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Abstract: For a bridge located in a seismically active and flood-prone region, the occurrence of earthquakes combined with flood-induced
scour is a highly possible multihazard event. This study quantifies the scour effect on the seismic performance of a single pylon cable-stayed
bridge under bidirectional earthquake excitations. Three-dimensional finite-element models, considering the nonlinear soil–structure interac-
tion, the flexure–shear behavior of the bridge pier, and the hydrodynamic force applied to bridge structures, are built on the OpenSees platform.
Several scour depths are considered in this study to represent various scour intensities within the service life of the cable-stayed bridge. The
modal analyses indicate that the periods of the few vibration modes (fourth and fifth modes) of the cable-stayed bridge increase as the scour
progresses, and the scour effects gradually diminish for higher and lower vibration modes (first, second, and third modes). The results of the
nonlinear time history analyses indicate that the moments on the piles increase as scour progresses, while the moment demand of the pier
decreases. The moment in the pylon of the scoured bridge is much larger than the intact bridge due to the higher pounding potentials with the
increase of scour depth. Obviously, the failure modes of the cable-stayed bridge transform from the pier to the piles and the abutments. In addi-
tion, the impact of the hydrodynamic force on the seismic response of the bridge is negligibly small. The findings of this study can be used to
guide the seismic design and the retrofitting of cable-stayed bridges under scour-critical conditions. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-
5592.0001413. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Earthquake; Scour; Hydrodynamic force; Dynamic characteristics; Nonlinear seismic response analysis.
Introduction may lead to bridge collapses (Lee et al. 2013). Therefore, it is neces-
sary to check the seismic performance of a cable-stayed bridge in
In recent decades, the single pylon cable-stayed bridge has become the presence of flood-induced scour to ensure safety.
one of the most popular bridge types in engineering practice due to In recent years, more and more researchers have started to inves-
its appealing aesthetics, excellent spanning capacity, rapid and sim- tigate the effects of the combined earthquake and flood-induced
ple construction, and efficient utilization of structural materials scour on the performance of pile foundation and bridges. Several
(Casciati et al. 2008; Ali and Abdel-Ghaffar 1995; Han et al. 2019). researchers (Banerjee and Prasad 2013; Yilmaz et al. 2016; You
Cable-stayed bridges play an important role in the modern transpor- et al. 2013; Chen and Guo 2015; Liu et al. 2016; Liang et al. 2017;
tation networks; consequently, they are proven to remain safe and Liao et al. 2018) have focused on the seismic fragility characteris-
serviceable under potential multihazard conditions. For cable- tics of different reinforced concrete (RC) bridges under the com-
stayed bridges located in seismicity flood-prone regions, the occur- bined effects of earthquake and flood-induced scour. These studies
rence of earthquakes combined with flood-induced scour is a possi- have demonstrated that the seismic fragility characteristics of the
ble multihazard event (Yilmaz et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2014). Flood bridges depend on the scour depth and the types of bridges, and
events could cause severe scour at bridge foundations by erosion or scour also has a significant influence on the failure modes.
removal of the streambed or bank material around bridge piers and Generally, the pile foundations have a potential risk of failure, and
abutments (Liang et al. 2009). The scour hole could have a great the failure probability of the bridge increases with the scour depth.
influence on the dynamic response of bridges over waterways and However, for some cases, the scour effect has a positive effect on
the seismic responses of the bridges. Leaning toward bridge design,
1
Alipour et al. (2013) and Wang et al. (2014) investigated the load
Professor, Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster factors to consider the combined effects of scour and earthquake
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Univ. of Technology,
hazards while designing bridges through a reliability-based
Beijing 100124, China (corresponding author). Email: qhan@bjut.edu.cn
2
Ph.D. Student, Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster approach. Klinga and Alipour (2015) estimated scour effects on the
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Univ. of Technology, lateral performance of an RC bridge supported on pile-group foun-
Beijing 100124, China. Email: wjn@emails.bjut.edu.cn dations using pushover analysis. It was observed that the lateral re-
3
Professor, Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster sistance of the structure decreases as the scour depth increases.
