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HE ULTIMATE VISUAL GUIDE TO EVERYTHING ON EARTH

HISTORY
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 1 THSON A ! J

NATURAL
HISTORY
What if our planet's kaleidoscope
of life could be contained within the
covers of a book? The result would
be something very close to Natural
History. Page after page displays a
dazzling array of species from
around the globe. From bacteria
to bison, giant redwoods to ruby-
throated hummingbirds, tripe fungi
to trumpetfish, this is a unique record
-
of the rich diversity of life on Earth.

LIVING EARTH
A fullv illustrated introduction explains the
story of our planet, from the unique conditions
that first sustained life, to the evolution and

classification of organisms that exist today.

A specially designed "tree of life" charts the

complex and interconnected relationships

between species.

EXTRAORDINARY DIVERSITY
At the heart of the book is a breathtaking visual

catalog with m^ ''

) full-color entries. In

addition to plants, animals, tungi, and microscopic

lif 'S, this encycicyi ' ' >rv also

covers rocks, mim* J "md fossils, providing an

unparalleled survey of the natuia, , rid.

LOOK CLOSER
Specially commissioned photographic features
zoom in on single specimens, drawing readers
into close encounters with some of Earth's most
spectacular species.
* •

Perfect for the entire family, from students to

amateur naturalists, Natural History is a testament
to the beauty of our world and an inspiration to
conservationists everywhere.

$50 00 USA
$55.0' acla

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NATURAL
HISTORY
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m SMITHSONIAN O

NATURAL
Mil ULT1M ATI V I S U \ l GUIDI I o EVERYTHING ON EARTH

HISTORY
 FOREWORD 6
LONDON. NEW YORK. MELBOURNE ABOUT THIS BOOK 8
MUNICH, AND DELHI
DK PUBLISHING
SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR Katlirvn lcnncss\ I

PROJECT EDITOR Victoria Wiggins

SENIOR ART EDITORS Gadi Farfour,

EDITORS Becky Alexander, Ann Baggalev,

Kim Dennis-Bryan, Ferdie McDonald,
Elizabeth Munsey, Peter Preston,
CressidaTuson, Anne Yclland
US EDITORS Jill Hamilton, Christine Heilman,
Jane Perlmutter

DESIGNERS Paul Drislane, Nicola Erdpresser,

Anna Hall, Richard Horsford,
Phil Fit/gerald,
Stephen Knovvlden, Dean Morris, Amy
Orsborne, Steve Woosnam-Savage LIVING EARTH MINERALS, MICROSCOPIC
PHOTOGRAPHY Gary Ombler
SPECIAL
PICTURE RESEARCH Neil Fletcher,
A living planet 12 ROCKS, AND LIFE
Peter Cross, Julia Harris-Voss, Sarah Hopper,
Active Earth 14 FOSSILS PROKARYOTES 90
Liz Moore, Rebecca Sodergren, Jo Walton, Changing climates 16
Debra Weatherley, and Suzanne Williams Hahitats for life 18 MINERALS 38 PROTISTS 94
DK picture library Claire Bowers Amoebas and
DATABASE Peter Cook, David Roberts
Human impact 20 ROCKS 62 relatives 96
Origins of life 22 Flagellates 97
PRODUCTION EDITOR Tony Phipps
Evolution and diversity 24
FOSSILS 74 Rhizarians 98
SENIOR PRODUCTION CONTROLLER
Inderjit Bhullar Evolution in progress 26 Alveolates 100
Classification 28 Heterokonts 101
MANAGING EDITOR Camilla Hallinan
MANAGING ART EDITOR Karen Self Animal genealogy 30 Red and green algae 103
ART DIRECTOR Phil Ormerod Tree of life 32
ASSOCIATE publisher Liz Wheeler
REFERENCE PUBLISHER Jonathan Mctcalf

DK INDIA
MANAGING EDITOR Rohan Sinha
ART DIRECTOR Shcfali Upadhyay
PROJECT MANAGER MalavikaTalukdcr

CONTENTS
PROJECT EDITOR Kingshuk Ghoshal
PROJECT ART EDITOR Mitun Banerjcc
EDITORS Alka Ranjan, Samira Sood,
Garima Sharma
ART EDITORS Ivy Roy, Mahua Mandal,
Nccrja Rawat
PRODUCTION MANAGER Pankaj Sharma
dtp Coordinator Sunil Sharma
SENIOR DTP DESIGNERS Dhceraj Arora,
\
Jagtar Singh, PushpakTyagi

First American Edition, 2010

First published in the United States by
DK Publishing
375 Hudson Street
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CONSULTANT EDITOR
New York, New York 10014
Established in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution — the world's David Burnie is a former
10 11 12 13 14 109876 54 32
LD096—09/10
1
largest museum and research complex — includes 1museums
9 winner of the Aventis Prize for
and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number Science Books, and the editor
Copyright© 2010 Dorling Kindcrsley Limited of objects, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian's of DK's highly successful Animal.
Foreword copyright © 2010 Smithsonian Institution
collections is estimated at 1 37 million, the bulk of which is He has written or contributed
Without limiting the rights
All rights reserved.
contained in the National Museum of Natural History, which holds to more than 00 books and
1 is a
under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or
more than 126 million specimens and objects. The Smithsonian fellow of the Zoological Society
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education, of London.
in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history.
photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without
the prior written permission of both the copyright CONTRIBUTORS
owner and the above publisher of this hook. SMITHSONIAN CONSULTANTS
Dr. Stephen Cairns, Dr. Allen Collins, Dana M. De Roche, Richard Beatty, Amy-Jane Beer,
Publishedin Great Britain by
Dorling Kinderslev Limited Dr. Carla Dove, Leslie Hale, Dr. M. G.
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A catalog record for this book is available from
the Library of Congress. Dr. David L. Pawson, Paul Pohwat, Dr. Jeffrey E. Post, Dr. Klaus Dr. Chris Gibson, Derek Harvey,
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ISBN 978-07566-6752-8
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PLANTS FUNGI ANIMALS
UYlRWORIs 108 MUSHROOMS 210 INVERTEBRATES 24S Vlbatrosses, petrels,
S P on es >50 ami shearw aters
MOSSES 1 10 nU 111N(,1 2 36 g
1 !1

Cnidai ians !S2 c ri ebes 423

URNs \\1) Rl 1 \ 1 1 \ I S 112 1 ICHENS 242 i latworms >56 Flamingos 424
( U UJS, GINKGOS, Roundworms Stoi ks, Ibises, and berons 425
indgni tophi hn 1 16 Segmented worms >58 I'rln ,ms anil relati> is 1 !8

COMF1 RS 1 IS Velvel worms >58 Bii ds ol pre\ I JO

Water bears !59 Cranes and rails I 38
FLOWERING PI UTO 122
Arthropods >60 Waders, gulls, and auks l I I

Kisal angiosperms 124 \i ,u hnids >62 Sandgn tuse 452

Magnoliids S
v.\ spiders >68 Pigeons and doves i ;3
Monocotyledons I JO I'ai'ii ils anil 456 katOOS
I lorseshoe i rabs !68 i 1 »<

1 udicotvledons ISO 269 Cuckoos, hoatzin, and turacos 460

Crustac eans
Insects 274 Owls 463
Ribbon worms {(HI Nightjars m^\ (rogmouths 467
Bryozoans J00 1[ummingbirds and sv* His 469
1 ampshells J01 Trogons 472
MolluslcS ^01 Mousebirds 472
13i\al\is id 1
Kingfishers .uu\ relatives 47 3
Gastropods J04 Wi lodpeckers and toucans 477
Cephalopods J09 Passerines 482
Chitons Jl 3
MAMMALS 500
lusk shells 31 \
1 mammals
gg laying 502
I i binoderms J14 Pouched mammals 50 3

CH OR DATES 318 Sengis 512

Tenrecs and golden moles 51 3

FISH 320
Aardvark 514
jaw less fish* S 322
1 )ugong and manatees 515
( lartilaginous fishes 323
1 [yraxes 515
Ra\ -finned fishes J30 1 lephants 516
I obe finned fishes 349
Armadillos 517
AMPHIBIANS 350 and anteaters
Sl( iths 520
Frogs and toads 352 Rabbits, bares, and pikas 521
I ai i ilians 36 5 Rodents 523
Salamanders and new ts 366 ree shrews
1
'.3 3

(
'<
)l ll^< is 533
REPTILES 370
Primates 5 34
Turtles and tortoises 372
Bats 5 50
luataras 379
1 ledgehi igs and mi m mrats 558
I izards $80
Moles and relatives 559
Vmphisbat nians IS 1 )
Pangolins 561
Snakes J90 ( .11 IIJMII 1 s 562
Croi "clili v and a rs 400 ( )d<l toed ungulates 588
BIRDS 404 1 m ii toed ungulati s

Tinamous 406 Whales, porpoises,

K.itit. s 106 ,m<\ dolphins 612
I <>u I, -j . 1 1 m liir <|s .11 M I I i lati vi s 408
Watl rfowl 412 GLOSSARY 618
nins 416 INDEX 622
I oons i
!0 \( KNOW] DGM1 1 MS 644
 P^^r
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We
FOREWORD share this planet \\ itli millions ol spe< ies ol plants, animals
and niu roorganisms, and oui lives .uv intimatel) tied to them,
|um take a momenl to look around you and you w ill sir t li.it we
air intera< ting v\ itli them ever) day, from the food we eat and
thr i lothes we wear to the mi< robes thai live inside our bodies,
the .in we breathe, and the water we drink, We are one small
tw i<^ iii .1 large and complex tree <>| life, a tree where most ol

the branc hes have been lost ovei time.

I Ins hook pio\ ides .\ w uulow iiUii the ivinarkahli' di\itsit\
and natural histon ol the world around us. It has been .1 long
journey, going ba< k 4.6 billion years to the formation of planet
I .nth itself, although astronomers have discovered several
hundred planets in other solar systems over the |>.ist de< ade,
our home is unique given its location in the solar system, its
geological history, and the evolution ol life. Kn\ one of these
things could have changed and we would not be here today.
I lir stmh ol these species, and the interactions among them
and \\ ith their surrounding environment, is our own natural
history. More than .9 million li\ ing species have been described
1

to date, and more than 20,000 new species are discovered and
des( ribed ever) year. Each one of them has a unique story, mu\ is
the ivsult ol millions ol years ol evolution through natural selection
and adaptation to their environment. Their In is arc intertwined

into a gigantic web ol life, \\ ith multiple, constantly changing

connections between them. We are just one species, albeit one that
is ha\ ing an ever increasing impact on this planet and beyond.
Fossils give us a rare \\ indow into the past, a form of time
travel il you \\ ish. We know that most species that have lived in
the past 5 30 million years have become extinct, and thai there
have been mass extinctions when as main as )() pin l
rut of all

species disappeared. For example, fossil leaves from Wyoming

show evidence ol rapidl) changing environments, from temperate
grasslands to tropical forests, same place over time. Some
in the
ol the fossil leaves even show the bite marks left by feeding insects
:>() million years ago. H\ c omparing these fossil communities in
spair and time we can see that species and their natural histon
have ontinuousK responded to em ironmental hange. Some of
i <

them made it; most did not. The stud) of these changes ma) give
us insights into the past, present, and future ol life on Earth.

I he publication ol this hook coincides with the centennial

anniversary ol the Smithsonian's National Museum ok Natural
History. Our collections are pages of a giganti* encyclopedia
ol lilt', and the stor) is told through the insights ol our si imtists
and educators. I trust you will enjo) this magnificenl volume
and accepl n as ,in invitation to explore the Smithsonian and
to i xplore tin natural histor) ol the world around you.

CRISTIAN SAMPER
DIRECTOR, NATIONA1 MUSEUM Ol N\I(IK\I HISTORY,
sMi i HSONIAN INSI I i ii j io\
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Natural History begins with a general introduction to life on Earth: the
geological foundations of life, the evolution of life forms, and how organisms Jor easy reference, visual

are classified. The next five chapters form an extensive and accessible catalog contents panels list the

—
of species and specimens from mineral to mammals interspersed with — subgroups within each section,
and the page number where
each subgroup can be found
fact-filled introductions to each group and in-depth feature profiles.

SECTION INTRODUCTION >

Each chapter is divided into sections
REPTILES
representing major taxonomic groupings. Brpiil^ .irt a MphlMiciMd, dlvone, *"! luccvnTuI group
<. •ihrrmu !• ofa-Mooded) rarfebnto \lih.-u^h obuobI
,

The section introduction highlights

the characteristics and behaviors that
define the group, and discusses their
evolution over time.

PHYLUM CHORDATA
on each introduction, .

(-CLASS REPTHIA :

classification boxes display the

current taxonomic hierarchy:
ORDERS 4

the level of the group under FAMILIES 60

discussion is highlighted SPECIES About 7,700

debate boxes tackle scientific

controversies and taxonomic discussions
arising Jrom new discoveries

u male of I *
1^-
the species

A GROUP INTRODUCTION
Within each section — for example,
reptiles — lower-ranking taxonomic groups,
species-specific
information
such as lizards, are explored. Kev features accompanies
are described, including their distribution, each image
habitat, physical characteristics, life cycle,
behavior, and reproductive habits.

SPECIES CATALOG >

Pictorial galleries profile around
5,000 species, showing the distinctive
visual features of each one. Closely
related species are placed together for
useful comparison, while essential
data highlights unique and interesting
apsects of each organism.
 Jj!. 8 m)
mam—mm
deti H Mil 1 \i I ests, swamps, scrub thickets, MEASUREMENTS
lUCA IIUI. jii>I i^kv landst i
sitiniu,
distribution. j/iJ Jirt DISTRIBUTION India to China, Siberia, tin M . itams In this book ara gtvsn In

peninsula, and Sumatra .i nstoi the dimensions used

oil i Mi v houlrd animals, such as deei and
-. Ii smallei mammals and birdi MICROSCOPIC LIFE
. 1 I \1UR1 I'KOI II I

Length
Zooming in on single specimens,
feature profiles um close up PLANTS
photographs to provide in depth Maximum Iwight above ground ; Mm
[Hittrjits .•! some >>l the world's plant Height above water lUBhM
m.»t spectacular species Spread aquaik plants

FUNGI
Width (of widest part) pttoi

Height itlnkhom, dog

INVERTEBRATES
Adultbody length BMCSptfOI
Height onunon hydra, leatftei

' pink iii'.nii'ii hydrokj fire 'coral' Irydrokt, tall

anemones, taHcoi
Diamoter snallfur, blue button, alghl ribbed hydromi

cup !

Diameter, excluding spines W him

Diameter of medusa ii'llylisli

Wmgspan butterflies and moths

Length ol colony liryo/oans
Length of shell mollusks, shelled gasliopods
Spread of tentacles octopuses

FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES

Adult body length from head to tail

BIRDS
Adultbody length from bill to tail

MAMMALS
Adult body length, excluding tail, except lor:

Height to shoulder elephants, apes, even toed ungulates,

odd-toed ungulates

PLANT ICONS
The basic shape ol all trees, shrubs, and woody plants is

described using one of the following symbols Herbaceous

perennials which die back each winter are not given symbols

si \ ini l s I PARROl
lmj/(>nj quildinan TREES SHRUBS
ii. i, idae Broadly columnar Bushy, mound forming

Broadly conical Bushy, suckering

ftnmon name-
hiqhliahted in bold, fdentifii Large weeping Compact, bushy
njnii'i tin- in ituln

casa the familj il

t;

)
in

name
tome
T Small weeping Erect, treelike

Mullistemmed tree Loose, open

is tfiwn
Narrowly columnar, Open, spreading
flame-shaped Rounded, bushy
I Narrowly columnar Spreading, prostrate
Narrowly conical Upright
Rounded, broadly
T Upright, arching
columnar Upright, vigorous,
appropriate measurement Rounded, broadly bushy
for the oraanism diet spreading Sprawling, climl,
mcl. riifht)
Single stemmed palm
Mullistemmed palm,
cycad or similar

ABBREVIATIONS
cies (used where species name is unknown)
mya: million /<:.v:, ago
ral, measured on the Mohs scale
sg: specific gravity > mil >rd by
comparing its weight to that of an equa .
LIVING
EARTT
Our blue planet, spinning in the vastness ol space, is the only
proven homo ol living things. Over nearby lour billion years, life has
evolved from the simplest ol beginnings. Main species have become
extinct, but life itself has flourished and endlessly diversified. The
result is an extraordinary variety ol living things, which scientists

continue to study as they piece together the story ol lite on Earth.

 .

WMi •a:

A LIVING PLANET WATER AND

Life
LIFE
depends upon water, which lorms
over 50 percent of all living tissues. Most
Earth uniquely equipped to support a wide diversity of life,
is rainfall is driven bv evaporation from the

both on land and in the seas. Without heat and light from the oceans, which hold 97 percent of Earth's
surface water, and a vital network of
Sun, plentiful supplies of water, the protection provided by rivers flow in all but the world's hottest,
H i+
the atmosphere, and the rocks and minerals that make up the coldest, and driest places.

Z
<
basis of Earth's ecosystems, life would perish. HI
DYNAMIC EARTH »« y*

WTO
\w & ;$f/
Within our Solar System, Earth seems to be uniquely placed to support i

z 1H3
abundant life. The third planet from the Sun, Earth is neither too close to nor
>
-J
too far from the Sun's heat. It therefore retains an outer atmosphere of oxygen
and other gases, and a hydrosphere of plentiful surface water. Together, these V
I .
MM
form a protective, insulating layer that enables life to flourish. In contrast, the
<
•
other planets in the Solar System are either too hot or too cold, and devoid
of the levels of water and oxygen required to support detectable life.
X Earth has a layered structure, with an extremely hot, solid metallic core at
H
its center, surrounded by an outer molten layer. This, in turn, is surrounded by
< a thick and hot silicate mantle, which rises to a thin, cool, and brittle outer crust.
The mantle is constantly churned by heat rising from the core, and this puts

O pressure on the crust, which is broken

outer
z Over geological

-
into crustal "plates."
time, the drift of these plates, both
toward and away from one another,
has changed Earth's geography
eore

inner
core
mmm
and living environments. Oceans,
mountains, and landscapes
are constantly formed and
destroyed, and life has had
to adapt to these changes. — '«#: '
1
1

EARTH'S STRUCTURE >

The liquid mantle is constantly
stirred by heat rising
J 6 from the core. ,
lower
This moves the plates ol the outer montle
crust, causing earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions on the surface.

SUN AND MOON K

The Sun and the Moon both have a direct

impact on on Earth. Without the Sun's

life

energy, in the form of heat and light, there

would be no life. Solar energy heats the
atmosphere, the oceans, and the land,
producing our varied climate. Because Earth
rotates at an angle while it orbits the Sun, the
Sun's radiant energy is unevenly distributed
over Earth's surface. This results in daily,

seasonal, and annual variations in light, heat, and

living conditions for plants and animals. Even
at the equator, there are marked temperature
changes between day and night. The orbit of
A SOLAR FLARES Earth's satellite moon and its gravitational pull
The Sun's energy is dramatically
raise tides in Earth's oceans and seas. Tidal cycles
released from the surface in periodic-
explosions, which heat its atmosphere are especially influential on coastal life, which
»
/
'fTW Bi
to form solar flares of hot ionized gas. has to adapt to changing conditions. #>
<
' 9
\
;, ''v «.

X .-
FRAGH E ATMOSPHERE
l arth's atmosphere is 75 miles t 1 iOkm) thit k It is made II
up ol several layei s, ea< h with its own temperature and gas
composition, Its density decreases with height, until it

bet omes the sparse, outermost layer, called the ionosphere,

I he ozone layer, in the l» >\\ «.r atmosphere, plays .1 vital role in

protecting life because it absorbs harmful radiation mk li

a- ultra \ iolet light, v* hi< l> damages li\ ing ( ells, Befoi e the
ozone layei formed, lii<- w.is confined to the seas, w hose
waters oHered some prote< tion against ultra
«
iolet light,

rhe majority of water vapor and weathei activity is

* r.i III I'l \\l I
m
w
restri< ted to lowest Id miles li<Lnn
\i • iiuiil t > (In ,ls .
i| I .11 th's mii fa< 1

>
i In | ol atmosphere, is covered with water, which supports
known .1- the troposphere, I arth's surface water and gaseous tin abundant and diversity ! I1I1 1 1

H
atmosphere interat 1 to recycle water from the surface into X
tlu- atmosphere and through 1 louds, rain, and snow
redistribute it over the land
and sea. I rom the land, water
flow s bat k into the sea, othei gases,
im luding carbon
although large quantities dioxide, methane,

are held l>.u k in lakes, i< e, and /

and under the ground. nitrogen s
C.

ATMOSPHERIC GASES •

Nitrogen and oxygen mak< up ovt 1

" I AVI ItS Ol AIMOSIMII HI
99 percent ol 1 arth's atmosphen I .11 ih is sui n tunded bj .1 thin, layered
/
m
.

along with small but important at mi 'sphere, imposed

1 1 >l w at< 1 \ .i| >> 11

volumes ol water vapor, carbon and vai 11 His gasi s, ^^ Im h trap si ilai

dioxide, and several othei gases enei gj and n< .it the sui fat e.

\ ARI1I) ROCKS
I here are around 500 different kinds ol alteration ol existing rocks within Earth's
rorks on Earth, made up ol varying crust, 1 hese differenl t\|)cs ol rock are
combinations ol thousands ol naturalh exposed on the surface l>\ a mixture ol

01 ( urring minerals. All rocks have a specific uplift, driven by Earth's moving (rust , and
composition and properties, and t an be surface prot esses sin h as weathering and
<li\ ided into three main 1 ategories: igneous erosion, Erosion also modifies the rocks to
rot ks \\ t r( originallj molten; sedimentary produce multiple kinds ol landforms, soils,
rot ks are deposited at I arth's surface; and sediments.! hese are the inorganic
and metamorphit rot ks resull from the elements on w hit h life depends.

K,\| Oils HO( Ks Ml I AMORPHIC ROCKS si Dl \»l N I \HV ROCKS

i'l solidi 11 'In al ion ' -I hi al and I ayi rs ol Mini and di ai I
animal
molten rw k pnxlui es < rvstalline in '"' >cisting rocks deep bones t onstanth ettli on sea and
lu rhein omposition M illnii I .11 ill's c rusl 1 .in i. ri 1
I" 'I \ll' 1 null, inn. 1 Inn H d
and texture \,ir\ r.i|>i<l I id, 11 loon and mini ral 1 omposition, undi 1 tin ••-'
ighl ol snl, si qui ni
pnxlui es fine resulting in and that "l thi
mi tamorphii u.iti 1 abo • 'I" in.

anil •>!"« 1 Doling •

dimi m
pr<xl'. hist, < ompai 1 and
and marlili li.il'l' 11 mi.

SAND
ACTIVE EARTH
Earth's surface constantly changing, thanks to dynamic geological processes
is

driven by its internal heat energy. The plates of Earth's brittle outer crust are
always in motion, altering the shape of oceans and continents as they do so.

PLATE TECTONICS
Over geological time, Earth's surface —and the As plates are dragged apart, molten magma from
distribution and size of the continents and the lower mantle forms new crust. This occurs at
oceans — has constantly changed, driven by the divergent boundaries, which are mainly beneath the
process of plate tectonics. The cool and brittle oceans. And, since Earth itself cannot expand, the
rocks of Earth's outermost crust are broken into creation of new oceanic crust requires that the crust
a number of semirigid slabs known as tectonic is shortened elsewhere bv the same amount. This a SAN ANDREAS FAULT
plates. There are seven major continent-sized reduction occurs at convergent boundaries where Stretching some 8 1 miles ( 1 , 300 km)
plates and about a dozen smaller ones. Over time, either one plate overrides the other — a process
through California, this dramatic fault is

these crustal plates have been jostled against one known as subduction — or the plate margins are
the product of a transform boundary
between the Pacific and North American
another by the motion of the underlying mantle. compressed and buckled to form mountains. plates, which slide against one another.

the thinner, denser

ridge appears at site of v PLATE BOUNDARIES MAP KEY plate is forced Johtj
new plate formation I his map shows the main plates — Convergent boundary into Earth's crust

thai form the jigsaw surface of — Divergent boundary plate moving

together
Earth's crust. A stud) of earthquake Deep-sea trench

ilates nun ina

locations worldwide established ^ Transform boundary
where the plate boundaries lie.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY SUBDUCTION ZONE

As plates are pulled apart they Where two plates converge and
stretch and break, forming one plate is thicker, it pushes the
faulted rilts and volcanically thinner plate beneath it in a

active ridges. process called subduction.

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Also known as conservative plate Where two converging plates are of similar
boundaries, these on ur when two plates density and thickness, their leading edges are
slide horizontally past one another, neither crumpled, faulted, and thickened to form
destroying or creating new trust. mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

< FOLD MOUNTAINS

The intense pressure caused when
MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES
plate margins converge can create One of the major factors controlling the movement and distribution
an incredible folding and faulting
of the crust as the rocks are pushed
on Earth is its varied topography
of life —
its surface features-

upward to form mountains. including the towering mountains and volcanoes on land and under
the sea. On mountains not only hinder the movement of
land,
wildlife but also alter weather, climate, and local plant life, which
in turn impacts animal life. Active volcanoes also affect their

ACTIVEVOLCANOES > surroundings when they erupt — initially by destroying life, but also,

Most vok anoes form at plate margins. in the when the weathering and erosion of erupted
longer term,
Deep down, rocks melt to produce hot new mineral nutrients that fertilize the area.
lava and ash provide
magma which rises and erupts at the

surface. Even dormant volcanoes may one Mountains under the sea affect the movement of marine life, and
day erupt as plates shift beneath them. submarine volcanic eruptions affect the fertility of ocean waters.
 g

Iftti

WORN \w V
1
!

Weathering bj wind and \\aur * an

ri>ult in tin significant erosion ol rocks
and the sculpting ol land surfaces, .1*

seen here in thi dramatic landscape

nt Br\n Canyon, Utah.

*>

WEATHERING AND EROSION

SOIL FORMATION
Mam rocks are formed below 1 arth's surface, .\m\ dissolved, and transported awa) is known as erosion.

when the) arc exposed In pressure - in I arth's I In i ombinatii »n ol weathering and erosion wears The production of a soil requires the

crust orb\ retreating seas or rivers, the) read in down 1 arth's roc k\ surfaces, layer b) layer. Exposed initial weathering and erosion of the

mans ways with the atmosphere, water, and living rocks on mountain tops and on the exterior ol parent rock, which is broken down into

organisms. The physical and chemical pro< esse - buildings, for example, are subject to chemical small, mineral-bearing particles known

acid rain and to physical weathering

as regolith. The addition of humus
resulting Irorn the interae tion ol roc ks and minerals weathering l>\

organic matter formed from the

with the atmosphere are known as we athering. b) temperature c hange and the splintering freeze
remains of plants and animals
The pro* esses bj whi< h ro< k matt rial is loosened, thaw effee t ol u e formation. Bare rot k surfae es ma)
forms the basis for a soil. The
also be physie all) eroded b) sand parti* les e arried l>\
soil In turn becomes the bed
the wind. The combined effect ol weathering and in which more life flourishes.

1 rosion dissolve s some roe ks, and re due ( s others

to fragments. Vs roe Ic debris is broken down and flourish

transported b) wind, wate 1, and ice, the sedimenl

1 reated bee omes in< reasingl) available to life
humus n: li

forms, provieiing importanl mineral nutrients

and a new surface for anchoragi and growth.
1 1/ rich

- I tNDSI 11)1 . RIO Dl J

\M IRO
II deve lop 'I planl covi r, thi

impact ol high rainfall "|» -

has ihi potential to cause landscap altci pan hi rot k

and even life thi

and lawl-L
 '

CHANGING CLIMATES
The features of our seasons —
example, hot, dry summers and cold, icy
for
winters —
make up the climate of each region. Earth's climate has always
C/3
changed from place to place and over time, and this variation in conditions
has considerable and continuing impact upon the evolution of life.
H
<
s WHAT IS CLIMATE?
Climate is a region's average weather over a long in different regions of the world.
u period of time, produced by all the atmospheric For instance there is a major

a conditions such as temperature, rainfall, wind difference between climates ARCTIC H>X
IN SUMMFR
z strength, and pressure. The climate of any given of polar regions, which receive
o place is also partly controlled by a number of other the least light and heat, and
z factors such as its height above sea level, local of tropical regions around the
< topography, proximity to seas and oceans — with equator, which receive the most.
their prevailing winds and
U
water currents — most
and, CHANGING CONDITIONS
importantly, its latitudinal Global climates are generally classified according
position between the to the average temperature and the amount of
equator and pole. Latitude rainfall each area receives, and their combined ARCTIC FOX
IN VVINTFR
< controls the amount of effect on plant growth. For instance, equatorial
— solar radiation received regions at present are hot and wet because oceans
a SEASONAL ADAPTATION
dominate there, whereas deserts are dry and polar Annual climate change can bring acutely

z < CHANGINGTREE LINE regions are cold. However, this has not always been different living conditions from one season
As the air temperature declines to the next. Animals and plants have various
the case. Factors controlling weather conditions over
with increasing altitude, plant life means of adapting to these changes; for
changes. Broadleaved trees are
geological time have affected the climate of the example, the Arctic fox grows a thick coat

replaced by conifers, then shru planet, from ice ages through to global warming. in winter, which it sheds in summer.

•. dfc
 • I \ 11)1 NCI oi CI IM Ml CH W(.l
Studies of polai ic< con samples have revealed
details of past climat< chang< ["h< chemical analysis
.in apped ^.iv bubbles helps providi an approximate
measun .>i tlu temperatun oftht atmosphen at

V ' tli> time ilu- i< . v\.iv foi iiu .1

r-

<

• Id COR] O
s WlIM 1 m
I Ins is .i close u|> «'l
>
.111 i( ( l IHI S.1I|||)K'
SO
i e< ovei ed li om I .ike
H
Bonncy, \ni.n in a,
w In. has permanent li .i
.

X
lit i < tvei li show s

trapped bubbles "I ail

and sediment pai i( les

n
x
I

from ill*' l.ikr luil

>
z
CI IM All OVI 1 S SCIENCE a
STUDYING STOMATA v
rhere is clear evidence from rocks and fossils supercontinents. The sj/e ol these huge landmasses
c.
that 1 arth's climate has changed significantl) over .ilk i ted regional climates. In addition, the changing Plant growth depends upon an

time and that this lias, affected the evolution and shape ol ocean basins has altered water circulation, exchange of gases between the n
distribution <>t life, and led to the extin< tion ol which in turn changes the temperature mu\ humidift atmosphere and the plant tissue,

through special gaps between the

mam species, rhere are a number <>t causes oi this ol the atmosphere above, and so affects climate.
leaves' cells called stomata. The 3>
natural climate change, including volcanic a< tn u\,
stomata open and close to take in H
which pollutes the- atmosphere w ith eje< ted gas GREENHOUS1 \M) It I .U.I s
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis m
and dust, and changes in in ean c urrents, \\ hi< h 1 ong term i hanges in climate are di\ ided into cold
and allow waste water and oxygen to
on

move heat around the globe. Change is also driven periods ice ages, when there were long lasting
escape. In general, plants adapt to high
In the orbital and rotational c y< les oJ the plaint, ice duets ,u the poles mu\ warmer, greenhouse levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide,
which affect tlu- amount oi solar radiation that periods with largeh ic e free poles. Warm phases associated with warm "greenhouse"
reaches Earth's surface. This influences the planets are linked to the release' ol pjeenhouse pases, such climates, by evolving high densities of

temperature and climate, and triggc rs 1 arth s as t arbon dioxide. In plants into the atmosphere. stomata on the leaf surface. Fossil

atmosphere and evidence of changes in the stomatal

cycles ot in- ages ami greenhouse periods. I hese trapped heat in 1 arth's
density of certain plants tracks changes
produced huge, shallow seas, arid /ones, and lush
in atmospheric carbon dioxide over time.
t ii \\(.i\(, (,i o(,r \pin forests that, in the time ol the dinosaurs, pro> ided
Over time, continents have been displac ed as them w ith plentiful food. Ice ages, lasting millions
oceans have expanded and contracted due to n| years, can be traced from the impact that
plate tectonk s. \s< ontinents moved from one glaciation has hit on the landscape, lossils show
hemisphere to another they passed through how rapid c limate change associated with ice ages
dilierent c limatic /ones and, at times, formed had a dramatic impact upon life on a global scale.

