‫[سورة‪ :‬اإلسراء ‪ -‬األية‪]85 :‬‬

Mechanical Engineering Department

Engineering Research Division
National Research Centre

Biofuel
Summer 2019

ENG. Hassan Abu Hashish

Assistant Researcher,
National Research Centre

2019
 Introduction

➢ Increasing the international energy demand caused

increased rate of fossil fuel consumption.

➢ Depletion of fossil fuel.

➢ Increased rate of harmful exhaust emissions.

All theses leads to intensive search for alternative fuels to

diesel fuel, such as vegetable oils.
 Vegetable Oils

• Vegetable oils are produced from pressing oily plant. Biodiesel produced
from vegetable oils is considered renewable source, has become more
attractive recently due to their environmental benefits. They are
classified to edible and non edible oils .

• Edible oils have high production rate and high oil content to meet the
future energy demand such as soybeans, cotton, rapeseed and coconut.

• Non-edible oils are also considered as prospective feedstock for

biodiesel production such as castor, Jojoba and Jatropha.

• The wide range of available feedstock for biodiesel production

represents one of the most significant factors for biodiesel production.
 Jatropha plant
• Jatropha plant is a small tree or large shrub up to 5–7 m tall.

• Jatropha plant is considered as one of the most promising potential oil

source to produce biodiesel in Asia, Europe and Africa.

• Jatropha plant is capable to

survive in agricultural land.

• Jatropha plant is grown in

marginal and waste lands with
no possibility of land use
competing with food production.

Jatropha plant
Source of jatropha Oil

Jatropha Seeds
 Jatropha Oil Extraction Methods

❑ There are Hydraulic, Mechanical Pressing and Chemical

Extraction Methods.

❑ Chemical methods used organic solvents to extract the oil

from Jatropha seeds, they are expensive.

❑ Screw pressing produces larger amount of oil than Hydraulic

and chemical pressing methods.
 Mechanical Pressing Extraction Method

o Mechanical pressing is a continuous method.

o It produces a large amount of oil from the seeds up to 30%, and this led
to the design and manufacturing of screw press for the production of
Jatropha oil by continuous method.

o Oil presses have been used for the purpose of oil extraction as
mechanical powered or manually driven.
Jatropha oil extraction process
 Mechanical Screw Press Design

1 Electric Motor 2 Gear box 3 Screw press base A

4 Screw press base B 5 Housing 6 Heaters
7 Screw 8 Temperature sensor 9 Feeding hopper
10 Inverter 11 Motor direction switch 12 Temperature thermostat
1310 Relay 14 Oil collector 15 Coupling
 Mechanical Screw Press

1 Electric Motor 2 Gear box 3 Screw press base A

4 Screw press base B 5 Housing 6 Heaters
7 Screw 8 Temperature sensor 9 Feeding hopper
10 Inverter 11 Motor direction switch 12 Temperature thermostat
13 Relay 14 Oil collector 15 Coupling
Mechanical Hydraulic Press Design

1- Pressure Gauge, 2- Upper Plate,

3- Pump and Fluid Receiver, 4- Lower Plate,
5- Cylinder, 6- Guide Bar, 7- Frame, 8- Motor.
 Mechanical Hydraulic Press

A photographic view of hydraulic press and parts

 Soxhlet extraction process

1 Mixture (oil + Solvent) 2 Flask 3 Vapor tube

4 Solvent 5 Powder in filter paper 6 Top reverse tube
7 End reverse tube 8 Converter 9 Reflux Condenser
10 Water in 11 Water out 12 Magnetic heat stirrer
 Solvent extraction process

