Name: ________________________________________________ Course & Year: ________________

ECE Correlation 2 Date: ____________________

Fiber Optic Communication
1. Compared to the core, the index of refraction of the cladding must be:
a. the same b. greater c. less d. doesn’t have an index of refraction
2. Fiber-optic cables do not:
a. carry current b. cause crosstalk c. generate EMI d. all of the above
3. Single-mode fiber is made from:
a. glass b. plastic c. both a and b d. none of the above
4. Fiber-optic cable cannot be used:
a. in an explosive environment b. to connect a transmitter to an antenna
c. to isolate a medical patient from a shock hazard d. none of the above
5. A single-mode cable does not suffer from:
a. modal dispersion b. chromatic dispersion c. waveguide dispersion d. all of the above
6. Scattering causes:
a. loss b. dispersion c. inter symbol interference d. all of the above
7. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to the glass is about:
a. 40 dB per km b. 4 db per km c. 0.4 dB per km d. zero loss
8. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a splice is about:
a. 0.02 dB b. 0.2 dB c. 1 dB d. 3 dB
9. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a connector is about:
a. 0.02 dB b. 0.2 dB c. 1 dB d. 3 dB
10. Which of the following is a type of fiber connector:
a. ST b. SC c. SMA d. all of the above
11. The quantum of light is called:
a. an erg b. an e-v c. a photon d. a phonon
12. LASER stands for:
a. Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation
b. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
c. Light Amplification by Simulated Emitted Rays
d. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emitted Rays
13. APD stands for:
a. Avalanche Photodiode b. Advanced Photodiode
c. Avalanche Photo Detector d. Advanced Photo Detector
14. In a PIN diode, leakage current in the absence of light is called:
a. baseline current b. zero-point current
c. dark current d. E-H current
15. For a light detector, responsivity is measured in:
a. amps per watt b. µW per amp
c. mA per joule d. µsec per µW
16. FDDI stands for:
a. Fiber Digital Data Interface b. Fiber Distributed Data Interface
c. Fiber Distribution Delay Interface d. Frequency-Division Data Interface
17. FITL stands for:
a. Fiber In The Loop b. Fiber Input Timing Loss
c. Frequency Input to The Loop d. Fiber Input Timing Loop
18. FTTC stands for:
a. Fiber Transmission Timing Constraint b. Fiber Transmission Technology Committee
c. Fiber Telephone Transmission Cable d. Fiber To The Curb
19. SONET stands for:
a. Simple Optical Network b. Standard Optical Network
c. Synchronous Optical Network d. none of the above
20. DWDM stands for:
a. Digital Wavelength-Division Modulation b. Dense Wavelength-Division Modulation
c. Double Wavelength-Division Modulation d. Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
21. A Soliton is a:
a. defect in the glass b. type of particle c. type of pulse d. type of optical network
22. Adding bits to synchronize one digital signal to another is called:
a. bit stuffing b. bit-synch c. SDH d. WDM
23. Power above the minimum required by an optical receiver is called:
a. gain margin b. system margin c. excess gain d. overdrive
24. Typically, repeaters are not required for fiber-optic cable lengths up to:
a. 1000 miles b. 100 miles c. 100 km d. 10 km
25. In SONET, OC-1 stands for:
a. Optical Carrier level one b. Optical Coupler unidirectional
c. Optical Channel one d. Optical Cable type 1
26. In SONET, STS stands for:
a. Synchronous Transport Signal b. Synchronous Transport System
c. Synchronous Transmission Signal d. Synchronous Transmission System
27. A commonly used fiber-based system for LANs is:
a. FDDI b. high-speed Ethernet c. gigabit Ethernet d. all of the above
28. The use of solitons on fiber-optic cables is:
a. common b. experimental c. obsolete d. not possible
29. OTDR stands for:
a. Optical Time-Delay Response b. Optical Timing Delay Requirement
c. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer d. Optical Time-Division Relay
30. Using fiber-optic cable in a telephone system except for the connection to the subscriber’s phone is called:
a. FDDI b. FTTC c. FITL d. SONET
31. Founded the wave theory of light
a. Francesco Grimaldi b. Edward Appleton
c. James Clerk Maxwell d. Christian Huygens
32. Proposed the use of clad glass fiber as a dielectric waveguide
a. Karpon and Keck b. Karpon and Bockham
c. Bockham and Kao d. Kao and Keck
33. Developed the first laser
a. Charles Townes b. Theodore Maiman
c. Gordon McKenzie d. Albert Einstein

Please Refer Below for the Answer key

4. The band of light wavelengths that are too long to be seen by the human eye
 a. Amber
 b. Visible
 c. Infrared
 d. Ultraviolet
5. The band of light wavelengths that are too short to be seen by the human eye
 a. Amber
 b. Visible
 c. Infrared
 d. Ultraviolet
6. Which color has the shortest wavelength of light?
 a. Red
 b. Yellow
 c. Blue
 d. Green
7. What generates a light beam of a specific visible frequency?
 a. Laser
 b. Maser
 c. Infrared
 d. Flashlight
8. Which of the following materials is sensitive to light?
 a. Photoresist
 b. Photosensitive
 c. Light Sensitive
 d. Maser
9. The core of an optical fiber has a
 a. Lower refracted index than air
 b. Lower refractive index than the cladding
 c. Higher refractive index than the cladding
 d. Similar refractive index with the cladding
10. Is the different angle of entry of light into an optical fiber when the diameter of the core is many times the
wavelength of the light transmitted.
 a. Acceptance angle
 b. Modes
 c. Sensors
  d. Aperture
11. The loss in signal power as light travels down a fiber is called
 a. Dispersion
 b. Scattering
 c. Absorption
 d. Attenuation
12. The bandwidth of optical fiber
 a. 900M Hz
 b. 900 PHz
 c. 900 THz
 d. 900 EHz
13. If a mirror is used to reflect light, the reflected light angle is ____ as the incident angle
 a. Smaller
 b. Larger
 c. The same
 d. Independent
14. What is a specific path the light takes in an optical fiber corresponding to a certain angle and number of
reflection
 a. Mode
 b. Grade
 c. Numerical Aperture
 d. Dispersion
15. Is the width of the range of wavelengths emitted by the light source
 a. Bandwidth
 b. Chromatic Dispersion
 c. Spectral width
 d. Beamwidth
16. Which theory states that the light wave behaves as if it consists of many tiny particles?
 a. Huygen’s theory
 b. Wave theory of light
 c. Nyquist theory
 d. Quantum theory
17. Fiber optic cables operate at frequencies near
 a. 20 MHz
 b. 200 MHz
 c. 2G Hz
 d. 800 THz
18. When a beam of light enters one medium from another, which quantity will not change?
 a. Direction
 b. Speed
 c. Frequency
 d. Wavelength
19. Dispersion is used to describe the
 a. Splitting of white light into its component colors
 b. Propagation of light in straight lines
 c. Bending of a beam of light when it goes from one medium to another
 d. Bending of a beam light when it strikes a mirror
20. Luminance efficiency is minimum for a
 a. Fluorescent tube
 b. High wattage light bulb
 c. Mercury vapor lamp
 d. Low wattage light bulb
21. An object farther from a converging lens than its focal point always has a/an _____ image.
 a. Inverted
 b. The same in size
 c. Virtual
 d. Smaller size
22. An object nearer to a converging lens than its focal point always has a/an ______ image.
 a. Inverted
 b. The same in size
 c. Virtual
 d. Smaller size
23. The real image formed by a spherical mirror is ____ relative to its object
 a. Erect
 b. Inverted
 c. Smaller
 d. Larger
24. The wavelength of light has no role in
 a. Diffraction
 b. Interference
 c. Polarization
 d. Reflection
25. Longitudinal waves do not exhibit
 a. Polarization
 b. Refraction
 c. Reflection
 d. Diffraction
26. ________ dispersion is caused by the difference in the propagation times of light rays that take different
paths down a fiber.