. c IRBON DIOXID1
AND 1 1 MI'I RATURl
Gas bubbles trapped in polai ic( cores indicate
tin flui tual ins ti mpi ratur< i il tin plane! the
ill. .mi. .urn ..I . ,n I" .n dii .\nl. .1. in ted
in tin I., core, thi higher th( atmospherii mi. ILYPTUS STOMATA
temperatun would hav< been at that timi

CO, (purple) Temperature

•
l)l\()\| \N ( OK M Rill
Earth'* c hanging i iimat. is illustrate <l In this lim.
400.000 350.000 300.000 250.000 200.000 150.000 100,000 50,000
Kimh»-rie%s. W. st, rn \ustraha. In the Devonian Period (400 million
. the area was under water and th< i htl was a li.irrn r i YEARS AGO
 HABITATS FOR LIFE KEY
Polar region Coniferous forest
Earth's uniquely varied habitats enable an abundantly it to support
rich diversity of animal and plant life from the extreme depths of — Desert
Grassland
Mountains
Coral reef
the ocean floors to the highest mountains, and from arid deserts I
Tropical forest Rivers and wetland
U- and grasslands to the warm, wet tropics. Temperate forest Oceans

O
Each form has its preferred habitat the
life —
u.
one to which it has adapted over thousands
ARCTIC
H
or even millions ot years. However, Earth's
varied environments allow many different
OCEAN
< kinds of animals and plants to live in the
same habitat — a phenomenon known as GREENLAND
biodiversity. As life evolved and diversified
< over geological time, it was able to extend
X
beyond the seas and colonize more and more Arctic Circle
of Earth's different land habitats. The presence
X of these pioneering organisms in turn
H produced changes in the environments they NORTH
PC
<
—
'Jo
colonized, by forming soils for instance, and
these modifications encouraged further
'
AMERICA
A EUR(

z
colonization by

many
above sea
factors, ranging

equator, and
shape). Some
new

level, its distance

its
life

Differences in habitats are produced by

forms.

from an

topography (or physical

areas of the globe are
area's height
from the
Tropic of
Cancer
w r

t-
A F R C /

PACIFIC
I

biodiversity "hotspots," rich in animal am\

plant life —most notably tropical reels and
rain forests — while other areas with more
Equator
() C E A N
O
extreme conditions support only a lew,
though often heavily populated, species.
SOUTHERN SOUTH
AMERICA o
SCIENCE Tropic ot
() C E A N &
LEVELS OF LIFE Capricorn

-2-
Organisms rarely exist entirely on their own, even
in the remotest places on Earth. The interactions

between wildlife create different levels — from the MAP OF BIOMES

individual organism to the overall ecosystem that A biome unites ecosystems that have
it inhabits and shares with others. developed under similar climatic and
soil conditions in different parts of the

INDIVIDUAL world. Biomes are defined by a variety

of factors such as plant types, climate,

A single, usually independent
geology, and topography.
and habitat-restricted member
of a population.

POPULATION
Antarctic Circle
A group of individuals of the same
species that occupy the same area
and interbreed.

COMMUNITY
A naturally occurring collection of GRASSLAND
The evolution of grass plants some 20
plant and animal populations living
million years ago, and the colonization by
within the same area.
grazing mammals, transformed Earth's
landscapes. Temperate grasslands are
ECOSYSTEM generally treeless and have extremely
A biological community and its
fertile soils. Savanna grasslands, as shown
physical surroundings, which here, are more like open woodland,
support one another. featuring scatterings ot trees and scrubs.
 DESER1 rROPICAl FORES!
1xtreme Luk. oi rain and soils foi sustained I In i i< hi si \n ildlife habitats oi
plant growth creates desei is. which it pi land Found the
.ii i in foi ests "I
account for about a third ol I arth's landscapes, the tropi< s I .ii th's hotti si
19
although this proportion is in< reasing 1 he ii v .is, « hi( h lie \\\ die
lai g< st desert is the equatoi I
heii numi i i ius
\!i ican Sahara

,^N& e< os) villus

\i

biodivei
i in, 1
1 asingl)
sit)
.ii

hotspots
. impi
vulm able
'i

i
i.iin
v 1 R \\\ HI
I'M!
K R1 PI IISON
I IK, ,.

RUIIhSUI

II M I
*
I l(\l I FOREST
I, mpei .it, un n onments lie I" i w » , n
ill, Ii opi( v .111,1 ill, pi 'I. II :'i. hi
O C 1 \ \
I Ii, influi ii, , of both tri ipi< al
i , s

and |" 'I. ii .in masses pi i un, it< s

\ .1^1 i, ,i ( sis wn 1 1 1 1 msidei able

hi, i, In ei sil\ I low e> , i . , I, .u in;;

In humans has gi < ath i

edu< ed
then extenl
HI II 111 I It

CONIF1 ROUS FOREST

C mill, i , His I, n , s| ii eeS, siu Ii .is

dwoods, sprui e, and in. belong

ASIA i,

in .in .in, nut plant gi lup .iikI the i .ii i

world's toughest trees

il,l ,n
vergreen w nli
sin, ill leaves, the) thrive w Inn few

other tuts .in, in .is and i , i

I

t
&v
in in, nun. un i anges.

Hit, IU N III \ It

MOUNTAINS

£, Reaching as high
above sea
are
em ironmi
home
level,

to
nis. \ single mountain
man)
!
as
arth's
5!

diffei enl
i miles (9 km)
mountains

P A C/ I 1 1 C , .in i is, from temperate woodland

C E \ \ up to an tH i oinliliiiiis ,is ilu

i limate t hanges w ith altitude.

PEREGRIN! I \ I i I is

INDIAN AND WETLAND

O C E W N Jtar L RIVERS
\ \\ ide range ol animal and planl
life thrives in I arth's rivers and lakes.
amlsi apes saturated w
AUSTRALIA I ith water, eithei
permanentl) i ir seasonally, Foi m
ilisiin, iim wetlands, w here
.in .is ol open water mix w ith

dense vegetation

I ) H \l.n\l I \

SO. UTHERN O C 1 AN
CORAL R] IT
( oral reefs develop from thi

skeleti his • ,1 in.ii ini i irganisms

in shallow, sunlil tropi< ,il

wati is Suppi H ting an

mum nsi \.n iet) ol

life, ilu \ .in ilu

rain Ion sis ol

ANTARCTICA .ltm.ilii world.
tin

i I I I n« I \M. I ISH

POI \R RIMONs <)( I \\s

The Aritn andAntaretii experii I ill iii oceans is found .it all Ii v< Is, from thi sunlil
extreme seasons, with 24-hour daylight siiil.n i
to ilu Hi i
p. st di pths. < om i ing two third
in summer and perpetual darkness in ol tin plani i. oi i .ins foi in thi lai jest o intinuous
winter. Thev an- dominated b\ large li.ilm.it on I -ii ill and iuddi n I
1

amounts ol snow anil n e, l>ut also very vai ii 'I hi, foi ms
contain vast, drv areas ol polar <li
from mil ro* opii planl ton
which receive little annual rainfall to thi lai gi si living mammal
tin hlllt wli.il.
R<>( KIKlpPlR PI N
 w -.-? -

HUMAN IMPACT
The rapid growth of the human population has had an
enormous impact upon Earth's natural environments,
affecting the climate and countless species of plant
and animal life. Some of these changes are irreversible.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
kty Earth has a long history of climate change, which has ranged from
glacial "ice ages" to warm "greenhouse" climates with widespread
forestation and no ice in polar regions. Global warming is known to

X A SCARRED LANDSCAPE be linked to high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such
X The growth of industry has required as carbon dioxide and methane, which trap incoming solar energy
the exploitation of raw materials. Their and raise the temperature of the oceans, land, and air. In the past,
extraction, such as at this copper mine
natural increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide have been balanced
X has changed global landscapes forever.
by the development of forests on land and lime-rich sediments in the

seas, which eventually became coal and limestone and stored excess
< carbon dioxide effectively. Since the industrial revolution of the
— nineteenth century, human activity has released huge amounts of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases back into the atmosphere
z through
o the mining o and burningo of fossil fuels, the
> clearing of forests, and the rearing of cattle.

-
THE OCEANS
The health of Earth's oceans is vital to

all life. Marine life depends upon the

circulation of oceanic waters that contain
enough oxygen and nutrients to support
the food chain from plankton and
shellfish to all the other animals that
A ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION depend upon them for food. Fossil
Slash-and-burn forest clearing for
records show that when the oceanic
agriculture not only releases atmospheric
pollutants hut also diminishes the capture environment deteriorated in the past, it

of carbon dioxide bv tin- plant life. led to extinctions of life. Today, human a OIL SLICK VICTIM
( )il spills, which float on water,
activities such as over-fishing
J. some energy cause havoc when they reach
is absorbed by 2. some energy
and pollution are affecting land. They saturate coastlines
qreenhouse gases. is released back the condition of the seas. and devastate coastal wildlife.
trapping heal out to space

THE ATMOSPHERE
l.the
For thousands of years human activity has affected the

c
"s*^
* |k
Sun
energy
absorbed
by Earth
's

is
atmosphere. Initially, it was restricted to the release of
pollutants from domestic fires and forest clearance. In
Roman times metal production released the
pollutants into the atmosphere, leaving traces that can be
first industrial

3 /

1 K-
.AW
\ r,
seen in polar ice cores. Over the last

by gases and particulates has risen steeply. This has

200 years, pollution

k*KJI
4 ft
f( produced acid rain and smog, and greenhouse gases that
3
3"
are linked to global warming and depletion of the ozone
c
layer, which helps screen out harmful ultraviolet radiation.

/ THE LAND
Since settlements and agriculture became widespread
8,000 years ago, humans have had a growing impact upon
4. an excess of Earth's landscapes. With worldwide population growth,
greenhouse gases
a GREENHOUSE EFFECT many regions are now densely settled, with few or no A POLAR ICE SHELF COLLAPSE
traps too much oj
An excess of greenhouse gases in the
the Sun 's energy, untouched landscapes in between. Greater awareness of
Rising temperatures are leading to the
atmosphere creates a shield which collapse of the polar ice shelves. The release
leading to a steep
prevents some of the Sun's energy rise in Earth
the impact of human activity on the environment is now of such large volumes of water is raising sea
!s

from radiating back into space. temperature leading to efforts to conserve natural habitats. levels, which in turn threatens coastlines.
 AGRICULTURE
Natural lands< apes arc i adu .iii\

altered In intensive farming, such

.is the < ultivation ol ri( e in ii i igated
terraces thri >ughout ^sia su< h

methods support big populations,

mi require large amounts <>l water,

SCIENCE
1 XTINCTION
Thi- inabilin of
ha> led to a huge turnover
mam organisms to adapl to environmental change
<>l sp< i ies throughout geological time.
MAMMOTHS NO MORE
Woolly mammoths were elephants that
1
In fait, thi sa->t majority <>l nature s spe< ies are now extinct. were adapted to the cold. They migrated
< )nl\ the titn-st organisms survive, usually through gradual across ice-age Europe and Asia in vast

change, but sometimes l>\ tin- sudden elimination ol herds. Archaeological evidence such as

competitors, lor example, when a hum asteroid hit cave paintings shows that they were

arth 65 million \car> ago, motion a chain actively hunted by humans around
I it sel in

main 30,000 years ago, which may have

ol events that led to tin demise <>l lid
' l)K l\l Ol Nil contributed to the extinction of most
tormv, ox luditvj thi- dinosaurs on land and I

CREST1 I) Mils woolly mammoths by 11,000 years ago.

thr ammonites in th«. M-as. Hut it also -a\\ the
.-. idi jpn ad in \ ia huntu
»ur\i\al ol mammal species that led to th< habitat loss has restrii ted thi <

human ran. More recently, thi- arri\al ol ibis i" .i small w il<l population in

China. Captivi bn •
ding has allowi 'I
modi-rn human> in different regions around
it to l» n inn odui i .1 to japan
thi- world ha-- contributed to th« extin< tion ol
partiiular spe< ies, vui h aN th< wool!) mammoth - PI Kl l)W ID'S Dl I l<

\tinc in ilir wild, ilii-- east tsian di

in Europe and A- •
righl |. Today, a^ tin I i 1

lus -urn i hi rds bn 'I

human population expands, our ,n tions are

1
900 Some i i|>ti\<

placing a growing numUr ot spe< ies, ^m I

• ,tl-| r< introdui ed i" naturi ( \\ I PAIN I IM., PI c II Ml RLE, Ft
thi- tiai-r, in imminent danger ol extinction. i
hina in iIm 1
'
 ORIGINS OF LIFE EARLY
The very
LIFE
earliest forms of life evolved
The fossil record shows thatappeared on Earth at least life first in the seas,and evidence of this comes
from two main sources: living primitive
3.8 billion years ago, and that all complex life has evolved from these
organisms and the fossil record. The most
first simple forms. Today, diverse life forms range from single-celled
primitive life forms today are single-
organisms to mammals with complex anatomies, such as giant whales.
celled prokaryotes, which can survive
even in extreme temperatures and acidic

c
WHAT IS LIFE? conditions. Such microorganisms may be

There are several features that define life and similar to those that first evolved in the

distinguish an active, organic organism from extreme environments of early Earth.

z Fossil evidence for early life on
inanimate, inorganic matter. These include
a an ability to take in and expend energy, to Earth consists of the remains of organims
dating from around 3.8 billion years ago.
at grow and change, to reproduce, to adapt
O to its environment, and — in more complex They may have originated as microscopic

living organisms — to communicate. prokaryotes that lived

Some
in the first oceans.

of the most ancient records of life

X The cell is the fundamental unit of life,

and carrying are layered, mound-shaped stromatolites

H capable of replicating itself
(see right).
out all Even the smallest
living processes.
< a PHOTOSYNTHESIS
independent organisms are made up of at
u Plants use the pigment chlorophyll to capture light energy
least one cell, and almost every cell of every and convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and
a living organism has its own set of molecular oxygen. This benefits odier life forms that feed on die
z instructions. Within each the threadlike
plants and breadie in oxygen.
M cell,

chromosomes carry hereditary information the particular characteristics of an organism.

- in the form of genes that are responsible for The set of instructions in a gene are
mainly recorded in the form of a

molecule called chromosomal

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
The DNA of an organism carries
information from one generation to another,
allowing certain characteristics to be passed
on from parent to offspring.

A VITAL ENERGY DIVISIONS OF LIFE

To sustain itself, must obtain energy from the
lite
The hu^e array of life on Earth is divided into
environment. Energy flows through a food chain from
photosynthesis in plants to the animals that feed upon three domains or superkingdoms — Archaea,
them and are, in turn, eaten by other animals. Bacteria, and Eukarvota — which encompass
all life forms from plants and fungi to animals.
IENCE The first two domains are formed of
VIRUSES prokaryotes — primitive organisms that were
probablv the earliest form of life on Earth. The
Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on

Earth, and they lie at the boundary between living and

more advanced eukaryotes are distinguished

nonliving. While they have features in common with from the prokaryotes by having a cell nucleus,

living organisms — they are made of genetic material which contains the cell's

and are protected by a protein coat — viruses are jenetic material, DNA.
parasitic and can only reproduce within the living cells Eukarvotes vary
of other organisms. They are packets of chemicals that
enormously in shape
copy themselves, without truly being alive.
and size, ranging
from single-celled
organisms to complex,
multicelled plants
and animals.

< GROWTH
A capacity to grow and repair
is a one of the key defining
eatures of life. All organisms,
rom simple fungi to mammals,
HIV-I VIRUS grow bv means of increase in
cell size and cell division.
 - MKUM Mitl Ills
For bilhons of vears these layered structures haw built up
m shallow tropical seas l>\ allei nating layers of sediment
'
c and sheets
(blue green
ol mi< roorganisms, including
aim
( yanobat terij

By about JO > SO million years ago, the first

sponges with ( olonies ol cells had evolved,

growing to 4in (10cm) high with spin)
skeletons foi support and protection Bj
the beginning ol the Cambrian period, 545
million years ago, numerous multicelled
* lUlltt.ISS Ml \l 1

I li> fossils i 'I thi Km gi nn Shale

marine oi ganisms li.nl evolved, int luding in Canada Jim" that mai inc
I rom the first appearance ol simple life, it lun row ing worms ami a variet) ol small, hi. divi i mih J rapidh in

took another 2. ^ billion years before complex shelled mollusks, whose bodies li.nl must i ambi in inn, v. from spi
i. ingi
le
ami iIh opods to vertebi
.ii ati s
life forms appeared. I lu fossil ol a mi< roscopit tissues and organs su< li as gills for respiration.
and mufticelled red algae called Bangiomorpha Ground 1 10 million years ago, the first \\l\\\\l\ •

pro> ides the first c\ iden< e ol the existent e ol ui tebi at< - appeared, w uh m\ internal skeletal I ound .ii iln Km :> ss Shah .

s[x\ ialized cells, rhese ells evolved lor sexual support for the body. Bj
ii in, mm was .i ! in loni i,
>.
late 1 )evonian times, i

in illllskllk. 51 .il " 'I ' I . i

w 1.

reproduction, and also for tin- development ol around $80 million years ago, vertebrates had wiili spini s and si all s, ani I
>

a holillaot to attach tlu- algae to tlu sea Root begun to emerge from tlu m-.is onto l.uul. s, .ll lllhli I Mil l.l. I
 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
Until the nineteenth century, when a number of theories were proposed, was a matter it

of speculation as to how such remarkably diverse life forms had developed on Earth. Today,
the theory of evolution and diversification, alongside geological evidence for changes in the
distribution of continents, give a fascinating insight into the ever-changing life on our planet.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
CHANGE OVERTIME Comparison of the anatomy of vertebrate limb bones trom different
All living things have the capacity to change and adapt to species show that, despite different appearances and functions, they
derive from the same basic developmental plan and the same genes.
their surroundings. Tiny, subtle changes that are passed down
from generation to generation are hard to see, but over FROG upper arm

time —sometimes thousands or even millions of years they — fhe frog's leg, arm, and
fingerbones are modified
bone

can alter the way a certain species looks or behaves. This finger
forswimming. Large bone
process is known as evolution. muscles enable it to jump
The study of fossils to unravel the history of life was in powerfully — essential
for catching prey and
its early stages in Charles Darwin's day (see p. 2 5), and since
escaping from predators.
then a vast amount of information supporting the theory of
evolution has emerged. We now know that life evolved in the
bond bone
oceans some 3.8 billion years ago, and that it was from these OWL upper arm
The wing of a bird bone
early simple life forms that all current life on Earth is powered bv

evolved —
including plants, fungi, and animals. muscles attached to
the upper arm and
flight

finger
bone
As forms became more complex and moved from sea
life
bones of the wrist, lower
to land, the first forests and land diving invertebrates evolved. with greatly modified
The Mesozoic era, around 250 millions years ago, with its and extended fingers.

successions of evolving plants and animals, produced the

dominant dinosaur reptiles and their bird descendents. These CHIMPANZEE upper
finger
were largely replaced by mammals both in the seas arm bone
reptiles
and on land in Cenozoic times — from 65 million years ago
fhe
is
arm of a

anatomically very
chimpanzee bone
/
to the present — when flowering plants and their pollinating
similar to our own,
but has slightly difilerent
insects also became abundant and diverse. proportions, with
elongated fingers
and a short thumb.

DOLPHIN
< GIANT SALAMANDER The arm bones of
This extremely rare tossil whales and dolphins
skeleton of an Andrias (giant form a flipper — with
salamander) was mistaken for shortened, flattened, and
a human victim of the biblical strengthened arm bones
Flood until French anatomist and greatlv lengthened
Georges Cuvier identified it as second and third fingers. \er arm bone
'l-Ju an amphibian in 1812.

LAMARCK LEADS THE WAY

The eighteenth-century French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
developed the first comprehensive evolutionary theory that
higher forms of life had "evolved" from simpler organisms. Based
on his extensive research of invertebrates in particular, Lamarck
argued that necessary characteristics could be acquired during an
organism's lifetime —
through the desire to gain food, shelter, and
mates —and those not needed could be lost, with the resulting
transformation passed on to its offspring. Although modern
genetics disproves this theory of "soft inheritance," Lamarck's < a INNER STRIVING
concepts were an important starting point, and were developed Lamarck believed that evolution
further by the Scottish anatomist Robert Grant, who tutored worked through a process oi
"inner striving."Thus the girafle
Charles Darwin in Edinburgh. Darwin himself did not entirely
developed a long neck to reach
rule out a Lamarckian mechanism, which he thought might be the leaves of trees, and the heron
supplementary to natural selection. grew long legs in order to wade.
 r-

<
V
o.

m
>

m
<
C

C
/
>

*
(,\l U'At.OS I INC Ills
butterflj
m
( >n lit— voyagi -. 1 >arwin colle< ted
/
man) different spec imens i il < Jala

i iiu hes « liii 1) lu believed ma) have H

I. -> . tided hum .1 < ommon an< esti n

DARWIN AND WALLACE

In themid nineteenth century, British naturalists bis explanations for the geographic al distribution
Charles Darwin ami Alfred Russel WalUu e ol organisms biogeograph) and realized the
independent!) came up with the theor) <>l evolution role ol natural selection in evolution. Meanwhile,
In natural selection. Thej both had experieno ol 1 )arw in's five year voyage on // l/.s Beagle around
fieldwork in the tropio an emironmenl boasting the Southern lemisphere as a gentleman naturalist I

high biodiversity, competition For resources, and pio\ ided him v\ ith mu< h material to Formulate Ins A
COLLECT ION BOX
marked differences in die organisms living in own theon ol evolution. In 858, Wallac e and 1
Both Darwin and Wallace were fascinated
separate areas. The) both wondered hov» and win Darwin produced a joint publication on natural l>\ insi i 1 diversity, espe< iall) as fi pund in

tin Iniiin s. .mil wei i kirn i nlli I. us.

su^h natural phenomena had tion, and the follow ing year )arvt in expanded
i

arisen. ( )n his travels -i K i I

Wallace collected specimens tor stud) ,in<l sale, and tin theon to produ< e Ins famous and influential
it was in the Mala\ Archipelago that h< Formulated hook, ( >n the Origin of Spi

< BIOGEOGRAPHY
I ht distribution ol i ei tain

n ptili and plant Fossils ai ross

th< southi i n i ontinents

shows thai the) wen
l vnogruthu- I \stri>s.iurus joini 'I as i nipi ro mtini til

repttli ret i
i alii 'I Gondwana
the Thank Period from the \i

Maoiaunu
reptile

AUSTRALIA
' I I K SI 15 IK I)
I In 'lis, overy of the fo il Arci

Oliiwiptc-ri* in 1861 revi all d i hai ai ti ristii that

prot ill. il an • '.liiiii.ii.ii j linl bi i

two pups n ptili and birds.

EVOLUTION
IN PROGRESS
Darwin and Wallace proposed the theory of natural selection,
but it was the discovery of the gene that gave scientists the
mechanism by which selection takes place. Understanding the
gene has since become the key to understanding evolution.

NATURAL SELECTION
A key evolutionary mechanism, natural
selection favours the survival of the
fittest. In other words, individuals that
possess characteristics best adapted to
w % to
their current environment have a better
chance of surviving to reproduce and
pass on those favorable traits to

generation. Natural genetic variation

another
A
ft©/*
INDIVIDUALVARIATION
within populations produces differences Litters of domestic cats commonly include
individuals with varied coloration, especially
such as size, shape, and color, and some
where the parents' colors differ.
of these may help promote survival.
For instance, a particular body a different coloration might be more
coloration may provide a camouflage beneficial, and so natural selection will

that better hides the animal from ensure another change. A split into two
predators than other colors would. populations may even occur after
If this leads to the survival of that a geographic rift, with each new
animal and to its reproduction, that population becoming adapted to slightly
same improved coloration will be different conditions. Eventually, this
passed on to some of its offspring. If the mav lead to one species becoming two,
environment were to change over time, in a process known as speciation.

< v SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

c e n c Emmmmmmmmm
In main species, there are marked

differences between males and females. i

Male trieatehirds use their inllatablc CREATIONISM: BELIEF VERSUS SCIENCE

throat pouch to attract tin females.
Most of the world's religions provide a theory of creation, which
gives an explanation for the formation of Earth and life. Many
of these creation stories originated long before scientific data
and theories were available to offer alternative explanations and
understanding. Some believers in the Western Judeo-Christian
tradition maintain that the complexity of "design" in many organisms
implies that there must have been a "designer" — God — behind their

creation, and for this reason they dispute the theory of evolution.

GENES AND CHANCE

GENES AND INHERITANCE a forest fire ivipes out large
pop
opulations of butterflies
v
Sometimes individuals are eliminated at random,
Particular traits pass from parents to offspring through with the result that their genes are not passed on
to the next generation.
the transmission of genetic material. Genes preserve,
encoded in their DNA, all the information necessary
for the replication of a cell's structure and its

maintenance. Genes are therefore the basic units

of heredity. Individual chromosomes — the thread-
like part of a cell — hold thousands of genes on tJ
long strands of DNA. During sexual reproduction,
the fusion of sperm and egg cells produces two by chance, the
survivors are only the genes next j
I
a chance event
complete sets of gene-bearing chromosomes: jew pu leads to total loss
mostly yellow of the survivors es

one copy from the father and one from the mother. butterflies are passe* butterflies oj purple butterflies
 s

[SI AM) EVOLUTION ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Isolated islands provide natural laboratories l<>r unusually last ( )ver millennia, humans have domesticated main different kinds
evolution, \\ ith intense competition for limited resoun es leading ol animals and plants, Irom dogs and cattle to fruit trees and cereal
ti> rapid spe< iation. In 1835, Darw ins visit t<> tin- Galapas 1 nips. Before the discover) ol the gene, this was a< hieved simply
Islands allowed him to collect man\ bird specimens, particularly In selectively interbreeding organisms bearing the desired
finches. Hi- noted slight variations between the spe< imens from 1 hara< teristics such as the ability to run last or prod in e more
island t<> island. IK- also heard about the differences between the sui 1 uh nt fruit over man) generations, until the selected traits

giant tortoises on separato islands, and subsequent \ isits to other became dominant. Today, biote< hnologj a< hieves the same result
Pacific islands made him wonder aboul tin possibility "I new much faster bj directl) manipulating genes, both to enhance
evoh ing from a ommon an<
spe< ies i estor. The ornithologist John hi in lu ial tr.iits .mil to remove problematu oiks.
Gould was able to identify Darw in - fin< hes as .1 ru w group ol

parate species, rathi-r than just varieties ol tin sam< sp< ( ies.

I his persuade d I )arw in

that sp< cies< ould ( hange

under < ertain ( onditions
Mil h as island isolation.

Island wildlife continues

to be an important
1 for mod* rn
1 \olutionar\ biologists.

' II l(,H II I ss HIKDs '

(,l \l l K VIODII l( \l K)\ '
( I (AIM,
*vv \lii ration to thi g< m tii male up 1 li 111 tii all idi ntii al indh idual
ol "i in n movi undi -I In 1I1, ii.it mcleu
lll'l .nl'l II information fi

HH ritil humane an ini 1 to di •

an ailuli i , II into .it cell.
 —

**
CLASSIFICATION Known as the
"DOG ROSE"
dog
witches' briar, dogberry, eglantine
and die hip tree, diis plant lias onl\
rose, wild briar,
gall,
>

Global diversity is estimated to range from two to 100 million species. Only one latin name, Rosa canina, which
1.4 million have been described, but many new species are added each year, identities it tor everyone everywhere.

All are named and classified using a system devised over 250 years ago.
z
o
For centuries people have studied the science of morphology, along with

< natural world. Initially theywere limited to other criteria such as behavior and
what they could find locally and to reports modern genetics, forms the basis
trom travelers because it was impossible to of classification today. In 1758 the
< "PUMA"
I he puma is also known
preserve and send specimens any distance. tenth edition of Systema Naturae was as tile cougar or mountain
C/3

Later, as travel became easier, explorers published. It was written by the ion. Its Latin name,
< were paid to collect plants and animals and Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus. Puma concolor, alludes
-J to its uniform eolor.
u would draw them. By the early
ship's artists He and his friend Peter Artedi had decided
1600s natural history collections in Europe to divide the natural world between them method for identifying different organisms to
were substantial, and many specimens had and classify everything in it, fitting the 7,300 replace the arbitrary descriptions that existed
X been described, but there was no formal described species into the same hierarchical previously.The new method put an end to
H
oi
arrangement that made these specimens or framework. Although Artedi died before his confusion caused by the same name being
< accounts of them easily accessible. book was finished, Linnaeus completed the given to several species, or to single species
The aim of the early taxonomists, or work and published it along with his own. being know by several names.
a scientists who describe and classify species, Within a species, distinct subspecies
z was simple — to organize living things so LATIN NAMES can sometimes be recognized in different

that they reflected God's plan of creation. All living things now have a unique Latin locations. In the 1 800s Elliot Coues and
Between 1660 and 1713 John Rav published name — such as Panthera leo for the lion Walter Rothschild adopted a trinomial
works on plants, insects, birds, fish, and which is made up of the genus name, starting Latin system to accommodate them. This
mammals, forming his groups on the basis of with a capital letter, and a descriptive species convention for naming species and
morphological (structural) similarities. The name. 1 innaeus devised this binomial subspecies is still used today.

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
V i\

^^H

* *
-~**
^ ^k

W fci

DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS

Eukaryota Animalia Chordata Mammalia
the latest taxonomie unit to be In recent years, the traditional A phylum (known as a division in Introduced b\ Carl I innaeus,
created is the domain. It is based kingdoms of plants and animals plants) major subdivision of a
is a a class contains one or more
on whether organisms possess have been further subdivided. kingdom and is made up of one or orders. Class Mammalia includes
cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes: Kingdom Animalia now includes more classes that share certain only animals that are warm-
protoctists, plants, tungi, and only multicellular organisms that features. Members of the phylum blooded, have fur, a single jaw-

animals) or not (prokarvotes: must eat other species in order Chordata have a notochord — the bone, and that suckle their
Arthaea and Bacteria). to survive. precursor ol the backbone. voung on milk.

> CONTRIBUTING TO
CLASSIFICATION CHAOS
Over the years many scientists have
MALS AND PLANTS
attempted to organize the natural
Aristotle was the first person to classify John Ray classified organisms based on
world, combining earlier ideas with
living things, and he introduced the term their overall morphology rather than just
new research, culminating in the
traditional system of classification shown genos (meaning race, stock, kin) — genus a part of it. In doing so he could establish

above and the use of bi- and trinomial in Latin. He separated animals into those relationships between species more easily

Latin names. Some scientists were with blood and those without, not realizing and organize them into groups more
particularly influential, making He also divided the flowering
blood need not be red. This division is very effectively.
significant contributions to taxonomy.
close to the modern classification of plants into two major groups of orders

vertebrates and invertebrates. monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

ARISTOTLE, 384 BCE-3 2 2 BCE JOHN RAY, 1627-170C

 17J

h
OKI)! R
C.irni\(ir.i
<

in
htkn an
I
th> next level
mnacus s hierarchy, and
down
I

is
\
\M11.Y
anidae
subdivision ol an order,
made up ol gi nera and the
.1 family
(.1

in
I
m
iilpes
\ iii in In

\
\us

1 1«
m used
hni Greece,
l>\

a gi
\ristotle
nus
SPECIES
Vulpes
I In

pedes
basic
>

.in
ulpes
unit i>l

populations
taxi inomy,
ol

mntain one nr more lannlii S -|h 1 i< v « ithin tin in I In I.11111K id. Iltllll s slll>lll\ Islulls ill .1 I.IIIIlK imilai onh nals that breed
I hi t arm\i>ra ha\c modified i anidae ha-. \~->
livinp spi 1 ii s, all Vulpi is 1
g( nus v\ illiin th( l.imiK w uli mi .mi ither. Vulpes nine,
1 1

cheek teeth uarnassialsi and with nonretra< tile 1 laws and two ( lai \ll fi ix« s havi lai gi know tin us In ighi red fur,
11

large canine teeth ^u ialized lor fused wrist bones. Ml but one 1I.11 1 .11 s and .i long, breeds 1 »nlj w nli 1 ither
biting an<l shearing. s|>. 1 1. s have long, bush) tails. 11.11 row, point< d snout - I hi '
ipean red \< >x< s.

IMAL. VEGETABLE. OR MINERAL NEW KINGDOM INTRODUCING THE ARCHAEA

Linnaeus divided the natural world Historically organisms were classed Recognized by Carl Woese and
into three kingdoms animals, as being either animals or plants, George Fox in 1977, the Archaea

plants, and minerals. He then but in 1866 Ernst Haeckel argued are microscopic organisms that

devised a hierarchical system of that microscopic organisms formed live in very extreme environments.

>T classification based on class, order, a separate group, which he called Initially grouped with the Bacteria,
family, genus, and species, and Protista (now Protoctista). There their DNA turned out to be so

established the convention of giving were now three kingdoms of life: unique that a new three-domain
species binomial Latin names. Animalia, Plantae, and Protista. taxonomic system was introduced.

