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Cyclones are huge revolving storms caused by
winds blowing around a central area of low
atmospheric pressure.
Wind blows anti-clockwise in the
NH and clockwise in the SH
Typhoon- termed used when it
formed in the Pacific ocean
Hurricane- termed used when it
formed in the Atlantic ocean
Cyclone- termed used when it
formed in the southern ocean and
Indian ocean
Willy-willy- termed used in Australia
Classification of cyclone according to synoptic
scale
1. Polar cyclone (polar regions, vast)
2. Polar lows (polar regions, short)
3. Extratropical cyclone (mid-latitude cyclone)
4. Subtropical cyclone (between the equator
and 50o N and S)
5. Mesocyclone (associated with tornado
formation)
6. Tropical cyclone (tropics)
Tropical cyclone is non-frontal synoptic scale low-
pressure system over tropical waters with
organized convection (i.e. Thunderstorm activity)
and cyclonic surface circulation.
This low pressure creates
violent storms that are
characterised by winds
over 100km/h and heavy
rainfall.
They have caused the
loss of life on a number of
occasions due to there
intensity.
TC has synoptic scales of 100’s km
Average number of typhoons in the different areas of the world
1. Warm ocean waters at least (26.5°C) to provide the
heat.
2. Availability of moisture. Moisture is necessary for
providing latent heat of condensation.
3. Coriolis force to provide the rotation. (they do not
form within 5o of the equator due to the negligible CF
there).
4. A seedling or cyclonic weather disturbance with
extra cloud cover.
5. Almost uniform large scale wind with little vertical
shear to allow heat to accumulate (less than 10m/s).
6. An exhaust system consisting of a divergent upper
level disturbance.
Peak intensity of a typhoon is the maximum intensity
the storm reaches during its entire lifetime.
It results from an accumulation of intensification, which
is equivalent to speed being an accumulation of
acceleration.
Mature Stage
At the mature stage the surface pressure at the center of remains
low but steady (pressure averages 950 mb; values of about 900 mb
have been recorded. The lowest recorded pressure was 870 mb).
The wind speed reach that of the hurricane force (~64 kt), but is
more steady.There is bad weather. (Rainfall may reach 10 – 20 cm
in 3 hours.). The area involved increases (radius ranges from 200 to
1000 km; some systems may reach radii of 1700 km).
Decaying Stage
Tropical cyclones decay due to;
(a) Frictional dissipation (by
surface features),
(b) Disruption of vortex, (by
terrain or encounter with
westerlies),
(c) Lack of sufficient moisture as they move inland
(d) movement to places of cold sea surface
temperatures
If tropical cyclones move into the extra-tropics they
encounter westerlies. They may dissipate or be
transformed into extra-tropical cyclones.
Typical lifetime is less than a week.
The lifetime of a cyclone is
determined by how
favourable the atmospheric
environment is, movement,
sea surface temperatures.
While most cyclones
undergo a life-cycle of 3-7
days some weak ones only
briefly reach gale force
while others can be
sustained for weeks if they
remain in a favourable
environment.
The longest being
Hurricane Ginger (1971)
that lasted for 30 days.
There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm
size. The most common metrics include the radius of maximum
wind, the radius of 34-knot wind , the radius of outermost
closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind
1o lat= 60 nm
The Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) is
bounded by the black
lines joining the following
points:
25°N - 120°E
25°N - 135°E
5°N - 135°E
5°N - 115°E
15°N - 115°E
21°N - 120°E.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 1
◦ A tropical cyclone may threaten or affect the locality. Winds from 30-60 KPH may
be expected in at least 36 hours.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 2
◦ A tropical cyclone may threaten the locality. Winds between 61-120 kph may be
expected in at least 24 hours.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 3
◦ A tropical cyclone will affect the locality. Winds of 121 - 170 Kph may be expected
in at least 18 hours.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 4
◦ A very strong typhoon will affect the locality. Very strong winds of more than 171-
220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.
Public Storm Warning Signal Number 5
◦ Super typhoon. Very strong winds over 220 kph may be expected in at least 12
hours.
