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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
Content of cold drinks available in the
market

Done by:
Aparnaa.M
Sakshi Singh
XII – B
Batch 2019-2020
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people


have bestowed me upon their blessings and their heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who were
concerned with the project.

I would like to thank my principal Mrs. Chitrakala Ramachandran


and my chemistry teacher Mrs. Mini Simon whose valuable
guidance have been the ones that helped me to do this project.
Their suggestions and instructions served as the major
contributor towards the completion of this project.
Aim:

Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different brand of


cold drinks available in market.

Contents:

1.Introduction
2.Theory
3.Apparatus and chemicals required
4.Test for carbon dioxide
5.Detection of pH
6.Test for glucose
7.Test for alcohol
8.Conclusion
9.Precautions
10.Disadvantages of consuming cold drinks
11.Uses of cold drinks
12.Bibliography
13.Gallery
INTRODUCTION:

The main production of soft drink was stored in 1830’s and since
then from those experimental beginning there was an evolution
until in 1781, when the world’s first cola flavored beverage was
introduced.
These drinks were called soft drinks, only to separate them from
hard alcoholic drinks. These drinks do not contain alcohol and
broadly specifying these includes a variety of regulated
carbonated soft drinks.
Since the beginning of cold drinks were highly profitable and
luring, many multinational companies launched different brands
like Pepsi, Fanta etc.
Nowadays, it is observed in general that many people view
Sprite, Mirinda and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi
and Thumbs up to activate pulse and brain.
THEORY:

Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,


carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft
drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste
which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle.

The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic


acid (H2CO3) which is also responsible for the tangy taste.
Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds
and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of
carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.

CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3) Carbohydrate content in coke


On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified
as: Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose
is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs in free state
in the ripen grapes. It is also present in human blood to the
extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful
disaccharides in our daily life.

The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-
20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 %sucrose.
The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by
a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature
whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in
nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH
value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such
phosphoric acid.
Apparatus required:

1. Test tube
2. Test tube holder
3. Test tube stand
4. Tripod stand
5. Stopwatch
6. Beaker
7. Burner
8. pH paper
9. China dish

Chemicals required:

1. Lime water
2. Benedict’s reagent
3. Potassium iodide
4. Sodium hydroxide
5. Iodine
Test for Carbon Dioxide

EXPERIMENT:
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was
passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON:

S.No Name of the Time taken (in Inference


drink seconds)
1. Coca cola 26.5 Carbon
dioxide is
present
2. Sprite 21 Carbon
dioxide is
present
3. Limca 36 Carbon
dioxide is
present
4. Fanta 35 Carbon
dioxide is
present
INFERENCE:
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The
carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid,
which is responsible for its tangy taste.
Detection Of pH

EXPERIMENT:
1-2 drops of the sample of cold drink of each brand was taken
and put on the pH paper. The change in the colour of pH paper
was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION:

S.No Name of the Observation Inference


drink
1. Coca cola Pink 1-2
2. Sprite Orange 3
3. Limca Pinkish 3-4
4. Fanta Light pink 2-3

INFERENCE:
Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric
acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different
brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic
contents.
Test for Glucose

BENEDICT’S SOLUTION:
Benedict's solution is used to test for simple sugars, such
as glucose. It is a clear blue solution of sodium and copper salts.
In the presence of simple sugars, the blue solution
changes color to green, yellow, and brick-red, depending on the
amount of sugar. In specific, the copper (II) ions in Benedict's
solution are reduced to Copper (I) ions, which causes the color
change.

EXPERIMENT:
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the
following test:

BENIDICTS’S SOLUTION TEST:


A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a
test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added.
The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish
colour confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
OBSERVATION:

S.No Name of the Observation Inference


drink
1. Coca cola Reddish brown Glucose
precipitate present
2. Sprite Reddish brown Glucose
precipitate present
3. Limca Reddish brown Glucose
precipitate present
4. Fanta Reddish brown Glucose
precipitate present

INFERENCE:
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s
reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

SUGAR CONTENT IN DIFFERENT DRINKS


TEST FOR ALCOHOL

EXPERIMENT:
Samples of each brand of cold drinks are taken in sample test
tubes and potassium iodide and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution is added to each test tube. Then the test tubes are
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes till yellow coloured
precipitate is formed that confirms the presence of alcohol in
cold drinks.