CAR I I INN \ Mis, 1707 I

1 1 1 m 1 1 . 18)4 1 .
IAUI WOI SI , III
30
ANIMAL GENEALOGY SCIENC
0UTGR0UPS
In the 1950s a revolutionary new way of classifying organisms was proposed. The first step in doing cladistic analysis

of a group is to choose a closely

Called phylogenetics, allowed taxonomists to investigate evolutionary
it
related but more primitive species (the

>-
relationships between species by placing them in hierarchical groups called clades. outgroup) for comparison. This allows

o derived characters to be distinguished

c Phylogenetics, also known as cladistics, is based they are more closely related to each other than to from primitive ones. For example, to

on the work Hennig (1913—

of entomologist Willi groups without flippers. Characters that are unique work out a phylogenetic tree of birds,
< a crocodile might be chosen as the
UJ
1976). He assumed that organisms with the same to one group are useful for recognition purposes
outgroup, as both birds and crocodiles
z morphological characters must be more closely but say nothing about relationships. So cladistic
belong to the clade Archosauria.
UJ related to each other than to those that lacked analysis is based entirely on the identification of
O them. Therefore, these organisms must also share synapomorphic characters.
the same evolutionary history and have a more
< recent ancestor in common. Like the traditional UNDERSTANDING ANCESTRY
taxonomy of Linnaeus, this method of classifying The more derived characters organisms have in
z organisms is hierarchical, but due to the volume of common, the closer their relationship is assumed to
< data involved, computers are used to generate the be. For instance, brothers and sisters look more alike
family trees, known as cladograms. than other children —
they may have the same eyes,
X For a morphological feature to be useful in the same chin, and so on. This is because in terms of
H cladistic analysis, it must have altered in some way common ancestry they have the same parents but
from the so-called "primitive" ancestral condition to are only distantly related to other people.
A PRIMITIVI- BIRll Rl 1 \ I I V 1-

— a "derived" one.For example, the legs and paws of Cladistics is now most commonly based on

a
most carnivores are considered primitive in the genetics — except in the study of fossils —and has
V CLOSE RELATIONS
cladogram on the opposite page, compared to the exposed some unexpected shared ancestry. For
z The uirarles and kudus arc both even-toed
derived condition of flippers in the seals, fur seals example, a genetic cladogram surprisingly revealed ungulates, mi are more closely related to
each other than to the odd-toed zebras.
and sea lions, and walruses. This derived character, that the whalemost closely linked to the land-
is

called a synapomorphy, is useful because it is shared dwelling hippopotamus —

a relationship that
As fur-bearing mammals,
more closely related to each other than
all three are

between at least two taxonomic groups, suggesting Linnaeus would certainly not have expected. to the feathered birds living around them.
LOOKING AT CI ADOGRAMS -

\ll
.Mil Ki Dll
mammals possess
I

To il>> a cladisti( analyisis, the different groups ol organisms are scored on iii.nnni.il \ glands l Inique
to thi ( lass Mammalia, ilu
a set of «. hara< ters that are either primitive or derived I heir distribution is
featui i in s) napomorpnic
not alv» a\ s ,b straightforv* ard .in is show n in the diagi ams below ( >ften the .ii iIhn taxi mi imi( level,

resulting cladogram can be constructed in numbei "I different w .\\ s and .> In hiiil i hi Hi, familial
elalionships w ithin the
taxonomists have to choose between them I" >l>' tins the) adopt the
i

! lass, i li.n at t< i s thai are

principle >>t parsimon) the) hoose the ladogi am invoh n^ tlu K ast t >.

S\ ii.iik niiiM i'Iiii .11 l.imili.il

number ol steps or character transformations i>> explain tlu obsei \e«l level an used
relationships between the groups.

CHARA< UK CANID III \K 51 VI 1 UK S| \| \\ M Klls

< III Mt MM R si 1

&SEAI ION \li ist modern i ladi igi ams ai e based on

.inn. using DNA codes I In •
< i ides thai
Feeding voung on null. l 1 l l

wen ii' d to gi in i ati the i ladi igi am beli iw

1 tail 1 1 1 have been replaced with more familial

nun phologii al il' si i iptions in this ( harai ti i

1 . irelimbs modified into flippei s (1 1 1

set, lilt • 'in i Ii.h.h ii i, ii i
ding y< iung on
\in Bexibk spine (1 1 1
milk, in shared b) .ill the groups shown;
n, >mi characters an found in only some ol
Mind limbs turn forwards under bod) (1 i) 1

Hi, groups; .mil one i harai ter, the prt si ni i

Presence ol tusks (1 ii il tusks, in unique to the wall us,

. ( 1 UMH.K \M M 1

In thiN ladogram the canids are considered tlu most primitive group, known
i (I pi imitivi , li.n.i, i, i C.
in tlu outgroup, and tlu- walrus is the most derived \ll Karat tea s on the *
m
di ived i Ii.h.h I,
/
I i i

gram arc shared b\ tlu group to the right "i eat Ii number for example,

a short tail in shared l>\ the bears, seals, tin scab and sealions, and the wall us m
>
I UK SI \1 S r-

c wins Ml \Ks si VI s AND si A l ions WALRUS C

C

rue character* differentiate the

the outjre-.. tab and sea lions, onl\ the jur seals and sea lions, walrus ii the mo I

and walruses from the hear* and the walruses share chara / niu in this , ladogram

SHOR1 l Ml II ll'I'l Ks I I I Mill I SIMM SUPPORT ING I IMBS IUSKS

Bears, seals, tur m j|« an
'

\niong carnivores, tin t harai ii i I (flexible spin, i In both iIh liu n, .ils .mil I Ins in ,i iiinijii. , li.n act i

lions, and the walrus all have modified limf>s ol seals, lur opt r.iii n at the sami Ii vel .in lioiiN and the walrus, the (autapomorph) i ol thi wah u

short tails 1 1 harai tir I i sealsand s« a lions, and thr i har.n ter I, further supp p, Ivii girdli i -in I" int. ii, d to thai revi al nothing about its

Canids. however. <lispla\ the walrus are unique. ( liai tin n lationship indii .it «
<l b> allow tin hind limb to aid I
lationship to othei in.niim.il
primitive lomlition ami have 2 i
forehmbs modified into ion ol lli|i|n i - I In .in in mi land I Ihn I. inn! I In i 1 1 n, ol

j hush\ tails Character 1 Nippers i is then rnapomoi pln< in the) shan a ilu i li.n acta "Ii • il M iung on
re a sv napomorphit s\napomorphn al this level, tll.il ,I|1|M .11 .it 1 ' I , III I Olllllloll .Mil i nIoi w llll mill present in .ill thi

charaiter share il h\ all the this, thn j in ul.ir level, il , ai Ii "'In i than thi \ do w ith groups, ii providi •
no i lui a

carnivore tamdies shown

'
ilu n, aJs, whii Ii in fai Ii ss to how lln '. ml' l n I. lie, no il is

r>t the i an. one another than to the I n lationship beo mobile win n oul ol wati i not plotti 'I mi tin '
ladi igram
 TREE OF LIFE READING THE TREE
This diagram shows
such as the Archaea
how life evolved from simple organisms,
— which appeared about 3.4 billion years
Using a branching tree as a way of showing the diversity
of life was first suggested by the German naturalist Peter
ago — to complex life forms, such as animals, which appeared
540 million years ago. It also shows the diversity of the
Pallas in 1766. Since then many such trees have been vertebrates (see pp. 34-5), which have a disproportionate
constructed. Initially treelike, complete with bark and representation here. The circles indicate points where two or
leaves, they later became more diagrammatic, and took more groups of organisms have branched from a common
account of evolutionary theories. Modern, computer- ancestor at about the same time. Only extant species are shown.

generated trees of life present many different ideas of

how living organisms are related.
Pi
The first person to produce a tree of life that

reflected the concept of evolution was Charles

X Darwin. He sketched the first of his ten
H evolutionary trees of life in 1837.
simple branching diagram, which he developed
It was a
LIFE
< ARCHAEA
UJ
further before publishing
Species in
it in the Origin oj

1859. The lettered branches show

BEGINS
o
z
how he thought his theory might work — the
PROKARYOTES o
more branch points separating an organism
> from its ancestor (numbered 1 ), the more
different the organism will be. In 1879, Ernst
Hacckel took the idea further, with a tree that
DARWIN S HUM TREE
showed animals evolving from single-celled
organisms. Today DNA and protein analyses as well as morphology are
used to construct evolutionary trees and establish the genetic relationships
between organisms. Vast data sets require computers to generate the trees,
which are continually refined as new species and information are discovered.
Trees of life inevitably place most emphasis on vertebrate groups within
chordates because their relationships are well known. The many
microscopic prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) and protists (those
eukaryotes not classified as plants, animals or fungi) are often under-
represented because flieir relationships are more problematic. As more is

learned about microscopic life, the trees change.

MASS EXTINCTIONS STRUCTURE OF LIFE

Mapping all life forms that have ever existed on a tree is difficult because,
All forms of life arc cither prokaryotic or cukaryotic. Prokaryotes lack
over time, more than 95 percent of all species have become extinct. A a cell nucleus and are usually unicellular. Eukaryotic organisms tend to
mass extinction occurs when a large number of species dies off at the same be multicellular; each cell contains a nucleus, within which DNA is
stored. This tabic shows which of these two groups the six kingdoms
time. This has happened five times in the past. The best-known extinction,
belong to. Despite appearances, most organisms are prokaryotic. The
which wiped out the dinosaurs, occurred at the end of the Cretaceous

I
Archaea and Bacteria are the largest groups- -although only about 10,000
Period; it is thought to have been caused by a meteor impact combined species have been described, estimates exceed 10 million species. Among

human eukaryotes, the phyla that make up the protists and invertebrates are far
with volcanic activity. Because habitats are rapidly destroyed by
more numerous in terms of species than vertebrate groups.
activity, it is likely that there will be another extinction event in the future.
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
EXTINCTION TIMELINE ARCHAEA PROTISTS
BACTERIA PLANTS
I1VERWORTS
MOSSES
FERNS AND RELATIVES
CYCADS, GINKGOS,
GNETOPHYTES
FLOWERING PLANTS
FUNGI
mass
MUSHROOMS
extinction
SAC FUNGI
event
LICHENS

ANIMALS
r INVERTEBRATES
400 300 200 100
CYANOBACTERIA CHORDATES
MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO
 —y—
*0 S U I US(.I.\

O
1 \Ms
-£?
GLOMKROMYCI
**|&
un iKiniOMH I lis
«U&
NEO< ^LLIMASTIGOMYCliTES

ICHENS \m
O
Lichk

ihi partnership
I

MINERS
ROCKS.
FOSSILS
 Life Oil Earth is shaped by the rocks
that lie beneath our feet. Made of different
combinations ot minerals, they have a

far-reaching influence on the landscape,

on vegetation, and on the soil. Preserved within
these rocks, lossils form a highly detailed
) record of lite in the distant past, showing the
path that evolution has followed over hundreds
ot millions ot years.

» J 8 »<S2 »74
MINERALS ROCKS FOSSILS
1 1m building blo< ks ol Classify <l aci ording t<> Most Fossils presi i \(

roc ks. mm< rals w pit all) how tin \ formed, ro< ks hard i< mains, SU< h as
haw ,1 ( rystalline .in . onstantl) l>r<.l i n t< i
th and bones. 1 he) < an
-t r in tun S( '.' r.il (low ii .iihI r< fol mi <l also iim hi'li tr.K is sin h

thousand exisl in 1 arth's 1 In oldi -i rocks date as footpi nits, and 1 al lion
( rust, but 1. w( r than li.u k J. 8 billion y< ars, impressions in ro< k,

50 minerals .in i ommon will II 1 .lltl whi< Ii M veal tin |>asi

and \\ idespn ad first solidifii <\ existeno of lh ing thing

 MINERALS
Minerals are the materials from which rocks are made. More than 4,000 different
kinds exist, each one a single chemical substance found naturally on Earth.
Most minerals are hard and crystalline, and, while some are extremely abundant,
<
a:
others —
including diamond are very rare, and highly prized. —
z -
jmr_^«^^iM—»;« : jr.i
Minerals are of great economic significance. IDENTIFYING MINERALS
They provide us with countless useful materials, With experience, many minerals can be
from metals to industrial catalysts, and they identified by their appearance and texture
also include objects of great intrinsic beauty, alone. Important clues include their color, their
C/3

—
—
particularly when cut and polished as gems. But luster — way the light reflects from their
on an even broader scale, minerals are essential surface — and above all, their habit, or crystal
for life itself. In soil and in water, soluble types form. Crystals are grouped into six systems
O Copper often appears in a dendritic release a steady stream of chemical nutrients according to their symmetry (see panel, below).
—
form, branching like a tree. It is a very that plants and other organisms need to grow. In addition, the crystals themselves can be
Q important economic mineral.
Without them, the world's ecosystems would
Z arranged in different ways: many are parallel,

< no longer operate. but they can be dendritic (branching), or even

Minerals are classified according to their botryoidal (like a bunch of grapes).

-£
chemistry. A few, such as gold, silver, and Minerals also differ in density, or specific
U sulfur, can exist in a native state, meaning gravity (SG) — measured by comparing the
o that they contain a pure chemical element and weight of a mineral to that of an equal volume
nothing else. All other minerals are chemical of water — and in their hardness (H). On the
compounds. Quartz, for example, contains two 10-point Mohs scale, which measures hardness,
-J

<
Malachite
small,
can be botryoidal, with
rounded shapes, or massive,
elements — silicon and oxygen —which are talc is rated 1, whereas diamond, the hardest
with no definite shape.
bound together very tightly, giving quartz its mineral, is rated 10. A fingernail (hardness 2),
w exceptional hardness and strength. Quartz copper coin (3.5), and steel knife blade (6) all
Z belongs to the silicate group of minerals, which make useful benchmarks for testing hardness.
makes up about 75 percent of the Earth's crust. Surprisingly, size is a less useful clue. Gypsum
Other common mineral groups include halides, crystals, for example, are usually less than 3/sin
such as halite, or common salt, and phosphates (1 cm) long, but the largest specimens ever
and carbonates. These last two groups are discovered are the size ol a two-story house.
particularly important to animals, which use
phosphate and carbonate minerals — for
Crocoite, which is lead chromate,
frequently occurs as slender, elongated
example, calcite — to construct hard body The ground at
VOLCANIC MINERALS >
Dallol in Ethiopia's Danakil Desert is pockmarked
prismatic crystals. parts, such as teeth, bones, and shells. by volcanic vents and covered in sulfur, a native element.

DEBATE
MINERALS OR NOT? CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
Minerals are traditionally considered
Cubic systems are Hexagonal and Tetragonal svstems
to be inorganic. Although some
common and easily trigonal svstems are have three axes of
organic materials are used as gemstones recognized. Such each
very similar to ea symmetry, all at right
and for other decorative purposes, and crystals have three _ other, with four a I angles and two ot equal

some of these axes at right angles; of symmetry. The length. In a tall prism
have a similar chemical
composition to minerals, they are not
shapes include the
-
crvstals are often (left), the vertical axis

true minerals.

resin
Amber
from trees; much amber
is

Cretaceous, Palaeogene, and Neogene

age and can contain

the hardened

fossilized insects.
is of
cube and the eight
faced octahedron.
-

r six-sided prisms with

pyramidal tops (left).
is longer. Squat prisms
are also common.

Jet, a soft black rock, is a type of Monoclinic systems Orthorhombic Triclinic systems
impure coal, and became highly have three unequal systems are similar have a low degree ot
axes of symmetry, to the monoclinic symmetry, because the
fashionable for jewelry in Victorian
only two at right system, but all three three axes are unequal
times. Shell, pearl, and coral (the use
angles. Tabular axes are at right in length and none ot
of which is not sustainable) are rich in
them are at right
(flattened, left) and angles; the usual habits
calcite and are used decoratively. prismatic habits are tabular and angles. Prismatic

are common. prismatic (left). habits are common.

NATIVE ELEMENTS
Ol the 88 natural elements, only about 20 are found in
is, uncombined with other elements.
the native state; that
They are divided into three groups. The metals rarely form
as distinct crystals, tend to have a high specific gravity,
and are soft. Semimetals, such
antimony and arsenic,
as
commonly occur in rounded masses. Nonmetals, including
sultur and carbon, usually form as crystals.

ANTIMONY GRAPHITE
Hexagonal /trigonal Hexagonal H 1-2 SG
• • 2.1 2.3
H 3 3'% • SG 6.6-6.7 A lorm ot pure carbon common
This rare semimetal occurs in in metamorphic rocks, graphite
hydrothermal veins, often with is dark, soft, and greasv, and
arsenic and silver minerals. The makes ideal pencil leads.
silvery gray masses are coated
white when oxidized.
dendritic
habit

COPPER
Cubic- H 2'/2-3 SG • 8.9
Native copper occurs mainly as
irregular masses or branching or
wirelike forms. It is most notably
associated with basaltic lava. It is

a good conductor and is \\ ideh

used in the electrical industry.

NICKEL-IRON
Cubic
COPPER ON H4- 5 •SG 7.3-8.2
GOETHI1 I
Iron is invariably alloyed to
GROUNDMASS
nickel. The mineral kamacite
can have up to 7.5 percent
nickel, and taenite up to
50 percent.

distinct, isolated
diamond crystal

DIAMOND
Cubic- H 10. SG 3.52
The hardest of all minerals,
diamond, a valuable form
of carbon, occurs in igneous
rock rocks called kimberlites, which
oroundnia\* originate in deep volcanic pipes.
resinous lu\ter

uneven surface

ARSENIC
Hexagonal/trigonal H • 3
1
2 • SG 5.7
Highly poisonous arsenic usuallv forms as
pale gray, rounded masses in hydrothermal
veins. It heated, it smells of garlic. PLATINUM NUGGET
PLATINUM
SULFUR Cubic • H 4-4' 2 • SG 21.4
Orthorhombic • H 1' : 2'A • SG 2.0-2.1 A rare metal, native platinum forms as scales,
Native sulfur forms striking yellow crystals and grains,and nuggets in igneous rocks and in alluvia
powdery crusts around volcanic vents. It is mined for sands. Its high melting point means it is useful in

use in sulfuric acid, dyes, insecticides, and fertilizers. industry, for example in aircraft spark plugs. Pi ATINUM
 SULFIDES I
lexagonal
l INN \lt
1 1
\K
igi mal

1 he sulfides are a large group of minerals,

ii '
! . SG8.0 8.2
Kill * oloi ed mi mi
in which sulfur is < ombined with one oi
1 1

Miliiili has bi i n iln

moii nu't.ilv Mam sulfides have .» high in. mi SOUl i i i >l nil ii in \

specific gravity and a metallit lustei I lu\ tin i

lugh ilii 1 1 Mini us
often form as excellent Ii i ii i in n .ii . mn.
rystals. Sulfides
I

Imt n|h ings .mil

occui in man} geological situations, but
volcanii vents
frequent!) in hydrothei mal veins 1 he group
iikludes tlii- majorit) <>t the economicall) z
impoi tant metal ore minerals
m

GOl I) long, ainxJ

>
SI MINI I I
r-
Cubfc • H 2 l.SG .iw.il' n i
h ili, ii hombii • H 2 • SG 4.63 I
66
I'll/Ill (til Un COlOl Jllll
\ nii It nli il antimony, this tl.uk grav mini ral
\
i

malleability, forms in s;i>l>l

in ihi in. mi hi .intiiii. .in ,M gi
i . il l .1, posil
bydrothermal veins and often \"»n .' in in in ili, u, is, Inn. .mil
i -.1 , i i i i i
Japan
weathers out to be found
a
js nuggets in i ivei sands
V * j-

*<*** III »K \
D
i in n i
I

\
I

i
I

s m
/
COB \l 1 1 1 Indistinguishable
Oi thorhombit • ii - »SG 6.3 i a stals form
l ohallite in .in mi. ,.|1 large masses

Nllllllll III .11 Nl iik .lllll l llll.lll II |N

.in iiiip. .i t.ini i nh.ili ore iii. foi

i xampli .
sui .Ii n and Noi way HORN I I I

[i H i
,ll • II ( • S(, I
II ,1
I IllN I H|l|ll I Nllllllll IN .1

IRON i oppei i nili oli ii. t.n nishinp

Cut* • II I. St
ii i nIiiihiih i in,., |uii pie and blue.
M \nn|\ | in iliMlj Ii in .in imp H t.mt ijijn
The majority ttl natin- iron in found in tbe i • i i ii i

I irth'N eon. ana at thi surface it readiN

rrMitniittj with other dements

B1SMU1 II
IK (agonal trigonal
H2-2Vi«Si GALENA
NatIM blMUUth In (. Ill, I, • II ' • N(,

rtlati.rl. ran HanlK 1 1 .nl Nultuli in one nl iln ninii

ever tound a> distinct abundant ami widely iIinihI.ui, il

ir\NljK. it more often nuIihI, minerals Ii in mined

ha> a granular or i \ii iinu, u as leado
brarikhini; form.

mcrvuri
globules w
rod . ..

I I i\l \1( IS.

M \nn|\ I I ohm <ll
< II \l ( OP1 Kill
MERCURl I.RI I Not Kl II
Hi a _,>nal 1 1, \at;onal
CHAI.COI'YRI I I

H Liquid' 4.4 II - • si, I 7

i.ii-

ii I
i . ,

ThiN is the onl\ metal that in liquid at Named alter I <>r<l Grec nm k.
normal temprraturvv In liquid Form, on whose s, ottiah prop rt\
A Nllllllll ,,| |
.,|,|„ 1 ,|1„|

mercurv appear- a» silvery globules. ion, .!,

it »a> discovi red in
- ,
,

thiN ran cadmium nuIIm

ii. i
|. brass) yellov a <h n

Il llJN 1 .Ii lllll

be yellow, red, or or u
oppei

ii-.ii \i . I II \l ( MI'l Kill IIIIMlh

RYSTA LLI N
Ioh M OI
Nl-H tllKIII
AC A N I 1 1 1 I I

H 2 2 • si.

\ ulfidi

SPHALERIT1
SILVER mthiti
Cubn • II
"
• • ni, ||
A sulfide ol /ini with \arial>le in hi, ,
m
WhIcI\ ii-trihutni but rarch found in prop,

abundance, native silver occur* mainlv is

twisted wire*. v:a)e<, and branching maw* Nl-HM t HIT! »
 » SULFIDES MOLYBDENITE
Hexagonal / trigonal
H I ';.SG 4.62-5. 06
1

42 Molybdenum sulfide is

lead -gray in color. It has an

oily feel, which is due to
weak bonds within a layered

tn
w
; crystal structure.

Q •#,
"™ —-*<**^aij^ granite

ORPIMENT
3 Monoclinic
GLAUCODOT
X H l'/a 2 • SG 3.4-3.5 REALGAR
Named from the Latin for "golden Monoclinic • H 1
' 2-2 • SG 3.56 Orthorhombic • H 5 • SG S. 9-6.1

paint," this arsenic sulfide oc( urs A bright orange-red sulfide of This sulfide of cobalt, iron, and arsenic thin hexagonal

as foliated, columnar masses arsenic, realgar was historically occurs as silver-white brittle masses, cr\ stals in layers
c/3
around hot springs. used as a pigment. w bub have no external crystal form.
-J

<
PC
— MARCASITE slender
Orthorhombic prismatic
H 6-6'/2 • SG4.92 t rj stals

A sulfide of iron that is

lighter and more brittle than

pyrite, marcasite frequently

occurs as cockscombs and
spear-shaped "twin

COVELLI I I

Hexagonal • H 1 'A 2 • SG 4.6 4.8

i oi
Covellite is

n non copper sulfide.

i
a not particularly
Its shining
I
indigo-blue color makes it attractive
to mineral collectors.

HAUERITE
Cubic • H 4 • SG 3.46
1 lauerite is a verj rare sulfide

of manganese. The brown

octahedral crystals can form when
certain minerals are altered in
ARSENOPYRITE domes
the caps ol salt
Monoclinic
H 5' 2-6 -SG 5.9-6.2
Silver) (.olored
arsenopyrite is a sulfide PENTLANDITE
of arsenic and iron. Witl Cubic
almost 50 percent arseni STANNITE H iVi 4 -SG 4.6-5.0
content, it is a principa Tetragonal • II 4 • SG 4.4 This nickel and iron
ore of arsenic which is Stannite Is a sulfide ol tin, sulfide is found in

poisonous to humans. copper, and iron mined for basic igneous rocks.
the tin. Its name comes from It is an important
the 1 atin for tin, ^umnum. source ol im kel.

calcite
nJnuvs
PYRITE
Cubic
H 6-6V2 SG • 5 MILLERITE
Nicknamed "fools gold" Hexagonal/trigonal
>ecause of its light goldish
H 3-3 r 2.SG 5.3-S.6
color, this iron sulfide is This sulfide of nickel occurs in
the most common oi .ill limestones and ultramafic rocks.
sulfide minerals. It is sought alter as a nickel ore.

/ i

PYRRHOTITE CHALCOCITE
Monoclinic • H 3' 4':-NG4.53
2 4.77 Monoclinic H 2' 3 SG
• 2 • 5.5-5.8

An iron sulfide yyith variable iron content, Dark gray to black, copper sulfide has
pyrrhotitc has a magnetism that increases been mined for centuries. It is one of
as the iron content decreases. the most profitable copper ores.
'r. s
 SULFOSALTS
Sulfosahsart agroupof about ?00mainl\
rare minerals, <.ti u< turall) related t>> standard
sulfides and with man) >>l the samt properties
In these compounds sulfur is combined \\ ith
a metallic element commonh silver, copper,
lead, »'i nun and .i semimetal, often antimom
01 arsenit Sulfosalts frequent!) occui in
BISMUTHIN1TI
l )rthorh>iml>iv • II ! • m. hydrothei mal veins, usualb in small amounts
I his sulfide nl bismuth is an important
!v Mix h oJ th. hismutli
II lllrdk III. - PI K IRG1 Kl I I l'«)l 1 K \M 1 i: wi.l Kl I I

1 1, luminal ti igonal Vtimoi 1 1 m. Mom ii linii

s,
II '
. j ii ii •
I.SG S.8 6.2 in
Mso called i ul>\ silver, Son ion, \ bluish :'i.i\ sulfidi i
il Ii id
ilnv sulfide •! silvi .in.l palybasiti
i
Is .i sulfidi ol silvei and .inn \, In ml in-
,iihiiii..ii\ is red bla< k. but I H|l|l. I, .1111 II IIS. III. Is mi. I
'I I. m nlh.l. /
llllll >|>lllll. I
v .l|l|H .11 It . iii v i. Id ii.. i
thwhili icral to form fini C
.1. ,
p i
ub) i. .1 quantities ol silvci lo< .ilK hah liki .Mill r~
-n

/
>

IN \IU.III BOURNONITI
thorbombii • SC
• il ( • ii '

l«SG S.7-S.9
ilorcd lulfidc ol i
oppcr and
id nl l< .ill, < oppi i. and antimony,
tabulai in |n iMii.iin
 a

PEROVSKITE
OXIDES Orthorhombic
H5'i . SG4.01
Oxides are compounds of oxygen and other Discovered in Russia in

elements. Some oxides are very hard and 18 39, this dark-colored

many :ide of calcium and titanium

ha\ i- a high specific gravity, and are
iorms in igneous and
brightly colored. The group includes the
metamorphic rocks.
chief ores of iron, manganese, aluminum,
C/j

PJ tin,and chromium. Some oxide minerals

Q are sought-after gems. Oxides can occur
in hydrothermal veins, igneous and
X metamorphic rocks, and also, because
O they can be resistant to weathering and
transportation, in layers of sediment.

C/j

-
< ahcdral franklinite crystal
OS
— FRANKLINITE ILMENITE
Cubic 1 lexagonal/trigonal
H 5'/2-6'^SG 5.07-5.22 H 5-6. SG 4.72
This black or brown zinc Iron titanium oxide is the principal ore of
manganese iron oxide is titanium, a high strength, low density metal
found in metamorphosed used in aircraft and rocket construction.
limestones, notably those in
Franklin, New Jersey.

striated
URANIN1TE rystaljace .

Cubic • H 5 -6 • SG 6.5 10.0

Highly radioactive, black- CASSITERITE
Tetragonal • H 6—7 • SG 7
brown-colored uranium oxide
>r

is the main ore of uranium,

Almost the sole source of the world's tin

which is used in nuclear reactors this tin oxide is mainly found as small
to produce electricity, and grains among river gravels.

in the construction of
nuclear weapons.

i itreous
* -tr^ '<* ;
.
•'
Iu-.Il!

f- #y-. '
\ ... ."\
r

SAMARSKITE
Orthorhombic
H 5-6. SG 5. 15-5. 69
Minerals known as samarskite —
radioactive oxide of various metals
including yttrium, iron, tantalum,
and niobium — occur in igneous
rocks and alluvial sands.

GAHNITE
Cubic H7'/2-8 .SG4.6
A rare oxide of aluminum
and zinc found mainly in

metamorphic rocks, gahnite

can form dark green or blue
to black crystals.

CORUNDUM
Hexagonal/ trigonal
H 9 • SG4. 0-4.1
Corundum is an aluminum
oxide, second only in
hardness to diamond.
Ruby-red and sapphire-
i blue varieties are used
i gemstones.

CHROMITE
Cubic- H 5 "2 • SG 4.5-4.8
This iron chromium oxide is the only
important source of chromium, an element
used in making chrome- and stainless-steel.
 HYDROXIDES
Hydroxide minerals an compounds of a
metal li< element .m>l i lu hydroxyl radical
it >l 1 1 l Id \ .in . ommon mini i
als and
often form through a chemical reaction
between an existing oxidi and fluids rich
in water, seeping through th< Earth's
i I USl \l.in\ li\ilm\lili nun, i
als in
IATITI
. -,. quite -"it I lydroxides tend to
I tnd abundant, i>i i in in iiu alii i i'il pai i- "I
mined \ti nsiw K
i

hvdrothei mal veins and in

.lis fol 111- .

mi iiu ulli.
iiu 't.inii 'i jiliu rocks
an In i

GIBBSITI
Mi linii

ii .SG 2.4 X
i iiu. STIBICON1 1
«<
essential alumin i ubi< -iM \'A »SG 3.3 •

In. Ii. ixidi in ihe \n hi.. ,

.mi i
hydi . ixidi ..I mi mi,
FERGUSONI aluminum on bauxite stibii .null iv ii Ini. or yi II. i« Ish brow n, »<
Ii also mi in - in .in.l I.. i in- 1. 1 tin ..Ii. i .in. i ..il>. i

hvdrothei mal v< Ins .111I1111..IH nun. i als, .

Spi . i.iIK -III. ml. X
nam- i

nuin metals, including

ini, lanthanum

niobium, ami cerium.

l*i KOI UMII

l>onal

I I I'IDOt H(K I I I

•nnuin < ihIk.iI Iii, .it , . \(, 1.9

man, ll i- I., relatively ran i hydroxidi
(hr primary on ui.ii ... . in ii nli gi .. ilni Ii is

rain; i
reddish brow n and t an I. ii m
rli mrnt in irri ul .i and fibi i m. shapi -

production.

1)1 \sl'()KI
Orthorhombu «H6' .
• SG ! i

Diaspon and its variety bohmiti an essential

aluminum hydroxides in bauxiti Dia o |
I

occurs in marble and alti n d igneous rocks.

V I'll I II I

igonal
SG4.23
lliHUMl III
ll •
• M imh i
I I

tanhim, thi- i."i i in i i

KO.M AMI III I I

tiunium often forms im| i ii ih. .ii.., ml. i. .11 , 6 • SG 4.7

<li-pla\- >il thin, translu I
. ipaqui ,
iln oji i.l. ..I

Hi - in ijuart/ crystals. ithl n.ilK

I I
assive
fot in- t i ystals an ran

GOl I III 1

Orthorh bii • n . i »SG 3.3 I l

\ i .
.

yellow brown coloi to soil and roi ks thai

Ii \ll\l I I

phi iu mixtun
II I «SG 2.7
CHKiNOBIKil /IM I II I In p
nabh • ll
• HKIK III nil, ill
i alurmnun •It ... I, III I

mstonr. kno» n t unal man. ii. I, and

in uV U> o idi
 H A LI DES
When metallic elements combine with halogen
elements, halides are formed. The halogens
are iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
Ualide minerals are commonly very soit and

v:
of low specific gravity, often having crystals
UJ classified in the cubic system. Many of these
Q minerals, such as halite and sylvite, torm in
evaporite sequences by the drying out oi

< saline waters. Other halides — for example,

X iluorite — occur in hydrothermal veins.

FLUORITE
- ( iiI.k • H 4« sg 3.18
Calcium fluoride often
< forms transparent to
translucent crystals
- ol various colors.
z Large quantities are
used for making
hydrofluoric acid.

GREEN
11 iiokiti

DIABOLEITE BOLEITE
Tetragonal • H 2'/a • SG 5. Cubic • H 3-3' i • SG 5.0-5.1
I copper chloride nyaroxicN wit Deep blue boleite is a rare hydroxide ol lead
a light to dark blue color, diaboleite silver, copper, and chlorine. It occurs where

I
s l'\ the alteration oi other minerals. lead and copper deposits have been altered.
 JARL1TI
v link
( \KIU) NATES
H4-4 • SC 8
Carbonate minerals are compounds of metallic
UmuIK white, larliti- i-

found in iohi v>n. mimetallit elements combined \\ ith tht

It in a rare sodium carbonate radical (COi). Ovei 0< arbonati
strontium magnesium minerals are know bm
n, * alt it< . dolomiti
aluminum Dual
and siderite account foimost of tht carbonate
hvdrox
in ihe 1 ai th's * i usi Carbonatt - usuall) form
u
iod crystals with regulai shapes and no
foreign substances enclosed within them
z
tn
Many carbonates art palt colored, but 30
some, sue h as rhodochrosite, smithsonitc, SMITHSONITI
Hexag hi >onal
and malachite, are bright!) colored
III I . si.
I

I i II,
r
\ III' I
II I
'
I I 111 ill'

llll(IR\Kl,) Kl II uppi i oxidized zoni s "I zlni

on deposit ,
I
li I

;>Kjll\ also mini d Ibi zint

>
(Tl il.l/i

^-*

S VII III \|i

SPAR V
>
-
m

• Willi
I li xagonal ti ii al

ii li \lti lot Al t I II
( )m "l ilu hum abundanl mini i lis, mosl M 1 • H I si. I 66 V7I
in i arbonatc is massivi , occun I Ins barium i all ai bi in iti i

DOGTOOI II
Imu stoni oi m. n Mi li i an alsi i li » m « Ini. i" ii How ish, and ofti n li iund in
SPAR outstanding 1 1 ystals. hydrothei mal veins « ithin limi i

curved
• I fat a

DOLOMI I I

1 1> xagi mal

IM • • SG
I lolomitl is i I .ili mm
I
ii li.in.il.