(a) Jatropha powder and petroleum ether

(b) First filtration (c) Second filtration (clear oil)
Colour of extracted oil for different T and N
 Effect of extraction temperature and
rotational speed on oil extraction yield
• Maximum extraction yield from Egyptian jatropha by Soxhlet is about 25%.
• Maximum oil yield is about 20 % BY screw press, which corresponds to 80%
mass fraction of oil in seeds in comparison with Soxhlet method.
• This proves that
the present screw
press is efficient
and well designed
for getting a good
oil extraction yield
from jatropha
seeds.
• The maximum
yield is obtained
for temperatures
100 C For a speed
of 60 rpm.
 Effect of extraction temperature and screw
speed on oil extraction time
• Extraction time is almost the same for all extraction temperatures at screw
speeds between 60 to 125 rpm.
• Extraction time increases with increasing temperature at lower screw speed.
• The best time for
maximum yield at a
speed of 60 rpm
and extraction
temperature of 100
C
 Effect of extraction temperature and screw
speed on motor power
• Motor power is nearly the same for all extraction temperatures at screw
speeds between 60 to 125 rpm.
• Motor power increases as the extraction temperature increases at lower
speeds.
• The less power is
obtained for
maximum yield at
speed of 60 rpm
and extraction
temperature of 100
C
 Effect of Extraction Temperature and Screw
Speed on Motor Torque
• Motor torque is the same for all extraction temperatures at screw speeds
between 60 to 125 rpm.
• The torque increases by increasing the extraction temperature at lower screw
speeds.
• The less torque is
for maximum yield
at a speed of 60
rpm and extraction
temperature of 100
C
The experimental results of time, power,
torque and yield
Speed Temperat Time Power Torque
No. Yield (%)
(RPM) ure (°C) (Sec) (W) (Nm)
1 20 75 1348 78.98 37.73 19.83
2 20 100 1491 92.53 44.20 18.96
3 60 100 399 27.71 4.41 18.88
4 20 125 1641 110.39 52.73 18.67
5 20 50 1055 75.55 36.09 18.30
6 60 50 409 30.00 4.78 18.16
7 100 50 235 19.17 1.83 17.34
8 60 125 520 37.24 5.93 17.34
9 60 75 398 25.91 4.13 17.25
10 140 100 187 11.77 0.80 17.17
11 100 100 267 17.96 1.72 17.14
12 140 50 198 12.37 0.84 16.96
13 140 75 207 12.13 0.83 16.11
14 100 125 270 18.75 1.79 15.93
15 100 75 232 13.09 1.25 15.81
16 140 125 200 13.02 0.89 13.29
Fatty acid percentage for oil extraction
methods and it colours
No. Extraction process NaOH, ml FFA, % Colour
1 Screw press 3.5 2.7 More lighter
2 Hydraulic 6.5 5.0 Lighter
3 Solvent 23.0 17.6 Darker
4 Soxhlet 27.5 21.1 More darker
 Effect of temperature on biodiesel and oil density
• The results indicate that oil extraction temperatures have significant effect on
the density of the extracted oils.
• The measured values of densities by test method ASTM D-1298 for jatropha
oil at the same temperature of 20 C.
• The densities of
oils decrease with
increase in
temperature.
• The density and
the oil temperature
has a linear
relationship as
obtained by the
measured results.
Effect of temperature on biodiesel and oil Viscosity
• Viscosity of jatropha oil is much higher than diesel oil.
• The measured values of dynamic viscosities by test method ASTM D-445 for
jatropha oil at 40 C.
• The viscosity
decreases with
increase in oil
temperature.
• Preheating of bio
oil fuel lines is one
of the solutions to
overcome the
problems related
to the higher oil
viscosity in diesel
engines.
 Biodiesel production process
A two stages process is used for the esterification of the Jatropha oil.
• The first is called esterification, and this is used to reduce the free fatty acid
content in jatropha oil
Esterification used methanol and sulfuric acid in three hours reaction at 80 C.

• The second stage, called

transesterification, Jatropha oil is
heated up to 70 C in a round bottom
flask under stirring.
• After the transesterification process,
the mixture is allowed to settle under
gravity for 24 hours in a separating
funnel.
• The products formed were Jatropha oil
methyl ester and glycerin.
• The glycerol layer was separated and
the raw fatty acid methyl ester was
water washed to remove unreacted
methoxide.
• It was then heated to remove the water
traces to obtain clear biodiesel.
 Experimental Test Rig

1- Diesel engine 10- Piezo pressure transducer

2- AC generator 11- Charge amplifier
3- Diesel tank 12- Data acquisition card
4- Fuel tank 13- Personal computer
5- Burette 14- Exhaust gas analyzer
6- Air surge tank 15- Smoke meter
7- Orifice 16- Exhaust gas temp. thermocouple
8- Pressure differential meter 17- Proximity switch
9- Intake air temperature thermocouple 18- Cardan shaft
 Experimental Test Rig

1- Diesel engine 2- Piezo pressure transducer

3- AC generator 4- Air surge tank
5- Orifice 6- Exhaust gas temp. thermocouple
 Diesel engine specifications

No. Engine parameters Specification

1 Engine model DUETZ F1L511
2 Number of cylinder 1
3 Bore 100 mm
4 Stroke 105 mm
5 Displacement 824 cc
6 Rated power 5.775/7.7 kW/hp
7 Rated speed 1500 rpm
8 Maximum torque 44/900 RPM N.m
9 Injection point 24 º C.A
10 Type of Injection Direct injection
11 Type of cooling Air cooling
12 Starting up Electrical
13 Injection pressure 175 bar
 Experimental Set up