 a. Material dispersion
 b. Wavelength dispersion
 c. Modal dispersion
 d. Delay dispersion
27. What is the average insertion loss of fusion splice in fiber optics?
 a. 0.09 dB
 b. 0.9 dB
 c. 0.19 dB
 d. 0.009 dB
28. What is the insertion loss of connector-type splices for a single mode fiber optics?
 a. 0.51 dB
 b. 0.31 dB
 c. 0.49 dB
 d. 0.38 dB
29. What is the lifetime of LEDs?
 a. 200,000 minutes
 b. 200,000 hours
 c. 150,000 minutes
 d. 150,000 hours
30. What is the lifetime of ILDs?
 a. 50,000 hours
 b. 75,000 hours
 c. 100,000 hours
 d. 125,000 hours
31. Photodiodes used as fiber optic directors are
 a. Unbiased to generate a voltage same as a solar cell
 b. Forward bias
 c. Reversed bias
 d. Thermoelectrically cooled
32. What type of fiber has the highest modal dispersion?
 a. Step-index multimode
 b. Graded index multimode
 c. Step-index single mode
 d. Graded index mode
33. Laser light is ______ emission.
 a. Coherent
 b. Stimulated
 c. Spontaneous
 d. Coherent and stimulated
34. A dielectric waveguide for the propagation of electromagnetic energy at light frequencies
 a. Stripline
 b. Microstrip
 c. Laser beam
 d. Fiber optics
35. Is a non-coherent light source foe optical communications system.
  a. ILD
 b. LED
 c. APD
 d. PIN Diode
36. Which type of laser is the simplest to modulate directly by changing its excitation?
 a. Semiconductor
 b. Ruby
 c. Helium-neon
 d. Neodymium-YAG
37. Which laser emits light in the visible range 400 to 700 nm?
 a. Argon-ion
 b. Nitrogen
 c. Carbon-dioxide
 d. Neodymium-YAG
38. Which is the proper measurement of average power emitted by a pulsed laser?
 a. Energy x time
 b. Pulse energy x repetition rate
 c. Pulse energy / repetition rate
 d. Peak power x pulse length
39. What is the photon energy for an infrared wave with frequency of 1012 Hz?
 a. 10.6 x 1034 joules
 b. 6.63 x 10-34 joules
 c. 6.63 x 10-22 joules
 d. 10.6 x 1022 joules
40. A positive lens with a focal length of 10 cm forms a real image of an object 20 am away from the lens. How
far is the real image from the lens?
 a. 5 cm
 b. 10 cm
 c. 15 cm
 d. 20 cm
41. Which of the following factor does not harm laser efficiency?
 a. Atmospheric absorption
 b. Excitation energy not absorbed
 c. Problems in depopulating the lower laser level
 d. Inefficiency in populating the upper laser level
42. Which of the following contributes to the broadening of laser emission bandwidth?
 a. Doppler shift of moving atoms and molecules
 b. Amplification within the laser medium
 c. Coherence of the laser light
 d. Optical pumping of the laser transition
43. The first laser emitted
 a. Pulses of 694 nm red light
 b. A continuous red beam
 c. Pulses of white light from a helical flash lamp
 d. Spontaneous emission
44. What is the stage of the sand becoming a silicon?
 a. Liquid
 b. Gas
 c. Molten
 d. Hot
45. Which of the following is used as an optical transmitter on the Fiber Optical Communications?
 a. APD
 b. LSA diode
 c. PIN diode
 d. LED
46. Which of the following is used as an optical receiver in fiber optics communications
 a. APD
 b. Tunnel diode
 c. Laser diode
 d. LED
47. The numerical aperture of a fiber if the angle of acceptance is 15 degrees, is
 a. 017
  b. 0.26
 c. 0.50
 d. 0.75
48. The inner portion of the fiber cable is called
 a. Cladding
 b. Coating
 c. Inner conductor
 d. Core
49. Which type of laser is the simplest to modulate directly by changing its excitation?
 a. Semiconductor
 b. Ruby
 c. Helium-neon
 d. Neodymium-YAG
50. The laser frequency when the light has the wavelength 800 nm is
 a. 375 x 1012 Hz
 b. 475 x 1015 Hz
 c. 375 x 109 Hz
 d. 375 x 1018 Hz

Answer key 31
 4. Infrared
 5. Infrared
 6. Blue
 7. Laser
 8. Photo resist
 9. Higher refractive index than the cladding
 10. Modes
 11. Attenuation
 12. 900 THz
 13. The same
 14. Mode
 15. Spectral width
 16. Quantum theory
 17. 800 THz
 18. Frequency
 19. Splitting of white light into its component colors
 20. Low wattage light bulb
 21. Inverted
 22. Virtual
 23. Larger
 24. Polarization
 25. Polarization
 26. Modal dispersion
 27. 0.09 dB
 28. 0.38 dB
 29. 200,000 hours
 30. 50,000 hours
 31. Reversed bias
 32. Step-index multimode
 33. Coherent and stimulated
 34. Fiber optics
 35. LED
 36. Semiconductor
 37. Argon-ion
 38. Pulse energy x repetition rate
 39. 6.63 x 10-22 joules
 40. 20 cm
 41. Atmospheric absorption
 42. Doppler shift of moving atoms and molecules
 43. Pulses of 694 nm red light
 44. Molten
 45. LED
  46. APD
 47. 0.26
 48. Core
 49. Semiconductor
 50. 375 x 1012 Hz

51. Which of the following is not a common application of fiber-optic cable?

 a. Computer networks
 b. Long-distance telephone systems
 c. Closed circuit TV
 d. Consumer TV
52. Total internal reflection takes place if the light ray strikes the interface at an angle with what relationship to
the critical angle?