« idespn ad in altered
\l U Willi him stoni s. lolomiti

sfih
I

rock, foi un 'I exi lusivel)

>n 41 j. jm ii ( i» copper chioi oi massive dolomiti . is

us< 'I is .i building stone.

IKON \
Monoi Imu . H > . SG 2.1

Hydrated -odium carbonatt .

yellowish, nr brown. It forms

un dn arth's surfai
I ~|» 1.1IK .
1

t \ I C > N\ I I
in -alim- desert invimnmi i

HI
KareK found, thi-
u-\ chloridi
»hn< • rnwn
mineral. It- color

t<> I
!

I RVH III
w I I III Kl II M M.MSIII STRON 1 1 \M II
h : • nal • H 3 • VI < irthorhon I
• 1 1 . SG t.7K
* aluminum walium • '

\ i
trontium i

found m hydrothi i mil vi ini and

an irrlilu- appci Kind
»
 1

» CARBONATES (is EERRII I

("l-LOWERS OF IRON")
ARAGONITE

BOTRYOIDAI SIDERITE
ARAGONITE
Orthorhombic SIDERITE
H V i-4. SG 2. 94-2. 95 Hexagonal /trigonal
Aragonite is calcium carbonate, H4«SG 3.96
heroically identical to calcite, but A brown-colored carbonate of iron,
« ith a different crystal structure named from the Greek for iron, sidaos,
and much less common. siderite occurs in a variety ol forms.

UHOMIIOIII I)R
SIDERITE

':•

pnsmLitu
crystal

PHOSGENITE ARTINITE
ARAGONITI Tetragonal • H 2 '/4-3 • SG 6. Monoclinic • H 2 • SG ' 2 2
TWINNED CRYSTALS
This rare lead carbonate chloride is A hydrated magnesium
formed close to the Earth's surface by the carbonate hydroxide, artinite has
glasslike
reaction <>l lead-rich minerals with water. a distinctive habit, with sprays
sheen
ol white, needle-shaped crystals.
HYDROZINCITE It occurs in serpentine rocks.
Monoclinic
H 2-2'/j.SG4
Hydrozincite, or zinc
i .lrbon.iti li\(lni\nlr, is pale
gray, white, pink, or yellow isl

It fluoresces bluish u hue

under ultraviolet light.

patch cj ,/j, en
malat lute
around margins

limonite matri*

AZURITE
Monoclinic • H 3 "2 -4 • SG 3.77-3.78
Azurite is a hydrous copper carbonate. Its

rich blue color and frequent association hotryoidal

with green malachite in hydrothermal habit

veins are distinctive features.

LEADHILLITE
Monoclinic • H 2 Vi— 3 • SG 6.55
This lead sulfate carbonate hydroxide
usually occurs as well-formed crystals
in the oxidized /ours ol lead deposits.
 BOR \T 1 s
IUM1RUI Boi ates occui w lun metallit elements combine
rwiNNED
with the borate radical (BO
49
rhereareovei >

\oo borate minerals, the most common being

v 1 KllsM I I
borax, kernite, ulexite, and colemanite Borates
tend to bi pale* olored, relative!) soft, and have
low specific gravit) Mam occui inevaporite
sequ< nces " Ii, u saline waters have >li ied <>ui
KUnsI
i. I I I

and minerals
y
M ai e then |>i ipitated among layers
OrlhorfuMiihi,. • * ; • -, > ,
m
A carbonali 'I lead occurring where <>l sedimentai \ i <>. kv M KM 1
73
lead bearing \. m> ha\e ken ahen \1 Inn, • ii " I •SG 1.9
i\ the most common lead .»r. after galena \ , oloi Ii s\ .u w ha. sodium >
BORACIT1 borate huh ate, kei nite has less
< 'i thoi hombit watei ili. in boi .i\ I
he two
H »SG3 minerals oc< in toeethei
Magni slum boi He
rtk'tnh
• I'l' ii i.l. . i
ystals .11 . pali Z
-.•I. en 01 « Kite, and
glass) l*"i .1. ii» < >, , in s in H
salt ,1, posits, notabl) in 73
Gi i inn i\ and Polani >
H

w
m

\NM Kl II
Hexagonal trigonal
H 3 ; . m.
\nkerite is .1 carbonati ol \
calcium with lessei iron,
magnesium, and manganesi
Ii i~ sometimes found
in
m>lil bearing quai 1/ veins
COl 1 MAN] 1
111 I XI 1

M , Inn. -II f • S(, I | ! Moii,., Inn, • II I !

. S(, I
>l(,

I
his bydrati nun borate hydroxidi foi mv h hen
.1 . al( \ hydrated sodium i -il, ium
saline watei evaporates Ii was the main source ol urate hydroxide, ulexite 'a
boron until iln disi ovei \ ol kernite white, fibrous , rystals transmit
ighl down theii length Ii has
uses similai to borax

KHOIMK HKOMI1
J'Hl'i 4 • SG i.l
,|uah^ crystals i.ilhis manganese
ale. in sha ,>ink, can be
found in the U\ N.uth Africa, and IVru

iiunchxiktu « ;

characteristic
UIRK'II \l CI I I

toriaa
Monodinic -HI 2 • sc; 1 s>6

A blue ,,r green colored /im BORAX

, opper , irbonati hydroxidi Vionoi linii H 2—2
• • s(, I 7

aurichalcite l,irm> in the \ , balk) h Im, sodium I.. .1 ati HOWLITE

oxidized zones ..I zinc and In. I. has man) Mono. Inn, • li <' .
. m, '(,

copper deposits. applii in. ins, in. ludin I lovt III, iv i .il, nun borosilil .ili

medicines, laundn detergents, hydroxidi Ii gem rail) foi ms as

M MM Hill "S glasses, and ti xtili i
halky, rounded masses
t HKI 51 il Dl I \
IMI IU1I
MINERAL)

NITRATES
Nitrati s are .i small group ol
i
ompounds whi n metallit
elements i ombine w ith the nitrati
radical | NO i I hese minerals
in usual 1) verj sofl and havi
associated
aiurite
low -p, c it,, gravity. Mam
diuolvi easih in water and the)
<»nl\
-
rareh form as < rystals. I In •,

M\l \( Hill ii, onfim d to and

g< in rail) i

H ..•.,,;
inn •
n gions, forming oatings on tin- t
M I K \ I I 1

rhi« *trik i

PP° r land -ii r l.i. i

thai "hi ncovei w ide
II. xagonal/trigonal • H l'/j ' • s<, .'.27
carbonate."' inded
Sodium nitrati typii all) occui istson
masses. It is used for ornamentation I
' .n i im ii i.j 1 1\. nitrates an
HiiTHWillH I
. i

<ion il

MM
- •
|

and is i <- .per. M III II In iim d ,i* fertilizers .n i xpli in ( hili h it whi
 SULFATES i
Sulfates are composed of metals joined to
the sulfate radical(S0 4 ). There are about
200 sulfates and most are rare. Many,
such as the more common gypsum, form
in evaporite deposits where minerals are GYPSUM SATIN SPAR
CO Monoclinic • H 2 • SG 2.32
LU precipitated from drying saline solutions.
A widespread mineral, gypsum, or
H Others form as weathering products, or hydrated calcium sulfate, makes piaster of
< as primary minerals in hvdrothcrmal veins. Paris when heated and mixed with water. THENARDITE
Many are economically important — barite
H
Orthorhomhic
2' 2- 3 • SG 2.66
is used to lubricate drills on oil rigs. IATING
RUM crysl A pale grav or brownish
chalcanthite mineral, thenardite is sodiu
prismatic
sulfate. found on lava
It is
ANGLESITE
(lows and around salt la
Orthorhomhic
H 2' 2-3 • SG 6.3-6.4
This lead sullate comes
in a variety ol colors and CHALCANTHITE
forms. It is an alteration Triclinic

product of galena, the H 2'2-SG 2.28

primary lead ore. Rich blue or green
chalcanthite is hydrated
copper sullate. lorms through
It

the oxidation of chalcopvrite and

other copper sulfites

mass of needle- shaped

W LINARITE
Monoi Unit
brochantite en stah

H 2V, .sg 5.3

Bright blue linarite is

roundrlhiv hydrous i opper lead

sulfati It o< i ins m the
oxidation /ones ol
copper .wi<\ lead ores.

GLAUBER1TE
Monoclinic A1.UNITE
H 2
1

j 3 .SG 2.8 Hexagonal /trigonal

CYANOTRICHITE Glauberite is sodium H 3'2-4-SG 2"6-2.9
( Jrthorhombic • H 3 • SG 2.74 2.95 and calcium sullate. A hydrous sullate of potassium and
This hydrated copper aluminum sulfate is Colorless, gray, or aluminum, alunite may be found at

named alter the Greek for "blue" and "hair," yellowish, it forms where volcanic vents where rocks are

referring to its clusters ol line, blue i rystals saline water evaporates altered by sulfur vapors.

CHROM ATES
RED
CROCOITE Chromate minerals form when metallic elements
joinwith the chromate radical (Cr0 4 ). They are
rare minerals — crocoite is the only reasonably
well-known chromate. They are generally
brightly colored, and highly sought after
by mineral collectors. Chromates often form
when hydrothermal veins are altered by fluids.

slender, elongat
crystals with
\tnations

ORANGE
CROCOITE

CROCOITE
Monoclinic H 2'/i—3 SG
• • 6

Orange or red lead chromate forms

in the oxidized zones ol lead deposits.
Good specimens come from Australia.
 Mil \MIKIII
. link • it ! »S(
White, green, or blue
meUnt< rite is hydrated
iri.n sulfate It in used in
purifying water supplies,
ami a» a Urtili

| \KOMII
I li xagunal n igunal
It ' |'4i SG
EPSOMITI
|arosite is .1 hydrous sulfati ol iron an
Orthorhombu
tl
'
• m. potassium, occurring as brow n coj
on pyi Hi and othet iron mini rah
• rmlrjli-vl magnesium
•>ultjtf incurs in anil

cave
lull. It in tiu -

-
m salts
f-
•'
H
CI I I si i\i
C
( Irthorh bit • 11 I I • SG 3 96 I 98 z
Mi ontium sulfate is sough) aftt r, m il onh u a
1 In main source of strontium, but also foi the
bi mi iiul ,
11 .iiis|*.ii 1 Hi . pal* - olored 1 1 \ Btals. H
>
H
m
/

C DIM \|'| I I

rriclinii • 11 '
I • SG 2.08-2.1
\ w lie ih ,.1 green hydrati >l sulfati •!

iron in si >l< s, 1 il>. ,1 from < opi ipi 1,

Chile, 1 1 ipiapitt o< 1 urs when otht 1

minerals are alti red

<
It \KI I I

BROl H \MIII VNHVDRII1 t )i 1I1. 11 hombii

H !

hydroxide, bn
4

forms emerald-green
.

.
linn
si.

sulfate
*, hantite

masses
anhsilnti
but
It

m
Orthorhnmbu
i

in ol

imur>

in
> •

calcium
SG

alongside
noli

humid conditions
sulfate,

It
gypsum
.»lt< r- tO
$ II

I In

bat

bat ni'ii
MllllNM.lIK

pale colon
I

iin
I

nun hum.
>st

III
.

1
S(.

ommon

tilt.it.

.1
.It I

mineral
1
1

al,

|i
in

.1
.

.1
Polyhalite
IniliMi. -II

magnesium
pink, in red,
in

mi. 11 in.
POLYHA1

hydt
\
at<

ulfati

ii in

..1I1
i'/i.SG 2.7S
.1

m idespread
.li
1
III

potassium
1I01 less,

posits.
in
1

white,
.ill

mam
mum

MO I V BDATtS TUNGSTATES HUBNERIT1

1 uart
ndmasi

linn
MoKbslatcs Inrni when metals combine with Tungstatt minerals are 1 ompounds w ith metallit
\I1111111

n I 1 • SG 7.3
the moUklau radical (Mo< >.i These minerals t lements joined to the tungstate radit al 1 Wl 1 1
m tul
I Ins manganese iron tungstati
arc rare and tcnil to he dense and bright!} In s, minerals are rare and iisuall) brittle and
I
in .1 major soun ol tun ten 1

I MnlsKlate minerals tx 1 ur in mineral dense Somt art dark colored and form as fint 1.1I used in ste< I .iIIoin,

\etns that ha\e been altered h\ circulating water. abrasives, and light
crystals. Tungstatt s oc< ur in hydrothermal veins

Wulfcnite is the best-known molybdate mineral and pegmatites verj coarsi grained granitit
It is prized bir its tine >.r\stals and brilliant rocks win r< iii iiit rals form hum Hunk
clliiw inliirs. permeating the rot k.

S( Ml I I I I I

II • • 6.1

Mini d foi tui

.1I1 nun '

found
III hydi 1

tamorphii and igi

nl alluvial sands

hipjmmiJul
ichccliic '

I I Kill Kl II
Mulioi lllllt

nil. s«. 7.5

' )paque b
Will IIMII ml III

Tetragonal • H2 othi 1 mil

This lead moKbdatr a fount
zones of lead and mobbdenum deposits. is ip mini !
1 minor munr of mobbdenum.
 PHOSPHATES 4,
When metals combine with the phosphate radical
(P0 4 ), phosphate minerals are formed. These minerals
form a large group of over 200 —
however, many are \M
very rare. Minerals in this group vary in hardness and
specific gravity, and many are brightly colored. They
TURQUOISE
uu usually form by the alteration of sulfide minerals, but Triclinic • H 5-6 • SG 2.6-2.8
some are primary minerals. A number of phosphates A sought alter gem for thousands of
< are rich in lead; others are radioactive. years, this hydrated phosphate ofcopper
X and aluminum is tound in altered
Oh igneous rocks.
HYDROXYLHERDERITE
Monoclinic • H 5 -5'/2 • SG 2.95-3.01
o Hydroxylherderite is calcium beryllium
a: phosphate. It occurs as pale yellow
cu or greenish crystals, with a glassy
sheen, in granitic pegmatites. M

^w?s
:
*,rr
m^ *^* "*v*

aggregate Hexagonal
PYROMORPHITE
• H 3' 2-4 • SG 6.5-7.1

of xenottme A lead phosphate chloride, variably

colored greenish, orange, yellowish
or brownish, pyromorphite lorms in
the oxidized /ones of lead deposits.

DUFRENITE
Monoclinic • H VA-AVi • SG 3.1

This hydrated phosphate of iron

and calcium mainly occurs as green
to black masses or crusts in altered
veins and iron ores. XENOTIME
Tetragonal • H 4 5 • SG 4.4-5.1
Widely distributed yttrium
phosphate- is yellow-brown, gray,
or greenish, and lorms in ignei >us
anil metamorphic rocks.
APATITE
Hexagonal /monoclinic
H 5 -SG 3.1 3.2

META-AUTUNITE Apatite is the group name used lor three

Tetragona structurally identical calcium phosphate
H 2-2 Vi -SG 3.05-3.2 minerals: lluorapatile, i hlorapatite,
Radioactive meta-autunite and hvdrow lapatite.

lemon-vellow or pale
is a
green hydrated phosphate V
nl calcium and uranium,
ll occurs where uranium
minerals are altered.

WAVELLITE
METATORBERNITE Orthorhombic • H 3' 2 4 • SG 2. 36
Tetragonal H 2-2' • SG 3.22
• 2 Wavellite is a rare aluminum phosphate
This copper uranyl phosphate hydrate is hydroxide hydrate. Colorless, gray, or
related to meta-autunite and occurs in similar greenish, glassy, needlelike crystals form
settings. It is distinguished by its green color. radiating aggregates on altered rock.

translucent
sliced nodule
mass of
amblygomte

luster

oranae wax elhte

VARISCITE
Orthorhombic
H 3
,
2-4 l/2 .SG 2.6-2.9 TRIPLITE AMBLYGONITE
A semiprecious gemstone, this Monoclinic • H 5-5'/j • SG 3.5-3.9 Triclinic • H SVi-6 • SG 3.08

hydrated aluminum phosphate Triplite is a phosphate of manganese, This rare lithium sodium aluminum
usually occurs as green, fine-grained sometimes with iron and magnesium. fluophosphate mainly forms as masses,
masses in nodules, veins, or crusts. It forms in granitic pegmatites. but crystals occur in Zimbabwe and Brazil.
 MonochnR
\ i\
VIVIAN IT1

unite
»H
i>
1

hvdrated iron
! «S<
\ WAD \ II S
\ anadates are l< > med l>\ the > ombination ol
phosphate It common!) (arms as
clusters ol Uails pi ismatit crystals
metallic elements and thi vanadate radical
in altered iron deposits i\i> group of minerals contains
i
rhis
mam ran examples, which tend to be dense
and bright!) colored Vanadates often form
w hen li\>li othi mal vi ins an altered b) i

permeating fluids Mosl vanadates have

-•
mi i ommen ial valut , howevi i , i ai notite
iv .in impoi t.uii M "in ce ol m anium,
lunJjt
nrin \MUNI
l \K\t)| I II i >i linn hombii </i

Monoclinii » H 2 • SG A ii '
. m, ; ; (.6

leneralh • > , ui i ing as powdci \ I Inv i .n< hydi ated \. in. ui. n< ni

yellow usts in uranium J. iinu .mil anium Looks similai >

HP . i iii

di p. 'Mis, radioai tivi i ai m ititi to ca i iii . -inil .il vi > in i in v in

iv ,\ hydrati .1 vanadati alt< nil in anium deposits s

potassium and uranium. m
V.
i >i ihoi hombi(
114. >
I ibethenitc iv .i light \ R S 1 \ \ T I S
to dark green > oppei
phosphate hydroxide Vrsenates are mosd) rare minerals composed ol
li foi ms in tin upper metallic elements and tin ars< nat< radi( .il |
\v( )

oxidizi >i oneol "i \vt ) i

["hey generally have a fairly high specific
coppei deposits A )A Mill
gravit) and low hardness, Man) arsenates have brighl I

I >l ill' 'I IliHIlliU

inli'iv adamite is yellow oi green, and clinoclase il 3'/i -SG4.3 II
is gi i en i 'i blw I his group ol minerals <>i i urs in .i
/mi arsenate hydroxide
variet) ui geologic .il situations, I >nt man) arsenates il i ui iii .ill. ii il .ii v. nil .ii i
• I

MO\ \/l 1 I
m i ui iii altered metal deposits.
/iik deposits, sometimes .iv

v,
. • II • • •
• M i |itn>ii.il i rystals
I'hovphau- minerals containing either
cerium, lanthanum, or neodvmium ar<
K mi;
I i I I i i
idiatlng i /" .

all is monazite hi
i I
Monoclinii -ill ' t SG 3.18 (Mi 'i tase i n ttah
mined lor the \anouv elements
ms
I I

pin
lydi ated
pi. pink
i obalt
1 1
ai

ystals ui
senate
i
Foi

oating

Will \. IK ni xamples oi ui in
BR \/ll I
I i i •

:»• H.liniv • II
i .in. nl. i and Mora

red in Hro/il, thi-

sodhan aluminum phosphate

and tormv in canities in nraniuv

pt-gmatit.v

HA VI DOM I I

Monoi Inn.
II 4 • S(, , i, 5.7
I lnv hydi in d i
ni . .1

i opper, Ii .nl. and dm is

umi.iIK l. .nn.l .is grci I. oi

\. II. .u . rusts m altered

hydrothermal vi ins
I \/lll III
linie

H S
1

'. ! I olirenlu OI IVIMII

\ r< lati\el\ ran . semiprei mm ( Irthi .1 hombii
II • v(.4.4
blue gi mstone, thiv iron i

magnesium aluminum phovphate ( )liveniti iv i oppi i

F
h\dr metamorphic in .ii senate hydroxidi Ii

ami igneous n» • ii i nisli. brownish, (I INOCI AM

yellow, hi era) and oi i ui
Mum,, Inn. • H 2'/] t . S(, t ( (

m altered •
ii|i|» i .Ii posits, t'linm l.iv, is a dark blue grei n < oppi i

arsenati hydroxidi that has a variety ol

gonal • H I • SG 6.88
loi ins iii .tit. r < il i oppei Milliil' il' poi il

. RrlatiM'N rare lead tanadate

I < chloridr t its in
L » altered lead deposits. It is an
^^k important source of vanadium .

^k used in steel al

M I Ml I I 1 ( II \l( OI'IIYI I III

Hi xagonal • ll '
1« SG 7. .
. J • 1 1 ' • si ,
'

ilinivu.il. b Brighl I'lui grei n i halt ophylliti

.
i LI., i nl. oppi i aluminum ai em
di in h I'.i i

oxidizi ! i
oppi i di posits,
 SI LICATES ANDRADITE
Cubic H6"2-7.SG 3.8
MASSIVE
DUMORTIERITE
Yellowish green, brown, or
Silicates are the most common and largest group
black, andradite garnet is a
ol minerals. The fundamental building blocks are
calcium iron silicate. Cut gems
tetrahedra of silicon and oxygen (Si04) together with are excellent at separating
other elements. They are subdivided into six groups white light into colors.

tSl
based on the arrangement of the silica tetrahedral.
Some form as isolated tetrahedra (nesosilicates), some
occur in pairs (sorosilicates), and others have a three- DUMORTIERITE
< dimensional network of tetrahedra (tectosilicates). Orthorhombic • H 8' 'i • SG 3.41

U Some silicates form as chains of tetrahedra Dumortierite is a silicate of aluminum,

iron, and boron. It usually forms fibrous
(inosilicates), while others form as sheets
aggregates of radiating crystals, but it

(phvllosilicates) or rings (cyclosilicates). EUCLASE can also be massive.

Monoclinic
H7'2-SG
NESOSILICATES Euclase is
3.05-3.10
a beryllium
c/5
aluminum silicate hydroxide.
- It may form white, colorless,

< green, or blue prismatic

OS striated cry:
—

NORBERGITE
Orthorhombic
HUMITE H6-6V2.SG 3.1 3.2
KYANITE
Orthorhombic • H 6 • SG 3.24 Norbergite mainly oc urs as 1
Triclinic H 5' -7 • SG 1 3.53-3.67
A magnesium iron silicate Huohydroxide, brownish yellow, white, or pink
Kyanite is an aluminum silicate. Its
humite generally occurs as yellow to granular masses inmetamorphic bladed crystals in schist and gneiss
orange granular masses in metamorphose' 1 rocks. It is a magnesium formed at high pressures in the Earth.
limestones and dolomites. silicate Huohydroxide.

DATOLITE PYROPE
Monoclinic Cubic • H 7 7' 2 • SG 3.6
HS-SVJ.SG 2.8-3.0 Pyrope garnet is a dark red magnesium
Datolite is a hydrous calc mm aluminum silicate. It forms at high pressures
boron silicate. Not very common, in metamorphic and some igneous rocks.

it is mainly found in veins or

c.ixities in igneous rocks. rhombii
crystal faces

ALMANDINE
Cubic- H 7-7 '2 -SG4.3
The most common garnet,
pinkish red almandine is an iron
aluminum silicate. It is widely
used as a gem.

green coloring vitreous luster

due 10 vanadium

GROSSULAR
Cubic H 6 2-7-
1

SG 3.6

Grossular garnet is a silicate of

calcium and aluminum that

GREEN
GROSSULAR sometimes torms in marble. It
comes in a wide range of colors RED GROSSULAR
 (
Ol i\
trlhorhombit
isi pinkish
SOROSILICATES
Common in igneous •

minei in composition from magnrsium

silicate to iron silical

ropAz
horhomhic • H 8 • SG
is aluminum —1 1 1>. ate fluoi ide hydroxide
is usualh. small, but a giant crystal
weighing 5% lb (271 kg) is known from H
I 111 >i ' l I

Mom ii linii

n ,. .sg 3.35-3 10

1 pldou is an abundant nun. ral

i i \ ^tal- "I i In- hydrous I .ili nun

aluminum Iron illii ati an pi ismatii

n tabulai .""' I' iati 'I

\\l\lll
1 1 1. [inii

ii -
.SG 3.2 1.4

Vxiniti i- .i hydrous
i ili nun iroi n
hoped
aluminum boron
m -

sili< ate, u nli .i\.

shaped
head
i rystals,

n III t till l< til)

Inn. in. linit • II 6 • SG 3.6

III Will iHMin I. sprt ad in in. tamoi phii .m<l

• : Mn
• II

Jdum
IN M\IUI\ i

i
h'iLi.i hlot itiml
k hydrousaluminum silicate
i- ,i dark green
•>!
r
titanium silicate h in exct llcnt , magnesium, .mtl mangan
at dis i iiin better
than ili.nti.'i\.l

prismjn
\M)\IIIMII
< >rth<>rhi>rnl>M.
• SG 3

AndaluMtr i« an aluminum
silicate. It occurs mainl\ in

tde mitamorphi
irn- prismatic crystals iHtfOHr
«ith a xju U linn.

r. tunded crysta
III MIMOKI'lllll
ZIRCON ' >i ili. .1 li.iinl.i.

iA./rr art *- ial • H • -'.

Ill , • S(,
n, oi zirconium silicate,
I In- hydrated silii ati ..I zini
Ktcnsiveh in
in i urs in .Ii. red zini di
Irv It in also tin- main
Ii in vei ) vai iabli both in Hn
ol thr metal zirconium
. ..In i and Ii

! ill nui leal

ir,lll,l.

DANBURIT1
ii

!
itl I .. | ..I- Mil., i

ils re* mbli topaz, bul

'Mil. II

W 1 1 I I M I I I
\ ISIIS I Will
>nal iii. .ii.. i Inn.

H • 19 n-II I |\l Will II r.

7.SG 3
i • H '
d

l-ti-h. and usualh. m . Sillimaniu- is an aluminum silicate »nh I

and Willi lliiiil n -.1

How, ll

metamorpbov-ri lim« but it »

C YCLOSI LICATES I NOSI LICATES ACTINOLITE
Monoclinic
BENITOITE H5 6 «SG 3.0-3.44
Hexagonal Actinolite is a more iron-rich,
H 6-6'/) SG
• 3.64-3.68 darker colored form of the
This usually blue barium titanium amphibole tremolite. It is one
silicate occurs in serpentinite and of the asbestos minerals.
veins in schist. Gem-quality
c i Wals tome from California.

six-sided crystal

TOURMALINE
Hexagonal / trigonal
H7-7'/..SG 3.0-3.2
Tourmaline is the name for
a group of hydrous
1 1

boron silicate minerals with

the same crystal structure
TREMOLITE
Monoclinic • H 5 6 • SG 2.9-3.2
but varying chemistry.
A widespread amphibole, this
hydrous silicate of calcium,
magnesium, and iron forms
--*._ in metamni -plm meks. It has

„*^fes>» been used as asbestos.

AQUAMARlNr EMKRALD

BERYL
V^
'

Hexagonal
r -

H 6V2-8 'SG 2.6-3.0

vitreous luster
Beryllium aluminum silicate
is both a source of beryllium
and a gemstone. Gem
— raJiatmq cr\ *m/
emerald
varieties include
(green), sapphire (blue), and
aquamarine (greenish blue).

PECTOLITE NEPHRITE
Triclinic • H 4 1

i 5 . SG 2.74-2.88 Monoclinic • H 6' 2 • SG 2.9-3.4

This sodium calcium silicate hydroxide This very tough, cream to dark green
forms in cavities within basalt. It is common form of the amphiboles tremolite and
MORGANITE 111 the LIS, Canada, and England. actinolite is commonly known as jade.
1 [exagonal
HTA-S -SG 2.6-2.8
Morganite is a pink variety AEGIRINE
Monoclinic • H 6 • SG 3.55-3.60
of beryl, colored by
additional cesium or This brown, green, or black
manganese. It forms tabular SUGILITE pyroxene is a sodium iron silicate.
crystals in pegmatites. Hexagonal It forms in metamorphic and

H S
,
2-6 i.SG2.7-2.8
,
dark igneous rocks.
columnar, six-sided This rare, hydrated silicate
prismatic crystal of potassium, sodium, iron,
aluminum, lithium, and manganese
HELIODOR occurs in metamorphic rock.
Hexagonal HORNBLENDE
H7'/2 -8.SG2.6-2.8 Monoclinic • H 5- 6 . SG 3.28-3.41
Named after the Greek for Common in igneous and metamorphic
"sun," heliodor is a yellow rocks, dark amphibole or hornblende
variety of beryl. Fine examples is a dark, hydrous silicate of calcium,
come from Russia. magnesium, iron, and aluminum,
with fluorine.

long
prismatK
prous crystal

mass

striated <

crystalJaces

RHODONITE
Triclinic
H 5
1
2-6' 2 .SG 3.57-3.76
WOLLASTONITE Rose-red or pink rhodonite
Triclinic • H 4' 2-5 • SG 2.87-3.09 is manganese calcium silicate,

s rock This calcium silicate, found in marble and occurring as crystals, masses,
qroundma^s other metamorphic rocks, is used in ceramics, and grains. It is popularly-
paints, and as a replacement for asbestos. used in jcwelrv making.

IF"
 M'OIHIMI M IMc HMIH
inn • H b • SG I
ii - h »SG 1-3.38

rickm rhis p\roxene mineral u j lithium aluminum I his pvroxeni is I rccn-< olon .1

S been Found; calcium magnesium silicat) It occurs in

ilu ilmost I * K* tons m< latum phi< and igneous i". kv

PIGEONI 1

Monoi linii

H 6 • SG
I his l>io« n in purplish
bla< k common p>
iv .i magnesium
call nun silicate Ii

KK II I I Kl I I mi ill v ill ign< -nils rCK Lv Mil. I I I

\sl KOIMU I I 1 1

. ImiC and m mi ii "i Hi v linii hi. Inn. • II i • si. 1 I

il
II >s< ii •
6.SG 3.23 I.S2 I In-, i omplex hydrous mIu .ii.

jni|>hilx<U' richti i i .iiiiini hi ..I potassium, sodium, Iron,

is a h> p\ i
ixi ii. I his silii ati ol < all ium, man ]
ind titanium

sodium, calcium magnesium, sodiun um, iron, in i in v iii :'in i" and i -ii in. v

n. .mil aluminum urs in llv In, kv

ami iron It isiuri in i n i

metamorphosed linn si ius .in.! 111. i. mi. ii phii rocks

an. 1

] \l>l II
v linii
~ . SG
ng nuliTuK

ptir, ihi

KIIHK kl II
ik • H •

imphtbolr n a rntlrcu-
imo magrv -

ignenui rocks TV..

orTJur *»•

Rtelamorphoscd ironstone.

i
 mFSs?*
PHYLLOSILICATES CLINOCHLORE
Monoclinic
H2-2'/; • SG 2.63-2.98

ipherical mass This hydrous silicate of iron,

of radiating magnesium, and aluminum forms
crystals
as green tabular crystals. It occurs
in a variety of rock types.

tabular
crystal

\ _f

PREHNITE
Orthorhombic OKENITE
H6-6'; • SG 2.90-2.95 Triclinic H 4' 2-5 SG • 2.3
Prehnite hydrous silicate
is a This hydrated calcium silicate
of calcium and aluminum, has fibrous or bladelike crystals,
sometimes used as a gem. It usually white or tinted blue or
occurs in cavities in basalt. yellow. It occurs in basalt.
MUSCOVITE
PETALITE Monoc link
crystal Monoclinic H 1' 2 4.SG 2.77 2.88
H 6-6V2 -SG 2.3-2.5 Muscovite, or common
mica,
Petalite is a lithium is a potassium aluminum
aluminum silicate. aluminosilicate hydroxide, with
Crystals are usually fluorine. It is very common in
gray-white and in metamorphk rocks and granite,
aggregates. It is mined
for the lithium.

CAVANSITE
tpherii al crj ttal ( )rthorhombic . h 3 4 sg . 2.2-2.3
aggregate Cavansite is a hydrated cak ium
PHl.OGOPITE vanadium silicate It is blue
Monoclinic
or greenish blue, and
H 2-2 '/2 .sg 2.76-2.90
occurs in cavities
The colorless, yellow, or
brown mica phlogopite is
a potassium magnesium

aluniinosilicate hydroxide.

my tabular
cry ital

-. v~.'

typical blue
1 oloi ing

SEPIOLITE
Orthorhombic • H 2-2 '/i • SG 2 LEPIDOLITE
This pale-colored clav mineral, a Monoclinic • H 2 '/a 3 • SG 2.8 3.3
hydrated magnesium silicate, usually I
1 pidolite term used for mica minerals
is the
oi ( urs as earthy masses in altered rocks. that are potassium lithium aluminum
It is used for ornamental carvine. aluminosilicate hydroxides, with fluorine.