Digital photo tachometer

Smoke analyzer
The air intake tank
Variable load board

Exhaust Gas Analyzer

Fuel and exhaust
temperature measurement
 Heat Exchanger System

1- Diesel engine 7- Hot water out

2- Engine base 8- Thermocouple and hot fuel out
3- Exhaust piping 9- Heat exchanger by water
4- Cold water in 10- Water out
5- Coil of copper tube 11- Fuel table
6- Control valve 12- Fuel tube in
13- Fuel tank
Physical and chemical properties of jatropha oil
and biodiesel compared to diesel oil

Extraction Flash point, Cetane Calorific

No.
process C number value, kJ/kg
Test Method ASTM D-92 ASTM D-13 ASTM D-240
1 Screw press 142 37.83 39128
2 Hydraulic 146 39.12 39201
3 Soxhlet 140 37.53 39135
4 Solvent 138 37.62 38808
5 Biodiesel 121 42.62 38789
6 Diesel oil 75 45 42000
Fuel samples of jatropha oil and jatropha
biodiesel
 Effect of engine brake power on specific fuel
consumption
• Specific fuel consumption decreases by load increase because fuel
consumption increases with load increase.
• Specific fuel consumption decreased for preheated jatropha oil compared to
unheated jatropha oil but increased at preheated jatropha biodiesel
compared to unheated jatropha biodiesel; preheated jatropha oil at 90 C is
the same as diesel oil.
• The specific fuel
consumption increases
due to lower calorific value
of biodiesel.
• Another reason may be
due to the higher cetane
number of biodiesel which
can change the
combustion timing and
injection timing.
• Output power is the same
for preheated jatropha oil
at lower heating value due
33 the increase in its
to
temperature to 90 C.
Effect of engine brake power on thermal efficiency
• The thermal efficiency increases with the increase of engine load.
• The thermal efficiency is increased for preheated jatropha oil compared to
unheated jatropha oil.
• The thermal efficiency for preheated jatropha oil decreased compared to
unheated jatropha.
• Higher viscosity leads to
decrease in thermal
efficiency, lower calorific
value and volatility of
biodiesel may lead to
poor atomization and
vaporization of fuel
particles of biodiesel
and preheated biodiesel.
• Engine thermal
efficiency for preheated
jatropha oil at preheated
temperature of 90 C is
higher than diesel oil.
34
 Effect of engine brake power on exhaust gas
temperature
• The exhaust gas temperature increases by the increase of load.
• This is because of lower thermal efficiency and increase of heat loss in
exhaust.
• This increase may be because of higher temperature inside the engine
cylinder which leads to more fuel burning to meet higher load needs.
• Exhaust gases have heat loss. Exhaust gas temperature increases with
increase in load.
• Increase of cetane number and
decrease of ignition delay lead to
higher exhaust gas temperature.
• Preheated jatropha oil at
temperature 90 C and preheated
biodiesel at temperature 40 C lead
to decreases in exhaust gas
temperature.
• Preheating lead to decrease in oil
viscosity, improved combustion
and higher thermal efficiency
which result are a decrease of
35 loss in the exhaust.
heat
 Effect of engine brake power on volumetric
efficiency
• The volumetric efficiency decreases with increase of load for tested fuels and
increases for preheated fuel over unheated fuel.
• Volumetric efficiencies for preheated and unheated oil and biodiesel are
higher than for diesel oil because of lower exhaust gas temperature.
• The volumetric efficiencies
of preheated oil are higher
than diesel and other fuels at
all loads.
• This is because of the
temperature of the retained
exhaust gases in the
cylinder.
• The retained exhaust gases
preheat the incoming fresh
air and lower the air density
and hence the volumetric
efficiency.
• Since diesel oil has lower
exhaust temperature, so, the
36
volumetric efficiency is high.
 Effect of engine brake power on air-fuel ratio
• Air-fuel ratio decreases for all tested fuels due to the increase of fuel
consumption.
• The air-fuel ratio is estimated on mass basis.
• This may be due to the oxygen content in biodiesel and oil which leads to
lower air consumption.
• The preheating
temperature leads to
increase of air-fuel
ratio due to the
decrease in fuel
consumption over
unheated oil.
• Air-fuel ratios for
preheated oil are
higher than all other
tested fuels due to
decrease in fuel
density, viscosity,
fuel consumption
and
37 increase air-fuel
ratio with preheating.
 Effect of engine brake power on CO2 Emission
• CO2 emission increases with the increase of engine load due to the higher
fuel entry as the load increases.
• CO2 emissions for all tested fuels are lower than diesel oil.
• This is because jatropha oil contains oxygen element and carbon content
which are lower in the same volume of fuel consumed at same engine load.
• CO2 emissions are lower than
diesel oil for preheated jatropha