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Univ. of Technology, Banerjee and Prasad (2011) and Fioklou and Alipour (2014) per-
Beijing 100124, China. Email: duxiuli@bjut.edu.cn formed a time history analysis to evaluate the seismic responses of
4
Associate Professor, Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster RC bridges under scour conditions. From their time history analy-
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Univ. of Technology,
sis, it was observed that scour has a significant effect on the seismic
Beijing 100124, China. Email: bjuthuang@163.com
Note. This manuscript was submitted on March 30, 2018; approved on
vulnerability of the bridges.
December 17, 2018; published online on April 5, 2019. Discussion period Previous studies are important to the understanding of the scour
open until September 5, 2019; separate discussions must be submitted for effects on the seismic behavior of RC bridges. However, the
individual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Bridge described studies are only focused on the scour effects on the seis-
Engineering, © ASCE, ISSN 1084-0702. mic behavior of the pile foundations or regular RC bridges. To
bridge model and simple failure mode cannot properly reflect the
complex seismic responses of the superstructures and the pile The prototype of the cable-stayed bridge used in this study is the
foundations. (Wang et al. 2014). The cable-stayed bridge exhibits Longwan Bridge crossing the Jian River in Guizhou Province,
a more complex system comprised of soil, piles, piers, and super- China (Han et al. 2018). The Longwan Bridge is a nonsymmetric
structures (Li et al. 2017). Therefore, an accurate finite-element semiharp-type cable-stayed bridge with two side spans of 120 and
(FE) model of the cable-stayed bridge is developed, considering 114 m (Fig. 1). The single pylon, constructed of RC, has a height of
the effects of nonlinear soil–structure interaction (SSI) and flex- 62 m and sustains each side span with 16 pairs of stay cables. The
ure–shear mechanisms on the dynamic response of the bridge deck of the cable-stayed bridge consists of a five-cell prestressed
components. Cable-stayed bridges always contain foundations concrete box girder. The pier has a hollow rectangular cross section
and piers underwater. It is known that dynamic characteristics of of 19.9 7.4 m. The pile group consists of 28 circular piles of 1.5 m
the bridges located in the water may be affected by a hydrody- in diameter and 45 m in length. The bridge has a fully rigid deck–
namic force under earthquake excitation (Du et al. 2014). pylon connection to reduce the deformation of the superstructure
Therefore, an integrated analysis involving water–soil–structure under service loads. Each end of the deck is simply supported at the
interaction to evaluate the hydrodynamic force on the bridge abutments.
under scour conditions is sorely needed. The FE models of the Longwan Bridge were developed in the
Motivated by the need of a detailed evaluation of the scour effect OpenSees platform (Mazzoni et al. 2006) and visualized by pre/
on the seismic performance of cable-stayed bridges, the signifi- postprocessing software GiD (CIMNE 1999), as presented in
cance of the present research is to (1) illustrate the scour effect on Fig. 2. In the FE models, the force-based beam–column elements
were used for the pylon. The concrete and reinforcing bars of the The “p-multiplier” method (Brown et al. 1987) was used in
fiber sections were modeled by Kent-Park (Kent and Park 1971) this study to account for the group effect. This method reduces
and Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto models (Filippou et al. 1983), respec- the soil resistance of the p-y curves with a factor based on the
tively. The pier with the hollow rectangular cross section was simu- position of each pile in the pile group. It should be noted that an
lated by the multilayer shell element (Lu et al. 2015) to depict the average p-multiplier is considered in this study to obtain the
flexure–shear behavior, as presented in Fig. 2. The deck of the global response of the bridge, as the front or rear rows change
cable-stayed bridge was simulated by linear elastic beam elements. alternatively under earthquake motions. Then, the demand (such
Each cable was modeled by a truss element with pretension force. as the lateral displacement, the shear force, and the bending
The geometrical nonlinearities caused by cable sag were considered moment) on each pile would be calculated by performing a push-
in this study by using an equivalent modulus of elasticity (Ernst over analysis for the peak global loading condition and with a
1965). A zero-length element with elastic-perfectly plastic gap ma- different p-multiplier assigned to each pile based on the geomet-
terial in OpenSees was adopted to simulate the pounding between ric position (Boulanger et al. 2001). The horizontal foundation
the deck and the corresponding abutment. input motions from the free-field site response analyses were
applied to the support nodes of the p-y elements.
account for height of pier stem above the bed and shielding effect
by pile cap overhang distance in front of pier stem.