TECTOSI LICATES
prismatic
f\ A prismatic crystal
CITRINE
Hexagonal /trigonal
H7- SG 2.7
Citrine is a yellow to
1 n \tal brownish variety of
It resembles
quartz.
topaz and is often used
as agemstone.

colorless

quartz

AMETHYST
MILKY QUARTZ Hexagonal / trigonal
SMOKY QUARTZ Hexagonal /trigonal FT7 . SG 2.7
Hexagonal /trigonal • H 7 • SG 2.7 ROSE QUARTZ H 7 . SG 2/7 Amethyst is a purple
Smoky quartz is a brown variety Hexagonal/trigonal H 7 SG • • 2.7 This very common, milk\ variety of quartz, prized
oi quartz, or silicon dioxide. It Rose quartz is a prized, translucent pink white variety of quartz occurs since ancient times. It is .

occurs in igneous rocks and variety of quartz. Good crystals are rare; in all types of rocks and in found in hydrothermal '

hydrothermal veins more usually it forms massive aggregates. hydrothermal veins. veins and in lava cavities.
 /IWWAI Dill
Monoi linii • H 2 i • SG ! 9 1.0

I In- hi own, i
a "i i
> en mi< a is

potassium lithium Iron aluminum

aluminosilii ate hydroxide,
« nli iltioi ine,

i HRYSO( Ol i \
( >i thorhombii
II ' i . m. '

(/)
I Inv blue oi greenish l>ln.

hydrati .1 silii it< ol

.mil aluminum Ibi ms in

altered >.i|i|>. i
deposits
I

\ I RMK III I I I

M. i| ii .. Iinu
II I . Si.

I lii How .in 1 1

mini t j! "ii -in when

mi. .i* hav< bi i n altered, h in .\

in urn
in >n. and aluminum.

(,l MJCONI 1

Vtonoi Inn, •H 2 »SG 2.4 1.9S

\ '
glai ti I- .i potassium
"In" agnesium aluminui
aluminosili( ate hydroxidi It oci ui
in in. ii ine Nrilitiiriii.ii i i ui Ivn

tabulai biotite
i ri stal

I IIUUOI II I lilOII II
Mono! Inn. • II • s<, Monoi Inn. • II ! I
• SG !
i I

Chrysotile in j hydrous silicate ol Biotite, or bla< k mica, is a potassium

magnesium, forming fibrous, -ilk\ white iron in n< sium aluminosilii it
ij
**T
rystals in serpentiniti rock Ii in ib. hydroxide, « nli fluorine. Ii in abundant
abundant nl iln asbestos lnrni minerals. in igneous and metamorphii ro< Inn

\l lOI'll Wl
Vmoi phi iu I Alt
n koi'im 1 1 1 1 ll 1 • \(; 2.8 I i ii Iinu ii'm .in

Tridinii monoclinii \ . I.p, mini i

il
H 1 •SG2.S8 !.83
H • n,.
iIhn aluminosilii at< I In softi si ' 'i mini i al w hiti gra
TbiN aluminum silicate hydroxide, in 'Ii. i ii
in lii i! i'in Niuni niIh ,ii,

ol variable tnrm anil color, .>.. urs Inch' ,-.

idl Ii in iir. uses in. In. I.

in low-grade metamorphic i j h toiletries, paint , and 1 1 ramii s

It haN ^o«kI insulating properties. rust) ni.iNN, v

v
.

luster

/
VGAT1
ROCKCRYSTAI II'- --ii.il

• s<. 2.7
J\SI'I K
.
nt,
i

white

Ji ; ..r
jti.irl/
Il IN i I, .11 1| I, | |/

ha» I lin< (juart/ -

. - .

m.r .rid Impuriti »

 » TECTOSILICATES
60

I
C/3

UJ
CARNELIAN BLOODSTONE
Hexagonal / trigonal Hexagonal /trigonal • H 7 • SG 2.7
< H 7 • SG 2.7 Bloodstone is a variety oi
U CHALCEDONY Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony chalcedony colored dark green b\
Hexagonal / trigonal colored red to orange bv iron oxide. The trace of iron silicates. Flci ks of red
H 7 • SG 2.65 finest quality carnelian comes from India. jasper throughout resemble blood.
Chalcedony is microcrystalline
quartz, or silicon dioxide. Pure
chalcedony is white. It forms in veins
CHRYSOPRASE
Hexagonal /trigonal • H 7 • SG 2.7
and cavities of many rock types.
Chrvsoprase is a variety of
chalcedonv containing nickel, which
ONYX imparts a pale green color. It iv the
Hexagonal / trigonal
most valuable ol the chalcedonies.
H^7 • SG 2.7
— Onvx is the striped,
semiprecious variety of
chalcedonv. It is not particular!)
common; notable locations are
India and South America.

alternating hands

of black and white

OPAL
Amorphous
H 5 14-6 Vi -SG 1.9-2.3
Treasured opal is hydrated
silicon dioxide, occurring
as nodules, encrustations,
or masses in most rock
types. Impurities
impart a variety
of colors.

streaks ofyello] ! ironstone matrix

potch" {common) opal
CANCRINITE
Hexagonal /trigonal
H 5-6-SG2.42 2.51
The feldspathoid
cancrinite is a
variously colored
hydrated sodium
calcium aluminosilicate
carbonate.

SCAPOLITE MICROCLINE ANORTHITE

Tetragonal Triclinic Triclinic HEULANDITE
.-6.SG 2.50-2.7S H6-6'2 .SG 2.55-2.63 H 6-6' 2.SG 2. 74-2. 76 Monoclinic
The name scapolite A very common alkali This uncommon H 314-4-SG 2.1-2.2
encompasses a series ot feldspar, this potassium plagioclase feldspar is a This zeolite is a hvdrated
complex sodium calcium aluminosilicate is usually calcium aluminosilicate. sodium calcium
silicates, occurring mainlv white or pinkish. The It forms pale-colored aluminosilicate. It is

in metamorphic rocks. green variety is crystals, grains, used in petroleum refining

Scapolites have value as gems. called amazonstone. or masses. as a molecular sieve.
 SCOLEC1T1 tNDESlNI
. link Ilk llllli

H 5 • SG . SG '
66
his teohte is a hydrated \ plii dspar,
I

calcium iluminosilicate
UsualK colorless or \\hiu
.uuli'Miu

white sodium calcium

in ,i m.t\ .•!
»
it in common in igneous iluminosilicate. It is

ami metunorpaH widespread in igneous rocks

NATROLITI
i >i ihoi hombtc
i . si 0-2.21 in \l ONI \M
of thi mosi Ml III. II llllli

»v i.l. spn ad u "lii' 's,

ii ,, ,. iSG 2.6 !.8

this hydi iti 'I sodium \ i. I.iii\. K i .in Ii.ii nun

.lllllllltliislll. .11. iv. , 111 I III I. Idspai . this potassium
, .iv in. v in basalts, and In bai lum aluminosilii at<
ll\.|l Othl I lll.ll W MIS is nlni K ss. w liilr.
i

vcllo ,k
P

II MtMOIOMI

H S
SODA! III

ii -
STILBITI

. . m.
. link
'
09 I
II

Ins
|

»\
Mi
. si.
ii.

idespread teoliti
'. Inn.
'
II ' ,ii

is
* II .
\\\K
i

.SG
ubii
IMI

r
nun .hi. IimIi.iIi
lhi fcldspalhoid mineral I his \\ idespread zeoliti Is i .1 pall IimIi Hi .1 I'.u III! ^
ill i .
, ,i il
>
sodahte in a sodium aluminum hydrated sodium calcium potassium potassium aluminosilii .it sodium aluminosilii ati , occurs
H
sllkati i 111. oluminosilicate It forms sheaflike
t\prs.
Ii .... in - in

mil M'l.
hydrothi
mi
i mal 9| m i. 'in mis. iiii I. inn >i phi) .

m
Iu\i been touml in Canada. . I \~l.ils III ,\ i.ll IrU ol li>i I- .nil. Inn

\i mil WORIIIOCI \M I VZURIT1

Trulmii 1 1 ii link i ubii

H < Hi 6 -SG ii , , -SG 2.4-2.

ril on alkali and plogi An alkali feldspar, anorthoi last I In intense l>ln< feldspathoid
nil .hum potassium mineral lazurite is .i sodium ( alt ium
sodium aluminosilicatc It aluminosilicate o< cut i aluminosilii ate Mill. in Ii is the

:i abundant mineral prismatic or tabular crystals. main mineral in lapis lazuli gi ms

IHOWSOMTE

n
I

-
MIMONTlTI
linn
j/iort, pri

orthocla
I'OI
I
I

•
IK
iil'i.

SG2
III

I
i HS-S
\ p. ili
' ii

1
tin a

i
•

nlni
SG
I

ill /i
'
I'n

!S
i
2.40
ilm ,

id ami common \ i in /i nlni , this i implex thomsoniti is i lt\'li ated

He, laumnntite is a h\ilratiil IimIi.iIi i| .ilnnilii. .iliiniini »silh .iii i il sodium

calcium oluminosilicate It
ikimtn in igni'iius. mitamurphk
anil sedimentary I
.

OKI HO< I VS1

i
cesium m<l sodium commonly

.ill
has
ium
i.lln

i
i

It
.

is
Ii

.i
in, Mis

sunn i
m
..I
it

i
(e.g
rsinni i mil
111
.

I
all

.IMlli
ium, widespread
s III kis.ills

linn • Ii 6 6 • SG CHABAZI 1

( )rthiM.lasr alkali feldspar is .i

I [exagonal 'trigonal

-ium aluminosilii .it. It is a maj im I.SG2.0S 1.16

Ins imiiiii hi
component "I man> I i /i i .lilt is ,i

mrtamorphu i
Ir.'h .ili 'I II "llilln i .ili mill

Jumino ilii ati ( i \st.ils

hjirhlte tir u .
i]i ,i less, w hit*-,
J^-i
.
.

m How, hi piiil

Ml SOI I I I

iii • H •

This «•
occur
mctamnrprui r
hvdrated «xlium calcium
alum inns.

II MliM
Cubit • H 5

A fcldspathoid mineral, hai.

sodium calcium alumini
mainly homb'il
sulfate and chlorit
in siln a il
 Made
ROCKS
of different mixtures of minerals, rocks form Earth's solid crust.
The epitome of strength and solidity, they are actually in a state of constant
c/a
change, with rock being destroyed and reformed over immense periods of time.
U Rocks are classified into three main groups, depending on how they form.
O
a:
The world's oldest known rocks, from Canada's Sedimentary rocks form on Earth's surface.
Northwest Territories, have existed for about Their key feature is their lavers, or strata, built
C/3

— four billion years. But most rocks are far up over long periods of time. Some sedimentary

t/5
i / if/'
younger than this. The chalk cliffs facing the rocks — such as sandstone and shale — form
t/3 English Channel date back to the Cretaceous when existing rocks erode, releasing particles
o Period, which ended 65 million years a^o (see that are then washed or blown away, forming
—
timeline, below), and the European Alps are rock elsewhere. Others, such as rock salt and
Q Igneous rocks can be formed by the younger still. Even Grand Canyon, the
in the rock gypsum, are created when saltwater
Z
<
cooling of
like this granite,
magma deep underground,
or by volcanic eruption.
oldest rocks date back two billion Jvears less — evaporates, leaving behind its dissolved
than half the lifetime of the planet as a whole. minerals, known as evaporite deposits.

The reason for this is that Earth is tectonicallv Sedimentary rock can also have a biological

active, with new rock being formed by the origin: chalk and limestone are formed from
U
o planet's internal heat. At the same time, existing the microscopic skeletons of marine organisms,
a: rocks are broken down, in a endless cycle that whereas coal is derived from the remains of

1/5
started when Earth's crust first formed. plants, compressed over millions of years.
- Metamorphism takes place deep beneath
< ROCK GROUPS Earth's surface, when rocks are altered by heat,
ai
Sedimentary rocks such as red chalk Rocks are classified into three overall groups- pressure, or both. For example, marble created
w arc formed by the erosion of existing rocks
is

z and the recrystalli/ation oJ their minerals.

igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic— when limestone is heated by lava or by magma.
reflecting the different ways in which they are Unlike limestone, marble is unlayered, and its

formed. Igneous rock is created bv volcanic fine texture enables it to be cut without splitting
heat, from molten magma in the Earth's mantle. apart — a quality prized in sculpture. But if

The most common kind, a black crvstalline rock metamorphism is intense enough, rock turns
called basalt, is produced bv volcanic eruptions back into molten magma. This completes the last

on Earth's surface. Basalt forms most of the link in the evele, as solid rock is finally destroyed.

seafloor. Volcanism can also create plutonic

rock, which cools and solidifies beneath the
Mctamorphic rocks such as muscovite GRAND CANYON, COLORADO >
surface in huge masses called batholiths. This is
sc hist occur when changes in pressure, This view of the Grand Canyon shows the almost horizontal
temperature, or both alter the mineralogy. how most of the world's granite originates. layering of sedimentary rocks and the effects of ri\er erosion.

ROCK CYCLE GEOLOGICAL TIMELINE

weathering, exposure, The rock cycle encompasses Earth's
volcanic activit) and transport of mantle, crust, and surface. Volcanic Era Period Epoch Start
sediment, then burial
from modern to (mya)
activity forms some igneous rocks, Precambrian strata
which, with erosion and time, may turn
Cenozoic Quarternarv Holocene 0.01
into sedimentary rocks. Metamorphism Pleistocene 1.8
takes place deeply beneath the crust. Neogene Pliocene 5.3
Miocene 23
Paleogene Oligocene 34
Eocene 55
cooling and
Paleocene 65
crystallization
Mesozoic Cretaceous 145
Jurassic 199
Triassic 251
Paleozoic Permian 299
Carboniferous (split into _ower Mississippian 359
cooling and ana Upper Pennsvlvaniar
1

in USA)
en stallization burial and Devonian 416
reaystaUization
Silurian 433
Ordovician 488
deep burial 542
Cambrian
mantle Precambrian Formation of the Earth 4,554
 IGNEOUS ROCKS I
RHYOLITE
Ins fine-grained,

Rocks that solidify from a molten state are called igneous and are pale-colored lax a

broadly divided into extrusive (volcanic) rocks and intrusive rocks. contains much quart/,
mica, and feldspar
Extrusive rocks form from lava on the Earth's surface, while
Otten handed, it

intrusive rocks form underground, from magma. Lava and magma frequently includes
are rich in silica and metallic elements. As they cool, minerals visible phenocrvsts
C/3
(larger crystals).
such as feldspars form, along with quartz. Different combinations
u of these minerals make up many of the igneous rocks.

o vesicle

(gas bubble t a\ it\ )

BASALT VESICULAR BASALT

A dark, fine-grained Dominated by the
volcanic rock, basalt minerals plagioclase,
is the most common pyroxene, and olivine,
rock tormina the this lava is dark-colored,
oceanic crust. with numerous Former BANDED
O gas cavities called vesicles RHYOLITE
Similar in composition
to granite, rhvolite also
has tinv glass crystals
C/3 dark, fine-grained rock because it forms from
rapidly cooled lava.
E2W~ Banding shows the
o direction ol magma How
o
Pt5
PAHOEHOE
Common in Hawaii,
pahoehoe named aft
is

the I lawaiian word ho

meaning "to swirl."
This refers to the
lop\ textured,
glassv surfa< e ol
v ..'
•* •
F. V,.-
this basaltic lava.

&*m ]

PORPHYRINIC
AMYGDALOIDAL BASALT BASALT
Amygdaloida] means almond-shaped This dark-colored
and refers to the gas bubbles found roc k has large i n stals
in basaltic lavas, which are typically t\ pi( all\ ul nh\ me or
infilled with secondary minerals such plagioc lase, set in a
as zeolite, carbonate, and agate. fine-grained matrix.

PUMICE PELE'S HAIR

Formed from frothy lava, pumice Named alter a Hawaiian goddess
contains small crystals ol feldspar in and composed of numerous thin
'
* '
a glassv matrix. It is pale-colored brown, glassv strands, Pele's hair
and so highly porous that it Moats is formed In lava sprays being
blown in the wind.

LITHICTUFE
This rock contains
fragments of
previously formed
rock in a fine, glassy
ICNIMBRITE matrix. Usually pale, lithic
A fine-grained, glassv, tuff is lormed by violent
pale-colored volcanic volcanic eruptions.
tuff, ignimbrite often
shows banding cause
by the flow of lava
when molten.

r
r
.A

SPINDLE BOMB BREADCRUST BOMB

Molten, low-viscosity basaltic magma blasted through This variety of volcanic bomb is characterized
the air can assume aerodynamic forms such as this one. by a cracked crust, due to continued expansion
Such masses cool on the surface to form "bombs." ol the interior alter the exterior has solidified.
 AGGLOM1 KM I
WDISIII
Composed rtUtiwh Urge
ol Named aftet tin Vndes
rm.k fragments id in a finer in. ivintains, andesite is

matrix, agglomerate forms i ommon in mam "I

after vokank explosions the woi Id's subdui n. 'M

i. I. ii. .1 I.. I. .mi.

arcs i hains *»i islands

• >i mountains foi med
|.\ plati in.. i. in. in 73
PORPHYRITK wmsin Ii i-. i\|n. all\ about O
Common!) composed ml
ol plag 1.0 |n l.

weight
silii .1
n
feldspar, pyroxene, and ampnibole, l.\

poi pin i UK andesite , ontains lai ge

s/l
» r \ni.»K »el mi ns fini gt lined mat) i\

MTCHSTON1
lhis glasM, dense \olcanu
DA< 1 1 VMYGDALOIDAI O
rock hi> variable composition
\ light to medium VNDES1 1 /
irul color, jikI j [>it«. hlik« ,

colon ,1 rot k « uli fine Brow n. in. .1.1, pui pie, m

waxy, resinous sheen
i.' , oai s, gi ains, da< ite is
.1. lIllS IN .1
O
main!) made >»1 plagioclasc I.I..

nu
g]

k
.1111.

mil
.1 I.. I. Illl.
c
feldspar ind quai tz, w ith i

roKi'in kiiic in-, biotJte mica, infilled gas bubbles

IK U Hi II
<

This rink
mm
h-is j complex
ikjli
I .mil li< H nblende , .ill. .1 inn, -lili s

n
ar. quart/,
-I'll III
ruiva. pyroxene, ami
IS)
hornblende Its matrix I Ins inn grained,
his !jr^. s I Wjls brow insli. altered
Voll .nn. i"i Is i ulH.lliis

.mil plagioi l.isi

feldspar Ii foi ins In

alto .iiiiui ' il li.is.ih

lava in . i
.Mi. 1.

w nil sea w iii i

RHOMB
PORPHYRY
ii< u in ii I Ins igneous rock is

Ir.u lni< is a fine grained volt ani< group "I rtx ks i li.ir.it In l/i il In I 'i ri

containing .ilk.ili feldspar .mil dark colored mafii i ist.ils ol feldspar w 1 1 .i

minerals sui Ii is biotite, hornblende, .mil pyroxi n< i bomb shapi ! i mn set tion
I In s, rocks an usualh rough to th< touch sit in us dark mati i\

- '-*'«

OBSID1 \n
l\|in all) vi i >. 'Ink. obsidian
is formed In rapid i ooling "I
highh msi ous, hoi, rhyolitji

individual m
luii ii.nl linn to form
I n|.!SS\ llMllll
pale p /
,1

Jem rifted • I III

gNOVVFl \M OI1SIDI \\ red garnet

'ins
GARNI I PI RIDOI I II

with i hiyl ontcnt, Peridotiti i 'In main rocl of thi Earth uppei mantli
nn Ii '..ii i. I
l| .|,n t linn, i ,1

nn I.. olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxeni »

 » IGNEOUS ROCKS OLIVINE
Gabbro
GABBRO
is .1 dark,
light plagioclasc coarse-grained rock
feldspar with a lot of pyroxene
and plagioclasc. Olivini
o< ( urs in significant
amounts in this variety.

LAYERED GABBRO
Coarse-grained and
dark-colored, this type
of gabbro shows banding
caused by the settling ol
minerals ol different

density in tin magma.

GABBRO
P-l
This dark, plutonic rock
contains plagioclasc, pvroxene,
o and olivine. Coarse-grained, it

forms from the slow cooling

of basaltic magma at depth.

in MICROGRANITE
This granite — with line to

U very fine grains, often with a

porphvritic texture occurs in
o sills and dykes, whi( h are sheets

of intrusive igneous rock.

PORPHYRINIC GRANITE
I aim crystals arc sel into the matrix ol this
medium-grained rock, which is composed
mainly ol quartz, mica, and feldspar.

PINK MK'lllH.IUNITt WIN I 1 MR K< (GRANITE

BOJITE KIMBERLITE
A dark-( olored igneous Dark-colored and
rock, bojite is a general coarse-grained, kimberlite
term lor a hornblende is an ultramafic roc k \\ ith

gabbro. It is coarse a \cr\ low silica content.

grained .mil forms < )l variable composition,
from manna. it is the world's main
source ol diamonds.

GRANODIORITE
1 his is the most common
intrusive igneous rock in
the i ontinental crust. It is

over 65 percent plagioclasc.

LAMPROPHYRE
amprophyres matrix is line-grained
PEGMATITE I

and studded with distinct crystals of

Pegmatites are very
the water-hearing minerals mica and
coarse-grained rocks,
ampbibole. It has a glistening texture.
formed from residual
liquid magma alter most
of a granite- intrusion has
cooled and crystallized.
Some pegmatites are
an important source
ol gemstones.

NEPHELINE
SYENITE
Coarse-grained, pale-
colored, and composed SYENITE
of feldspar, mica, and Gra) or pinkish, syenite is a plutonic
hornblende, this rock rock that occurs in large intrusions.
also contains nepheline Coarse-grained, it has feldspar, mica,
hut no quartz. and hornblende, and little or no quartz
 (.It \IMIH GR Will
lilt 1 111 ~ iHvl

US k tMllt.llIlN OH
and feldspar, whose
intergrowth results in t

^<v
£-\ ItH

ihling
U \luu
i unit
,
1

\m iling

%>:. h also contains mil .t

it ijudrtj

IIOKNHI I \l)l (.It Will

i .i miti 1) pi<
ill* ontains
i
f
(Mil-, feldspar, and mil
his \ .ii let) also contains
.>

z
hornblende,
I

1 1 ihei ofthi
m
amphiboli mini i
il group C
C
/

roitrm ki i it

GR Will r
\ pali colored rock
, omposi 'I "I feldsp ii .

quartz, and mi. a,

lOl pll\ I llli

set into the mat) i\

I Kill
lypii alh i ii 1
1
j

in sills .ni«l tKki is,

di ili i
iti is a dai k

iih dium grained

rock i
i
imposed <!

pi ii". lase, pyroxi m ,

and ii xidi

tjiiu more than 10 percent

quart/ l\puall\ j tough r. nk, resistant 1 1 I si I I

.1 i« often used in building. I in. gi mi. .1 I. Isii. forms

,iv sheetliki ino usii ins in

sills and <l\ ki - Pali 1 1 ili m d,

\ I > \ M I II III WOKI HOSI I I

il is i omposcd mainh ..I

feldspar and quartz.

rhi* medium graint-d I'jl.

jranitr ti>rm« at depth with anorti .|>uv il

.art/, mica, main! \*tal» DUN! II

and I, third Lspar. riposi .I onb ..l oli> in. . this

•hird> i>l the tnul It i an jU, contain darl rcen or brown, wid
olivine an i. Mm. Ii iimi.iIK in. ludes .i lull. . In. ...in.

hi/hi j<l

liriac

I \l<\ I K I I I

peridotiti \ lurin ..I

Juc iil.it

ilivinc ..I larg MOItl I I

ami i imphiboli
and pyroxene, dioriti contains littli or no quartz Ii

Mm il ..i r ... > 1 1. i.l.il jiui poi . in nl I

 METAMQRPHIC ROCKS
When existing rocks are subjected to heat or pressure or
both within the Earth, thev
j
are transformed into different
assemblages of minerals. Contact metamorphism occurs when
intense, localized heat radiated by a body of igneous rocks causes
C/3
the surrounding rocks to recrystallize. Regional metamorphism
takes place over wide areas, at considerable depth, as a result of

u intense heat and pressure. The Earth's movements can result in

GRANULITE GARNET SCHIST
O rocks being pulverized by dynamic metamorphism.
Formed at very high The red garnets in this variety
a: temperatures and pressures, of schist indicate that it

granulite is dark, coarse- developed at relatively high

u grained, and rich in pyroxene, temperatures and pressures deep
streaky
garnet, mica, and feldspar. within the continental crust.
pattern
CRENULATED
SCHIST
Schist is characterized by

O its parallel planes of similarly

oriented minerals within the
rock. This corrugated
< pattern is called crenulation.

</5

SLATE KYANITE SCHIST

MYLONITE Dark and very tine-grained, slate Mainly composed of feldspar,
o When rocks are pulverized deep is a compact rock with parallel mica, and quartz, this schist
OS within a (ault zone, the rock dust cleavage planes. It is formed bv also contains crystals of the
and fragments produced form a pressure metamorphism. blue mineral kvanite.
fine-grained rock called mylonite.

BIOTITE SCHIST
Formed at relatively

high pressures and

temperatures, biotite schist
contains feldspar, quartz,
and a lot ol biotite mica,
which makes it dark.

"^ • - .

HALLEFLINTA SPOTTED SLATE MUSCOVITE SCHIST

Originally volcanic tuft, rhyolite, This is a dark, fine-grained rock A typical schist with pale,
or quartz porphyry, halleflinta characterized by black spots (porphvroblasts) glittery muscovite mica, this
is hnc-grained, pale-colored, ol minerals, such as cordierite and andalusite. rock also contains quartz
nd rich in quartz. It is and feldspar.
a type of hornfels.

tubular structure

MIGMATITE
Formed the highest temperatures
at

and pressures, coarse-grained, folded

migmatite contains bands of dark basaltic
minerals and pale granitic minerals.

SKARN
Formed when carbonate rocks are
altered by high-temperature contact
metamorphism, skarn contains minerals
rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron.

FULGURITE QUARTZITE
When lightning strikes in deserts or on beaches, With a high percentage of quartz, this rock is

sand melts into small, tube-shaped structures. harder than most metamorphic rocks. It is formed
'M- } These structures are called sand tulgurites. from sandstone altered at high temperature.
 _ HjJi.

lOKDUKII I IUIRM I Is
Park ami splintery, cordiei it>
nornfeb forms from th, heal "I
iujit>\ igneous intrusions li (,\l iss
is fine to medium mined K medium tocoarsi grained rock formed Gneiss i ontains quai tz,

.u v. i \ high temperatures and pressures, feldspar, and mil a, i ifti n

gneiss i- recognized b) Its alternating dark in pai allel bands Vugi n

(. \U\I HORNI S
and light < i ystalllni lay< 1 gneiss has 1 1 ystali
2
mbllng lens shaped
loi nfcb >s
I

a tough, dai
I I

k.
i
i ii

eyes {auotn in t man

m
H
I • i

(lint x rot k foi in. J In heal

next to .in igneous Inn uaion

>
K. ddish gai nets " > >" »>
HI \NlOllll u
HORNFELS
till- nai Ik ul.ii \ .it ii
O
HurntcU forms at mt\ high 73

tempentures mar magma I'iROM M IIDRM1 is •V

intrusions Bladed crvstab I nu to medium grained, X
ol iviU- cbiastohte give this i»us;h, ami llint\, tlus variet)
particular rarieti its name ol hornfels iwiumv qt n
mica, ami pyroxefM Ii forms
73
next t>' igneous intrusions
1()U)I IXiMISS o
Gneiss becomes and folded .ii great
plastii n
depth. I In' dark bands are hornblendi h < i<
71
and tin palei ones an quai tz and feldspar,
UktPHIBOl 111
Formed b\ moderate hut an.
\ir\ini; pressure deep in tru- ECLOG1T1
..rust, tin- lined \l.nli two main mini rals, gn n
ol i

rock has an abundant omphacite pyroxene and red garnet,

hornbknuV ami pUgiodase, ii logite is coarse grained and forms al

a- «i II as other minerals verj high temperatures and pressures

marble
(rjqnu-nt

\l \H III I
PHYLLITE GRANULAR <;NI ISS
II n I i i i \ Tin llite i- formed at lower tempei atun I Ins gneiss has .> granular texture
and pressures than schist, bul highei than with equal sized grains, It li.is dark
slati Ii is fine grained and spins into amis ol hornblende and biotite, and
-l.il>- w nli j i liai.H tei istit sheen. pair bands ol quai i/ and feldspai

M \um i

• nal

metamorphism, marble is m Ii in

n «iili i olorrul veins ol othi i

minerab, It is prized as a carvine m

SI RPENTINITI
( ommonl) bandi 'I blot hi

.. rp Niiiiiii is di ,i >i phii

derived from pi i Idotlti I

1
i
found in

nicp
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
These rocks result from deposition of sediment laid
70
down by wind, water, and ice on the Earth's surface,
*f
and its subsequent burial. Sedimentary rocks are
characterized by stratification or bedding, and they
can contain fossils. are broadly divided into clastic-
They
rocks— made up of fragments of rock and subdivided

U by grain size —
and chemical and biochemical rocks,
GREENSAND
o which are grouped according to their chemistry. MIELET-SEED SANDSTONE
This rock is medium-grained, with Cub ired greenish by the silicate
a:
a reddish iron oxide coating, lis well- mineral glauconite, greensand
> rounded, equal-sized quartz grains is a quartz-rich sandstone
# Y>*
ha\e been shaped b\ the wind. formed in the mean
< MICACEOUS
H SANDSTONE
Z Rich in quartz,
LIMONITIC SANDSTONE
w this sandstone also This rock is colored red-brow n

contains glittery flakes or yellowish by the iron oxide

of mica. It usually has mineral limonite, which coats its

medium to line quartz grains.
Q medium-sized grains.

C/3
iron oxide
quartz grains colored
h\ iron oxides
ives red

t/3
SANDSTONE
I his typically occurs
u as stratified layers ol

o sand-sized particles,
held together In
various mineral
cements that impart
different colors.
Most are quartz-rich

SANDSTONF

ROCK SALT ROCK GYPSUM

Formed of crystalline halite, rock salt is A i rystalline rock associated with

brownish and may contain clay. It is soluble potash rock and treated when
and soft, and has a distinct taste. salt water evaporates, rock

gypsum is pale-colored, often

fibrous, and very soft and soluble.

BOULDER CLAY CLAYSTONE

Gray or brownish colored, boulder clay or Of varying color, this very fine-grained

till has a fine clay matrix filled with angular

rock is composed mainly of silicate clay

and rounded rock fragments. minerals such as kaolinite mostly —

di rived from the weathering of feldspar. TRAVERTINE
A pale-colored and often layered
rock, travertine is virtually pure

bands of hematite calcite. It is formed around hot

and chert springs and volcanic vents.

OOLITIC IRONSTONE
This rock is composed of
small, rounded sedimentary
grains (ooliths) of iron minerals
such as siderite, cemented by
other iron minerals, as we
as calcite and quartz.

LOESS
A clay with very fine

dustlike grains lift

wind from dry land

BANDED IRON FORMATION the
surfaces, loess is crumbly
This marine deposit has alternating bands of black hematite
and lacks obvious layerini
and red chert. It is one of the best ores of iron.
 50

O
n
T.
IUI \
\\ \N(, \M SI \OIHII I

tlu |>UVI|>UjIliHl Ran l\ Ltml n, tlnv i»k k Kit li in t.iln.iltl. ii insil i lals

- 'mill in composed almost entirely of silica PINK sui li as . oppi i, man ;am i m iduli i

ambient Urmperalun,' I itcd qiuu i.' grains * >i thoqu ORTHOQUAHTZITI .iin.l. .1 ,
M 1. 1 .11. .us thai

ol « ji. r, >ikIi .in hoi m in also Icnown .in quai i "• niti I lli. .1. . n .... .hi II. >• >i

individual, I'l Kill NODUI I

'. il li\ quai n I.I. M l mi' i nail) and bra -.

yellow
Ji and
cd cnlin U ol
 —

» SEDIMENTARY ROCKS flattened pisoluh

Jossiltzed cnnoid, cemented by caleite

"1
or sea stem
12 lily,

CRINOIDAL
LIMESTONE
Crinoids are echinoderms
that are attached to the
seabed by a flexible stem.
Crinoida] limestone is
U a broken stems
mass ot
C cemented bv hardened
lime mud.
am**-> \
FRESHWATER LIMESTONE . \
This limestone
< NUMMULITIC
is a pale, calcite-rich
rock with some quartz and clay. s» &4
H LIMESTONE It contains fossils of freshwater-

Z A marine brvozoan, dwelling organisms, which indicate

W hlummulites is main fossil
the where the rock tormed.
in this rock. The cement is
caleite, originally lime mud. PISOLITIC LIMESTONE
Q This rock is made of pisoliths
pea-sized grains slightly larger
CO CORAL LIMESTONE than ooliths, often flattened, and

This rock is a
loosely cemented by caleite.

mass of fossilized
corals cemented by-
OOLITIC LIMESTONE
fine-grained caleite.
This limestone is composed
U It is gray to white
or brownish.
of ooliths — small, rounded,
o concentrically banded
sedimentary grains rolled
by seabed currents and
cemented by carbonate mud.

BRYOZOAN LIMESTONE
LIMESTONE BRECCIA
I his is a gray or 1arse, angular rock
reddish organic and quartz fragments
limestone, which has cemented by caleite
fossils of bryozoans in are typical of this
a matrix of hardened, rock, which forms
calcite-rich mud. at the base ot cliffs.

FELDSPATHIC
GRITSTONE
Coarse-grained and pale- to
dark-colored, this gritstone
contains a lot of quartz and
up to 25 percent feldspar.

QUARTZ GRITSTONE
This gritstone is made of
quartz with some feldspar
and mica, all of coarse
grain size.