 a. Less than
 b. Grater than
 c. Equal to
 d. Zero
53. The operation of the fiber-optic cable is based on the principle of
 a. Refraction
 b. Reflection
 c. Dispersion
 d. Absorption
54. Which of the following is not a common type of fiber-optic cable?
 a. Single-mode step-index
 b. Multimode graded-index
 c. Single-mode graded-index
 d. Multimode step-index
55. Cable attenuation is usually expressed in terms of
 a. Loss per foot
 b. dB/km
 c. intensity per mile
 d. voltage drop per inch
56. Which of the cable length has the highest attenuation?
 a. 1 km
 b. 2 km
 c. 95 ft
 d. 5500 ft
57. The upper pulse rate and information carrying capacity of a cable is limited by
 a. Pulse shortening
 b. Attenuation
 c. Light leakage
 d. Modal dispersion
58. The core of a fiber optic cable is made of
 a. Air
 b. Glass
 c. Diamond
 d. Quartz
59. The core of a fiber optic is surrounded by
 a. Wire braid shield
 b. Kevlar
 c. Cladding
 d. Plastic insulation
60. The speed of light in plastic compared to the speed of light in air is
 a. Slower
 b. Faster
 c. The same
 d. Either lower or faster
61. Which of the following is not a major benefit of fiber-optic cable?
 a. Immunity from interference
 b. No electrical safety problems
 c. Excellent data security
 d. Lower cost
62. The main benefit of light-wave communications over microwaves or any other communications media is
 a. Lower cost
 b. Better security
 c. Wider bandwidth
 d. Freedom from interference
63. Which of the following is not part of the optical spectrum?
 a. Infrafed
 b. Ultraviolet
 c. Visible color
 d. X-rays
64. The wavelength of visible light extends from
 a. 0.8 to 1.0 nm
 b. 400 to 750 nm
 c. 200 to 660 nm
 d. 700 to 1200 nm
65. The speed of light is
 a. 186,000 mi/h
 b. 300 mi/h
 c. 300,000 m/s
 d. 300,000,000 m/s
66. Refraction is the
 a. Bending of light waves
 b. Reflection of light waves
 c. Distortion of light waves
 d. Diffusion of light waves
67. The ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in another substance is called the
 a. Speed factor
 b. Index of reflection
 c. Index of refraction
 d. Dielectric constant
68. A popular light wavelength in fiber-optic cable is
 a. 0.7 um
 b. 1.3 um
 c. 1.5 um
 d. 1.8 um
69. Which type of fiber optic cable is most widely used?
 a. Single-mode step-index
 b. Multimode step-index
 c. Single-mode graded-index
 d. Multimode graded-index
70. Which type of fiber-optic cable is the best for very high speed data?
 a. Single-mode step-index
 b. Multimode step-index
 c. Single-mode graded-index
 d. Multimode graded-index
71. Which type of fiber-optic cable has the least modal dispersion?
 a. Single mode step-index
 b. Multimode step-index
 c. Single-mode graded-index
 d. Multimode graded-index
72. Which of the following is not a factor in cable light loss?
 a. Reflection
 b. Absorption
 c. Scattering
 d. Dispersion
73. A distance of 8 km is the same as
 a. 2.5 mi
 b. 5 mi
 c. 8 mi
 d. 12.9 mi
74. A fiber-optic cable has a loss of 15 dB/km. The attenuation in a cable, 100 ft long is
 a. 4.57 dB
  b. 9.3 dB
 c. 24 dB
 d. 49.2 dB
75. Fiber-optic cables with attenuations of 1.8, 3.4, 5.9, and 18 dB are linked together. The total loss is
 a. 7.5 dB
 b. 19.8 dB
 c. 29.1 dB
 d. 650 dB
76. Which light emitter is preferred for high speed data in a fiber-optic system
 a. Incandescent
 b. LED
 c. Neon
 d. Laser
77. Most fiber-optic light sources emit light in which spectrum?
 a. Visible
 b. Infrared
 c. Ultraviolet
 d. X-ray
78. Both LEDs and ILDs operate correctly with
 a. Forward bias
 b. Reverse bias
 c. Neither A or B
 d. Either A or B
79. Single-frequency light is called
 a. Pure
 b. Intense
 c. Coherent
 d. Monochromatic
80. Laser light is very bright because it is
 a. Pure
 b. White
 c. Coherent
 d. Monochromatic
81. Which of the following is NOT a common light detector
 a. PIN photodiode
 b. Photovoltaic diode
 c. Photodiode
 d. Avalanche photodiode
82. Which of the following is the fastest light sensor
 a. PIN photodiode
 b. Photovoltaic diode
 c. Phototransistor
 d. Avalanche photodiode
83. Photodiodes operate property with
 a. Forward bias
 b. Reverse bias
 c. Neither A or B
 d. Either A or B
84. The product of the bit rate and distance of a fiber-optic system is 2 Gbits km/s. What is the maximum rate at
5 km?
 a. 100 Mbits/s
 b. 200 Mbits/s
 c. 400 Mbits/s
 d. 1000 Gbits/s
85. Which fiber-optic system is better?
 a. 3 repeaters
 b. 8 repeaters
 c. 11 repeaters
 d. 20 repeaters
86. An important requirement for successful transmission system using light
 a. Powerful, reliable light source
 b. Strong glass
  c. Reliable, high cost transmission medium
 d. Powerful regenerators
87. What is used to block light from a laser and let other light through
 a. Neutral density
 b. Color
 c. Interference
 d. Spatial
88. ________ is a light that can be coherent
 a. Spontaneous emission
 b. Monochromatic and in-phase
 c. Narrow beam divergence
 d. Monochromatic
89. Coherence of laser light is important for _________
 a. Light propagation
 b. Getting laser light to pass through air
 c. Drilling holes
 d. Holography
90. The ultrapure glass used to manufacture optical fibers is approximately ___pure
 a. 99.9 %
 b. 99.99 %
 c. 99.999 %
 d. 99.9999 %
91. In fiber optics, PCS stands for
 a. Plastic-clad-silica
 b. Polyethylene-clad-silica
 c. Personal carrier system
 d. Personal communication
92. How many longitudinal modes can fall within a laser’s gain bandwidth?
 a. 2
 b. 5
 c. 9
 d. No fixed limit, dependent on bandwidth and mode spacing
93. _________ is the result of photons of light that are absorbed by the atoms of the glass core molecules
 a. Ion resonance absorption
 b. Ultraviolet absorption
 c. Infrared absorption
 d. Absorption loss
94. In fiber optics, SCS stands for
 a. Suppressed-clad-silicon
 b. Silicon base-class-silica
 c. Silica-clad-silica
 d. Serial-clad-silicon
95. Human laser was developed by A. Javen at Bell laboratory in
 a. 1960
 b. 1962
 c. 1963
 d. 1964
96. What parameter of light detector determines the range or system length that can be achieved for a given
wavelength?
 a. Transit time
 b. Spectral response
 c. Dark current
 d. Responsitivity
97. Dark current in light detectors is caused by
 a. Thermally generated carriers in the diode
 b. The absence of light input
 c. Small leakage current
 d. Its imperfection
98. What is the unit of responsitivity?
 a. Ampere/volt
 b. Ampere/watt
 c. Watt/ampere
  d. Volts/ampere
99. One of the following is not a characteristic of light detectors.
 a. Responsitivity
 b. Spectral response
 c. Transmit time
 d. Dispersion
100. What is the typical wavelength of light emitted from epitaxially grown LEDs?
 a. 840 nm
 b. 490 nm
 c. 480 nm
 d. 940 nm

