people are availing of this mode of transport because of low fare costs and promos.

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW:

Air Transport is one of the fastest modes of travel. According to the Air Transport Group (ATAG), the
industry is classified into two sectors:

1. Civil Aviation Sector – comprised of airports, airlines, air navigation service providers, and
activities that directly serve passengers or provide airfreight services.
2. Civil Aerospace Sector – comprises the manufacture and maintenance of aircraft systems,
frames, and engines, as well as aviation-specific ground equipment.

These two sectors generate employment to people around the world.

United States’ Classification of Airlines:

1. Majors – these are airline companies that generate annual revenues of $1 billion or more.
Typically, they offer both national and international flights.
2. National Airlines – these airlines have annual revenues between $100 million and $1 billion.
They offer regional, national, and international flights as well.
3. Regional Airlines – these are companies that have annual revenues of less than $100 million.
These airlines focus mostly on short-haul flights.
*Regional Airlines are further subdivided into small, medium, and large airlines.
Small airlines have no revenue limit and most of their airplanes have a below 61 seating
capacity.
Medium airlines are those that generate annual revenue of $20 million.
Large airlines have annual revenue of $20 million to $100 million.

AIRPORTS:

The American Heritage Dictionary defines airport as a tract of land where aircraft can take off and land.
An airport is usually equipped with hard-surfaced landing strips, a control tower, hangars, aircraft
maintenance and refueling facilities, and accommodations for passenger and cargo.

Philippine Setting:

The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) classifies airports in the country. The following is
the classification by the CAAP:

1. International Airports – capable of handling international flights.

2. Principal or Domestic Airports – should offer domestic flights. They are further classified into
Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 airports serve jet aircrafts that seat at least 100 passengers, while
Class 2 serves propeller aircrafts with at least a seating capacity of 19.
3. Community Airports – usually used for general aviation.
Table 1.0 International Airports in the Philippines:

1. NAIA 6. Puerto Princesa

2. Mactan 7. Kalibo
3. Clark 8. Zamboanga
4. Subic 9. Davao
5. Laoag 10. Tambler (General Santos)

Table 2.0 Principal Class 1 Airports in the Philippines:

1. Bacolod 9. Naga
2. Butuan 10. Pagadian
3. Cagayan De Oro 11. Roxas
4. Cotabato 12. San Jose
5. Dipolog 13. Tacloban
6. Dumaguete 14. Tagbilaran
7. Iloilo 15. Tuguegarao
8. Legaspi

Table 3.0 Principal Class 2 Airports in the Philippines:

1. Antique 11. Marinduque

2. Baguio 12. Masbate
3. Basco 13. Ormoc
4. Busuanga 14. Romblon
5. Calbayog 15. Sanga-sanga
6. Catarman 16. Siargao
7. Caticlan 17. Surigao
8. Camiguin 18. Tandag
9. Cuyo 19. Virac
10. Jolo

Table 4.0 Community Airports in the Philippines:

1. Alabat 21. Jomalig

2. Allah Valley 22. Lingayen
3. Bagabag 23. Liloy
4. Baler 24. Lubang
5. Bantayan 25. Maasin
6. Biliran 26. Malabang
7. Bislig 27. Mamburao
8. Borongan 28. Mati
9. Bulan 29. Ozamis
10. Calapan 30. Palanan
11. Cagayan de Sulu 31. Pinamalayan
12. Catbalogan 32. Plaridel
13. Cauayan 33. Rosales
14. Daet 34. San Fernando
15. Guiuan 35. Siocon
16. Hilongos 36. Siquijor
17. Iba 37. Sorsogon
18. Iligan 38. Ubay
19. Itbayat 39. Vigan
 20. Ipil 40. Wasig
41. Wao

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES:

The airline industry is structured in the following manner:

Line Personnel – comprising the majority of airline personnel, line personnel are directly involved in the
production and selling of airline services.
The engineering and maintenance group, flight operations, and sales and marketing team usually
compose this group.

*Operations – the people in this area are generally responsible for airline operations in terms of safety
and efficiency. Some of their functions include airline and flight crew scheduling and training.

*Engineering and Maintenance – the maintenance personnel is responsible for assuring the safety and
air worthiness of the aircraft.

*Sales and Marketing Personnel – their main responsibility is to set fares, and strategically market and
oversee the promotions of the airline. They are also in charge of customer service, cargo sales,
reservations, and food service.

Flight Crew

*Captain Pilot – leads the whole team in the flight. His major responsibility is making major command
decisions, leading the crew team and managing emergencies for the safety and security of airline
passengers.

*First Officer – the second in command and also provides a second opinion on piloting decisions,
keeping pilot error to a minimum.