DOLOMITE
Often cream- or buH-colored, shale main
this rock contains a high percentage
ARKOSE ot dolomite (calcium magnesium
GRAYWACKE Variable in color and
carbonate). It is also called dolostone,

This dark rock contains quartz, rock to distinguish it from the mineral.
medium- to coarse-grained,
fragments, and feldspar, set in a mass of finer arkose is a sandstone with a
clay and chlorite. It forms in marine basins. high percentage of feldspar.
FOSSILIFEROUS SHALE
Fine-grained marine
sedimentary rocks such
as shale often contain
large numbers of well- "

preserved fossils.

SHALE
This fine-grained, layered rock
varies in composition, usually
containing silt, clay minerals,
organic materials, iron oxides,
and minute crystals of minerals
such as pyrite and gypsum.
 I'lini.l M I K
i ONGLOMI K \l I

1 Ik . v a; m -i grained sediment*! \

poh/genetH conglomerate ha-

ris.k.

mam different, rounded r>>vk ami

mineral fragments in a fine matrix

QUARTZ
CONGLOMERATE
Var\ in. 1

in color, thii roci

typii .> 1 1 v has 'In i\ w lull ,

pebble sized quartz fragments

set in a finer, darker matrix,

fine grained matrix

BRECCIA
I lii~ rock has lai

angular fragRll Dtt

..I n. i k-. and mini rail

cinik •

i Inn in. ill l\ nl

sand oi -~ 1 1 1 li ran I)
Purr calcite, chalk is hne-gr •-

powders, and rasds crumbled ll i%

foi mi in layers.

madeofmin I organisms,
Sll IMOM
including coci otrtha a\-\ radiolariaas w H\ll l n M K Ihiv ilark i olored r<« k h

smaller than fine -ami, but lar^n i than

day grains mainlv ol quartz, li also
Oil Kl
M \KI
has organic material anil i ji

Midwan be t ween day and \ %. i \ inn graini 'I foi m ol

limestone in hardness, marl is a silii ,i, . In 1 1 hi c hi - .is bands

dull M ks nil as
rained, calcitc-nch, la- i li

rock. Chlorite and gl I

in-' tow I' has man) 1 1 ill

gr
ivc it a gi red ' In 1 1 i- . ill- 'I |.i-|n i

MUDSTON1
II INI
With a lot of clas an<!

hnr quartz and feldspar

I
I ...,ll\ (blind -is nodull |

fragments, mud-' in i li.ilk. Him ii iri i -.

hard,

from shale in that it

'
ompai ' tilii j li I"' aki

as a block, with no la - li as in.' iharp, i uj ved •

74 FOSSILS
Fossils areevidence of past life that has been buried and preserved
in the rocks of Earth's crust. They give scientists important clues about
how life has evolved, and they can also be used to date rocks, and create
s a timeline of the events that have shaped our world.
s
o Life has existed on Earth for about 3.8 billion minerals, which literally turns them to stone.
u.
years. Initially, living things were small and Once formed, many fossils are destroyed by

C/3
soft-bodied, and left few obvious traces of their heat, pressure, or geological movements while
-1 existence. But during the past billion years, life still deep underground. But if a fossil survives
t/3 gradually changed. Organisms evolved hard all this, uplift may eventually bring it back to

O
body parts, which — given enough time — could the surface, where erosion can release it from
— Hit fossilize. The significance of this change is hard its parent rock (see panel, below). There, it has
Over time the tissues of this plant have to overstate. It turned the world's sedimentary to be found before it eventually breaks apart.
Q turned to charcoal. Only the outline
Z rocks into a global data bank, teeming with an These body fossils can be breathtaking
remains, covered In a thin him ol carbon.
< incredible array of fossilized species, arranged objects, particularly when they are complete
in the exact order in which they appeared. skeletons several yards long. However, they
These show the path evolution has
fossils are not the only kind of fossilized remains.
u followed. Thcv also highlight mass extinctions, Rocks can also yield trace fossils, which are
O when enormous numbers ot species have been fossilized footprints, burrows, or other signs
OS
wiped out in a relatively short space of time. of animal activity. Trace fossils provide indirect
t/3 but fascinating evidence of how animals lived:
— DEAD AND BURIED for example, dinosaur footprints can show how
An insect became stuck on resin Fossilization is a lottery, and only a small fast they moved, how they interacted in herds,
oozing from a tree. The resin turned into
- fraction of living organisms end up being and even how they put on weight as they grew.
amber, perfectly preserving the creature.
Z preserved. On land, it is usually triggered by Much further back in time, rocks sometimes
chance events — for example, when animals are contain chemical fossils — ancient carbon-based
overwhelmed by landslides or Hash floods, or compounds that have been produced by
when they drown in lakes. Marine animals have biological processes. Although unspectacular,
a much better chance of being fossilized, because these chemical smudges are key evidence in the
sediment routinely accumulates over their dead hunt for Earth's earliest living things.
remains. Fine sediment can preserve soft bodies,
but the best fossils are left by animals with hard
This fish skeleton has been fossilized SUDDEN DEATH >
in shale. Here ail the atoms of the original
body parts, such as shells or bones. After burial,
I lere, many Ordovician age are fossilized together,
trilobites of
skeleton have been chemically replaced. the remains are slowly infiltrated by dissolved suggesting the sudden burial ol these animals by sediment.

INDEX FOSSILS HOW FOSSILS FORM

skeleton layers of
The geological timescale was largely sediment builds
compressed compacted
dcij\ inq body ovei skeleton
established using fossils. Species by sediment sediment

which lived across a wide geographical

rock exposed by
range but only existed for a short time,
WWW
»"
IfW
i retreating sea fossilized fish
are

be used
known as index fossils. They can

to identify particular strata and

l
Wf skeleton

link them from place to place — the

presence of the same index fossil in

different places

were laid down

shows
at the
that the strata

same
fossils therefore help geologists to date

rocks and build a relative time sequence.

time. Index

A dead fish lies

seabed, where its
on the
flesh may
The fish skeleton
covered by sediment. To
has been More sediment
^^J*^^^^^

accumulated on the seabed

Mesozoic ammonites (a group
extinct marine mollusks) are among
best index fossils — an ammonite zone
may be as little as a million years.
has
m Millions of jyears later
the seabed sediment,now
of
rot or be eaten. It must become fossilized, the bones and compressed the lower turned to rock, has been
the
be buried rapidly to be must undergo chemical layers. The composition of exposed by retreating seas.
preserved. As the mud turns changes, driven by heat anil the bones changes further as Weathering has further
into shale, it will compress pressure, which replace the they are enclosed between denuded the rock around
and llatten the bodv. bone with other minerals. the layers ol sediment. the fossilized fish skeleton.
 WIT

;
 FOSSIL PLANTS branch 4JH
Plants are among the first organisms to
J
appear in the fossil record. Algae are found CLADOXYLON
in rocks from the Precambrian. Vascular STEMS
ClaJoxylon scoparium
plants (plants with tissues for conducting
Fossilized in Devonian
water and nutrients) evolved in the Silurian
C/5 and Carboniferous rocks,
H Period, and by Carboniferous times, Earth ClaJoxylon was a low-

Z was colored green by vast, coal-forming growing plant, with a tough

central stem and leafless,
< swamp forests. Flowering plants developed
light-absorbing branches.
later, in the Mesozoic Era. EARLY LAND PLANT
Cooksonia hemisphaerica
Found in Silurian and Devonian
rocks, Cooksonia was one of the CALAMOPHYTON STEMS ugh stem
c/5
earliest vascular plants. It had a Calamophyton primaevum
-J stiff stem and leafless branches. A primitive, leafless plant, probablv
w related to ferns, Calamophyton is
C/5
found in Devonian and Earlv
1/5 SEED FERN LEAF Carboniferous rocks.
o Alethopteris serlii

Urn A seed fern from

Carboniferous and Permiar
strata, Alethopteris had
compound pinnate tronds,
consisting of thick, strongh
veined leaflets.

HORSETAIL FOLIAGE
CYCLOPTERIS LEAFLETS SEED FERN SEEDS Asterophyllites equisetiformis
Cyclopteris orbicularis Tngonocarpus aJamst Found in Carboniterous and
Oval leaflets from the seed tern The name Trigonocarpus is given to Permian strata, Asterophyllites
Neuroptens are given the scientific fossil seeds from seed terns tound had needle-shaped leaves and
name Cyclopteris. Its fossils belong in Carboniferous strata. Each a structure similar to that
to Carboniferous strata. seed has three ribs. ot modern horsetails.

CLIMBING HORSETAIL
Sphenophyllum cmarginatum
Found fossilized in rocks of
Devonian toTriassic age, this LEPIDODENDRON
horsetail had wedge-shaped ROOT
leaves and long, soft stems Stigmanajicoides
adapted for climbing. Occurring in Carboniferous
to Permian rocks, Stigmana
is the name tor the tossil
SIGILLARIASTEM roots of the club moss
Sigillaria aeycolaris
relative, LepiJoJendron.
Found in Carboniterous and Permian
was a giant relative
rocks, Sigillaria
of clubmosses that grew to over 98 tt ertical rib
(30m). It had a narrow stem, and
its leaves grew in clumps.

CARBONIFEROUS FERN
Oligocarpia golhanti
This ground-hugging fern
is found in Carboniferous and
Permian strata. It occupied
a wetland habitat.

CRETACEOUS FERN
Veichselia reticulata

Found fossilized in
Cretaceous strata,

Weichseha was similar to

modern bracken and
had fronds that were
divided twice.

SEED FERN LEAFLETS

DicroJium sp.
A seed fern from the
Triassic Period, DicroJium had
pinnate leaves and its tronds
were about i in (7.5 cm) long.
 I'M lO/Oll
COM I I K
/ iTj.fi.'.; piniformis
\ cone bearing plant
tram Carboniferous
ami Permian strata,
I fr\it/iij is an an.
Ol lUtHK'IK ll'l!

l ONII IKMIDl ONI S

TiixoJiuat Juhium
Found in |urassi< strata, IjwJium COAS1 ltl imoiil) CON1 t i;i I u I oils CONII l R
is related i>' moth n ypress Stauoia dakotensis Glyptostrobui sp
M IKS
v I
i >

1 HROUUH - It grew m damp habitats >. ..tit j "i tin giant evergreen I Ins , "mi. i
grt « In iw amps
(/)
L'ON aiul lutl in . -Hi UL. U .i\, ~ in t v.,.,. .. have bet n found In .lui Ing the t 'rctaceous Pei iod
. . i.i. i oua and Ret ent roi U and Into thi ( oil Era
Somt living members ol Sequoia Glyptosuobm was an Impoi tant
JURASSK CONIFER .in ovei !,000 yi ai - old , ...il itn mine tra
.jru mirj/<i/i>
SUBFOSSU
rbis extinct monke) puxzli tret I ltl I RESIN
•:..•. bore t b.ii.it i> i istii Kauri pine ambei
(bnialc cones with spirah \niU iis the hardened

.11 rangi .1 st ilea -itt.it In .1

resin from pine trees,
ntral i\i- mi li as K.iui i pines I h si

oci in i Ing in the I ai l\

i it tai eous, it i ifti n

tains fossils "I insects

tli.it |" i iahed "ii tin

ll.l.'l.llll. Itil k\ It Mil

t iJRBONIl I ROUS t.t MNOSP1 RM (M.AMOIMI KID I I A\ is

rdaitei sp. Gigantopterls nil otianaefolia
\n estoi the onifet flowei less plant from Permian
y *i .iiu ' 'l

gn w tint ing the Carboniferous and

t s, i ordaltes \

times, this spi i ies was so named

Permian Periods Itwasatrei sized lift .him its leaves resembli d
plant tli.it it produi i 'I b) n i 'I those "I tiili.it ( plants

PERMIAN
GINKGO LEAVES
Pi i
gmophi Hum muhipaititum
Still P iund in i liin.i, ginkgos
in si appeared in tin Pi mian
Period I he fan shaped Leaves
, an I" identified in i< issils <!

i prei ursor TRIASSIC (ilNKGO

'l tin modern daj ginkgo Raicru munsteriana
Grow ing up to 6in (lSi m i in

li ngth, tin fan shaped leaves "I

Baiera were split into separati

nlis In living ginkgos, the leaves
.li i
almi >st entire

l)\K IKI I IKIINK

Qiieri iij up,
I In wi II known oak , Q in
In I m i-n '
oui ti.it. i I li< i' in

ovei i
'l.i\

I'M M IKIII I

Vipj human M \l,M)l IA I I AI

it' from lata

onward
I', riod < tin nl iiu .irln i
g< ni t.i "I

palm holds us woody flowering plants, magnolias firsl

na 10 m ('.
appi in 'I in 'in i !• in
I ..ill i I .i' d on thi ii i" '
tat
 .

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES ARCHAEOCYATHID

Metaldetes taylori
These reef-building
Invertebrates, animals without solid internal skeletons, are
78 organisms are known only
among the most common fossils found. They first appeared from the Cambrian Period.
in the Precambrian, but it is only in Early Cambrian times Metaldetes had a cuplike

that complex invertebrates such as trilobites become numerous structure, not unlike
that ol a coral
in the fossil record. Fossils of invertebrates such as arthropods,
s
LU mollusks, brachiopods, echinoderms, and corals are especially
H common, because they had hard external structures and lived
< in the sea, where most fossil-bearing rocks form.
cC
CD
uu
H
tubelike STROMATOPOROIL)
compartment Stromatopora concentrica CALCAREOUS SPONGE
Found in rocks ranging Peronidella pistilliformis
> from tin' )nln\ man to
< Characterized by needlelike
Z the Permian, often in reel spicules (in the form ol

limestone, the lossil sponges calcite) lused together,

in this group were made ol Pcromdcllais lound inTriassic

porous, calcium -rich tubes. and Cretaceous rocks.

or
—

o
—

TREPOSTOME BRYOZOAN
Dtplotrvpa sp.
\ bryozoan from Ordovician strata,
Diplouypa was a small invertebrate,
not unlike coral, that lived in

domi shaped colonies.

CHEILOSTOME BRYO/OAN
Biflustia sp.
Found in Cenozoii ro< ks, tins bryozoan genus is extant.
Ii has minute i ompartments, v\hu h house zooids the
si ill l>< idied indh iduals >>l a a if my.

BRANCHING BRYOZOAN
LACE CORAL Constcllana sp.
Schizoretepora notopachys Abryozoan that built
A lace coral, Schizoietepoia is branching colonies on the
found in Eocene to Pleistocene seabed Constellana occurs
,

strata. It on rocky seabeds

lived in Ordovician strata.

SERPULIUWORM
Rotularia bognoriensis SPRIGGINA
found in Jurassic to Eocene rocks, Rotularia is a Spi iggina floundersi
thecae housed
genus "I serpulid worm. 1 ike all serpulids, each A verv carl\ lossil lound in Precambrian
soft -bodied
worm protected its solt body by producing rocks, Spriggina had a long, wormlike
mdn iduals
i oiled lubes made ol calcium carbonate. body, lis i l.issiliiation is uncertain
oj the colony

network
ojbranches

single, curved
branch

SPIRAL GRAPTOLITE
Monograptus convolutus
"TUNING FORK" GRAPTOLITE BRANCHING GRAPTOLITE A single branch, with thecae
Didymograptif. murchisoni RhahJtnopora socials (cuplike structures) on one side,

A graptolite (extinct colonial invertebrate) with two Until recently, this graptolite was called characterizes Monograptus, which
stipes (In. hi. hi Did) mograptus is found in Ordovician Dictyortema. It had numerous thin, radiating is found in Early Silurian strata.

rot ks. It grew from V* to 23'/2in (2-60 cm) in length. stipes, and is horn Ordovician strata. M. convolutus had unusual coilin:
 I VBUI \ll I OKU
sp,
\ simple, i.ilnil.u.

» itl\ .1 > li.uiilikt stl ui iiih ,

T)
iiooni lived in u.h in,

shallow -i .1- dui ing

i lrdo\ i. i.in in. I

Villi I. Ill lllllt s

ii/lt,-

anial
structure

s( I I R \i l\l \\ i
I OR \l
Heandi ina sp,
Shapi .1 lil.' thi human hi ain, ihis

coral ha ridg - illi i

on it', sui fa( < 1 ii si found in 1

1 h k-, \leanJrinu -nil -in vivo: lodai

1)1 \<)\l \N ORDOVICIAN lltliom 1

I M«)l I I I) I KM < M'.l I I / odalm wit ina mat rophtalma

Phw sp i \n I li doi ii i hi trilobite,

iii i/. il In ompound

i eyes, Pha* opt is had largi

round in Devonian strata [rilobites could 1

1 thorax
up, liki in .mi modi i n arthropods. ...... .
;
ii.

HORSESHOI lol'.s I I K
IK\BRII \ll\ I
( K\H ( CM KKO\( II I'M \l l\ I

Euproopt r.TunJafm hit Irchimyl loni

RcU- \ n I.in

from . riod,
£opr.x'r-i had * vn •«. i r.f rfnped I' hi

h.*i4ii« l.i and lor and similar I

I'lin I 2 j i
mi in \% iflth ith .i 'Ii ui" tivi vi in patti i ii »
 » FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES SPIRIFERID BRACHIOPOD
Spiriferina walcotti
A common brachiopod tromTriassic and
80 '?•...
Jurassic strata, Spmjenna had a rounded
shell up to 1 !4 in i cm) wide, with
(

clearlv visible growth lines.

OWth In
C/5

LU />
<
a:

LU
gf
cC ARTICULATE BRACHIOPOD RHYNCHONELLID
Leptaena rhomboidalis BRACHIOPOD
A Homeorhynchia acuta
> brachiopod from Ordovician,
Silurian,and Devonian strata, Leptaena Found in Early Jurassic strata,
Z grew to about 2 in (5 cm) in width. Its Homeorhynchia was a small brachiopod
shell had concentric and radial ribs. that grew to about Vt in ( 1 cm) in width.

SWAMP CLAM
Carbomcola pscudorobusta
( )c< urring in nonmarine rock:
of the Carboniterous Period,
Carbomcola had a tapered shell
Its lossils have been used in tb
relative dating of these rocks

OYSTER
Grypbaea arcuata
This lossil oyster
occurs inTriassic
and Jurassic rocks.
Gryphaea had one
large, hooked valve
CLAM MUSSEL RELATIVE and a smaller, flat one
Crassatella lamcllosa Ambonychia sp.

A small bivalve from Cretaceous to Found in Ordovician strata,

SCALLOP
Miocene times, Crassatella had marked Ambonychia, an early bivalve
Pccten maximus
concentric growth lines on its shell mollusk, grew up to 2'A in
Found in Jurassic to Recent strata, this
(6cm) wide. Both valves had
scallop was a bivalve mollusk that swam
by Happing its valves, which were ribbed
radial ribs on the surface. NAUTILOID
Vestinautilus cariniferous
This earlv Nautilus
relative had very open
ORDOVICIAN coiling and little shell
GASTROPOD ornamentation.
Murchisonia bilmcata
Vestinautilus is found in
A gastropod mollusk Carboniferous rocks.
from Silurian to Permian ROSTROCONCH
strata, Murchisonia grew Conocardium sp.
up to 2 in (5cm) tall, Occurring in Devonian
with ridges around and Carboniferous strata,
its whorls. Conocardium resembled
clams, but its shell had
no functional hinge.
JURASSIC GASTROPOD
Pleurotomaria anglica
Found and Cretaceous rocks, this
in Jurassic
gastropod mollusk had a broad shell with a

combination of radial and spiral patterns.

CARBONIFEROUS AMMONOID DEVONIAN AMMONOID

Goniatites crentstria SoJiclymcma paradoxa

An ammonoid mollusk from An Earlv Devonian ammonoid, Soliclymenia

k Devonian and Carboniferous had thin ribs across the shell. Some species

^Hk rocks, Goniatites had angular

sutures where the chamber
had unusual, triangular shells.

^R walls joined the shell. <*, &$+.

AMMONITE
TRIASSIC AMMONOID Monomceras rostratum
Ccratites nodosus This ammonite mollusk
Found inTriassic strata, Ceratite. from the Cretaceous
was an ammonoid mollusk. Its Period grew up to 4 in

heavily ornamented shell had ( 1 cm ) in diameter,

open coiling and strong ribs. with ribs across the shell.
 DEVONI \n

ll|> I.'

Devonian
five

end
1

liameter, tln>

m.I.
'
.

strata

ol
.1
Ill

it-
1
i

(
RINOID

» v

iii.

had
ii|> .ii

stem
111> 111

n. I

.i

tin
from
tall, i i
m Y)
1

i;i 1 1 MMll "TI

.uihi> abbrt
. libit arm

relative from the v3** '

*S > ^^ O

a calcite .;ujril ti « jn V y^ ' 1

;v
*
C/5

about 4 in ,
'

If t-
II K \sslc I KINOII)
s
I

C/3
[flCI inn,-. s|>

Named foi its stai shaped •

fSt
t. tMom ossii I. - 1 -t. in -. gmt him,
*.'^ packid
,,

/Vm.i, riiiiit-. grew to ovei

i\"4 bran V.
hai
I I ml in Ii. i.'lii Ii is oil. n I. mil.
I. i
'^v
rhomboul sha|HAl rrspiratorv
.iti i, lii .1 1. 1 fossil "" "I >> <
I >
m
viurmi ami Devonian *
lines. It was attached tv> BR1 l 1 1 1 si \k H
tin- seabed b\ its rn
/ opH orthura miltoni
OS
\n i
ii K fossil l>i ittlcstar,
„v flpM j/h/m is Ii mi ?0
/ l M '

<
>rd< t\ i' ian .mil Silui ian >
• .-
:', :
trata li gn w to Hn (10cm) H
in diami tei 1 Ins spe< ies m
ll.lll ll\t l< l,lll\l l\ sill il 1
1/0
,

till. Iv .11 IIIS

«*.

STARFISH
fropidaster pc, tinatus
I Ins extini t starfish from the I ai l\

[urassii « .^ about I in (2.5 1 m i

u i.l. M li.i.l five tlm I- arms,

BLASTOID
Rem remites pj riformis
I Ins . . Inn, ..I. i in From
ili< blastoid group lived
.III! 111^' t .11 hi Hill. I oils

times Ii had l< .ml;.

armlike strut tures thai

I wen us. .1 Foi 1. 1 ding

*
.

o
'

00° o
00 o
f>0 o

SI \ IIK( IIIS in \KI lll<( IIIS

Hemi idan •
1 S|>

un Inn From \ ii. .ii h.ii» '1 .

Inii rowing
•
to around N'.IUI
1 in (4 from 'I. I'.il.n nil

mat toda Iti up to 'in

nipp ii i in diami '. i

 FOSSIL VERTEBRATES ZENASPID FISH
Zenaspis sp.

82 Fossilized vertebrate remains are not as common as Found in Devonian

strata, Zenaspis had a
those of invertebrates, since many vertebrates lived on
massive headshield. Up
land, where fewer fossils form, and they evolved much to lOin (25cm) Ions;,
later than the invertebrates. Fish were the earliest its body was covered
some dating back in bony scales.
I/O
vertebrates to evolve, to Cambrian
W times. Their rapid evolution in the Silurian and Devonian
H led to amphibians, which first appeared in the Devonian
finlike structure
< Period. Dinosaurs flourished during the Mesozoic Era, aided movement
toward the end of which mammals began to diversify.

m
EARLY FISHLIKE
VERTEBRATE
Loganellia sp.
> A primitive, jawlcss, flattened
fish," Loganellia was covered
with toothlike scales. Up
to 4 J/4 in 2 cm) long, it is
— ( 1

lound in Devonian rocks.

C/0
LOBE-FINNED FISH
o Eusthcnopteron foordi PSAMMOSTEID FISH
— I he bones in the heavily built Drepanaspk sp.
fins of this Late Devonian A jaw less, primitive fish, PLACODERM
fish were similar to those in Drepanaspis had a flattened BOthriolepis canadensis
the limbs of land-dwelling headshield. It is lound only A Devonian placoderm
vertebrates (tetrapods). in Devonian strata. (an extinct group of
jawless fish), Bothnolepis
had large head and
SHARK TOOTH trunk-shields and
l art harocles aurit alatus spinelike pectoral fins.

he serrated edges ol
?$ I

the teeth of this Cenozoic

shark could easily cut
through flesh.

— jrr&nfg'*'

SHOAL OF DACE
Leuciscus pachecoi
Found in Miocene strata,

extinct species of Leuciscus

STINGRAY or dace resembled model n
Heliobatis radians
bony fish. / pachecoi grew
Found in Eocene strata, to 2'/iin (6cm) in length.
Heliobatis was a primitive
stingray that grew to
about 1 2 in (50 cm)
in length and had a
skeleton of cartilage.

DIPLOCAULID
AMPHIBIAN
Diplocaulus magnicorms
A salamander-like amphibian
from the Permian Period,
Diplocaulus had protrusions on
the sides of its skull. It grew
up to 3% ft ( 1 m) in length.
 nil i NODOIS I skin i

Ptlanotuodon sp
I Ins tuskless In i bivore was .i

dii vnodonl .i membei "I .i group

.I iiLiiiiin.il relatives thai lived In

ilii l\ i muni and 1 1 iassit Pel iods

Di mi rRODON skill I

I lor j sail like vlriu lure on it> ba< k.

OtmnroJoe was an > jil\ relative ol mammals
from thr Permian rVriod \ lu>;li skull and
ikon snout translated into j powerful bite

PI Mils VUR
I

FLIPPER M VRIN1 HIKII I skill 1

c ryptoclidus tun menu Puppigcrus i rassli ottato

Growing up to !6fl (8 m) 1
1 issilized mat ine tui ties ai e

in length, i ryptoclidus «.is found in i", ks i

anging ti om the
Ion;; necked plesiosaui Mesozoii I ra to Recent nuns
From the |urtssi( Period, i had .i hea\ \ shell and
IS loilllll 111 I Ot 1 III sl| .11.1

(.1 \\ I MDMIOR CYNODON I skill I

11/ \Kl>\ I Kll 1!K \ rateronotus

nivore with a stout skull and l.n o,

monitor li/aril, I

canine teeth, 1 1 nt\;nj(/iii> belonged to

"
mi •up ol mammal precursors called
in length It is found in cynodonts It is touu.l in friassjc str.ua
rov «

SOIOIlM.lll \ll
/ don plateasti
Growing to aboul S'/*(\ \,1 bn had
]-. bod) with a hippopotamus like head
h lived from l'ln« ene ' PI
 ,

» FOSSIL VERTEBRATES: DINOSAURS PLATEOSAURUS

m- 84
A
SKULL
PlateosauTus sp.
bulk\ plant eater
from the LateTriassic
Plateosaurus grew to
about 26 It (S ml in

C/2 length and bail a

UJ ven small head.

i-
<
bony spike .

ca

H
cC
m
>

t/5

-J

CiALLIMIMUS SKULL
Gallimimus bulLuw.
Growing up to 20 ft (6 m) long
Galltmimus had a birdlike,
beaked skull, and long
neck and legs.

strong,
serrated teeth

ALBERTOSAURUS
J
SKULL

A
Albertosaurus sp.
predator and close
ISr
relative of Tyrannosaurm
DASPLETOSAURUS JAW
rex, Albertosaurus grew Dasplctosaurus tOTosus
to 26 ft (8 m) in length
I eous dinosaur had massive hind legs and
his Creta<
and is found in Late
small arms, and it grew to a length of 30 It 9 m ). It had
(

Cretaceous rocks.
a powerful jaw with the formidable teeth of a carnivore.
s*. 1 1 idosmikiis 1001
.mi
'
HI I it\\ Jv.

to I < It !•* mi si I l.i>s MIKlls PI \l I

th an.l was Covered with

\ sp
ihs It lu,l \ I it. I
in .i-m, plan) .
\\K\ IDS MIKlls sKlll I I UOPLOCI I'll \l lis I Ml CI Hit
to (Oft
L, \nk\ losaurus magnivcntrts / uoplocephalui tutus
iml blunt claws 1 ;l|l | llll

in length It luil t"" rows ol Kound in Cretaceous rocks, Inii losaurus i irow Ing to 23ft I m) In len ih

bam [ilat«— i tinning along u> bat l> w.iv .1 heavih .11 mon ,1 plan! t alt i li / uoplocephalui lived In th< I att

n to iboul 'imi n' in i in length i i. i.i, . .ii- \ bom 1 1 nl • .ii tin dp "i

i i ni w i
on ibahh ust 'I'" 1 '' I' " '

PAR VSAUROLOPHUS sKlll I

Parasaurolophus walkei i

\ t retaci "ih hci bivi in .

turolophus li.nl .i long, curved,

l hollovi crest
havi bet n used to
on its -.Lull

make deep,
I In- ma)

u sonatina , alls

in I'M I Ol'IIODON MU
Hypsilophodon
bat k to thi i n ta

I', i
iod, Hypsilophodon was .i

-w ilt mo> ing herbivi in ll

up to ft (2.3m) in Ii

PACHYC1 PHALOSAURUS skill 1

/'ii, In i
ephalosaui us h i omingensis
I i\ ing al the end "I thi < retai eous
Pi I, T , tun* had .i thit k,

!. imi 'I -kull and gn w up ti

16ft (S mi i in I, ngtl
SIM.OC I It \s SKULL
I u/iJum
I ound in i n.ii.i.

larae natjl rew to I ft (2m) in

ili It- small ! ited ti eth
n was probabl) .i herbivon

IKK ERATOPSSKU1 I

h j, eratops prorsus

cheek horn \ massivi horned and

skull
a |ilant eatei from I ati

kS»v

sn It M Os MIKlls
skill I

jurut all
I'M I I \t OS MIKlls sKI I I ION

.
It w.l- beak
a plant rater and .
 /
EUOPLOCEPHALUS
86 called the
Euoplocephalus belonged to a family of dinosaurs
ankylosaurids, which were characterized by an
armored
body. This dinosaur grew to
head and bony plating on the
about 23 ft (7m) and weighed around two tons.
in length

Its tail, body, and neck were

covered by plates and bands of
tough,' leathery skin set with bony studs.
Two rows of larger
ran along its back. Even its eyes were protected
by bony
spikes'
a tail club, which
eyelids. Fused bony knobs on the end of the long tail formed
predators. Euoplocephalus was a SIZE 23 ft (7 m)
the dinosaur could swing at attacking
on vegetation in DATE Late Cretaceous
herbivore— its beaked mouth was ideally suited for grazing DISTRIBUTION North America
the thick forests of the Late Cretaceous. It
may even have used the blunt hooves GROUP Ankylosaurids

at the end of each toe to dig in the

ground for roots and tubers. Euoplocephalus
was probably a solitary dinosaur, though juveniles
may have lived in herds.

> ARMORED HEAD short shoulder blade

The head had a massive skull, with
protective spikes at the back and a beaki

mouth. The name Euoplocephalus means

"well-armored head."
WALKING TANK >
Euoplocephalus had a wide, low-
v NECK VERTEBRAE slung body, supported by short,
Although the head was relatively small
stout limbs. In cross section it

and the neck short, the neck vertebrae

would have been almost round.
had to be strong to support the head's
Its small head was protected
at
weighty, studded armor plating.
the back by spikes, and its beaked
mouth would have had small, ribbed
teeth adapted for munching plants.

< STUDDED PLATES broad, rounded

One of the most important ribcage
features of Euoplocephalus
was its armor plating. This
was made of tough plates ol
skin studded with ridged
ovals of bone.

a FRONT FOOT
This dinosaur's limbs were short,
stocky,and strong. The front feet had
short, sturdy toes,which helped
support the'considerable body weight.
a TAIL CLUB
The massive tail club was made o \
fused bones —two large and severa
smaller bones. This weapon was
probably used in defense.
A TAILVERTEBRAE ;n life, bony studs were
vertebrae— covered with scaly horn
About halfway along the tail, the typical tail
armed with spikes—gave way to a fused, bony structure.

structure would have supported the club at the

This rigid elbow joint
muscular.
end of the tail. The tail would have been quite
MIC ROS
LIFE
r^
Earth.
OPIC
Despite their tiny size, microscopic organisms
They were the first living things to evolve, and they underpin
dominate life on

all the worlds ecosystems, releasing and recycling nutrients that

other forms ot life need to survive. From the simplest prokaryotes to
the most complex protists, they make up a constellation of varied
am\ versatile lite forms that largely goes unseen.
H J ?>

I fui
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PROKARYOI IS PROTISTS
I il( .ii its mosl basi< . Vmong 'In mosl numi rou
prol aryoti - hav< dm In in" thing ,
protists an
c ells \\ ithoul inn l< i Mosl also -' .in. nl the must
li\i .1- individuals, though diversi Somi havi no
somi I'M in i olonii - su< Ii li\i 'I shapi . Inn man) havi
.I- lil. inn iii- and i
Ii mi i
laboi ati mini i a]

Prol im ludi skeli ton oi hell I hi \

i i.i .mil ,ii . li.i. .i an i'. [in ill-, singli 1 1 II' 'I
 PROKARYOTES
An alien visiting Earth might conclude that its true masters were
the prokaryotes —
the archaea and the bacteria. They outnumber,
and are more diverse than, the more complex life forms known as
the eukaryotes, and thrive in every nook and cranny of the planet.

