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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINE

OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE


Sitio Tuburan Poblacion Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 5104
Website: www.omsc.edu.ph Email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 491-1460

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY
Hand out #1 (Midterm)
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THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY


What is Sociology?
 Sociology: Scientific study of social behavior in human groups
 Focus on:
 How relationships influence people’s attitudes and behavior
 How societies develop and change
 Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction using both theoretical
perspectives and research methods in the examination of social life
 Sociology seeks to:
 use a broad range of carefully selected observations; and
 Theoretically understand and explain those observations.
 While sociological research might confirm common sense observation, its broader base and theoretical
rational provide a stronger basis for conclusions.
 Sociologists do not accept something as fact because “everyone knows it”
 Each piece of information must be tested, recorded, and analyzed
 Women tend to be chatty
 Military marriages more likely to end in separation or divorce
Sociology as a Science
 The definition of sociology uses the phrase “scientific study.” Many people do not consider the social
or soft sciences—such as sociology and psychology—to be “true” or hard sciences—such as chemistry and
physics.
The word science comes from the Latin scire meaning “to know,” and for centuries “science”
referred to virtually any academic discipline, including theology, languages, and literature.
 Only in the last hundred years or so has science come to mean a field of study that relies on specific research
values and methods
Sociology and Science
 Science is “...a body of systematically arranged knowledge that shows the operation of general laws.”
 As a science, sociology employs the scientific method
Sociology and the Social Sciences
Natural Sciences Social Sciences
 Attempt to comprehend, explain, and  examine human relationships
predict events in our natural
 Attempt to objectively understand the
environment.
social world.

Political Science
 Has traditionally focused on two main areas: political philosophy and actual forms of government, with
special emphasis on how the two are related.
Anthropology
 Is the study of the origin, evolution and contemporary diversity of human beings as both biological and
cultural organisms, from our emergence million of years ago to our flourishing in the present
Psychology
 Is the study of the origin, evolution and contemporary diversity of human beings as both biological and
cultural organisms, from our emergence million of years ago to our flourishing in the present
Economics
 It studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
SOCIOLOGY has many similarities to OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES:
 Like political scientists, sociologists study how people govern one another, specially the impact of various
form of government on people’s lives

General Sociology (Hand out #1- Midterm) Page 1


 Like economists, sociologists are concerned with what happens with the goods and services of society, but
sociologists place their focus on the social consequences of production and distribution
 Like anthropologists, sociologists study culture, and have a particular interest in the social consequences of
material goods, group structure, and belief system, as well as in how people communicate with one another.
 Like psychologists, sociologists are also concern with how people adjust to the difficulties of life.
SOCIOLOGIST DIFFERENT from other SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Unlike political scientists and economists, sociologists do not concentrate on a single institution
 Unlike anthropologists, sociologists focus primarily on industrialized societies while many anthropologists
remained focused on trival societies.
 Unlike psychologists, sociologists stress factors external to the individual to determine what influences
people.
What is Sociological Theory?
 Theory
 Set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior
 Effective theories have explanatory and predictive power
 Theories are never a final statement about human behavior
The Development of Psychology
 Philosophers/religious authorities of ancient and medieval societies made observations of human behavior
 European theorists in the 19th century made pioneering contributions to the development of the science of
human behavior
 Transformation of Society
 Industrial Revolution
 movement from a rural society to an urban, industrialized society
o new ways of living
 new social problems resulting from mass migration to cities from rural areas
o poverty, crime, exploitation of workers
Summary
o Sociology was a response to the social chaos in Europe resulting from the French and Industrial
Revolutions
The Origins of Sociology
August Comte (1798-1857) (French Sociologist)
 Considered the Founder of Modern Sociology
 Coined the phrase: Sociology (1838)
 Described Sociology as having three stages:
 Theological
 Metaphysical
 Scientific
Responsible for coining the term “sociology”
 Set out to develop the “science of man” that would be based on empirical observation
 Focused on two aspects of society:
• Social Statics—forces which produce order and stability
• Social Dynamics—forces which contribute to social change
• Favored positivism — a way of understanding based on science
• Strongly influenced the academic discipline of Sociology in the United States