Assuming the pile group is exposed to the flow, the scour com-
ponent for the pier cap or footing in the flow is computed by
!0:65 0:43
yspc apc V2
¼ 2:0K1 K2 K3 Kw pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (3)
y2 y2 gy2
where V3 and y3 are further adjusted velocity and flow depth af-
ter applying the second scour component to the model. In this
study, calculation of the flood-induced scour considering the
500-year flood event of the study area has resulted in a depth of
6.0 m.
Fig. 4. Schematic of the scour depth.
Nonlinear Seismic Response Analyses
flow. The scour component for the pier stem in the flow is computed Dynamic Characteristics of the Bridge Due to Scour
as
The dynamic characteristics of the single pylon cable-stayed bridge
" #
yspier apier 0:65 V1 0:43 with different scour depths was investigated before analyzing the
¼ Khpier 2:0K1 K2 K3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (2) seismic response. Fig. 5 presents the vibration periods of the single
y1 y1 gy1 pylon cable-stayed bridge under different scour scenarios. The peri-
ods corresponding to the fourth and fifth modes increased as the
where y1 = flow depth directly upstream of the pier; K1, K2, and K3 scour progressed, which were the fundamental longitudinal and
are the factors to account for the nose shape of the pier, the angle of transverse modes. However, the other periods remained almost the
attack of flow, and the bed condition, respectively. apier = pier same. Because scour causes the removal of soil around the bridge
width; V1 = original approach velocity at the beginning of the com- foundation, the lateral stiffness of the cable-stayed bridge decreases
putations; g = acceleration of gravity; and Khpier = coefficient to with increasing scoured depth.
Fig. 6. (a) Displacement spectra; and (b) acceleration spectra of the records.
Fig. 8. Summary of peak responses of pile foundation with different scour depth: (a) displacement; (b) shear force; and (c) bending moment.
the mean values and one standard deviation (s). The average peak pounding effect is considered. The reason behind this is similar to
moments in the pile with 6.0-m scour depth are approximately 50 the shear force.
and 87% larger than the intact bridge in the longitudinal and trans-
verse directions because, as the scour progresses, the pile exposure Bending Moment at the Deck–Pylon Junction
length increases and the shear force along the exposure length
builds up the bending moment. Longer exposure lengths of the piles Fig. 10 compares the maximum bending moments at the deck–
lead to larger peak bending moments. However, the peak shear pylon junction with different scour depths. The peak moments at
forces in the piles decrease with the increasing scoured depth. If the the deck–pylon junction decrease with the increase of the scour
reduction in the shear force is significant, it will offset the increase depth, if the pounding effect is not considered. Fig. 10 illustrates the
of the bending moment in the exposure length of the piles, which pounding effects on the maximum bending moments. The results
leads to a decrease of the peak bending moment. In comparing the indicate that the bending moments at the deck–pylon junction are
bending moment with and without the effect of pounding, it can be much larger if the impacts are considered. The peak bending
found that the bending moments in the pile are smaller if the moments and the mean values (including the standard deviation) at
Fig. 9. Summary of peak responses of pile foundation under different ground motions: (a) displacement; (b) shear force; and (c) bending
moment.