Table 5.0 Other Positions in the Airline Industry:

In-flight Security (not all airlines) Avionics Technicians

Reservation Clerks Flight Dispatchers
Airport Check-In Baggage Handlers
Gate Personnel Rampers
Airline Security Gate Agents
Aerospace Engineers Ticket Agents
Avionics Engineers Passenger Service Agents
Airframe and Power Plan Technicians Reservation Agents
Electric System Technicians

IATA:

 The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a trade association of the world’s airlines.
These 250 airlines, primarily major carriers, carry approximately 84% of total Available Seat
Kilometers air traffic.
 IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policies and standards. It is
headquartered in Montreal, Canada with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland.
 IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic
Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands.
 At its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. Much of IATA’s early work was
technical and it provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization
 (ICAO), which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention, the international treaty
that still governs the conduct of international air transport today.

ICAO:

 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), is a specialized agency of the United
Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters for
the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth.
 Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada.
 The ICAO council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its
infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-
crossing procedures for international civil aviation.
 ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities
in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention).
 ICAO is distinct from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association
representing 250 of the world’s airlines, also headquartered in Montreal, or with the Civil Air
Navigation Services Organization (CANSO), an organization for Air Navigation Service Providers
(ANSPs) with its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands. These are
trade associations representing specific aviation interests, whereas ICAO is a body of the United
Nations.

PHILIPPINE PASSPORT:

- Is a travel document and is a Primary National ID issued to citizens of the Philippines. It is issued
by the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) and Philippine diplomatic missions abroad, with
certain exceptions.
- Besides facilitating international travel and conferring diplomatic assistance to Filipinos
overseas, a passport is considered a primary form of identification in the Philippines particularly
because there is no national identity card system in the country.

TYPES OF PASSPORTS:

- There are three types of Philippine passports issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs. These
are currently designated by the colors maroon (regular), red (official), and dark blue
(diplomatic).

1. Regular (maroon) – a regular passport is issued to any citizen of the Philippines applying for a
Philippine passport. It is the most common type of passport issued and is used for all travel of
Philippine citizens and non-official travel by Philippine government officials.
2. Official (red) – an official passport is issued to members of the Philippine government for use on
official business, as well as employees of Philippine diplomatic posts abroad who are not
members of the diplomatic service. It is the second of two passports issued to the President and
the Presidential family. As such, this passport does not extend the privilege of diplomatic
immunity. Government officials are prohibited from using official passports for non-official
business, and as such also have regular passports.
3. Diplomatic (dark blue) – a diplomatic passport is issued to members of the Philippine diplomatic
service, members of the Cabinet, service attaches of other government agencies assigned to the
Philippine diplomatic posts abroad and Philippine delegates to international and regional
organizations. It is the first of two passports issued to the President of the Philippines and the
Presidential family. This passport has a dark blue cover and extends the privilege of diplomatic
immunity to the bearer.
LANGUAGES:

- Philippine passports are bilingual, with both issued text and information data in Filipino followed
by English translations.

THE DATA PAGE OF THE PASSPORTS CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

- Passport type (P)

- Country Code (PHL)
- Passport number
- Names (A bearer’s last name goes first, followed by the first name/s and middle name)
- Nationality (Filipino)
- Date of birth (written in DDD-MM-YYYY date format with months abbreviated)
- Sex (M or F)
- Date of expiry (a Philippine passport is valid for five years from the date of issue)
- Issuing authority (valid issuing authorities for Philippine passports include the main office of the
DFA in Manila, branch offices located in certain cities around the Philippines, and Philippine
embassies and consulates.
- Signature of bearer (for biometric passports)

PASSPORT NOTE:

- The passport contains a note from the issuing state that is addressed to the authorities of all
other states, identifying the bearer as a citizen of that state and requesting that he or she be
allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms. The note is first written in
Filipino followed by the English translation:

In Filipino:

“Ang Pamahalaan ng Republika ng Pilipinas ay humihiling sa lahat na kinauukulan na pahintulutan ang

pinagkalooban nito, isang mamamayan ng Pilipinas, na makaraan nang malaya at walang sagabal, at
kung kailangan, ay pag-ukulan siya ng lahat ng tulong at proteksyon ayon sa batas.”

In English:

“The Government of the Republic of the Philippines requests all concerned authorities to permit the
bearer, a citizen of the Philippines, to pass safely and freely and in case of need to give him/her all lawful
aid and protection.”

 A Philippine passport is invalid if the passport is not signed.

 The new biometric Philippine passport costs 950 pesos (approximately $21) in the Philippines or
$60 abroad.
 Overtime processing for new passports costs an additional 250 pesos.
 Lost or stolen passports may be replaced for 700 pesos (approximately $15) in the Philippines,
and $90 abroad.
VISA:

- Is from the Latin word “charta visa” meaning “paper which has been seen”.
- It is a conditional authorization granted by a country (typically to a foreigner) to enter and
temporarily remain within, or to leave that country.
- Visas typically include limits on the duration of the foreigner’s stay, territory within the country
they may enter, the dates they may enter, or the number of permitted visits.
- A visa is commonly a stamp endorsed in the applicant’s passport or other travel document.