The term sociology comes from:


Latin – socius (friend or associate)
Greek – logos (word)
---------------------------
“Words about human associations”
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) (English Sociologist)
 Sometimes called the second founder of sociology
 Authored the first sociology text, Principles of Sociology
 Most well known for proposing a doctrine called “Social Darwinism”
• Suggested that people who could not compete were poorly adapted to the environment and inferior
• This is an idea commonly called survival of the fittest
• Studied “evolutionary” change in society
• social realism
• Used an organic analogy that compared society to a living organism made up of interdependent parts.
• Spencer was convinced that societies evolve from lower (“barbarian”) to higher (“civilized”) forms
Karl Marx (1818-1883)(German Sociologist)
• Marx is the father of conflict theory
• Saw human history in a continual state of conflict between two major classes:
• Bourgeoisie—owners of the means of production (capitalists)
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• Proletariat—the workers
• Considered as one of the thinkers of the modern times.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) (French Sociologist)
 Durkheim moved sociology fully into the realm of an empirical science
 Most well known empirical study is called Suicide, where he looks at the social causes of suicide
 Generally regarded as the founder of functionalist theory
Max Weber (1864-1920) (German Sociologist)
 Much of Weber’s work was a critique or clarification of Marx
 His most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism directly challenged Marx’s ideas on
the role of religion in society
 Weber was also interested in bureaucracies and th process of rationalization in society
 Weber said "To fully comprehend behavior, we must learn the subjective meanings people attach to their
actions- how they themselves view and explain their behavior”
 In other words people should use Verstehen the German word for "understanding"
Harriet Martineau (1864-1920) (British Sociologist)
 Authored one of the earliest analyses of culture and life in the United States entitled Theory and Practice
of Society in America
 Translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy into English
 She spokes out in favour of the rights of women’s, theemancipation of the slaves, and religious
 She emphasized the impact that the economy, law, trade, and population could have own the social
problems of contemporary society
 Her’ views, intellectuals and scholars should not simply offer observations of social conditions; they
should act upon their convictions in a manner that will benefit society
Development of Psychology in the Philippines

 The development of Sociology in the Philippines can be divided into three categories
 (1) when in it regarded as a Social Philosophy,
 (2) when it is regarded as a welfare or problem oriented, and
 (3) when it is geared more towards scientific orientation

Development of Psychology in the Philippines


 SERAFIN M. MACARAIG, the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in Sociology and Published a book
entitled An Introduction to Sociology in 1938.
 FR. VALENTIN MARIN introduced sociology in the Philippines, with the opening of criminology program
in the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in 1950’s.
 CONRADO BENITEZ and LUIS RIVERA were among the first teachers of sociology in the Philippines.
 In 1957, the COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL (CDRC) was created to conduct and
support social science researchers.
 In 1960, Fr. Frank Lynch, SJ, founded the Institute of the Philippine Culture at the Ateneo De Manila
University.
 Gelia Castillo, a Filipino Sociologist integrated empirical studies into development problem areas where
policy makers, researchers, teachers and students can concentrate their efforts.
 In 1970’s witnessed the thriving of phenomenological sociology and Marxism sociology.
 In 1970’s- 1980’s saw the thrust of theoretical and methodological tends Participatory research emerged,
 The 1990’s witnessed the collaboration of the Ugnayan Pang agham Tao and Philippine Sociological Study
in holding seminars, convention, and conducting empirical researches on social issues. They also held
teaching to increase competence in the teaching of sociology
 This had made the people aware of the importance of sociological facts in the decision-making process.
 In the Philippines at recent, more studies had been undergone to give a future solution to the recent wars in
the Mindanao.
Development of Psychology in the Philippines
 This had made the people aware of the importance of sociological facts in the decision-making process.
 In the Philippines at recent, more studies had been undergone to give a future solution to the recent wars in
the Mindanao.

Prepared by:

ROSANA F. RODRIGUEZ, RN, MAN


Instructor

General Sociology (Hand out #1- Midterm) Page 3

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