51. Consumer TV
 52. Grater than
 53. Reflection
 54. Single-mode graded-index
 55. dB/km
 56. 2 km
 57. Modal dispersion
 58. Glass
 59. Cladding
 60. Slower
 61. No electrical safety problems
 62. Wider bandwidth
 63. X-rays
 64. 400 to 750 nm
 65. 300,000,000 m/s
 66. Bending of light waves
 67. Index of refraction
 68. 1.3 um
 69. Single-mode step-index
 70. Single-mode step-index
 71. Single mode step-index
 72. Reflection
 73. 5 mi
 74. 4.57 dB
 75. 29.1 dB
 76. Laser
 77. Infrared
 78. Forward bias
 79. Monochromatic
 80. Coherent
 81. Photovoltaic diode
 82. Avalanche photodiode
 83. Reverse bias
 84. 400 Mbits/s
 85. 3 repeaters
 86. Powerful, reliable light source
 87. Interference
 88. Monochromatic and in-phase
 89. Holography
 90. 99.9999 %
 91. Plastic-clad-silica
 92. No fixed limit, dependent on bandwidth and mode spacing
 93. Infrared absorption
 94. Silica-clad-silica
 95. 1960
 96. Spectral response
 97. Thermally generated carriers in the diode
 98. Ampere/watt
 99. Dispersion
 100. 940 nm
101. SONET stands for
 a. System Optical Network
 b. Synchronous Optical Network
 c. Silica Optic Network
 d. System Optical Fiber Net
102. Band loss is
 a. A reduction in transmitter power caused by earth’s surface curvature
 b. A reduction in strength of the signal caused by folded dipole bends
 c. An attenuation increase caused by bends radiating from the side of the fiber
 d. All of these
103. Infrared range for fiber optics
 a. 400 – 700 nm
 b. 700 – 1200 nm
 c. 300 – 2000 nm
 d. 400 – 7000 nm
104. Which of the following is a disadvantage for plastic fiber optics?
 a. Noise immunity
 b. Electric hazards
 c. Higher losses
 d. All of these
105. OTDR stands for
 a. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
 b. Optical Transmit Direction Return
 c. Optical Time Domain Time Regeneration
 d. Overtime Direct Reference
106. Which of the following is determined by an OTDR?
 a. Distance to trouble
 b. Length of fiber
 c. Refractive index
 d. All of these
107. Under normal condition, a single fiber should not be used for a two-way communication mainly because of
 a. Loss
 b. Fading
 c. Noise
 d. Attenuation
108. A single mode optical fiber has a core diameter of _____ nm.
 a. 0.1
 b. 0.01
 c. 0.2
 d. 0.05
109. A step-index multimode optical fiber has a core diameter of _____ nm.
 a. 0.02
 b. 0.2
 c. 2
 d. 0.002
110. The graded-index multimode optical fiber has a core diameter of _____ nm.
 a. 0.5
 b. 0.05
 c. 0.0005
 d. 5
111. Which is not a possible cause of optical fiber loss?
 a. Impurities
 b. Glass attenuation
 c. Stepped index operation
 d. Microbending
112. The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in the material used.
 a. S/N ratio
 b. Refractive index
 c. Intermodal dispersion
 d. Monomode ratio
113. Splicing fibers means
 a. Fusion
  b. Butt
 c. Glue
 d. Both fusion and butt
114. An IC that represents a short distance one-way optical communications
 a. Optoisolator
 b. Insulator
 c. Multivibrator
 d. Optical IC
115. When light strikes a flat polished end of a fiber, it produces a loss of
 a. 14 %
 b. 4 %
 c. 10 %
 d. 1 %
116. When light strikes a flat polished end of a fiber, the fiber loss produced can be reduced by
 a. Splicing
 b. Antireflection coating
 c. Insulation jacket
 d. All of these
117. In fiber optics, higher-order mode refers to
 a. Cladding boundary at high angle
 b. Backscattering electromagnetic signals
 c. Diffracting signals
 d. All of these
118. The following are the cause of light attenuation in fiber optics except
 a. Backscattering
 b. Absorption
 c. Refraction
 d. Microbends
119. Why are visible-light LEDs not used for fiber optics?
 a. It has high losses
 b. It has short wave
 c. It has low attenuation
 d. It has weak signal
120. Optical cable testers are used for
 a. Checking refractive index
 b. Light power out of a fiber
 c. Non-calibrated light into a fiber
 d. Checking maximum distance covered
121. A function of an optic isolator
 a. Cancels reflective waves
 b. Amplifies signal transmitted
 c. Filters unnecessary signals
 d. All of these
122. An increase in light intensity produces fast optic switching due to
 a. Increase in index of glass
 b. Amplification of optical signal
 c. High gain
 d. Photoconductivity
123. Light traveling in optical fiber follows which of the following principles.
 a. Huygen’s principle
 b. Reflection theory
 c. Light theory
 d. Snell’s law
124. Optical fibers for telecommunications are typically about _____ mils thick and consists of a glass core, a
glass cladding of lower index of refraction, and a protective coating
 a. 5
 b. 6
 c. 7
 d. 8
125. Material dispersion is caused by the
 a. Wavelength dependence of the index of refraction
 b. Wavelength independence of the index of refraction
  c. Dependence of the propagation constant on the mode number
 d. Independence of the propagation constant on the mode number
126. Modal dispersion is caused by the
 a. Dependence of wavelength on index of refraction
 b. Dependence of propagation constant on index of refraction
 c. Dependence of the propagation constant on the wavelength
 d. Dependence of the propagation constant on the mode number
127. The dominant loss mechanisms in silica fiber are
 a. Absorption and radiation losses
 b. Absorption and Rayleigh scattering
 c. Coupling and radiation losses
 d. Radiation and modal dispersion
128. The bandwidth of a fiber is limited by
 a. Mode
 b. Wavelength
 c. Dispersion
 d. Frequency
129. Fiber bandwidth is generally specified as the
 a. Product of the bandwidth and distance
 b. Sum of the bandwidth and distance
 c. Difference of the bandwidth and distance
 d. Quotient of bandwidth and distance
130. The _____ of a detector is the fraction of incident photons that produce a photoelectron or electron-hole
pair
 a. Responsitivity
 b. Photon efficiency
 c. Aperture
 d. Quantum efficiency
131. In solid-state optical detectors, the excited charge is transported in the solid by
 a. Holes and protons
 b. Holes and electrons
 c. Anion and cation
 d. Protons and photons
132. One of the following is not a solid-state optical detector
 a. APD
 b. PIN
 c. PMT
 d. Phototransistors
133. Optical detectors are square-law devices because they respond to _____ rather than amplitude
 a. Intensity
 b. Light
 c. Density
 d. Photon
134. The _____ is equal to the number of electrons emitted per second times the electron charge
 a. Intensity
 b. Optical power
 c. Photocurrent
 d. Responsitivity
135. Which optical detector is used when high sensitivity and bandwidth are required?
 a. PMT
 b. APD
 c. PIN
 d. Phototransistor
136. What is the average loss in fiber splice?
 a. 0.10 dB
 b. 0.15 dB
 c. 0.20 dB
 d. 0.25 dB
137. Which of the following colors is not found in the visible light wave spectrum?
 a. Red
 b. White
 c. Orange
  d. Yellow
138. What is the frequency limit of an optical fiber?
 a. 20 GHz
 b. 30 GHz
 c. 40 GHz
 d. 50 GHz
139. The mechanical splice attenuation loss is _____ dB or less
 a. 0.1
 b. 0.01
 c. 0.001
 d. 1
140. _____ is applied to protect core and cladding of the fiber
 a. Insulation
 b. Fiber insulation
 c. Silica
 d. Polymer jacket
141. The energy of the photon is
 a. Directly proportional to its bandwidth
 b. Directly proportional to the Planck’s constant
 c. Directly proportional to Boltzmann’s constant
 d. Inversely proportional to the Planck’s constant
142. Refractive index of glass
 a. 1.0
 b. 1.2
 c. 1.4
 d. 1.5
143. Refractive index of diamond
 a. 1.0
 b. 1.4
 c. 1.8
 d. 2.0
144. What is the unit of light wavelength?
 a. Micrometer
 b. Angstroms
 c. Mils
 d. Fathom
145. How much is the power loss of the fusion splice?
 a. 0.1 dB or less
 b. 0.01 dB or less