OBSERVATION:

S.No Name of the Observation Inference


drink
1. Coca cola Yellow Alcohol is
present
2. Sprite Yellow Alcohol is
present
3. Limca Yellow Alcohol is
present
4. Fanta Yellow Alcohol is
present
INFERENCE:
All the samples gave positive test for alcohol presence. Hence all
the given drinks contain alcohol.
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED:
CH3CH2OH +4I2+ 6NaOH ---- CHI3 + HCOONa +5NaI +5H2O
CONCLUSION

 After conducting several tests, it was concluded that


among the different brands of cold drinks (namely Coca
cola, Sprite, Limca, Fanta) all contains glucose, alcohol and
carbon dioxide. All are acidic in nature.
 On comparing the pH value of different brands, coca cola is
most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands
taken. pH value of Coca cola is nearly equal to disinfectant
which is harmful for body.
 Among the four samples of cold drinks taken –Sprite has
maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta
has minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide because
Sprite took the least time to turn lime water milky while
Fanta took the highest time to turn lime water milky.
Precautions

Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are –

1. Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense


care.
2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each
experiment.
3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from
any possible damage.
4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush
immediately with copious amounts of water.
5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever
you leave your workstation.
6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating
at yourself or your neighbor.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONSUMING COLD DRINKS

1. Weight Gain :
Harvard University states that the increased consumption of
sugary beverages, such as soda, is a major factor in the growing
obesity epidemic. A 20-ounce soda contains 240 calories while a
64-ounce soft drink contains a whopping 700 calories. Dr.
Christopher Ochner, assistant professor of paediatrics and
adolescent medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, told Fox News that if you drink a can of cola every day, you
will gain 14 1/2 pounds in a year. Excessive weight gain puts you
at risk for diabetes, certain cancers, arthritis, heart disease and
stroke.

2. Heart Disease :
Excessive weight gain contributes to heart disease, but so too do
the ingredients in soda. Dr. Mary Ann McLaughlin, medical
director of the cardiac health program at Mount Sinai, told Fox
News that the sodium and caffeine in soft drinks put your heart
at risk. Sodium causes you to retain fluid and caffeine elevates
your heart rate and blood pressure. An analysis published in
2012 in “Circulation” followed more than 42,000 men and
discovered those who drank one sugary drink a day had an
increased risk of heart attack compared to those who rarely or
never drank sugary beverages.

3.Diabetes :
Most people have a hard time eating just one cookie and that’s
because sugar is addictive. If you drink a soft drink, your blood
sugar spikes and your body produce insulin to balance that
spike. Your blood sugar then crashes, and you seek out more
sugar-filled soda to compensate. Over time, your body becomes
resistant to insulin leaving you unable to metabolize sugar and
resulting in diabetes, according to Dr. Ochner. If you drink one
to two soft drinks a day, you increase your risk of Type 2
diabetes by 26 percent, according to a meta-analysis published
in 2010 in "Diabetes Care."

4. Dental Problems :
If you prefer to avoid the dentist, cut back on soft drinks. The
bacteria in your mouth thrive on sugar. They feed on it and
produce an acid that wears away your teeth enamel causing
cavities. New Jersey Dentist Dr. Howard Glazer told “Better
Homes and Garden” you can cut your cavity risk in half by
rinsing your mouth with water immediately after drinking soda.

5.Gout :
Gout is a condition in which your body has too much uric acid,
causing your joints to become swollen and inflamed. An analysis
of data from the Nurses' Health Study, published in 2010 in the
“Journal of the American Medical Association,” which followed
almost 80,000 women for 22 years, reported that women who
drank one sugary beverage a day had a significantly increased
risk of gout compared to those who rarely drank sugary
beverages.

6. Increased Blood Pressure :


Experts have reasons to believe that overconsumption of
fructose, particularly in the form of soft drinks, leads to an
increase in blood pressure .

7. Harmful Effects on Liver:


There is evidence that consumption of too many soft drinks puts
you under increased risk for liver cirrhosis similar to what
chronic alcoholics have.

8.Heartburn:
Soft drink consumption is a strong predictor of heartburn.
USES OF COLD DRINKS

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.


2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove
grease from clothes.
5. They can lose a rusted bolt.
6. It is used to clean a burned pan. Pour some black cold drink
and leave it for some time. Its acidic properties will help you to
clean the dirt.
7. Pour some cold drink into the soil to reduce its pH, which
helps to make it grow well. It also improves the quality of
fertilizers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.seminarsonly.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.wikipedia.com
GALLERY
TEST FOR GLUCOSE
TEST FOR ALCOHOL

TEST FOR VALUE OF pH

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