CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of the Paper

Language is a tool that is very important for daily life and one of support in
communicating, especially English as one of the most important international
language. because it is, the author will discuss one part of the English language are:
"Sentences" Language is very important in human life. Language is means of
communication. Without a language, a person cannot communicate with others.

Sentences are one of the primary elements of grammar that can stand alone
as a whole. Sentences are a series of interrelated word groups and become a unified
one.Sentence (sentence) is a grammatical construction containing a whole mind.
Sentence is formed from one or more clause, where there is at least one independent
clause (consisting of subject and predicate).

Sentence begins with a capital letter and is terminated by a full stop,

exclamation mark, or question mark. A sentence can include a meaningful set of
words to express a statement, question, exclamation phrase, request, order or
suggestion etc.

1.2 Formulation Of The Problem

1. What Was Meant By Types Of Sentences
2. What Are The Kinds Of Sentences
3. How To Use Part Of The Sentence
4. How Is The Function Of Using Any Sentences

1.3 Writing Purpose

1. To know what is intended by types of sentences
2. To know what kinds of sentences are
3. To know how to use part of sentences
4. To know how the function of using any sentences

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 CHAPTER II

CONTENT

2.1 Definition

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A

sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by
following the grammatical rules

A sentence is an expression in natural language, and often defined to indicate a

grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic
relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped
meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. So, a
sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought.

These are sentences example:

1. Muammar Jumran breathes.

2. Shihab loves Ayha.
3. Are you sick?
4. Does Imamsyah Al-Hadi love Marhamah?
5. Hurry! (the subject is “you”)
6. Don’t cheat! (the subject is “you”)

The two types of sentences are:

1. Based on Structure
2. Based on Purpose

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2.2 Types of Sentence by Structure

By structure, we can classify into four basic kinds of sentences in English: simple
sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex
sentences.

1. Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause

and no dependent clauses.
Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma
plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent
clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments
an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as
a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as
a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym
for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to
adverbial dependent clauses.There are also different types of dependent clauses like
noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and adverbial clauses. Example:

a. Harisman lives in Makassar city.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject,
Harisman, and one predicate, lives in Makassar city.
b. Mismar and Muh. Ikhsan Nur live in Makassar city.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains two subjects,
Mismar and Muh. Ikhsan Nur and one predicate, live in Makassar city. This
sentence has two subjects, known as a compound subject: Mismar and Muh.
Ikhsan Nur.
c. Hasan Basri speaks and writes English well.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject,
Hasan Basri, and one predicate, speaks and writes English well. This predicate
has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: speaks and writes.
d. Marhamah and Karmila love English and always get ‘a’.
Marhamah and Karmila are a compound subject, and love and get are a
compound verb.
e. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.

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 f. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Note that sentence ‘e’ contains a compound subject, and sentence ‘f’ contains a
compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a
complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.

2. Compound sentence

A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not

require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or
without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon
that functions as a conjunction. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence.
The use of a comma to separate two short independent clauses in a sentence is accepted.
Examples :

a. The students of English education department of State Islamic University of

Makassar go refreshing every last semester, and they usually have fun.
b. Do you want to stay here, or would you like to go shopping with me?

Notice that a compound sentence has a comma before the coordination conjunction.
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in English : but, and, or, so, nor, yet, and
for. It’s possible to connect three simple sentences. (don’t connect more than three,
however, and don’t use the same conjunction twice.) E.g.: we love go refreshing, but last
year we didn’t enjoy it, so this year we will do something different during our vacation.

The following types of compound sentences in more detail.

a) Compound Sentences with Coordinator.

A compound sentences can be formed as follows:
Independent clause,+ coordinator + independent clause

Notice that there is a comma after the first independent clause. The following
sentences illustrate the meaning of the seven “FAN BOYS” coordinators.
For Women live longer than men, for they take better care of their healt.
(The second clause gives the reason for the first clause)

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And Women follow more healhful diets, and they go to doctors more
often.
(The two clauses express equal, similar ideas.)

Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much
alcoholes. (Nor means “and not.” It joins two negative independent
clauses. Notice that question word order is used after nor)

But Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as
women do. (The two clauses express equal, contrasting ideas.)

Or Both men and women should limit the amout of fat in their diets, or
they risk getting heart disease. (The two clauses express alternative
possibilities.)

Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex” yet in some ways, they
are stronger than men. (The second clause is a surprising or
unexpected contrast to the first clause)

So Men are less cautious than women, so more men die in accidents.
(The second clause is the result of the first caluse.)

b) Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

A compound sentetences can also be formed as follows:

Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause

Notice the punctuation: a semicolon follows the first independent clause, and a
comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Also, just like the FAN BOYS coordinators,
conjunctive adverbs express relationships between the clauses. The following chart
shows the coordinators and conjunctive adverbs that express similar menings.

COORDINATORS CONJUNTIVE SENTENCES

ADVERBS
And Besides Community collages

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 Furthermore offer preparation for
Moreover many occupations;
Also moreover, they prepare
students to transfer to a
four year college or
university.