oil.
• The reductions in CO2 emissions
for preheated jatropha oil are
because of higher oxygen content.
• Increase of preheating
temperature leads to viscosity
decrease and the fuel flow rate
increases which in turn decreases
CO2 emission compared with
unheated jatropha oil.
• Lower viscosity of preheated
jatropha oil led to production of
lower CO2 emissions.
 Effect of engine brake power on CO Emission
• For all tested fuels, there is a decrease in CO emission with the increase of
engine load at part load but it returns to increase at full load.
• This is due to fuel increase which leads to fuel-air rich mixture.
• It is a product of incomplete combustion due to the insufficient amount of air
in the air-fuel mixture.
• The decrease in carbon
monoxide emission for biodiesel
is due to oxygen molecule
present in the fuel and lower
carbon content as compared to
that of diesel fuel which lead to
better combustion.
• Increasing the fuel oil
preheating temperature leads to
decrease in CO emissions due
to decrease of oil viscosity
which leads to better
combustion.
• CO emissions for preheated
biodiesel and preheated
jatropha oil are lower than
unheated fuels.
 Effect of engine brake power on NOx Emission
• NOx is produced during the combustion process when nitrogen and oxygen
are present at elevated temperatures.
• NOx emissions increased with the increase in engine load due to the higher
combustion temperature and higher adiabatic flame temperature.
• The formation of NOx is favored
by higher combustion
temperatures, availability of
oxygen and lower ignition delay.
• The lower air entrainment and
fuel air mixing rates with
jatropha oil may result in low
peak temperature and NOx
levels.
• NOx emission with preheated
jatropha oil and biodiesel are
lower than that of jatropha oil
and biodiesel without preheating.
• Preheating of fuel leads to
decrease in cylinder combustion
temperature and results in
decreased NOx emission.
 Effect of engine brake power on HC emission
• HC emissions of all fuels are lower at partial engine load, but increased at
higher engine load are due to large particle size, injector timing and nozzle
choking the increase combustion timing.
• This is due to the relatively less oxygen when more fuel injected at higher
loads.
• The shorter ignition delay
associated with fuels, higher
cetane number could also reduce
the over mixed fuel which is the
primary source of unburned
hydrocarbons.
• HC emissions of unheated
jatropha oil and biodiesel are
higher than that of diesel fuel but
with preheating jatropha oil and
biodiesel this value decreases.
Increasing of fuel oil preheating
temperature leads to decrease of
HC emissions compared with
unheated fuels.
 Effect of engine brake power on smoke density
• For all tested fuels, there is an increase of smoke emission with the increase
of engine load.
• This is due to the increase of fuel consumption which leads to fuel-air rich
mixture.
• It is a product of incomplete combustion due to the insufficient amount of air
in the air-fuel mixture or insufficient time in the cycle for the completion of
combustion.
• The decrease in smoke opacity
emissions for biodiesel and
jatropha oil is due to more oxygen
molecule present in the fuel and
lower carbon content as compared
to that of diesel fuel which lead to
better combustion.
• The decrease in smoke opacity
emissions for preheated biodiesel
and preheated jatropha oil are due
to more oxygen molecules and
lower carbon content present as
compared to that of diesel fuel
which lead to better combustion.
 Comparison of Diesel Engine Performance
Fuelled With Unheated and Preheated Biodiesel
and Jatropha Oil
The following Table indicates comparison of the diesel engine
performance when burning unheated and preheated biodiesel and
unheated and preheated jatropha oil at 75% of engine load
compared to the performance when burning diesel oil.
Unheated Unheated Preheated Preheated
No. Performance
Biodiesel Oil Biodiesel Oil
Specific fuel
1 +19% +20% +25% -2%
consumption
2 Thermal efficiency -9% -11% -13% +10%
Exhaust gas
3 +3% +5% -44% -41%
temperature
Volumetric
4 0% 0% +3% +4%
efficiency
5 Air- fuel ratio -16% -17% -18% +7%
 Comparison of Diesel Engine Performance
Fuelled With Unheated and Preheated Biodiesel
and Jatropha Oil
The following Table indicates comparison of the diesel engine
engine exhaust emissions when burning unheated and preheated
biodiesel and unheated and preheated jatropha oil at 75% of
engine load compared to the performance when burning diesel oil.
Unheated Unheated Preheated Preheated
No. Emissions
Biodiesel Oil Biodiesel Oil
1 CO2 -13% -7% -23% -45%
2 CO 9% 15% -26% -51%
3 NOx -26% -12% -31% -43%
4 HC 44% 122% 11% 0%
5 Smoke -51% -47% -55% -55%
Thanks for your attention

Thanks for your attention

Thanks for your attention