( DOM AIN ^ Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms and among

< [ KINGDOMS I the earliest forms of life. They also form one of life's
CLASSES two fundamental divisions, along with eukaryotes.
ORDERS
While all living cells possess DNA, eukaryote cells
FAMILIES
SPECIES More than 2,000 know
>wn J
also have a nucleus, and most also have mitochondria,
which are energy-generating structures. Prokaryote
- cells have neither nucleus nor mitochondria. The
— DOMAIN BACTERIA
DOMS 28
3 archaea and bacteria are only distantly related to each
-J
CLASSES 49 other, having evolved from separate, as yet unknown
U ORDERS About 79
genetic origins. Archaea cells are contained by
FAMILIES About 2 32
- chemically unique membranes overlain by a tough
SPECIES More than 8,000 known
outer cell wall, and within the cell their DNA is often
u
protein-covered. Bacteria cells have very different
o physical and chemical makeups, particularly in their
Pi
cell wall. These properties make the typical archaea
u
especially suited to harsh habitats, while bacteria are
ubiquitous and thrive in every environment.

SMALLEST LIVING THINGS

All prokaryotes are tinv, their size measured in

microns or micrometers (urn); 1 urn equals one-

Hydrothermal vents at the bottom of thousandth of a millimeter. A human hair is about

oceans are home to various thermophile 80 urn thick, but most prokaryotes are just 1 — 10 urn
archaea living at high temperatures.
in length, and only photographed through an electron
microscope. Yet they survive in almost every corner of
the biosphere, from the outer atmosphere to deep
within Earth's crust, and trom ocean depths to inside
the human body. For instance, the bacteria in your gut
outnumber your own cells by about ten to one. Some
prokaryotes thrive in boiling water or freezing ice,

survive radiation, and even live off poisonous gases

and corrosive Most get nourishment from dead
acids.

material, others trom infesting living bodies. While

Staphylococcus bacteria are common
agents of food poisoning in humans,
some make food in darkness, by using the energy in
forming microscopic clusters in food. minerals, others use photosynthesis, using the energy
in light to convert carbon dioxide and water into food
and oxygen. Although notorious for causing infectious
CAULDRON OF LIFE diseases, prokaryotes are actually essential to human
health, with humans depending on their gut bacteria
Many archaea are adapted for
to help break down food and even to manufacture
extremes; in hot water their fragile

DNA is lagged by protective protein.

essential nutrients. For almost four billion years,

Similiar protein braces the longer prokaryotes have profoundly influenced Earth's
chromosomes of eukaryotes (fungi, climate, rock formation, and evolution of other life.
plants, and animals). So perhaps what
began as insulation in primeval pools
evolved into a "scaffold" for the extra MICROSCOPIC CYANOBACTERIA COLONY >
DNA needed for more complex life. Although bacteria have single cells, the cells of some, such as
cyanobacteria, can join together in spectacular, long filaments.
ARCHAEA BACTERIA
ME EH A NOCOCCOIDES
BURTON1I
This methane producer
lives at the bottom of Ace
Lake in Antarctica, where
there is no oxygen and the
average temperature is

33°F(0.6°C).

1 . 2 li m

flexible cell wall

ACEEOBACTER BACILLUS BACILLUS

ACEEI SU BEL LIS THURINGIENSIS
Used to make vinegar, this Up to one billion ol I his bacterium produces

spci lev iv also a common these bacteria can be to\K crvstals insoluble in
contaminant wherever lound in a single gram the human gut but lethal
is brewed, causing
alcohol of soil. It is usuallv to insects, and is therefore
discolouration and souring ol lound in an inactive commercially marketed as

beer in particular. spore form. an insecticide.

DEIXOCOCCUS BORDEEEELA
RADIODURANS PERTUSSIS
I his spec ies is I Ins species causes
know n as the pertussis, or
STAPHYLOEHERMUS world's toughest u hooping cough,
MARINUS bacterium, It \\ as a respiratory
I overed in a hydrothermal
)is< discovered in meat infection marked by
vent on the sea floor, this that had In < n severe, spasmodic
species grow s best .it
exposed to doses of coughing episodes,
l
184 l >N"i (85 92°C). It radiation in an and breakdown ol
forms grapelike clusters, an< experiment blood cells. O.jbpm
can grow comparative!) large

ESCHERICHIA COLI
An organism much studied by
si it ntists, the rocLshaped
E. coli lives harmlessly in the
gut, although virulent strains
are a major cause ol
ood poisoning.

NITROBACTER SP.
METHANOSPIR1LLU M HUNGATEl Pyrococcus means "hrebcrrv," This genus of soil bacteria
Discovered in human sewage, this archaean reflecting this archaean's shape plays a role in the nitrogen
generates large amounts of methane during and its tolerance of extreme evele by oxidizing nitrites into
sewage disposal. Each cell is confined temperatures: it grows best at nitrates. This helps purity

within a hollow sheath. 212°F(100"C). water and fertilize the soil.

 \<>\ /( >( SI'.

I
his . yanobai t< <
la t"i ms
iji latinous hi. mi, uis in
, olonii s that an li n d)
, nough to mii \i\. ii otn thi
1WT|-
poles i" the tropii s

>

n
x
CLOSTRIDIUM iio\mmwu ii /is/ >
mu in i\u N \ ->.il organism tlui can
«ue in Belonging to tin tune UimU I Ins gut l'.i> iii 1.1 produi es
>
uU .,r but 11- nil suhspei ies .'I shiga toxin, "In. Ii > -in i
.ms.

I, it prodiH produces trlanospasmin, S .us. |n.l. mil .Us, mi, i \ \s few .is

the neurotoxin Out uis, others . tuse 10 b.i, let i.i .ii, ii, , di .1 i"

11, but «huh als*> haw- mils typhoid fi , .Ills, .ill ml, . linn

STHEPTOCOCl us
p\i ii UONJ 1/
sent
cause
In ^ hiUltvn

s into
i l( ion it // / us it moi'iiii us si iPHYLOi ix ( us i rim h Minis /•li/HICl!

all parl> ol the b«>»l\

Found in the intestine and vagina, tins I Ins sphi 1 1, al bai ti i
ium an l» found mi i

D(/)| :.

bacterium has nutritional and ili. skm .is part "i normal flora, but .m ,

.111111111.rol11.il properties It is used in , .ms, ml, , turns in immuni

probiotii ,li inks and supplemi nts , ompromisi ,1 patients,

1 jpm

I
I BRIO i //<>/ /HI/ / IMOH l( // Rill 1/ /'S)( IIHOli \( II R
1 h_;lil\ in. ibili , urved rods
\ll( I I I///I/ II R Ml MIR INS
u itli ,i single Hagellum .n oni I Ins sp,, us makes n, I I Ins spei ies is .i

end, tins sp, , ics secretes a in tin human mouth, and |is\, In , iphili , "i cryi iphile,

poti ni i
in, n itoxin ib.it forms i maji n 1 1 impi mi nl "I «ln, Ii means il tin ives .it

causes i holei i
plaqui can also .ms,
It i vet \ low i, mpi i itui' s,

premature birth. ili, inks to natural antifri i "

in, ill i nli s in Us , ytoplasm
\i Rososrin SP. w itliin the i rll membi ani
i i
I um
I illing a vital e< ological

111, 111 . tills llltl lt\ llio sill

ki, i, i i.i oxidizes ammon

t,i form nitrites .is part
the nitrogi n cycle.

menu,
plasm

/ MlfUHOll US
I ili il IS
1/HS/N/ I PISIIS
.alb a ham
inhabitant of the human
t and vagma.
hum u

»nunctt and » mistant to

mam antih
 PROTISTS
From microscopic amoebae to giant kelp, the protists defy simple
description, yet this informal grouping of eukaryotes included
the first life forms to evolve that were more complex than the
prokaryotes. It still produces most of Earth's food and oxygen.

DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
Protists are mainly single-celled creatures that, unlike
1

( KINGDOM PROTISTA ) prokaryotes, have cell nuclei. Their basic cell nature
CLADES
IWill US About 778
7 !'

I
separates them from the higher eukaryotes plants,
lungi, and animals —
that later emerged from them.
—
- SPECIES About 70,500 j
— The protists include an incredible range of organisms
- with diverse lifestyles and ecological niches. Most are
microscopic, ranging in size from 10 to 100 um, and
some are tiny enough to infest red blood cells. Others
—
join together to produce multicellular colonies such
o s* .*.«r
o as kelp, a seaweed that grows up to tens of feet in

length, or the strange, funguslike slime molds, which

o , ^
OS
<?»
# form creeping puddles of slime that are essentially
u one giant cell. Typical protists include amoebae,
In the slime molds, which are a group which move around and capture food particles with
ot amoebas, thousands of individual their pseudopods (cell extensions), or plankton
nuclei coexist within one giant cell.
drifting in the sea, such as the beautiful diatoms,
which have intricate silicon-based skeletons.

A HIDDEN REALM OF LIFE

Protists are among the most numerous creatures on
Earth. Vast numbers of them live in the oceans and
rivers, in sediments at the bottom of seas and lakes,

and in the soil, while many spend all or part of their

Many single-celled protists have life cycles as parasites inside other organisms. They
extraordinary shapes, such as these
grapple- like dinoflagellates.
play a vital role in the planet's ecosphere, in particular
as primary photosvnthesizers, using the energy in

light to convert carbon dioxide and water into food,

while releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. They also
act as predators and recyclers of matter. A few species
are well known because they cause major diseases: the
parasitic Plasmodium causes malaria, one of the biggest
killers of humans; another parasite, Trypanosoma brucei,
causes sleeping sickness. Also familiar are the
Some protoctists cause devastating
disease, such as this Giardia, which infects
dinoflagellates, a group of plankton organisms that can
intestines ot humans and other animals. cause "red tides" — huge blooms of toxic creatures that
kill fish and poison humans.

DEBATE The taxonomy of the protists is complex because

MULTIPLE KINGDOMS they don't form a natural kingdom. However,
molecular and genetic analysis has allowed most
The kingdom Protista includes many
protists to be placed in a few large clades, groups that
organisms that are not classified as
fungi, plants, or animals. And it
each share a common ancestor: the amoebas and their

includes many groups, ranging from relatives, the flagellates, the rhizarians, the alveolates,
single-celled amoebas to multicellular the heterokonts, and red and green algae.
seaweeds, that are not closely related
to one another. Many scientists think
that Protista should be split into more MICROSCOPIC DEATH STAR >
than one kingdom. The spines of this rhizarian are covered with a slime that
has oozed from within its cell and is used to capture prev.
mm I
//

7
7

V
PRO

i
I

protists,
'i dei ,
I

an be subjec
latesl iliinkiib'
is

he taxonomi< groupings

.11
\\

r
I GROUPS
liu

inw and

R El
i

wioi

» 'K.
h

to
is
i an be

set

\
ai

I
u \s
e>

gumenl

I \
diffi< ult

>l\

oui here.

I
s
VND
ing
foi

and
I
the
to

he

II \l,l I I \ I I
s

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» l
>7

Kill/ \KI \\s

»VS
\l \ I ()l Mis

^ »!()()
K()k()\
'i III I I I
s

» 101
'. KM) \ \ I ) ( , K II \
VLGAI

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\ J C42I* -'—

'I \
r*
 AMOEBAS AND RELATIVES
Two of the protist clades, the signal, and aggregate into a tiny creeping slug.
DOMAIN I UKARVOTA )
Amoebozoa and the Opisthokonta, This then sprouts upward a number of stalks, KINGDOM I'ROTISI \

J- have evolved different ways of moving which burst to scatter spores. Each spore hatches [ CLADES -'
)

into a new amoeba ready to hunt on new ground. FAMILIES Aboui >0

> around and obtaining food. ( SPECIES About 4,000 J

Amoebas of the clade Amoebozoa can change ANIMAL-FUNGUS ORIGINS

<
—1
shape by oozing projections of their single
called pseudopods.They use these "false feet" to
cells Most
developed
protists of the clade
a single whiplike flagellum for
Opisthokonta have
DEBATE
UJ LIFE'S FIRST BRANCHES?
DC creep forward and hunt smaller organisms, propulsion in open water. Earlv in the history
enveloping victims within a sac of fluid and oi life, some of these protists may have given One theory of evolution says that the
Q
digesting them while still alive. Some amoebas and the single flagellum eukaryotes divided into two branches:
z rise to animals, is still
unikonts with one flagellum),
< are giant cells, and are just visible to the naked seen in the tail of animal sperm today. Others,
(cells

such as opisthokonts, and bikonts

eye. A few are gut parasites, causing amoebic called nucleariids, lost their flagellum and actually
with two). Unikonts evolved into
< dysentery in humans. One group, the slime reverted to the amoeba-like state. The nucleariids
(cells

animals and fungi, while bikonts gave

UJ molds, have a remarkable strategy for avoiding may be closely related to fungi, as iungi also lack rise to plants. However, the DNA
O starvation. When prey runs low their cells are one another without the
Hagclla and fertilize evidence for the theory is equivocal,
attracted to one another by a chemical distress involvement of free-swimming sperm.

1X5

o
—

DYSENTERY AMOEBA ARCH 1 A ARCELLA

Entamoeba histolytica BATHYSTOMA GIBBOSA
This parasitic amoeba lives in This amoeba has a circular shell I his amoeba has a yellow or brown,
pitted \\ illi pens, domed on one domed, circular shell, with an
the human intestine anil can
cause amoebic dysentery. It can side but sometimes with angular aperture in the Hat side and a series

contain up to eight nuclei. Facets that develop into spines. »l ii gular depressions on the dome

19 40 um

PROTACANTHAMOEBA
CALEDONICA ARCELLA D1SCOIDES
This amoeba with two nuclei
Originally identified in
has a yellow-brown shell with
a Scottish estuary, close
a hole on one side through
atives of this amoeba have
which pseudopods emerge.
been found in the liver ol
tench in the Czech Republic.

ARCELLA VULGARIS CENTROPY.MS ACULEATA V y

Mainly found in stagnant water and This amoeba lives on algae in lakes

soil, this amoeba has a convex and marshes. It uses sand and the
shell, with a hole that allows cell walls of some algae to make a

pseudopods to emerge. shell with tour to six spines.

pseudopod

1.2-2.2um

DIFFLUG1A SCALY NUCLEARIID

PROTEIFORMIS Pompholyxophrvs ovuhgera
STEMONITIS SP. This pond-ooze amoeba Once assigned to the
This "chocolate tube" or "pipe cleaner" constructs a shell by heliozoans clade, this
slime mold begins as a mass of cell sticking together minuscule Hagellate of the Opisthokonta
content with many nuclei from which grains of sand and the cell is covered in hollow
many spore-bearing stalks sprout up. walls ot some algae. scales or beads.
FLAGELLATES 97
The whiplike propulsion of single- hut in darkness their light absorbing cell DOM vin 1 UKARYl 'i \

•m*
celled organisms has evolved in son oral organelles, known as chloroplasts, shrivel and KINGDOM iTISTA

the) revet to being a predatoi \l)l V \\ \l

groups of protists, some unrelated. But ]
t ( i 1 V

1 \\\ll MS 40 )

it predominates in Ihe flagellates.

MS
I IN INC. I\sim \\l\t M S
sl'll Vhoul '
100
o
Flagellates are powerful swimming mil robes that Man) flagellates ol tins group la< k the i>i«lm.\i \
H
move l>\ tlu' whiplike action <>t one <>i more cellulai Features that would enable them to use DEBAI EBESfi?*- .-.i.-r m
threads called Ragella. Mam are predators, oxygen in their respiration and survive inside the EVOLUTION DOWN -SIZING
H
preying on smaller organisms sin. h a> ba< teria. oxygen poor environment <>t animal >'uts. Warn
lie flagellates insido termite guts lack
1 lowever, unlike >. hangeable amoebas, tin - v are extraordinai il\ spe< ialized, subsisting <>n the I

mitochondria, tin: cell organelles that

Bagellates have a fixed, rigid shape and dire* t lo»»l partial!) digested food inside the abdomens <>l

most othi'i protists use to respire with

into a cellular "mouA* at the base >>l their Ragella. inse< is. Inn i ausing their host no harm. ( >thers
oxygen. Some think tin -r tlagellate:;
Remarkably, however, some, su< li .i» / uglena, have are parasites tliat t ause devastating disease, in C.
are very primitive protists. Others aj
a degree ol behavioral versatility that provides humans a- well as other animals. ( )ne notoi ious
they are more advanced organisms,
them with and animal type nutrition,
plant group, the trypanosomes, are transmitted l>\
and lost their mitochondria by evolving
depending upon in umstan< e. When exposed to
>. biting inse< ts and are responsible l<>r sleeping In an oxygen-poor environment.
kness ami leishmaniasis
H
bright light these organisms can photosynthesize; si< in the tropics. m
 1

RHIZARIANS
The clade Rhizaria includes two phyla drift in sunlit tropical oceans. Their silica
DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
that are among the most beautiful of dependence binds radiolarians to the sea, but KINGDOM PROTISTA
their allies, the cercozoans, which include some CLADfc Rill/ ARIA
C/2 all of the miniature protists: the
amoebas, have also exploited soil and freshwater. FAMILIES
z radiolarians and the forams.
108

SPECIES
< Cercozoans typically retain the long pseudopods, [ About 14,000 )

OS
The unique, intricately sculptured shells of both but have shelled and shell-less forms, and some
<
N

a:
phyla make them distinctive members of the
microscopic world, and some have left an
impressive
shells

this
with
fossil

silica,
record. Radiolarians build glassy
stripping the ocean surface of
otherwise abundant mineral. Their body
have flagella, depending on habitat demands.
The forams, or foraminiterans, have
in the

and their
to form
oceans for hundreds of millions of years
calcified shells litter the
layers of chalkv sediment.
flourished

ocean floors
Foram shells
DEB AT
CONVERGING GIANTS
The pseudopods
forams mesh to
^H
of radiolarians

form nets around their

and

cells. This perhaps supports the idea

C/5 radiates long pseudopods poke through their
that are so distinctive, even when fossilized, that
that both forms descend from a
H shells like the rays of the sun, supplemented in geologists can use them to date deposits and
common ancestor. But it is possible
— some by silica-hardened spines. Radiolarians use identify hidden reservoirs of oil. When alive, each
that this net evolved independently in
H theirpseudopods for catching food, but some also shell harbors a tiny amoeba that hunts with the two groups, perhaps a result of
O harbor living alaae, gaining nourishment from the pseudopods — like the radiolarians — although both having large single cells.

sugars their photosynthetic partners make as they some are big enough to catch animal larvae.

LATTICE-SHELLED
RADIOLARIAN
This radiolarian spe< ies 1

plankton belongs to the

Spumellaria order, most
of which have silica

latticework skeletons.

STAR RADIOLARIAN SPHERICAL RADIOLARIAN DIDYMOCYRT1S

\\trnluhium sp. Physematium sp. TETRATHALAMUS
I his is i har.H hi ized b) fusing the I bis < ell surface ot this species holds A living representative

bases oi the radial spines into a photosvnthesizing organisms in a of an ancient fossil

star-shaped mass, or central l» « l\ mesh of thin pseudopods. lineage, this radiolarian

is named for its twin
shells, which sometimes
have hemispherical or
SPONGASTERICUS conical caps.
QUADRICORNIS
( )ne ol the radiolarians used l>\

geologists to help date strata by

the presence of its fossi

species' name means

"four-cornered."

SPINY
RADIOLARIAN
SUN RADIOLARIAN Lithomelissa setosa THREE-ARMED
HclioJiscus sp. This species displays the RADIOLARIAN
Euchitonia clegans
This radiolarian species greatest seasonal variation ^
of plankton sends out of any radiolarian, making This three-armed radiolarian
4
pseudopods through the it a useful seasonal
* forms a particularly spiny

many pores in its silica indicator in fossil and shell. Stiffened pseudopods
skeleton to catch food. sedimentary records. emerge irom shell pores.
 SPH \l.\UM l I IU O/OW
irtherella jhi\ um
Ihis sht lied amoeba lives in
sphagnum wetlands Its fossils
ID US< .1 i» null! atoi S ol
|i.isi v limat< < hangi s

ELEGAN1 t I IU OZOAN
c LtthruliiLi eleaam
I hi- s|»i\ ies spends most o| its life

m inside .1 pt 1 foi ate >l

init » apsule, 01 loi 11 .1

t>\ \l -GRI IN
l IKlO/UW
Paulmtllj ^hri'mjti'phsrj
Her shelled //( 1 ki \m \\n\ SP. N
uin- living Using its llagellum, iln- l()\(. >
•
ia that > jm ~l>.
> ies glides about I I \(.l II MID
iroviding preving on bat (ei ia and CI iu o/ow
the jitim-tvi with IihkI < ven niln 1 spei ies "l the 1 1. auda >
viiiu' penus I his ••|« 1 11 a movt s z
using its i"" llagi 11a,

I >n mix .in ..I w Im Ii trails

In I I iIh body, w hili

llll I
I] III I III ill! Ill

St \\\ t I IUO/OW
/ uglypha -|>

I his amoeba < onsti ucts

n\.il shaped iln lis from thin
m .1I1 9 i'l silii a, w Im Ii fossilize flagellum lies

well, making tl bj< ctsol I bod)

stud) Im pali ' mti ilogists

threadlike pseudopods
radiate jr<>in cell

Cell H'lll t'/li 1 ii^tcJ

/n proti ctin
oj land graini
\ll It 1/

Unlike mam rercosoans, tbi>

()\ \l -Sill llll) "i 1 I IOW-MII llll)

pmdopod O/OW
I I Kl O/OW t I Kt
Trincmj -p ( yphoderia jmpullii
ITiis shell nl thiN jnn- I hi- amoeba Iu- a colorless or
yellow -In II composed ol

.1 mnutb. >li-k shaped h all -

M \KISI -t.RI I N (,l wi nu OZOAN

t SANDFORAM
t IRt O/o W mia iphacr / nl
Ch
Tb» contain* char 1 Ii builds up
organelles, which a-

earh evolution. -* all

100
ALVEOLATES
Alveolates are united by possession of Most prowl on bacteria. Their smooth
ciliates
DOMAIN LUKARYOTA
the same anatomical quirk a fringe of — graceful motion is due to the coordinated beating

of countless tiny hairs called cilia, which can

KINGDOM
CLADE
PROTISTA

tiny sacs around the cell called alveoli, ALVEOLATA

m after which the clade is named. cover their entire single-celled body. They also FAMILIES 222 1

SPECIES About 20.0IKI

use these cilia to waft their food into a furrow I

<
Three groups of superficially different but still that approximates to a mouth. Ciliates are

O single -celled protists are included in the some even live in the
virtually ubiquitous;
^TE
UJ alveolates: the dinoflagellates, the ciliates, and stomachs of mammalian herbivores, where they PROTOZOANS
> the apicomplexans. Predatory dinoflagellates help digest the tough cellulose in plants.
swim in the ocean, using two whiplike flagella In contrast, all apicomplexans are parasites. Early classifications placed food-

eating microbes into different classes

that emerge from grooves in their cell coat, They are named for an arrangement of structures,
of the animal phylum Protozoa. Some
C/5 running at right angles to one another. Some can called the apical complex, which helps them
microbes, such as the ciliates and the
H discharge stinging barbs to immobilize their prey. penetrate the living cells of animals, from which
dinoflagellates, are now grouped
Others release poisons, and sudden blooms of they derive their nourishment. Infamous among together in modern protist taxonomy,
H dinoflagellates are responsible for toxic red tides the apicomplexans are the malaria parasites, although the exact nature of their
O in parts of the world. A few are bioluminescent, which penetrate the red blood cells of animals for relationships is debatable.
sparkling with light when disturbed at night. food, destroying the cells in the process.

STALKED CILIATE
Vorticella sp.

This organism has an inverted

bell-shaped body on a stalk,
which is known to coil like a
hen stimulated.

SOIL CILIATE POND CILIATE GUT CILIATE TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Colpodo mflata Colpoda cucuilus BalantiJium coh Passing between cats and
This mammals
^^^ TRUMPET CILIATE
This normally kidney shaped
species [days an important role
Usually found in freshwater
among decaying plants, this known
is the only ciliate
to parasitize humans.
other
humans),
(including
this parasite causes
Stentor muelleri ecology but ciliate has food-containing Infection can cause intestinal the disease toxoplasmosis,
in soil is

This algae-feeding species, with a horn-shaped vulnerable to pesticides.

|>Ci organelles called vacuoles ulcers, or serious which is dangerous to the
cell body, is large lor a single-celled organism. within its cell intestinal infections. unborn human fetus.

CHAIN-FORMING MAHOGANY-TIDE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PLASMODIUM

THREE-HORNED DINOFLAGELLATE DINOFLAGELLATE PARVUM FALCIPARUM
DINOFLAGELLATE Cymnodinium catenation Karlojimum veneficum This apicomplexan can cause The most deadly of the
Ceratium tripos This species of This dinotlagellate plankton can cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal malaria-causing Plasmodium
Among the most dinoflagellate forms long, undergo a population explosion disease transmitted by species, this apicomplexan
distinctive dinoflagellates, swimming chains of up leading to "mahogany tides" ingestion of its spores parasite is responsible for the
blooms of this plankton can to 32 cells. that are lethal to fish. via feces, usually in deaths of over one million
cause dangerous red tides. contaminated water. people a year worldwide.

A large pentagonal species

responsible for several recorded
instances of harmlul algal
blooms, this dinoflagellate can
both photosynthesize and prey
on other plankton.

GYMNODINIUM SP. KARENIA BREVIS

Producing a neurotoxin, Formerly known as SEASPARKLE AMPHIDINIUM CARTERAE
blooms of this dinoflagellate, Gymnodimum brevis, this
Noctiluca scintillans This plankton-forming species
found both fresh- and
in dinoflagellate plankton is a This bioluminescent, plankton- causes ciguatera, a fish poisoning
saltwater, cause red tides and major cause of red tides in forming species has a gas bag allow ing that can cause human fatalities if

shellfish poisoning. the Gulf of Mexico. it to float just below the surface. contaminated fish are consumed.
HETEROKONTS
Heterokonts include some t\ pes of energj From sunlight to make food. Diatoms
algae, which arc photosynthesizing contain green chlorophyll asdo plants but
also a brow pigment ailed fu< oxanthin, w hich
protists grow ing in or near water thai n *

serves to broaden the spe< trum oi light that i an

tlo not have true leaves or roots.
be used, making their photos) nthesis signifii anth
Heterokonts are mosth defined as having two moi e ient. «. 1 1 1 v

different types ol flagella

reproduction. One
on the sperm
flagellum i- covered
the) use in
in tiny,
brow n algae o< up)
world, make use Ui also
i ( oastal habitats
ol fu<
around
oxanthin, and
t lu
DEBATE H
I \
FROM ALGA TO MOUl I)

bristh hairs, or mastigonemes, and the other is have evolved into complex multicellular seaweeds
smooth and « hiplike, leterokonts in( lude 1 that superficially resemble a plant Rather than Watel moulds grow and feed like mould,

diatoms and brown algae, as well as water molds. true i oo is and leaves, their both consists ol a
but unlike true moulds, which am tunyi, I
Diatoms art. single celled algae with fineh holdfast for lasping to rock and a i reeping
.niilikc i ell walls and heterokont m
>.

flagella, while some also cause plant H

sculptured silica walls divided into two parts thai his that la< ks die internal veins ol a true leaf.
diseases. DNA analysis links them with
m
called valves. llu\ predominate in phytoplankton, Nevertheless, some brown seaweeds, mh h as
diatoms and brown algae, so perhaps
plankton communities ol small organisms that kelps, can grow to extraordinary lengths and o
they evolved from algae that abandoned 7~.

open waters and engage in photosynthesis.

drift in make extensive underwater forests on some and turned
their chloroplasts parasitic.
c
Here, near the surface, their pigments absorb offshore >. oastlines. v.

H
t/i

Il'll'in I K l>l MOW ll\KKI 1)1 I MOW s\l)l)l I 1)1 MOW COLONIAL DIATOM GYROSIGMA SP.
BiJJulphu sp BiJJulphu pukhellj i ampj lodisi m sp. hihinui nervosa I bi name diatom refei
"I this s

The ijux- ol brimn film This image dearly displays the diff< r, nl r/his genus of diatom show s .\
g
ve I In
lus specie: 1 1 ivt s othi to thi sigmoidal curve ol its
tank', in the wild parts ol j diatom: tin two valves bound bi i«, i n thi tubulai lips, know n .is algae, spei ifi< ill\ seaweeds, i ill, mr.iiiini; lli.it il lullcm s

£1 thcr b} a narrow girdle. i anals, around the edge ol its valves Forming brant hing olonies, i a verj slight s shape

s;; /•// INODISI n\ SP.

!i I thaped girdli
With ii- <li-k shape , arei >lai

(open i in les), and a rii

spines, this diatom >, t urs

inili\ulii.ill\ or in chains

POND Dl Mow
Ptnnularu sp.

M IW> 1)1 MOW hloroplasts are visible in

this pen shaped diatom, lound in

ponds ami wet ground.

jrcola

(.ROOM I) 1)1 MOW

URCHIN HHIO/OW Diplonen sp
' 'fphdenum sp The valves of thi-
Tb» diatom resemble - diatom appear a- two I

urchm It mmw bv sh pron

crfl com. Kin canal
pseudop- ditlik. _ 'da raphe
» HETEROKONTS
20-220nm THREE-CORNERED
DIATOM
Actinoptychus sp.
This diatom can be found in

the neritic /one on the

shallow continental shelf.

•
pores allow intake
of minerals for use
in photosynthesis

0.9 cm

SPIDER'S-WEB DIATOM
ArachnoiJiscus sp.
* • * .
Strong radial ribs and web-patterned
valves arc features of this disk-shaped
diatom. It can grow very large.

\ fop valve

20-220 Mm

protective cell wall

140 Ml"

TRICERATIUM FAVUS
The hi a\ iK silicihcil cell

walls ol this species can

leave a trail of silica in the
water .is it moves. his
TRICERATI UM SP.
I

SUN-RAY DIATOM FIVE-ARMED DIATOM can show how seawater

[ctinoptychus heliopelta Actinoptychus sp. More than 400 spec ies ol penetrates into freshwater
A distinctive pattern ol alternating A five arm appearand e is this genus of marine diatom environments.
raised and depressed sectors on produced by the alternating are known. Diatoms ol tins

its top and bottom valves sec toi s on the valves of this genus arc often, but not qeomecru cell nail

characterize this diatom species. species ol the [ctinoptychus genus. always, three sided.

fronds arc lea] lik

structures used in
photos nth
i

air bladder on

frond helps' keep

alaac bouyant

125 Mm

DAPPLED DIATOM
BOAT-SHAPED DIATOM Stictodiscus sp.
Navicula sp. Seen under a scanning electron
This species belongs to the microscope, this diatom shows
largest genus of diatom, with pores dappled on its valve surface,
thousands of spit ies known above a surrounding girdle.

60 c

SUGAR KELP CUVIE WIREWEED SEA OAK

THONGWEED TOOTHED WRACK Sacchanna latifolia Lammana hyperborea Sargassum muticum Hahdrys siliquosa
Himanthalia elongata Fucus serratus Found on rockv shores Fhis algae is commercially ( )riginally from Japan, A large brown seaweed,
During its reproductive phase, This robust, shrubby, and at depths of 26-98 ft important in iodine this invasive brown common in rock pools
this brow n seaweed of the olive-brown seaweed (8— 30m) in northern production. grow s at
It seaweed has now spread in Europe, this species

Northern Hemisphere produi es grow on lower shores

s seas, this brown seaweed depths of 26-9S It to I mope, ft can grow as has a distinctive zigzag

long straplike fronds, which are round the

all is also often known as (8— 30m), mainly in the much as 4 in ( 10cm) stem and air-filled pods
types of divided leaves. North Atlantic. sugar wrack. Northern Hemisphere. in a day. known as air bladders.
RED AND GREEN ALGA1
Red and green algae .ire among the light that penetrates tin- sea at su< It depth, I Ins
DOM A I UK MOO I

largest protists. While roil algae have .\ means that red algae can live mu< h deepei in the KINGDOM PR( 'I isl V

high diversity in the sea, green algae oceans than the 1>i own and green seaweeds ( 1 I Mil \Ui II \l PI \sll|)\ )
"V
I \ Mil IIS 1M
73
do hotter in freshwater. ills
I ROM POND It) I \\l> SPI
O
Mthough some are microscopic organisms, the Green algae can be found in marine shallows, H
most familiar red algae grow as multicellular freshwatei ponds, and streams, and form most
seaweeds. llu\ have evolved an extraordinary ol the photosynthesizing plankton th< re I
he) CLOSE RELATIVES?
H
t/i

diversity of forms, ranging from rock hugging are also found on land, where some spec ies foi m
Plants conqueied the land lai battel
encrustations that look more like lit hens to green mats that, for instance, < *>.w the surfaces
than any alga, but one group
bristl) or leafy clumps. ik«. plants, most algae ol tree trunks. Mam share the same chlorophyll ol green 73
I

algae the stonewoits. may he thru m

on land <>r in water use green chlorophyll during pigments that m i ui While green
in land plants.
D
cousins. Stonewotts are rooted In
photosynthesis to catch the energj ol sunlight algae typicall) produce sperm with two identical
mud hy cell Filaments called riwoids, >
to make food. But red algae have pigments that Ragella, the) also have spore produ< ing stages simple plants. Their /
ii to roots in

allow them to do the same thing in deeper coastal in then- life i \i le. Since simple plants have reproductive structures and branches O
waters. In this em ironment a v ombination ol sperm and spore produc ing stages, the t ommon are similar to those of plants too.
C.
pigments enables them to absorb the little blue ancestor ol all true plants was a green alga. 73
m
m
R \ D A 1 GA E GLAUCOPHYTlS /

I here are about 6,000 spe< ies ol red algae, Unlike Glaui ophytes are huh more than bags ol simple
brown ami green algae, the) d<> not produce chloroplasts known as yanelles. A freshwatei
i
C
flagellated sperm. Instead, reproduction involves a group, the) are sparser) but widel) distributed >
n of cells more reminiscent ol that in fungi around the world, m
redalgat become calcined, forming colonies.
Ami. in spite ol their name, rv.l algae pigments 10 ISpm
make them red, olive, or gray
) SOPHOR PARADOX I
1)111 si ( I I

Pjlmjrm palmata I ik, othi i

|lau« ophytes, the
In North \il.iniii . oasta i yan< Mis nl iliis spi i ii ma) have
xunmunities, this is ,i traditiona des( ended from i yanobai ti i ia
t()R\l Will) thai the spe< ies in
source "l protein and vitamins. [i ti

Corjllmj L'fficmjlis
lis evolution.
This red s

common ii

pools worldwide,
I2in
terming bram bing,
illim
uMthi-rhki fronds.

mi \sii win)
i.jlhhlcphjn\ 1//1JIJ
I his norihi-rn ht-misphi re seaweed
hj> llai fronds, fringed vwili
"
numerous "brant hl> is
st ;; \ui /i i

;//s< IKMIM
I iHIII.I III .Hi .is ' Ui p| ,1

Il.lli D) ill, I I
• I ' . tills I, ,1

jeawi • -I i
fli Ii'. and gi latinous,
H nil II. ill, In i| In. mi In s .mil
k, \i\niui ii i suiiiii i; i

liki proji i tii "i

From
ill) 1 1,, u. rt< in \i l.ini n ,

( aribbcan, and Gull "I Mi xii

u
« Ii, si,

pai i- ol
,s

I urop
invaded si.m.

w is/o< turns M \l Kl
r,rt k // IK/ I Mill II U\
RIIRS i-ns/o/m I In

I with i ui, i
pillai .

whi< h I'.l 111 Ii I ||

bodii • . mi tin Ii- . '.iniiM ii i.,IK di

ound in tli.