TYPES OF VISAS INCLUDE:

(BY PURPOSE)

1. Transit Visas – for passing through the country of issue to a destination outside that country.
Validity of transit visas are usually limited by short terms such as several hours to ten days
depending on the size of the country and/or the circumstances of a particular transit itinerary.
 Airside transit visa – required by some countries for passing through their airports even without
going through passport control.
 Crew member, steward or driver visa – issued to persons employed or trained on aircraft,
vessels, trains, trucks, buses and any other means of international transportation, or ships
fishing in international waters.
2. Short-stay or visitor visas – for short visits to the visited country. Many countries differentiate
between different reasons for these visits, such as:
 Private visa – for private visits by invitation from residents of the visited country.
 Tourist visa – for a limited period of leisure travel, no business activities allowed.
 Visa for medical reasons – for undertaking diagnostics or a course of treatment in the visited
country’s hospitals.
 Business visa – for engaging in commerce in the country. These visas generally preclude
permanent employment, for which a work visa would be required.
 Working holiday visa – for individuals traveling between nations offering a working holiday
program, allowing young people to undertake temporary work while traveling.
 Athletic or artistic visa – issued to athletes and performing artists (and their supporting staff)
performing at competitions, concerts, shows and other events.
- Cultural exchange visa – usually issued to athletes and performing artists participating in a
cultural exchange program.
 Refugee visa – issued to persons fleeing the dangers of persecution, a war or a natural disaster.
3. Long-stay visas – visas valid for longer but still finite stays:
 Student visa – allows its holder to study at an institution of higher learning in the issuing
country.
 Temporary worker visa – for approved employment in the host country.
- Journalist visa – some countries require of people in that occupation when traveling for their
respective news organization.
 Residence visa – granted to people obtaining long-term residence in the host country.
 Asylum visa – issued to people who have suffered or reasonably fear persecution in their own
country due to their political activities or opinion, or features, or association with a social group;
or were exiled from their own country.
4. Immigrant visas – granted for those intending to immigrate to the issuing country (obtain the
status of a permanent resident with a prospect of possible naturalization in the future.)
 Spouse visa or partner visa – granted to the spouse, civil partner of de facto partner of a
resident or citizen of a given country to enable the couple to settle in that country.
 Marriage visa – granted for a limited period before intended marriage or civil partnership based
on a proven relationship with a citizen of the destination country.
  Pensioner visa – also known as retiree visa or retirement visa. Issued by a limited number of
countries (Australia, Argentina, Thailand, Panama)
5. Official visas – are granted to officials doing jobs for their government or otherwise representing
their countries in the host country, such as the personnel of diplomatic missions.
 Diplomatic visas – are normally only available to bearers of diplomatic passports.
 Courtesy visas – are issued to representatives of foreign governments or international
organizations who do not qualify for diplomatic status but do merit expedited, courteous
treatment.

(BY METHOD OF ISSUE)

- Normally visa applications are made at and collected from a consulate, embassy or other
diplomatic mission.
- Visas can also be single-entry which means the visa is canceled as soon as the holder leaves the
country;
- Double-entry or multiple-entry which permits double or multiple entries into the country with
the same visa.
- Countries may also issue re-entry permits that allow temporarily leaving the country without
invalidating the visa.
- Once issued, a visa will typically have to be used within a certain period of time.

VISA REFUSAL:

- In general, an applicant may be refused a visa if he or she does not meet the requirements for
admission or entry under that country’s immigration laws. More specifically, a visa may be
denied or refused when the applicant:
 Has committed fraud, deception or misrepresentation in his or her current application as well as
in a previous application.
 Has obtained a criminal record, has been arrested, or has criminal charges pending.
 Is considered to be a threat to national security.
 Does not have a good moral character.
 Has previous visa/immigration violations (even if the violations didn’t happen in the country the
applicant is seeking visa for)
 Had their previous visa application(s) or application for immigration benefits refused and cannot
prove that the reasons for the previous refusals no longer exist or are not applicable anymore
(even if the refusals didn’t previously happen in the country the applicant is seeking visa for)
 Cannot prove to have strong ties to their current country of nationality and/or residence (for
those who are applying for temporary or non-immigrant visas)
 Intends to reside or work permanently in the country she/he will visit if not applying for an
immigrant or work visa respectively.
 Fails to demonstrate intent to return (for non-immigrants)
 Fails to provide sufficient evidence/documents to prove eligibility for the visa sought after
 Does not have a legitimate reason for the journey.
 Has no visible means of sustenance.
 Does not have travel arrangements in the destination country.
 Does not have health/travel insurance valid for the destination and duration of stay.
 Is applying on excessively short notice without an exceptionally justifiable reason.
 Is a citizen of a country to which the destination country is hostile.
 Has previously visited, or intends to visit, a country to which the destination country is hostile.
 Has a communicable disease, such as tuberculosis.
 Has a passport that expires too soon.
 Didn’t use a previously issued visa at all without a valid reason.