 c. 1 dB or less
 d. 10 dB or less
146. Used to test a fiber optics splice
 a. Spectrum analyzer
 b. Oscilloscope
 c. Optical power meter
 d. Field strength meter
147. A coupler which consists of a series of lenses and a partly reflective surface
 a. Beam-splitting coupler
 b. Reflective star coupler
 c. Fused coupler
 d. None of these
148. Reflections in many directions
 a. Diffuse reflection
 b. Diffraction
 c. Scattering
 d. Dispersion
149. Commonly used electro-optic crystal for polarization modulation
 a. Lithium Niobate
 b. Tourmaline
 c. Sodium Chlorate
 d. Sphalerite
150. Which modulation methods are the most widely used in optical systems?
  a. Phase and frequency modulations
 b. Polarization modulation and phase modulation
 c. Intensity modulation and phase modulation
 d. Intensity modulation and polarization modulation
 101. Synchronous Optical Network
 102. An attenuation increase caused by bends radiating from the side of the fiber
 103. 700 – 1200 nm
 104. Higher losses
 105. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
 106. All of these
 107. Noise
 108. 0.01
 109. 0.02
 110. 0.05
 111. Stepped index operation
 112. Refractive index
 113. Both fusion and butt
 114. Optoisolator
 115. 4 %
 116. Antireflection coating
 117. Cladding boundary at high angle
 118. Refraction
 119. It has high losses
 120. Light power out of a fiber
 121. Cancels reflective waves
 122. Amplification of optical signal
 123. Snell’s law
 124. 5
 125. Wavelength dependence of the index of refraction
 126. Dependence of the propagation constant on the mode number
 127. Absorption and Rayleigh scattering
 128. Dispersion
 129. Product of the bandwidth and distance
 130. Quantum efficiency
 131. Holes and electrons
 132. PMT
 133. Intensity
 134. Photocurrent
 135. PMT
 136. 0.15 dB
 137. White
 138. 40 GHz
 139. 0.1
 140. Polymer jacket
 141. Directly proportional to the Planck’s constant
 142. 1.5
 143. 2.0
 144. Angstroms
 145. 0.01 dB or less
 146. Optical power meter
 147. Beam-splitting coupler
 148. Diffuse reflection
 149. Lithium Niobate
 150. Intensity modulation and polarization modulation
151. A device that was constructed from mirrors and selenium detectors that transmitted sound waves over a
beam of light.
 A. lightphone
 B. photophone
 C. cameraphone
 D. walletphone
152. Which fiber-optic system is better?
 A. 3 repeaters
  B. 8 repeaters
 C. 11 repeaters
 D. 20 repeaters
153. What is the frequency limit of a copper wire?
 A. approximately 0.5 MHz
 B. approximately 1.0 MHz
 C. approximately 40 GHz
 D. none of the above
154. They were granted patents for scanning and transmitting television images through uncoated fiber cables.
 A. Baird and Hansel
 B. Bockham and Kao
 C. Kapron and Keck
 D. Maiman and Schawlow
155. The product of the bit rate and distance of a fiber-optic system is 2 Gbits-km/s. What is the maximum rate
at 5 km?
 A. 100 Mbits/s
 B. 200 Mbits/s
 C. 400 Mbits/s
 D. 1000 Gbits/s
156. Approximately what is the frequency limit of the optical fiber?
 A. 20 MHz
 B. 1 MHz
 C. 100 MHz
 D. 40 GHz
157. They experimented with light transmission cables through bundle of fibers and lead to the development of
flexible fiberscope.
 A. Townes, Schawlow and Kao
 B. Maiman, Kao and Bockham
 C. Maurer, Kapron and Keck
 D. Van Heel, Hopkins and Kapany
158. Photodiodes operate properly with
 A. forward bias
 B. reverse bias
 C. neither forward nor reverse bias
 D. either forward or reverse bias
159. He coined the term “fiber optics” in 1956.
 A. Kapany
 B. Kao
 C. Bockham
 D. Keck
160. They wrote a paper describing how it was possible to use stimulated emission for amplifying light waves
(laser) as well as microwaves (maser).
 A. Theodore Maiman
 B. KC Kao and GA Bockham
 C. Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow
 D. Kapron, Keck and Maurer
161. The scientist who built the first optical maser
 A. Charles Townes
 B. GA Bockham
 C. Theodore Maiman
 D. ACS Van Heel
162. A single fiber can handle as many voice channels as
 A. a pair of copper conductors
 B. a 1500-pair cable
 C. a 500-pair cable
 D. a 1000-pair cable
163. They proposed a new communication medium using cladded fiber cables.
 A. Kao and Bockham
 B. Maiman, Kao and Bockham
 C. Kapron, Keck and Maurer
 D. Maiman and Schawlow
164. An incident ray can be defined as
  A. a light ray reflected from a flat surface
 B. a light directed toward a surface
 C. a diffused light ray
 D. a light ray that happens periodically
165. Developed an optical fiber with losses less that 2 dB/km
 A. Kao and Bockham
 B. Maiman, Kao and Bockham
 C. Maiman and Schawlow
 D. Kapron, Keck and Maurer
166. The band of light frequencies that are too high to be seen by the human eye.
 A. Ultraviolet
 B. Visible light
 C. Infrared
 D. Yellow
167. Which of the following is the fastest light sensor?
 A. PIN photodiode
 B. Photovoltaic diode
 C. Photodiode
 D. Avalanche photodiode
168. Range of infrared
 A. 360 nm to 440 nm
 B. 670 nm to 10^3 nm
 C. 110 nm to 240 nm
 D. 770 nm to 10^6 nm
169. The term dispersion describes the process of
 A. separating light into its component frequencies
 B. reflecting light from a smooth surface
 C. the process by which light is absorbed by an uneven rough surface
 D. light scattering
170. The band of light frequencies to which human eye will respond
 A. Infrared
 B. Visible light
 C. Ultraviolet
 D. Cosmic ray
171. Laser light is very bright because it is
 A. pure
 B. white
 C. coherent
 D. monochromatic
172. Which of the following is the fastest light sensor?
 A. PIN photodiode
 B. Photovoltaic diode
 C. Photodiode
 D. Avalanche photodiode
173. Range of wavelength of visible light
 A. 670 nm to 10^3 nm
 B. 440 nm to 540 nm
 C. 110 nm to 240 nm
 D. 390 nm to 770 nm
174. The band of light frequencies that are too low to be seen by the human eye
 A. Infrared
 B. X-rays
 C. Visible
 D. Ultraviolet
175. Which of the following terms best describes the reason that light is refracted at different angles?
 A. Photon energy changes with wavelength
 B. Light is refracted as a function of surface smoothness
 C. The angle is determined partly by a and b
 D. The angle is determined by the index of the materials
176. Range of wavelengths of ultraviolet
 A. 670 nm to 10^3 nm
 B. 440 nm to 540 nm
  C. 110 nm to 240 nm
 D. 10 nm to 390 nm
177. Single frequency light is called
 A. pure
 B. intense
 C. coherent
 D. monochromatic
178. The coating in a fiber helps protect fiber from moisture, which reduces the possibility of the occurrence of
a detrimental phenomenon called
 A. static fatigue
 B. mechanical fatigue
 C. stress fatigue
 D. coating fatigue
179. The term critical angle describes
 A. the point at which light is refracted
 B. the point at which light becomes invisible
 C. the point at which light has gone from the refractive mode to the reflective mode
 D. the point at which light has crossed the boundary layers from one index to another
180. The ratio of the speed of light in air to the speed of light in another substance is called
 A. speed factor
 B. index of reflection
 C. index of refraction
 D. speed gain
181. The three essential types of fiber commonly used today except:
 A. Plastic core and cladding
 B. Plastic core and glass cladding
 C. Glass core and glass cladding (SCS)
 D. Glass core and plastic cladding (PCS)
182. What phenomenon will result if the glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high humidity?
 A. stress fatigue
 B. core corrosion
 C. stress corrosion
 D. cladding corrosion
183. The law that states “When visible light of high frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates a metallic
surface, electrons are emitted” is known as ____________.