But However Many community

Yet Nevertheless colleges do not have
Nonetheless dormitories; however,
they provide housing
referral services.

Or Otherwise Students must take final

exams; otherwise, they
will receive a grade of
incomplete

So Accordingly Native and nonnative

Consequently English speakers have
Hence different needs;
Therefore therefore, most schools
Thus provide separate English
classes for each group.

c) Compound sentences with Semicolons

A compound sentences can also be formed with a semicolon alone.
Independent clause; independent clause

My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.

Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from commuism; others
soon followed.

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 This kind of compound sentences is possible only when the two independent
clauses are closely related in meaning. If they aren’t closery related, they should
be written as two simple sentences, each ending with a period.

3. Complex sentence

A complex sentences contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent
clause(s). In a complex sentences, one idea is generally more important than the other one.
The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is
placed in the depedent clause.
There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective, and noun. The following chart
presents an overview of them.

Dependent Clauses

ADVERB CLAUSES

A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while,
because, although, if, so that, etc.

1. Although wome in the United States could own property, they could not vote until
1920.
2. In the United State, women could not vote until 1920 although they could own
property.

Notice that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: before or after the
independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma
(sentence 1). If it comes after the indeoendent clause, no comma is used (sentence 2).

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A depedent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom,
which, whose, or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when. A adjective clause
functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. The position and
puncltuation of dependent adjective clauses is discussed.

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 3. Men who are not married are called bachelors.
4. Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which features excellent scuba diving.

NOUN CLAUSE

A dependent noun clause functions as a noun and begins with a wh-question word, that,
whether, or sometimes if. A dependent noun clause can be either a subject (sentences 5) or
an object (sentences 6). No commas are necessary.

5. That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.
6. Scientist believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible
for creating it.

4. Compound-complex sentence

A sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
(which can also be called subordinate clause) is referred to as a complex-compound
sentence. Sometimes also called a compound-complex sentence.

Examples :

a. Mursyidah Mutia Izza enjoys learning reading, but Iswahyudi, who is smart at
reading, enjoys learning speaking.
- Independent clause :
Mursyidah Mutia Izza enjoys learning reading.
Iswahyudi enjoys learning speaking.
- Dependent clause :
who is smart at reading
b. Ahkam always comes late to campus, but Muh. Daniel, whose house is so far
from campus, always comes early.
- Independent clause :
Ahkam always comes late to campus.
Muh. Daniel always comes early.
- Dependent clause :
wose house is so far from campus

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2.3 Types of Sentence by Purpose

Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:

a) Declarative Sentences

The first type of sentence in the English language is the declarative sentence.
Declarative sentences, or declarations, convey information or make statements. the
most common type, commonly makes a statement

Example :

 My cat chases rabbits.

 I am going home
 Her brother has lived in Alabama for seven years.
 A tornado destroyed the grain bins.
 The trains leaves tomorrow promptly at noon.

b) Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information.

Example :

 When does the train leave?

 How old is your daughter?
 Is your husband a firefighter?
 Have you brushed your teeth today?
 when are you going to work?

c) Exclamatory sentence

Exclamatory sentence" or "exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of

statement expressing emotion.

Example :

 You broke the lamp! (declarative)

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  The train left an hour ago! (declarative)
 what a wonderful day this is!
 How did you break your leg?! (interrogative)
 What the heck was that?! (interrogative)
 Stop chewing with your mouth open! (imperative)
 Do not open the presents until the morning! (imperative)

d) Imperative sentence

Imperative sentence " or "command tells someone to do something

Example :

 Bring me some sugar.

 Buy some bread and milk on your way home.
 go to work at 7:30 in the morning.
 Shut the door please.
 Turn right at the park.
 Stop talking so loudly!
 Open the windows to let the smoke out!

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

A sentence is an expression in natural language, and often defined to indicate a

grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic
relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped
meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. So, a
sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought.

These are sentences example:

1. Shihab loves Ayha.

2. Are you sick?

The two types of sentences are:

1. Based on Structure
By structure, we can classify into four basic kinds of sentences in English:
simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex
sentences.
2. Based on Purpose
Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose: Declarative
Sentences, Interrogative Sentences, Exclamatory sentence, Imperative sentence

3.2 Suggestion
In writing this paper is far from perfection therefore the criticism and suggestions
that build up are indispensable for improvement in the next day.
The author also expects readers to better understand about ' types sentence '.
Because in English there are rules in the process of learning especially pronunciation.
Readers and writers want to immerse themselves in the application of English in
everyday life because English is an international language.

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REFERENCES

https://englishahkam.blogspot.com/2011/08/sentence.html

https://parentingpatch.com/sentence-purpose-declarative-interrogative-imperative-
exclamatory/

Sentence Types – http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/comp/0150/grammar/sentencetypes.html –

Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016

Sentence Types (Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Bahasa Inggris) – http://www.wordsmile.com/sentence-

types-tipe-kalimat-bahasa-inggris – Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016

Kinds Of Sentence And Their Punctuation – https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm

– Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016

Sentences : Simple, Compound, and Complex –

http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/sentences.htm – Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016

Learn The Four Sentence Types – http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/sentence-

types.html – Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016

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