CHAPTER 6

GLOBAL DIVIDE: THE GLOBAL NORTH AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH

III. Colonialism, Modernity, and the Creation of Global Inequality

Global South

 A metaphor for interstate inequality, fluid and evolving

 A product of western imagination
Historical Examples:

 Spanish Conquest of the Latin America

 George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (explicit racism against the
Africans)
 Immanuel Kant racist view of the non-Europeans
 French ‘Mission Civilisatrice’ – civilization comes from colonization.
 Benevolent Assimilation – colonialism with a smile
*the last two examples are expressed in paternalistic terms
International Order

 Prominent European international lawyers created the Institute of

International Law on year 1873
 Barbaric races are outside the ambit if the law
United Nations
 Signaled the Western power’s abolishment of racialist discourse
Walt Rostow

 Proposed the modernization theory which outlined the historical progress

in terms of a society’s capacity to produce and consume material goods.
He said that US should promote its special way of living.
Arturo Escobar
 “…development has to be seen not only in terms of social economic
impact but also in relation to the cultural meaning and practices they
modify.”
Samuel Huntington

 Proposed the much-debated theory of world politics which claimed that

‘Clash of Civilization’ is the main source of conflict in the post-cold war
world.
Francis Fukuyama

 Proposed the much-criticized theory about the ‘End of the World’

manifesting in the complete triumph of the Western Capitalism and
liberalism turns the West into the telos of political organization which all
must aspire to.
Thomas Friedman

 Global progress as a binary between embracing free trade and being left
behind by the pace of international economic and technological
developments.
 Wrote the Lexus and the Olive Tree
Manfred Steger

 Globalism is a determinist ideology about global progress

 Global economic interaction is not just simply inevitable due to
technological advancement, it is more importantly a normative
international goal.
 Globalism may, indeed, be a historically specific ideology. It borrows from
notions of linear progress and development that originated in colonial
discourse.
*The global south is now defining itself against globalism.

“There would have been no civilization had there been no barbarians, no

development without underdevelopment, no globalism without parochial
localism, no lexus without the olive tree.”

IV. Challenging the Colonial Order

The solidarities among colonized states serve as the foundation of contemporary

conceptions about the Global South.
Benedict Anderson
  He exclaimed that the resistance of the Latin America and the Philippines
against the Spanish ruling benefitted from the increased interaction of
political dissidents and the spread of anarchist movement and anti-
colonial ideas. This has been a large project of the Political Left.
Socialist Internationalism

 Slow to take up the cause and did not prioritize the struggles of their
people. It would take a more radical and militant reinterpretation to
recognize these struggles.
Socialism – response to inhumane treatment of the capitalists
 North Korea
 Vietnam
 China
 Cuba
Communist International

 Comintern
 Founded by Vladimir Lenin after Bolshevik Revolution (one of the two
major revolutions in Russia)
Two Groups in Menshevik Revolution

 Bolshevik – majority/many
 Menshevik – few
 In 1919, there is only one party in USSR known as Bolshevik Party or
Communist Party
 According to Karl Marx, Communism is the highest stage that a society
can evolve to achieve.
 In 1919, there is only one party in USSR known as Bolshevik Party or
Communist Party
Lenin’s International

 Founded in 1920, it was more inclusive of colonized people. The USSR also
gained allies in Central and in East Asia.
End of Second World War

 Highpoint of decolonization (over 80 ex-colonies have gained

independence) and it was through the creation of the UN
United Nations

 Important happenings and its corresponding dates

I. Paris Peace Conference – January 18, 1919
II. Treaty of Versailles – June 28, 1919
III. Founded the League of Nations – January 10, 1920
IV. Renamed as the United Nations – year 1944 (1945 in other sources)
Cold War

 Symbolized by Berlin Wall I Germany and the Iron Curtain

 War of ideologies
Third World

 Impoverished, non-aligned countries during the cold war

 Now known as the developing (and underdeveloped) countries