 A. Einstein law of photon
 B. Marconi’s law
 C. Maxwell’s law
 D. Plank’s law
184. Both LEDs and ILDs operate correctly with
 A. forward bias
 B. reverse bias
 C. neither forward nor reverse bias
 D. either forward or reverse bias
185. Any energy above the ground state is called ___________.
 A. normal state
 B. above-ground state
 C. excited state
 D. spontaneous state
186. The process of decaying from one energy level to another energy level is called __________.
 A. Spontaneous emission
 B. Excited emission
 C. Absorption
 D. Any of these
187. The process of moving from one energy level to another is called ____________.
 A. Spontaneous emission
 B. Excited emission
 C. Absorption
 D. Spontaneous decay
188. Most fiber optic light sources emit light in which spectrum?
 A. visible
 B. infrared
  C. ultraviolet
 D. X-ray
189. A packet of energy which is equal to the difference between the two energy levels.
 A. Photons
 B. Electronvolt
 C. Quantum
 D. Quanta
190. It is the science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the human eye.
 A. Radiometry
 B. Photometry
 C. Ophthalmology
 D. Optometry
191. The refractive index number is
 A. a number which compares the transparency of a material with that of air
 B. a number of assigned by the manufacturer to the fiber in question
 C. a number which determines the core diameter
 D. a term describing core elasticity
192. It is a science of measuring light throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum
 A. Radiometry
 B. Photometry
 C. Ophthalmology
 D. Optometry
193. Which light emitter is preferred for high-speed data in a fiber-optic system?
 A. incandescent
 B. LED
 C. neon
 D. laser
194. Light intensity is generally described in terms of __________ and measured in _________.
 A. Luminous flux density; Lumens per unit area
 B. Luminous flux intensity; Lumens per unit area
 C. Luminous flux density; Lumens per unit volume
 D. Luminous flux intensity; Lumens per unit volume
195. In radiometric terms, it measures the rate at which electromagnetic waves transfer light energy
 A. Optical radiation
 B. Optical impedance
 C. Optical illusion
 D. Optical power
196. It is described as the flow of light energy past a given point in a specified time
 A. Optical radiation
 B. Optical impedance
 C. Optical illusion
 D. Optical power
197. The term single mode and multimode are best described as
 A. a number of fibers placed into fiber-optic cable
 B. the number of voice channels each fiber can support
 C. the number of wavelengths each fiber can support
 D. the index number
198. Optical power is sometimes called __________.
 A. Radiant emission
 B. Radiant power
 C. Radiant flux
 D. Radiant optics
199. In refraction that occurs in air/glass interfaces, among the visible light, which is bent the most?
 A. red
 B. violet
 C. yellow
 D. green
200. Fiber-optic cables with attenuation of 1.8, 3.4, 5.9 and 18 dB are linked together. The total loss is
 A. 7.5 dB
 B. 19.8 dB
 C. 29.1 dB
 D. 650 dB
  151. photophone
 152. 3 repeaters
 153. approximately 1.0 MHz
 154. Baird and Hansel
 155. 400 Mbits/s
 156. 40 GHz
 157. Van Heel, Hopkins and Kapany
 158. reverse bias
 159. Kapany
 160. Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow
 161. Theodore Maiman
 162. a 1500-pair cable
 163. Kao and Bockham
 164. a light directed toward a surface
 165. Kao and Bockham
 166. Infrared
 167. Avalanche photodiode
 168. 770 nm to 10^6 nm
 169. separating light into its component frequencies
 170. Visible light
 171. coherent
 172. Avalanche photodiode
 173. 390 nm to 770 nm
 174. Ultraviolet
 175. The angle is determined by the index of the materials
 176. 10 nm to 390 nm
 177. monochromatic
 178. static fatigue
 179. the point at which light has gone from the refractive mode to the reflective mode
 180. index of refraction
 181. Plastic core and glass cladding
 182. stress corrosion
 183. Plank’s law
 184. forward bias
 185. excited state
 186. Spontaneous emission
 187. Absorption
 188. infrared
 189. Photons
 190. Photometry
 191. a number which compares the transparency of a material with that of air
 192. Radiometry
 193. laser
 194. Luminous flux density; Lumens per unit area
 195. Optical power
 196. Optical power
 197. the number of wavelengths each fiber can support
 198. Radiant flux
 199. violet
 200. 29.1 dB
201. In refraction that occurs in air/glass interfaces, among the visible light, which is the bent the least?
 A. violet
 B. blue
 C. red
 D. orange
202. Ratio of the velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray
in free space in a given material.
 A. refractive index
 B. standing wave ratio
 C. velocity factor
 D. propagation velocity
203. It is the angle at which the propagating ray strikes the interface with respect to the normal.
  A. refracted angle
 B. incident angle
 C. reflected angle
 D. critical angle
204. It is the angle formed between the propagating ray and the normal after the ray has entered the second
medium.
 A. angle of incidence
 B. angle of reflection
 C. propagation angle
 D. angle of refraction
205. Between silicon and gallium arsenide, which has the greatest index of refraction?
 A. Gallium arsenide
 B. Neither of silicon nor gallium arsenide
 C. Silicon
 D. They are equal
206. A fiber-optic cable has a loss of 15 dB/km. The attenuation in a cable 1000 ft. long is
 A. 4.57 dB
 B. 9.3 dB
 C. 24 dB
 D. 49.2 dB
207. Medium 1 is a glass (n1 = 1.5) and medium 2 is an ethyl alcohol (n2 = 1.36). For an angle of incidence of
30 degrees, determine the angle of refraction.
 A. 44.5 degrees
 B. 14.56 degrees
 C. 33.47 degrees
 D. 75 degrees
208. The minimum angle of incidence at which the light ray may strike the interface of two media and result in
an angle of refraction of 90 degrees or greater.
 A. optimum angle
 B. angle of refraction
 C. refracted angle
 D. critical angle
209. The higher the index number
 A. the higher the speed of light
 B. the lower the speed of light
 C. has no effect on the speed of light
 D. the shorter the wavelength propagation
210. The maximum angle in which external light rays may strike the air/glass interface and still propagate down
the fiber.
 A. Acceptance cone half-angle
 B. Acceptance cone
 C. Critical angle
 D. Angle of incidence
211. It is the figure of merit used to measure the magnitude of the acceptance angle.
 A. acceptance angle
 B. numerical aperture
 C. index profile
 D. refractive index
212. The effect of a large magnitude of the numerical aperture
 A. The amount of external light the fiber will accept is greater.
 B. The amount of external light the fiber will accept is less.
 C. The amount of modal dispersion will be less.
 D. The amount of chromatic dispersion will be greater.
213. Only one path for light rays to take down the fiber
 A. Multimode
 B. Step-index
 C. Single mode
 D. Graded index
214. More than one path for light rays to take down the fiber
 A. Multimode
 B. Step-index
 C. Single mode
  D. Graded index
215. The three major groups of the optical system are
 A. the components, the data rate and the response time
 B. the source, the link and the receiver
 C. the transmitter, the cable and the receiver
 D. the source, the link and the detector
216. Infrared light has a wavelength that is
 A. less than 400 nm
 B. more than 700 nm
 C. less than 700 nm
 D. a little over 400 nm
217. How many modes possible with a multimode step-index with a core diameter of 50 um, a core refractive
index of 1.6, a cladding refractive index of 1.584, and a wavelength of 1300 nm.
 A. 456
 B. 213
 C. 145
 D. 372
218. It is a graphical representation of the magnitude of the refractive index across the fiber.
 A. mode
 B. index profile
 C. numerical aperture
 D. refractive index
219. A type of index profile of an optical fiber that has a central core and outside cladding with a uniform
refractive index
 A. multimode
 B. graded index
 C. step-index
 D. single mode
220. A type of index of an optical fiber that has no cladding and whose central core has a non-uniform
refractive index.
 A. graded index
 B. multimode
 C. single mode
 D. step-index
221. Results in reduction in the power of light wave as it travels down the cable.
 A. power loss
 B. absorption loss
 C. resistive loss
 D. heat loss
222. Which of the following is not a factor in cable light loss?
 A. reflection
 B. absorption
 C. scattering
 D. dispersion
223. It is analogous to power dissipation to copper cables, impurities in the fiber absorb the light and covert it to
heat.