PSWS LEAD TIME WINDS IMPACTS OF
(hours) THE WIND
(kph)
1 36 30-60 No damage to
very light damage
2 24 61-120 Light to moderate
damage
3 18 121-170 Moderate to
heavy damage
4 12 171-220 Heavy to very
heavy damage
5 12 More than 220 Very heavy to
widespread
damage
Winds of 30-60 kph is expected.
Sea condition
◦ Wave Height: 1.25-4.0 meters
Damage to structures
Very light or no damage to high risk
structures,
Light to medium and low risk structures
Slight damage to some houses of very
light materials or makeshift structures in
exposed communities.
Damage to vegetations
Some banana plants are tilted, a few
downed and leaves are generally
damaged
Twigs of small trees may be broken.
Rice crops, however, may suffer significant
damage when it is in its flowering stage.
Winds of greater than 61 kph and up to
120 kph may be expected in at least 24
hours.
Sea condition
Wave Height: 4.1-14.0 m
Storm surge possible at coastal areas
Damage to structures
Light to Moderate damage to high risk
structures;
· Very light to light damage to medium-risk
structures;
· No damage to very light damage to low risk
structures
Unshielded, old dilapidated schoolhouses,
makeshift shanties, and other structures of light
materials are partially damaged or unroofed.
Damage to vegetations
Most banana plants, a few mango trees, ipil-ipil
and similar types of trees are downed or broken
Some coconut trees may be tilted with few others
broken
Rice and corn may be adversely affected
Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with
some heavy-foliaged trees blown down.
Winds of greater than 121 kph up to
170 kph may be expected in at least 18
hours.
Sea condition
Wave Height: > 14.0 meters
Storm surge possible at coastal areas
Damage to structures
Heavy damage to high–risk structures;
· Moderate damage to medium- risk
structures;
· Light damage to low-risk structures
Increasing damage to old, dilapidated
residential structures and houses of light
materials (up to 50% in a community)
Damage to vegetations
Almost all banana plants are downed, some
big trees (acacia, mango, etc.) are broken or
uprooted,
Dwarf-type or hybrid coconut trees are tilted
or downed
Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees
with heavy foliage blown off; some large trees
blown down.
Very strong winds of greater than 171
kph up to 220 kph may be expected in at
least 12 hours.
Sea condition
Wave Height: more than 14.0 meters
Storm surge2-3m possible at coastal areas
Damage to structures
Very heavy damage to high –risk structures
· Heavy damage to medium risk structures;
· Moderate damageto low-risk structures
Considerable damage to structures of light
materials (up to 75% are totally and partially
destroyed); complete roof structure failures.
Damage to vegetations
There is almost total damage to banana
plantation,
Most mango trees, ipil-ipil and similar types of
large trees are downed or broken.
Coconut plantation may suffer extensive
damage.
Rice and corn plantation may suffer severe
losses.
more than 220kph
Expected in12hrs on 1stissuance.
Sea condition
Wave Height: more than 14.0 m
Storm surge more than 3 meters possible at
coastal areas
Damage to structures
Widespread damage to high-risk
structures
· Very heavy damage to medium-risk
structures
· Heavy damage to low-risk structures;
Almost total damage to structures of light
materials, especially in highly exposed coastal
areas.
Damage to vegetations
Total damage to banana plantation
Most tall trees are broken, uprooted or
defoliated;
Coconut trees are stooped, broken or uprooted.
Few plants and trees survived
5 Average number of
4
3.4 3.4 3.1
typhoons per year-
3
2.7
2.3
20
2 1.5 1.4 Months of July-
0.9
1 0.5
0.3 0.3 0.4
August and
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
September have the
highest average
Tropical Cyclones (68%) number of typhoons
(>3)
Typhoons cause
Earthquake & Floodings
more deaths (68%)
Others(25%) Landslides
(5%)
(2%)
NUMBER OF DEATHS
1. Super Typhoon Haiyan (international name: Yolanda), the strongest
storm ever recorded on land, destroys entire towns across the central
Philippines on November 8, 2013. When the government stopped its count
months later, more than 7,350 people were listed as dead or missing.