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LEOBRERA
LECTURE 5
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Crushing
Critical Load
(n=1)
Critical
Buckling Stress
Remarks:
1. Every column has an x-axis and y-axis, each with its own I, r, and L. Every
column will buckle about the axis with the highest L/r ratio.
3. If the Euler buckling stress exceeds the material yield stress (Fy), it is not
applicable. In other words, the maximum compressive stress should
not be greater than Fy (Fcr <= Fy).
Slenderness vs.
Stress Plot
Euler’s Hyperbola
Material:
1. There are the same stress-strain properties throughout the section.
2. No Initial stresses exist such as those due to cooling after rolling and those due to welding.
Buckling:
6. Small deflection theory of ordinary bending and shear may be neglected.
7. Twisting or distortion of the cross section does not occur during bending.
Engesser’s modification of
Euler’s theory, 1889
No Strain Reversal
25
Double Modulus Theory ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
dC > dT (actual), Double Modulus Theory did not accept this but rather only considered
equilibrium positions.
Therefore, the tangent modulus load may be treated as the critical load, i.e. the load at
which bending begins.
Euler Elastic Theory is derived with the assumption that the whole cross section experiences uniform compressive
stress and buckles elastically.
Basic Tangent Modulus Theory (Inelastic Buckling) is the modification of the Euler Elastic Theory to account for
the non-uniformity of actual compressive stress i.e., intermediate columns don’t buckle elastically as Euler’s
derivation. This theory assumes that the cross section is undergoing full compression only i.e., no strain reversal
(which is not an inelastic column’s true behavior)
Double Modulus Theory (Inelastic Buckling) is the modification of the Basic Tangent Modulus Theory, it
considered that some of the fibers in the cross section experiences loading (Compression) and unloading (Tension),
i.e., strain reversal. This theory assumes total compressive stress = total tensile stress (thus, considered only
equilibrium positions, which is still not an inelastic column’s true behavior)
Shanley Concept of Inelastic Buckling, is considered the true column behavior, the cross section experiences
greater total compressive stress than total tensile stress. This theory also proposes that the Tangent Modulus Load
may be treated as the critical load, i.e., the load at which bending begins, i.e., a bifurcation of a state from
perfectly straight to a sudden buckling (deformation) mode.
The load in which a compression member starts to buckle is the Critical Buckling Load:
Intermediate Length columns , the equation follows the tangent modulus theory, the
load at which bending begins
In Short columns yielding of the entire cross section occurs before buckling (Pn = Ag*Fy)
In Long columns (large slenderness ratio) buckling occurs prior to yielding and tend
to buckle “elastically”, thus following Euler’s Elastic Theory.
no initial stresses
Inelastic material effects occur whenever axial stress in any portion of the cross section
exceeds the first yield (Fy) of the material.
In other words, parts of the cross section reached Fy. (Recall maximum stress to be
reached due to axial loads is Fy).
After some parts of the cross section reached Fy, E is reduced for every corresponding
strain brought by increase in load (P), this modulus (Et) would be the tangent modulus of
s-e curve after Fp.
A992 Column
2. Inelastic Buckling:
Some yielding/loss of stiffness of cross section fibers prior to buckling
Fe > Fy-Fres(max)
Fc - predicts buckling (INELASTIC BUCKLING)
(Transition Region)
With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at P/A + residual stress = Fy
(Gradual yielding of entire cross section)
= Yielded
Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.
Steel
If an idealized elastic-plastic curve is used (dotted, i.e. max allowable stress is Fy):
56
Case B Buckling about Strong Axis (Example)
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
57
Structural Stability Research
Council (SSRC) Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Parabolic Equation Basis for ASD (1960-2004)
inelastic
elastic 58
Structural Stability Research
Council (SSRC) Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Parabolic Equation Basis for ASD (1960-2004)
59
Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC)
Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Basis for AISC LRFD and ASD (2005)
inelastic
elastic
(We will treat this as a requirement)
Comparison of AISC Equations for Fcr for columns with data from physical tests
(side-sway inhibited)
(side-sway uninhibited)
Table C-A-7.1 provides approximate values for the effective length factor
based on idealized boundary conditions. Alignment charts evaluate the
rigidity of the joints at each end of a column segment. Column segments
are defined by rigid connections with beams.
𝐸𝑡 𝐹𝑐𝑟, inelastic
𝜏𝑏 = =
𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝑟, elastic
σ 𝐸𝑡 𝐼/𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝜏𝑏
σ 𝐸𝐼/𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
• Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A. (2009). Steel Structures
Design and Behavior, Prentice Hall, 5th edition.