 A. power loss
 B. absorption loss
 C. resistive loss
 D. heat loss
224. It is caused by valence electrons in the silica material from which the fiber are manufactured.
 A. ion resonance absorption
 B. infrared absorption
 C. ultraviolet absorption
 D. visible light absorption
225. It is a result of photons of light that are absorbed by the atoms of the glass core molecule.
 A. ion resonance absorption
 B. infrared absorption
 C. ultraviolet absorption
 D. visible light absorption
226. It is caused by hydroxide ions in the material
 A. visible light absorption
  B. infrared absorption
 C. ultraviolet absorption
 D. ion resonance absorption
227. Which type of fiber-optic cable has the least modal dispersion?
 A. single-mode step-index
 B. multimode step-index
 C. single-mode graded-index
 D. multimode graded-index
228. For a single mode optical cable with 0.25 dB/km loss, determine the optical power 100 km from a 0.1-mW
light source.
 A. -45 dBm
 B. -15 dBm
 C. -35 dBm
 D. –25 dBm
229. Light rays that are emitted simultaneously from an LED and propagated down an optical fiber do not arrive
at the far end of the fiber at the same time results to
 A. intramodal dispersion
 B. pulse length dispersion
 C. modal dispersion
 D. wavelength dispersion
230. Chromatic dispersion can be eliminated by __________.
 A. using a monochromatic light source
 B. using a very small numerical aperture fiber
 C. using a graded-index fiber
 D. using a very sensitive photo detector
231. Type of bend that occurs as a result of differences in thermal contraction rates between the core and the
cladding material.
 A. Macrobending
 B. Microbending
 C. Quad bending
 D. Constant-radius bending
232. These bends are caused by excessive pressure and tension and generally occur while fiber are bent during
handling or installation.
 A. microbending
 B. macrobending
 C. constant-radius bending
 D. kinks
233. As light is coupled in a multiport deflective device, the power is reduced by
 A. 1.5 dB
 B. 0.1 dB
 C. 0.5 dB
 D. 0.001 dB
234. It is caused by the difference in the propagation time of light rays that take different paths down the fiber.
 A. modal dispersion
 B. microbending
 C. Rayleigh scattering
 D. chromatic dispersion
235. How can modal dispersion reduced entirely?
 A. Use a graded index fiber
 B. Use a single-mode fiber
 C. Use a monochromatic light source
 D. Use a very sensitive light detector
236. It indicates what signal frequencies can be propagated through a given distance of fiber cable.
 A. Bandwidth Distance Product
 B. Pulse width dispersion
 C. Rise time
 D. Cutoff frequency
237. For a 300-m optical fiber cable with a bandwidth distance product of 600 MHz-km, determine the
bandwidth.
 A. 5 GHz
 B. 1 GHz
 C. 2 GHz
  D. 3 GHz
238. For an optical fiber 10 km long with a pulse spreading constant of 5 ns/km, determine the maximum digital
transmission rates using Return to Zero (RZ) and Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ).
 A. 5 Mbps and 10 Mbps
 B. 10 Mbps and 5 Mbps
 C. 10 Mbps and 20 Mbps
 D. 20 Mbps and 10 Mbps
239. What is the spectral width of a standard LED?
 A. 20 to 40 nm
 B. 30 to 50 nm
 C. 10 to 30 nm
 D. 40 to 60 nm
240. What is the spectral width of an ILD?
 A. 0.1 nm to 1 nm
 B. 2 nm to 5 nm
 C. 1 nm to 3 nm
 D. 3 nm to 4 nm
241. When connector losses, splice losses and coupler losses are added, what is the limiting factor?
 A. source power
 B. fiber attenuation
 C. connector and splice loss
 D. detector sensitivity
242. A pn-junction diode emits light by spontaneous emission
 A. LED
 B. APD
 C. PIN
 D. Zener diode
243. Which type of fiber optic cable is best for very high speed data?
 A. single-mode step-index
 B. multimode step-index
 C. single-mode graded-index
 D. multimode graded-index
244. A measure of conversion efficiency of a photodetector.
 A. Efficiency
 B. Responsivity
 C. Dark current
 D. Spectral response
245. The leakage current that flows through a photodiode with no light input
 A. dark voltage
 B. dark impedance
 C. dark power
 D. dark current
246. The time it takes a light induced carrier travel across the depletion region of the semiconductor.
 A. dispersion
 B. response time
 C. irradiance
 D. transit time
247. The range of wavelength values that a given photodiode will respond.
 A. spectral response
 B. permeance
 C. dark current
 D. reluctance
248. The term responsivity as it applies to a light detector is best described as
 A. the time required for the signal to go from 10 to 90 percent of maximum amplitude
 B. the ratio of the diode output current to the input optical power
 C. the ratio of the input power to output power
 D. the ratio of output current to input current
249. The minimum optical power a light detector can receive and still produce a usable electrical output signal.
 A. light responsivity
 B. light sensitivity
 C. light collectivity
 D. illumination
250. Type of lasers that uses a mixture of helium and neon enclosed in glass tube.
 A. gas lasers
 B. solid lasers
 C. semiconductor lasers
 D. liquid lasers
 201. red
 202. refractive index
 203. incident angle
 204. angle of refraction
 205. Gallium arsenide
 206. 4.57 dB
 207. 33.47 degrees
 208. critical angle
 209. the lower the speed of light
 210. Acceptance cone half-angle
 211. numerical aperture
 212. The amount of external light the fiber will accept is greater.
 213. Single mode
 214. Multimode
 215. the source, the link and the detector
 216. more than 700 nm
 217. 372
 218. index profile
 219. step-index
 220. graded index
 221. power loss
 222. reflection
 223. absorption loss
 224. ultraviolet absorption
 225. infrared absorption
 226. ion resonance absorption
 227. single-mode step-index
 228. -35 dBm
 229. wavelength dispersion
 230. using a monochromatic light source
 231. Microbending
 232. constant-radius bending
 233. 0.5 dB
 234. modal dispersion
 235. Use a single-mode fiber
 236. Bandwidth Distance Product
 237. 2 GHz
 238. 20 Mbps and 10 Mbps
 239. 30 to 50 nm
 240. 1 nm to 3 nm
 241. detector sensitivity
 242. LED
 243. single-mode step-index
 244. Responsivity
 245. dark current
 246. transit time
 247. spectral response
 248. the ratio of the diode output current to the input optical power
 249. light sensitivity
 250. gas lasers
251. Type of lasers that use organic dyes enclosed in glass tube for an active medium.
 A. liquid lasers
 B. plasma lasers
 C. neon lasers
 D. ruby lasers
252. A popular light wavelength fiber-optic cable is
 A. 0.7 micrometer
  B. 1.3 micrometer
 C. 1.5 micrometer
 D. 1.8 micrometer
253. Type of lasers that use solid, cylindrical crystals such as ruby
 A. solid lasers
 B. ILD
 C. gas lasers
 D. liquid lasers
254. Type of lasers that are made from semiconductor ph-junctions commonly called ILDs
 A. semiconductor lasers
 B. liquid lasers
 C. plasma lasers
 D. gas lasers
255. Which of the following is not a common application of fiber-optic cable?
 A. computer networks
 B. long-distance telephone system
 C. closed-circuit TV
 D. consumer TV
256. Total internal reflection takes place if the light ray strikes the interface at an angle with what relationship to
the critical angle?