the deck–pylon junction for the 6.0-m scoured bridge and intact This phenomenon was also observed in previous studies (Wang
bridge under different ground motions are summarized in Fig. 11. It et al. 2014; Klinga and Alipour 2015; Fioklou and Alipour
is evident that the peak moments in the junction of the 6.0-m 2014). However, in the longitudinal direction, pounding can
scoured bridge along the longitudinal direction are mostly larger substantially increase superstructure acceleration. The accelera-
than the intact bridge, whereas the bending moments along the tions of the with-pounding cases are 5 to 10 times larger than
transverse direction show a reverse trend. The reason is that, those of the without-pounding cases. Therefore, the internal
because the shear from the superstructure decreases due to the force of the superstructure can also substantially increase during
deteriorated stiffness of the substructure, the moment demand impacts, especially when the superstructure is relatively flexible
on the plastic hinge at the deck–pylon junction also decreases. (Komodromos 2008).
Fig. 10. Summary of peak bending moments at the deck–pylon junction with different scour depths.
Fig. 11. Summary of bending moments at the deck–pylon junction under different ground motions.
Pier Response the deck and abutment exceeds the separation gap. The bridge
subjected to the scour hazard becomes more flexible, and as a
Fig. 12 presents that the principal stress contours on the concrete
result, larger lateral displacements that can cause more severe
core under the El Centro ground motion. For the sake of simplicity,
poundings are expected during an identical earthquake event.
only the left surface of the pier is presented here. The FE results pro-
However, it is worth mentioning that the number of poundings
vide a good representation of a diagonal shear failure for the noniso-
lated cable-stayed bridge. During the nonlinear time history analy- does not usually increase with the increasing scoured depth
sis, peak values of the principal stress were observed to initiate with because the dynamic characteristics of the bridge change with the
concentrations at the bottom of the pier and radiate out from this scour depth. According to this section, it can be concluded that
location at approximately 45° angles with respect to the diagonal the scour may induce the bridge failure mechanism from the pier
orientation (Han et al. 2018). It was found that the scour effects on to the abutments and the pile foundation.
the principal stress of the concrete core are similar to its effects on
the shear forces of the piles. Obviously, the distributions of the peak
principal stress on the concrete core are smaller if the pounding
Effect of Hydrodynamic Force on Seismic Response
effect is considered. The reason is that the inertial force of the of Scoured Bridge
superstructure transfers axially along the deck to the abutments
by the pounding effect, and a lesser inertial force is transmitted Hydrodynamic Force
to the pier.
The influence of hydrodynamic force on the seismic response of the
cable-stayed bridge is studied in this section. Hydrodynamic
Pounding between Abutment and Deck expression can be established with the Morison equation and the
Fig. 13 gives the time histories of the pounding forces at the radiation theory (Du et al. 2014). A simplified formula based on
expansion joints under the LGPC earthquake excitation. radiation theory was derived by Du et al. (2014) and is concise,
Comparing the time histories of the pounding forces with various accurate, and global decoupling in the time domain. Added mass
scour depths, it is clearly shown that the number of poundings expressions distributed over the height of the substructure are added
and the amplitudes of the pounding forces generally increase with to represent the hydrodynamic interaction effects. The hydrody-
the increase of the scour depth. This is because pounding occurs namic force for a unit height of the circular piles in incompressible
at the expansion joints when the relative displacement between water can be expressed as follows (Wang 2016):
Fig. 12. Comparison of principal stress distribution of the pylon under different scour depths: (a) with pounding; and (b) no pounding.
Displacement between
Bending moment at the pylon base abutment and deck
(kN·m 105) (mm)
Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal
Case A W Err (%) A W Err (%) A W Err (%)
1 0.85 0.84 −2.0 1.25 1.20 −4.6 42.80 43.50 1.6
2 1.67 1.69 1.2 1.72 1.75 1.7 68.90 62.40 9.4
Fig. 14. Effect of hydrodynamic force on the seismic response of the 3 1.70 1.70 −0.4 1.70 1.68 −0.8 71.00 79.00 11.0
pile foundation: (a) displacement; (b) shear force; and (c) bending
Note: A and W = peak value of the responses of the piles in the air and
moment.
water, respectively; and Err (%) = discrepancy between A and W.
Table 2. Effect of hydrodynamic force on the seismic response of the pile foundation
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