 A. less than
 B. greater than
 C. equal to
 D. zero
257. Loss comparisons between fusion splices an mechanical splices
 A. 1:10
 B. 10:1
 C. 20:1
 D. 1:20
258. The operation of a fiber-optic cable is based on the principle of
 A. refraction
 B. reflection
 C. dispersion
 D. absorption
259. Which of the following is not a common type of fiber-optic cable?
 A. single-mode step-index
 B. multimode graded-index
 C. single-mode graded-index
 D. multimode step-index
260. Cable attenuation is usually expressed in terms of
 A. loss per foot
 B. dB/km
 C. intensity per mile
 D. voltage drop per inch
261. Which cable length has the highest attenuation?
 A. 1 km
 B. 2 km
 C. 95 ft.
 D. 500 ft.
262. The mechanical splice is best suited for
 A. quicker installation under ideal condition
 B. minimum attenuation losses
 C. field service conditions
 D. situations in which cost of equipment is not a factor
263. The upper pulse rate and information-carrying capacity of a cable is limited by
 A. pulse shortening
 B. attenuation
 C. light leakage
 D. modal dispersion
264. The core of a fiber-optic cable is made of
 A. air
 B. glass
  C. diamond
 D. quartz
265. The core of fiber-optic cable is surrounded by
 A. wire braid shield
 B. Keviar
 C. cladding
 D. plastic insulation
266. The speed of light in plastic compared to the speed of light in air is
 A. less
 B. more
 C. the same
 D. zero
267. Which of the following is not a major benefit of a fiber-optic cable?
 A. immunity from interference
 B. no electrical safety problems
 C. excellent data security
 D. lower cost
268. EMD is best described by which statement?
 A. 70 percent of the core diameter and 70% of the fiber NA should be filled with light.
 B. 70 percent of the fiber diameter and 70% of the cone of acceptance should be filled with light.
 C. 70 percent of input light should be measured at the output.
 D. 70 percent of the unwanted wavelengths should be attenuated by the fiber.
269. The main benefit of light wave communications over microwaves or any other communications media are
 A. lower cost
 B. better security
 C. wider bandwidth
 D. freedom from interface
270. Which of the following is not a part of the optical spectrum?
 A. infrared
 B. ultraviolet
 C. visible color
 D. x-rays
271. The wavelength of a visible extends from
 A. 0.8 to 1.6 um
 B. 400 to 750 nm
 C. 200 to 660 nm
 D. 700 to 1200 nm
272. Single-mode step-index cable has a core diameter in the range of
 A. 100 to 1000 micrometer
 B. 50 to 100 micrometer
 C. 2 to 15 micrometer
 D. 5 to 20 micrometer
273. Refraction is the
 A. bending of light
 B. reflection of light waves
 C. distortion of light waves
 D. diffusion of light waves
274. Which of the following cables will have the highest launch power capability?
 A. 50/125/0.2
 B. 85/125/0.275
 C. 62.5/125/0.275
 D. 100/140/0.3
275. Which type of fiber-optic cable is the most widely used?
 A. single-mode step-index
 B. multimode step-index
 C. single-mode graded index
 D. multimode graded index
276. The term power budgeting refers to
 A. the cost of cable, connectors, equipment and installation
 B. the loss of power due to defective components
 C. the total power available minus the attenuation losses
 D. the comparative costs of fiber and copper installations
277. It refers to the abrupt of change in refractive index from core to clad
 A. step index
 B. graded index
 C. semi-graded index
 D. half step index
 251. liquid lasers
 252. 1.3 micrometer
 253. solid lasers
 254. semiconductor lasers
 255. consumer TV
 256. greater than
 257. 1:10
 258. refraction
 259. single-mode graded-index
 260. dB/km
 261. 2 km
 262. situations in which cost of equipment is not a factor
 263. modal dispersion
 264. glass
 265. cladding
 266. less
 267. lower cost
 268. 70 percent of the core diameter and 70% of the fiber NA should be filled with light.
 269. wider bandwidth
 270. x-rays
 271. 400 to 750 nm
 272. 2 to 15 micrometer
 273. bending of light
 274. 50/125/0.2
 275. multimode step-index
 276. the total power available minus the attenuation losses
 277. step index
COMPLETION
1. In the core, the angle of incidence equals the angle of ____________________.
ANS: reflection
2. The core is surrounded by the ____________________.
ANS: cladding
3. The ____________________ angle is where refraction changes to reflection.
ANS: critical
4. An electron-volt is a measure of ____________________.
ANS: energy
5. The numerical aperture is the ____________________ of the angle of acceptance.
ANS: sine
6. Optical fiber relies on total ____________________ reflection.
ANS: internal
7. Chromatic dispersion is also called ____________________ dispersion.
ANS: intramodal
8. With optical fiber, ____________________ light is more common than visible light.
ANS: infrared
9. In multimode fiber, ____________________ index has less dispersion than step index.
ANS: graded
10. For laser diodes, the term ____________________ is used instead of bandwidth.
ANS: linewidth
11. Dispersion can be expressed in units of ____________________ rather than bandwidth.
ANS: time
12. ____________________ interference is when one pulse merges with the next pulse.
ANS: Intersymbol
13. The optical fiber is free to move around in a ____________________ cable.
ANS: loose-tube
14. The optical fiber is not free to move around in a ____________________ cable.
ANS: tight-buffer
15. A ____________________ is a short length of fiber that carries the light away from the source.
ANS: pigtail
16. Good connections are more critical with ____________________-mode fiber.
ANS: single
17. A ____________________ diode is the usual light source for single-mode cable.
ANS: laser
18. The quantum of light is called the ____________________.
ANS: photon
19. A ____________________ diode is the usual light detector for single-mode cable.
ANS: PIN
20. For safety, you should never ____________________ at the end of an optical fiber unless you know it is not
connected to a light source.
ANS: look

COMPLETION
1. FTTC stands for Fiber To The ____________________.
ANS: Curb
2. FITL stands for Fiber In The ____________________.
ANS: Loop
3. SDH stands for Synchronous Data ____________________.
ANS: Hierarchy
4. WDM stands for ____________________-division multiplexing.
ANS: Wavelength
5. SONET stands for ____________________ Optical Network.
ANS: Synchronous
6. FDDI stands for Fiber ____________________ Data Interface.
ANS: Distributed
7. Optical amplifiers use ____________________-doped glass.
ANS: erbium
8. Optical amplifiers use a ____________________ laser.
ANS: pump
9. Dense ____________________ allows many different wavelengths of light to share a cable.
ANS: WDM
10. The OC-1 line rate is ____________________ Mbps.
ANS: 51.84
11. SONET does not use bit ____________________ to synchronize two digital signals.
ANS: stuffing
12. SONET uses a ____________________ to denote the starting position of an information frame.
ANS: pointer
13. FDDI systems use two ____________________ rings to carry signals.
ANS: token
14. The two rings of an FDDI system carry data in ____________________ directions.
ANS: opposite
15. Each ____________________ in an FDDI system acts as a regenerative repeater.
ANS: node
16. FDDI uses ____________________ mode cables.
ANS: multi
17. The data rate of an FDDI system is ____________________ bps.
ANS: 100 M
18. SONET frames have considerably more ____________________ than do DS frames for information about
signal routing and setup.
ANS: overhead
19. The number of bytes in a SONET frame is ____________________.
ANS: 810
20. The number of bytes in the payload of a SONET frame is ____________________.
ANS: 774
21. The number of rows in a SONET frame is ____________________.
ANS: 9
22. The total number of overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is ____________________.
ANS: 4
23. The number of path overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is ____________________.
ANS: 1
24. SONET frame rows contain path overhead and ____________________ overhead.
ANS: transport
25. In SONET, SPE stands for synchronous payload ____________________.
ANS: envelope

SHORT ANSWER
1. What is the bandwidth of a first-order LPF with a rise time of 350 nanoseconds?
ANS:
1 MHz
2. Calculate the total rise time for a fiber-optic system if the transmitter, receiver, and cable each have a rise
time of 50 nanoseconds.
ANS:
86.6 nanoseconds