. .ili mi, idditivi »

 »RED ALGAE flat, leaflike
structure

Ml.,,,

PTEROCLADIELLA
CAPILLACEA
With feathery branches that
taper toward the tip, this red BUSH WEED
seaweed, found in pools Ahnfeltia sp.
worldwide, often develops a A
source of the gelatinous
Christmas tree appearance. substance agar, used in petri dishes,
this Northern Hemisphere seaweed
forms dense tufts of fronds.

MELANAMANSIA
1 1MBRIFOL1A
Found in North America and
Australia, this seaweed grows
on sediment-covered reefs at
depths of up to 180ft (55 m).

CHONDRIA DASYPHYLLA
This species, found worldu ide,
lias feathery fronds ending in
clublike branchlets that sprout
SPOROLITHON spore-bearing branchlets and
PTYCHOIDES urn-shaped fruit bodies.
This red algae forms a crust using
calcareous deposits in its cell walls.
found worldwide in rocky,
It is

current bottoms and coastal pools.

LEATHER WEED
Ptilophora leliaertii
First described in
2004 after it was
Sin
20 cm discovered on a reel
of! the coast of South
Africa, this red
seaweed has feathery
compound branches

CERAMWM VIRGATUM
This small red seaweed grows
worldwide on rocks and other
seaweeds. From a tiny holdfast
it grows into filament-like
fronds with forked tips.

'/.6-Viin
2-15 mm
GELIDIELLA ACEROSA
An important source of agar, this
red seaweed, found in India, has
a slender, cylindrical shoot,
known as a stolon.

BROAD WEED
GEL1DIUM PUSILLUM Lenormandiopsis nozawae
Growing worldwide from an On both sides of this GELIDIELLA CALCICOLA
extensive creeping base that broad-bladed seaweed,
This small seaweed of the British
incorporates shells and small found in temperate areas,
Isles creeps over the surface of
snails, this turf-forming red are clusters of spore-bearing
rock. Irregular branches project
seaweed has flattened, bodies, themselves home up and lorm tufts. It also grows
leaflike fronds. to tiny parasitic algae.
on algae, particularly maerl.
 ( (I'M \l / (

OKI US I

I his tropical v|v

a source nl halogenated
noids ch<
defenses against
ind
unhins which
also make useful
antifoulin|> agents

M \ KIK'M
in<\j

urn tur its

. Mike

n th«- uiuli ikisII MOSS

its m I urope. ( hondi uj . i m/miv

Mso km >\\ n .iv carrageen

HI U K I. \KK \l.l 1 N , this seaweed "I the
lumbricahs Hi iiivli Isles Impoi mi
!•• i

ihrrn Hemisphere .iv .1 v.uii u of carrageen

• cylindrical, rt III. Ii r i PI Mm" agl nl

ds thai

/><)/ 1 sii'iiom i ; i \os i

Growing on othi i seaweeds in

mliv like pom poms in thi

\ni iln i n I lemisphen ,

iIhv r< • !

alga li.i bi am King filaments

made up ol long tubular i ells

GREEN ALGAE Kill ii, ii„i, i

t. ii 1 1 n al^.n include desmids, which typicalh

havi a singlt cell divided into two symmetrica]
Mini cells. The) also in< lude multicellular green
v. aweeds, sin Ii .is sea lettut e, .mil pond weeds,
5U< h as stonewort, a close relative of land plants.
s Some spe< ies are also adapted to resist
dessication and thrive <>n l.uul
i I os 1 1 KIUMSP.
I luv i resi ' m shap< <l 'Ii smii
liiunil woi Idw nil . displays
v< mu > llv, i ,u Ii In .living ,i

chloroplast, joined .ii tin

ivilmiiiv. « In n tin mil Ii US

IV vltll.il, ,1

32-70 M m
Pi Mini SR
I luv ilrvmiil green alga, found in

is symmetric all\

divided miii cylindrical semicells « uli

blunt, oval i inlv and girdle bands.

egg-bearing
12 47 in
V
clongatt

'. I'/iln

n| \ II I I L1C I

i lactuca si \ U< \l'l

flu/l
A popular (

•f/< ft isn ri is 5F world* \l 1 1 I I I

libli p

'•imnl. found in alga has broad,

/ft l\S/-/(/ NS ( IIMMHN MOM WOK I
• ultivati 'I in lai
ii

•
( hara i uJ
pond and populai
tern has crumpled I- i >

"Ii r. lln i
Philip]
multiple spined I cV. by a Ii -
ill.

tipped » ith prongs that holdfast. It can aLso algal i

allow the •• floating ll thr Nortl ,

• ithi i mi
commun • -'••II ,l.n I
I

PLANTS

» 108
LIVERWORTS
The simplest true plants,
liverworts are typically
small and ribbonlike,
or straggling, with tiny
leaves. They do not have
flowers, and spread by
shedding spores instead
of making seeds.
 Bv harnessing the energy in sunlight, and using it to grow,
plants play a central role in life on Earth. They generate food for

animals and other organisms, ^iu\ often form their habitats as well.

Some plants are small and simple, hut they also include giant conifers,
and a dazzling wealth ol flowering species that have evolved a

remarkable array ol shapes and strategies lor survival.

» no » 116 » 118 » 122

MOSSES II R\S WD CYC ADS, COM FIRS FLOWERING
spread in damp,
RELATIVES GINKGOS, AND Although far fewer in
PLANTS
ind shadi-d pi [i rns an- tin largest pi
GNETOPHYTl S spe< ies than flow* i in I Ins I-- l>\ I. ii tin lai gest
- arv nontlowi-nrvj that reproduce with spores I In s. do nol h
plants plants, < onif< rs doniin.ii. group ol ing plants, li\

plants that ha\< w ir\ instead ol se« ds. Man] Rowers, but tin \ do form t Ik lands* api in somi making up the bulk ol the

*ttm> ami small. >pirall\- low grow ing, but soi ds. Before flowering parts ol tin world. Ml ol world's \. ;'i tation I Ik \

arran^ - \lan\ form trees, which h.i\< plants < volved, i \< ads tin in .in trees or dn ubs, .ill 'j row flowers often
row on ban trunks mad) ol fibrous formed an important pai t
and tin \ t\|in all) foi m mi on pit HousK and
ind on tr roots rather than wood ol tin world '
ion. -. i
ds III uood\ i
Ol s|n i .nl l>\ foi ming seeds,
 1

108 LIVERWORTS
Found mainly in damp, shaded habitats, the liverworts are thought to
be the simplest of all the existing groups of land plants. They come in two
C/3

H distinct forms: some are flat and ribbonlike; others are more like mosses,
with slender stems flanked by tiny leaves.
O
Ribbonlike liverworts are unlike all other plants. species produce clusters of cells, called gemmae,
( DIVISION

ORDERS
MAR CHANTIOPHYTA
m 1
)
Instead of stems and leaves, they have a
or thallus, that repeatedly forks as it
flat

grows.
body,
Many
in depressions

by raindrops,
on their
gemmae grow
upper surface. Scattered
into new plants.
FAMILIES 86
J species have a glistening upper surface with
SPECIES x.ooo
deeply divided lobes. Medieval herbalists noted FORMING SPORES
C/3 this liverlike shape, giving these plants their Liverworts also reproduce by scattering spores,

z TE common name. Superficiallv, leafy liverworts microscopic cells that form new plants. Spore
< PLANTS APART are quite different, with trailing or spreading formation requires damp conditions, because
— stems. Thev usuallv have two ranks of leaves, a liverwort's female cells must first be fertilized
- Liverworts are traditionally classified
and a third row of much smaller leaves on their by swimming male sperm. In some species, male
with mosses and hornworts in a group
underside. Some kinds form loose mats in damp and female cells are produced by the same plant,
of ancient plants known as the

bryophytes. All three have a number grass, but they also grow on rocks and on trees. but in many, the sexes are separate. Sperm cells

of things in common, but liverworts They are much more numerous than ribbon like often reach egg cells with the help of raindrops,
have some unique features that set liverworts, particularlv in the tropics, where which splash them from one plant to another.
them apart from the other two. They
many species live epiphytically, creeping across Manv liverworts produce sperm or egg cells
are the only land plants without

stomata, or adjustable breathing

the shaded leaves of rain forest trees. in structures that look like tiny umbrellas or
pores, during their sporophyte Unlike manv flowering plants, liverworts have parasols. After fertilization has taken place, the
(spore-producing) stage. Also, their no preset limits to their growth. Most are less spores develop and are then scattered into the air.

rhizoids, or hairlike roots, each than /iin (2 cm) high but

3
may keep spreading
contain just one cell. As a result, they
for years, forming fragmented patches several
are now classified in a division of their v SEPARATE SEXES IN THE COMMON LIVERWORT
yards (meters) across. This fragmentation
own, the Marchantiophyta. These parasol-shaped structures produce male sex cells. Female
gradually creates new plants. In addition, some sex ells are produced by separate plants.
i
 Sltll

(. OMMON
I l\ I RWOR1
Wiirrnanriu poh morpha
i Marchantiai
nN \MWOKl CRESCEN1 CUPL1VI RWOR1 In n|h irtg .m>l summi i this
/ um i ihhon shaped livt i wot t

I i " •. . pi i

conspii uous
product s

spore foi mine so u< ture

: other »« ". this ribbon shaped liverwort is bright tlut look like um pal asi
ribb liverwort baa a n, with distinctive reprodiH um It in w idespread in damp
upper surtaoc. He* krd with structures, gemma cups, ilui habitat* and gardens
minute tranduvi-nt air ihan look like tun Kngei nails

CRYSTALWOR1 l A I HI I \l 1*1 I I I V
Pclhti cptph\ IIj
t: K 1 :
l\ in i.

I Grow in>; on wel |x at ami u\ ks

wet mud, thi* ribbon shaped livt

while ll often tot m>. a tufted mat It

» st> m- that produces hUx k spore capsules

i it K on slender white stalks

I \M MUSK S( \l I WOKI WAI I St • A 1.1. WORT

hulljnu umjrj-i i Porella plat i
ph\ Ua
I : I rull. in \
'
l'i irellat cae
Colored distint tive put p i-~K .i I
GRI Ml K\\ HIPWOR1 I Ins .I. us, K In .in, I,, ,1, leaft

brown, tins aft liverwort forms li Bazzania ti ilob livei nnigrows in a w idc .n
i \ ietj

mats on tree trunks u F: Lepidozi I habitats, from h Hands to

Its main leaves have small on< ave i \ r i . 1 1 1 i
'i damp wi » idlands, walls lis main aves ovei lap Ii liki

lobes that hold w att i

this mound foi ming livei won a sel nl si all

in leaves that ovei lap and

> in \. do« nward, git ii

stems a i atcrpillar liki shape.

together.

COMPRESSI I) II M'WOKI
\jrJu ompri i

f. Jungt-rmanm I

\ leal mountain mam

I \ s( MIHOKI
\ I

ru. It ha* two main RaJulj inmpliinalj

'
•
rounded I -: Radula

ihis si al\ leaved livi

\ \KI Mil III W I I)
i

CRESTWOR1
i lla

GRI Ml K II Mill RWOR1

rank* of main leave-*, with I Plagim lnl i

apMil
 a —

MOSSES
Mosses are nonflowering plants that typically form mats or cushion-shaped
clumps. Despite their small size, they are remarkably resilient plants. They
s
i-U are able to grow in a wide range of habitats, from woodlands to deserts, and
c/a
are found on every continent, including Antarctica.
C
DIN IM<)\ BRYOPHYTA
Mosses have thin leaves that usually spiral Because moss spores are so small and light,
_)

around slender, wiry stems, and they reproduce they are carried great distances by the slightest
OK DIRS 26 by scattering spores. Like liverworts, they need breeze. This makes mosses very good at
H FAMILIES IIS )
moist conditions to grow. They can be extremely dispersing and enables them to colonize all
Z ( SPECIES 12,000 )
abundant in habitats that are always damp, and kinds of microenvironments, from crevices
- —
some species particularly sphagnum mosses
form extensive blankets, dominating the ground
in the bark of trees to damp walls and roofs.

in cold parts ot the world. Others, however, are MOSS LOOKALIK.ES

able to remain dormant during droughts. They Several plants commonly known as mosses do
look gray and lifeless, but become green again not belong to this group. Club mosses are more
within minutes it it rains. complex than true mosses, and have more robust
Mosses have a two-stage life-cycle — stems and leaves. Living species are typically
feature shared by all other plants. In mosses, less than 20 in (50cm) high, but in prehistoric

the dominant stage is the gametophyte, which times, club mosses included treelike forms up to
produces male and female cells. After the 1 30 ft (40 m) high. Other moss lookalikes include
female cells are fertilized, they produce the reindeer moss — actually a form of lichen — and
spore-forming stages or sporophytes, which Spanish moss, a flowering plant in the bromeliad
remain attached to the parent plant. Most moss family that grows hanging from tree branches.
sporophytes have a capsule on the end of a long
stalk. Once ripe a process that can take many
In the far north sphagnum mosses form
raised bogs — here interspersed with graj
months — the capsule splits open, releasing up
v
The
DEEP COVER
tool, moist climate in New Zealand's Fjordland National
patches of reindeer moss lichen. to 50 million spores into the air. I 'ark creates perfect conditions for a wide variety ot mosses.
 VELVET FEATHER MOSS
!i thee mm reluimum
i Brachvtheciai
w th 11- miii. !i brant hed stems,
abundant moss foi ms
this
! reaping mats on dead wood and
in pom K ill lined grass li has

i i\. H K(v\ i.li i ancc

HI VI K KIK K MOSS I IRI MOSS l OM WON

PCK Kl I MOSS
l/lUJ

issidentat
I ound w i 'I l.l« ide . |ur n, ularK i I i

iui burned or disturbed ground, I In- widespread inn— bas

i v linliki this li shot i. spreading stems
common on rools and walls li beai in.g two ranks ol pointed
th» i >ur pro.' leaves li grow s in shaded
m pules m six ill .unl on i

NMIIII IORK MDvs MdllM \IN IORK MOSS (. OMMON

:ium lum msnunum I \M \KlsK MOSS
I '
Pii ran i ThuiJwm tamariscinum
l I liiiuli
forms compact
: i

H'Jtll \ moss iKji

feather*, mounds, tin- - Its fineh ili\ ulcil "fronds" maki
-• has J ha> narrow leaves that surl u|i tins woodland muss resemble
char* '
when >lr\. often breaki a miniature fern It grows on

bur, turning almost white r m new plants rottini' wood anil rocks in

I urope anil northern \si.i

I'URIM IORK MOss I

•:mu pul\ mju

ami w alls, this wni.

i'* that end C
v
PRI ss-l I \\ I I) OSI Rlt ll-l'l II Ml WI1 I OW MOSS
in long silver*, hairs Its PI \l I MOSS II \l III R MOSS / 'in in, ill . .mi \p\ retii 'i

w on Hypnum i upressiforme Ptilium . mi/.; . astrensis I : I oniiii.il ii

curved stalks I : Hypnai I : I lypnai

\ submi rgt il In shwati i

sU \Vs-\K K 1111 Ml MOSS I his highh i u iabl< I omul mainlj in not thi rn spi in s, h illow trails
in.li forming moss h.is tins moss has
l/n;iim hiirnum i
,
lioi i ks in slow flow ing

•tjl when rip*

I : Mm i
i rowded, ovei lapping ! aves i
shaped, s\ mm< n ii alb i

and ii .mis li h.is

Found worldwide, it is In in. In .1 si. ins. ofti II
three row of keeled, darl
Brilliant green in spring, this is s
i oinnion on in ks and s\ .ill-.. lol In .IMS.
a common woodland moss in North II li

anil In in .ilh n< In-low spun , s .mil pines

America and Europe. Its spi

.] s ha\i i urved stalks

'

I'. I UN III \\ I I) ( OMMOV ( OKI) MOSS

BOG MOSS ii \ir ( \r moss
I I

< \l*l f:Si

IIIRI ID-MOSS this »iil< spo ad moss, , i| M .

im hncjrc m.il foi nun

p. ii i

This n -In re. It disturtx ! ground When

introdu •
ith i ip> .

an-l h i
 FERNS AND RELATIVES
Most ferns can be recognized by their graceful fronds, which unroll as they grow. Together
with horsetails and whisk ferns, they make up a diverse and ancient group of nonflowering
to
plants that reproduce by means of spores. Ferns grow in a wide variety of habitats,
> although the majority thrive where there is moisture and shade.

< Some ferns are small and easily overlooked, but intermediate stage known as a gametophyte.
( DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA _,

uu CLASSES 4 the group also includes large treelike species Tiny, flat, and paper-thin, this eventually produces
a: ORDERS 11 i
be over 50 ft (15 m) high. Many are
that can a new sporophyte, or spore-forming plant.
( FAMILIES 37 )
Q compact plants, with a single cluster of fronds,
( SPECIES 12,000 ~)

z but others have creeping stems that sprout FERN RELATIVES

<
fronds as they grow. Bracken — one of the most As well as true ferns, this group includes some
CO
2 widespread creeping species — is particularly closely related plants. The most distinctive of
OS
LU
LIVING FOSSILS vigorous. Over many years, it can produce these are horsetails — upright plants with a
clumps, or clones, over Vi mile (800 m) across. rough texture, and hollow, cylindrical stems.
Horsetails have changed little in over
Ferns also include species that live in fresh Their stems are symmetrical, with whorls of
300 million years, although most
living species are much smaller
water and a wide variety of epiphytic species, slender branches attached to equally spaced
t/3

H than the giant forms that existed in which live on other plants. joints. Horsetails get their texture from
Z prehistoric times. One of the largest Fern fronds are often finely divided, and granules of silica, and in the past they were
genera, called Calamites, grew up to known
— usually develop from tightly coiled buds, widely used for scouring pots and pans.
65 ft (20 m) high, and had massive
0. as fiddleheads. Ferns form spores on the underside Whisk ferns and adder's tongues are small
ridged stems over 24 in (60 cm)
across. Opinions differ about how
of the fronds, in structures that look like raised but intriguing plants, with twig-shaped stems
horsetails should be classified. Some dots or lines. In many fern species, all the fronds or a single divided frond. Like true ferns and
botanists rank them in a separate can produce spores, but in some, the fronds are horsetails, they also reproduce by means of spores.
division, but there increasing
is
of two kinds: fertile fronds form spores, while
evidence that they have close links
sterile fronds concentrate on collecting sunlight
with ferns, and should be classified in v CHARACTERISTIC COIL
the same clade, or evolutionary group.
to enable the fern to grow. When a fern spore
The delicate tips of young fern fronds are protected inside tight
germinates and starts developing, it produces an coils. These unwind as they stretch up toward the light.
H O K S TA s \\ S k \ S MOO \ WORTS
t I I -

WD I I I

\ I) 1)
I I In

IKS TOMi U IS
COMMON
COMMON HORsI 1 Ml \\OOW\OKI
Eauuetuin ar\ .
Botrj i hium lunai \a
t : I quisetaceae i i i|>lih igli iss,u eae
Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, I ound \\ t ki l«K\ i.l* in

this horsetail van In- a troul>l> s ti tn|i» i ,il< I >

:
'

S,

Hv hlavlv underground rhizomes *|>rout onwoi i li.iv .1 singl( t<

hollow shoot-, bearing symmetrical Spoi es .H i produced fi om

rings ol Imght green bran. roundi 'I i apsuli s, boi n(
nil .1 l>l .llu ll> 'I si, ilk

S„, V,,,
1 K LI I I I K \ s

<* w*

WlllsK II UN \l)l)l Ks rONGUl 1 1 RN

/"wA'jiim nudum ( Iphioglossum i ulgatum
i Psilol h i :
i
Iphii igli issai i "

\ pi imitive relativi "I n ue I In-, unusual fei n has .i single stem

| ( i ns. this largely tropical plant ..v.il frond, i lasping .i slendei .iii.ii hed i.'

spon produi grow

has leafless brushlike
beat ins bej i \liki > apsuli
sti ins,

s thai \ plai es
ing stalk
throughout the
h s short, fttshj
1>M' k t
pi oduce its spores Noi il» i n I lemisphi 1

P1LLWOR1 cmpin^ WATER CLOVER

Piluhru glitbv Hanilea quadnjolia
t: Mai silt' an ai 1M.u sil, .uc.u
:

ar-hland Urn Iron) western With its lour lobed fronds, this clump
ms clumps resembling tuttv forming aquatic fern looks deceptive!) Iik

clop at ground a (lowering plant. Itw idel) distributed

is

ipsules >hap«-d like pills ,ui"^ tin Northern Hemisphere

S//( /// /W/S

Mosgill K) 1 1 KN ( UNNINGHAMI1
l : (ili ii In in.ii ' ai
I/.'//.; /i/i. uloides
i : \/iill.n i .i.
I Ins distini iim In n from New
IIOUINI, II lt\
"
Zealand has i pem stem
il thin
R(» \l II KN s.j/i inia nataru
\ Floating plant itli
topped b) .i li"i izontal crow n
i
|
.i!iunjj rtgalii mat l"i mine fronds,
l : Sah iniai i ai ol narrow, radiating fronds, li

l : i tsmund mosquito fern sprx ads

( )ften forming i di iw ind
spn ads b\ reeping rhizomes
rapid!) ai ross laki
i Htm cultivated, this
.ii p. i. llu* watei fern has
stald\ Urn from the ponds li i- vi idi spread in
mail, oval leaves > overed »
Northern Hemisphere ii :
pai i- 'l tin world,
«3ft
with water repellenl
adinv; Him
hairs li i- 1 ommon
fronds, topped In much throughoul thi tropii *

narrower fronds that

hear
SUM It 1 KM URN
ithea dealbata
l : i yathi i' ' ai

I Ins trei fern gets its nami

ii i ii i md w li" li li iv

silver) undersides. Nativi

to \i w / aland, ii grows

151 \( K I Rl I II RN SOI I I Rl I I I RN
'

\SM \NI \\ ! in ( yathi a mithii

I

I I ' I I I l< N
I
J_ I I i I ..ill
60 ft

Urn I hum Ni w /. aland, iIhv

Sm N.iiiv. to New Zealand and
i. ill .mil ili mil iii> ' fern Mil, .ni ii land tin

iiuiil" is tin most voulln rl) In •

ni'1 dark I" .il vi.ilkv, ft i n It ofti n baa ,i i oil. ii

'itl'HIV, nl dead fronds hangin

and usual! n fronds. In in
..ili row ii ii ' »
» TRU E F E R BLACK
MAIDENHAIR FERN
I2in
30 cm
Adiantum capillus- veneris
F: Adiantaceae
Found in crevices on
limestone, this widespread

long fern has bright green,

terminal translucent leaflets that

leaflet contrast with its slender
lilack stems.

20 in
50 cm

purple stems \J I0in/25cm

and veins

SILVER
PAINTED BRAKE
I
LIP FERN
Cheilanthes iirgentea
SILVER BRAKE Pteris tricolor CLIFF BRAKE F: Adiantaceae
Pteris arayraea F: Pteridaceae Pcllaco viriJis
F: Pteridaceae F: Pteridaceae
from eastern Asia,
From Malaysia, painted brake has an
this small, evergreen
This shade-loving fern is unusual range of colors: its fronds are Native to South Africa, this drought-resistant
tern has wedge-shaped
named for its distinctive purple when young, becoming fern has shining green fronds with wiry black
fronds with black
fronds, which have a metallic green as they mature. stems. It grows in open woodlands on mountains
veins and distinctive
silvery white central
silvery markings on
stripe. A pantropical
their undersides.
species, it forms
extensive clumps. LADDER BRAKE
Pteris rittata
f: Pteridaceae

Widespread in warm regions, this lern

has upright or arching fronds with
narrow linear leaflets. It usually grows
on limestone and in alkaline soil.

30 in
75 cm
NORTHERN BEECH FERN MOUNTAIN FERN
purplish-black
Thclypteris pbcaopteris Oreopteris limbosperma BRACKEN FERN
stalks
FlThelypteridaceae FlThelypteridaceae PteriJnim aquihnum
found as far north as Greenland, this Found in damp habitats in acidic F: Dennstaedtiaceae

compact fern grows in a variety of soil, this clump-forming European Found on every continent except Antarctica,
habitats from woodlands lern gives oH a lemony smell it its bracken fern spreads vigorously by growing
to rocky tundra. fronds are bruised. underground rhizomes. It often dies back
in winter, sprouting new fronds in spring.

20in
50 cm

SQUIRREL'S- EUROPEAN DEER

FOOT FERN CHAIN FERN FERN
Davallia trichomanoides Woodwardia radicans Blechnum spicant
F: Davalliaceae F: Blechnaceae F: Blechnaceae
This epiphytic fern from Malaysia A luxuriant fern from damp, This evergreen fern has spreading
creeps over trees and other shaded habitats, this European sterile fronds, and upright fertile

plants. Itsrhizomes have furlike species has large arching fronds fronds with leaflets like narrow ribs.

scales and tips that resemble that sometimes produce bulbils It is native to the temperate-
a squirrel's feet. (small bulbs) at their tips. Northern Hemisphere.
on unJt-rv J*

soi i sun 1 1) 1 1 n\
/V/i nichum tetlferum
I'.KI I II I

yopti idai ae
l : I > i i i

III \I)I)I R-ll KN

Nativi to damp I uropean ( i stopteris fragilis
woodlands, --ol shield fern has Wot
t i : idsiat t at
OSTRICH 1 1 RN
li atlu shaped fronds, « nli
i
Named for rounded spore
it - Pattern < id ttruthiopta is
leaflets turned .it an angli .

i apsules borni i in tin- i ;Wo< idsiat eae

n^t < .»«! i>! U ing Rai
undei side <•! its fronds, this Nativi in tin \..i ili. i n I lemisphi 1

grow i in temperate tins t.ill wati i side iii ii has i

iim- worldwidi symmetrical crown ol sterile fronds

in summer, Followed bj brow n
fertile fronds in the w inti >

l 'in
\\ \l I Kill 10 1 in

Ispleniuni TUta miliaria

i : \-|>ii in., 1 1 .i.

W idi spn ad " ross the

\.it iIk i n I d misphi re, this

rlAKTS-TONGUI II Ks Mil. ill llllt l< .1 11 111

Asplenwm icolopenjrium on limestoi 1 l- ^ and '>n v\.ilU

K \n|>I. ni i
< ontaining lime • it li

With its gli>v» sirap »hi|xil fronds,

thi* •
cultivated as an
ornamental plant It grows wild
in I tad
•

20c ( OMMOV
si IGHORN 1 1 KN
Platvccrtum hifurcjtum ( OMMON POLYPODY
M \ll)l Ml MR nPI I I NWOKI i: Polypodl Polypi hum i ulgare

Vmum mdom «i ami

.

i i

trichomona ,.| in
In I. ni ..i I..I mine i lump , this

Occurring from the tropk s t

rpiphyl trunk* u iti fronds along
hi mill. Hi
clump .
•

•in «mall It

brming fern grow* m rodn pi I

fertile on ro ind li il littei In

frond* ha-»c paired elliptical leaflet* •..ip«<l like intli-r* not iln i ii i' mi i
regii m
1,6 CYCADS, GINKGOS,
c/3

UJ
AND GNETOPHYTES
Found mainly in warm
parts of the world, the cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes are three
H
>~
ancient divisions of nonflowering plants with strikingly varied shapes. They range from climbers
X
a.
and low-growing shrubs to plants that are easily mistaken for palms.
O
H DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA These three groups are traditionally classed, along trees and climbers from the tropics, densely
U4
Z
(

( CLASS 1
)
with conifers, as gymnosperms — a word that branched shrubs from dry habitats, and the
a ORDER 1
means "naked seed." Unlike flowering plants, bizarre Welwitschia, which grows onlv in the
FAMILIES 3 )
a gymnosperms form their seeds on exposed Namib Desert of southwest Africa.
SPECIES (ii-l

z surfaces, which are typically specialized scales.

< Flowering plants produce their seeds in closed VARYING FORTUNES
( DIVISION GINKGOPHYTA )

CLASS 1
chambers, or ovaries. Cycads have a long historv, dating back nearly
(

O ORDER 1 Scientists have not yet resolved the exact 300 million years. Once an important part of
a FAMILY 1 ) relationshipbetween cycads, ginkgos, and the world's vegetation, thev have gradually lost
SPECIES 1 )
gnetophytes. Nor can they say where they stand
(

z ground in the face of competition from flowering

in relation to conifers and flowering plants. At plants. Todav, nearly a quarter of cycad species
a ( DIVISION GNETO PHYTA )
the cellular level, some features of gnetophytes are endangered, under threat from illegal plant
CLASS 1

IT)
ORDERS suggest they are more closely related to conifers collection and habitat change.
Q i

< FAMILIES 3
)
than to cycads and ginkgos, but they also have Gnetophytes face fewer problems, and the
U ( SPECIES 70) features in common with flowering plants. ginkgo has seen a dramatic improvement in its
>-
u Apart from the nature of their seeds, the status. For centuries it was preserved by Buddhist
three groups have common, and hardly
little in monks, who grew it in temple gardens long
V BUILT TO LAST
Like palms, cycads usually have a single ever grow in the same place. Cycads grow after it had vanished in the wild. Introduced to
H crown of compound leaves, surrounding a mainly in the tropics and subtropics, while the Europe in the 1700s, it proved easy to grow and
Z central growing point, or apical meristem.
Their tough leaves are able to withstand
single surviving species of ginkgo comes from highly tolerant of polluted air. It is now planted
— strong sunshine and drying winds. China. Gnetophvtes are more diverse, including worldwide in parks and on city streets.
a.
 \M UN \l'l
C VCA D
I I l
S Y( VD
iti in i

Encephalartos horridm
i imiaci

Unlike mosl i \. ads, this

low . midesci i

spi , ics from South \ti i. i has

..I Nlill I. .ill. In .11 in. .1 with

nIi.ii |> spini s

^MTT-
ruit kn CY< \i>
ohalanoi altensteinli
PAN ESI SAGO PAI u i : Zamiai i ai
n
,.
I
-<
mth Mi
f
urj I .mn. I
n< ii
Si It a's

I k n> ..• i
. asti i ii . oast, this tall,
r
this palmlike subtropii il .
y< ad Is nami d foi iu >
mthrrn Japan ha> a thuk spin) Ii avi s. Its yellow i ones D
It In Wldel\ I
in. bright red ced
rnanu-ntal plant

C
/
y

C.
V
m
RN \U \N HOUNt ONI DON IU)/ Ml MOOR1 imitit \\\()N(,
H
Ml \U \N II |'\| \\ Ml t I II 1/ l( I I I

C
.ult TIM IWW.jrid Zamia pumila l : Zamiai i ai l/.i. rozamia ommunis
I : Zamiai i : /.inn. 1. 1 ai I III. ..I \ll~ll .ill. IN LlUl'M 1 : Zamiai 1 ai ~z

n a. eastern Inci used soun starch, iln- Is, iln- palmlike plant Nativi i" Vustralia's southeast DC
•her than a true palm. I \u- robust . I Ir. .in ( .in .i . ..I ii

rig plant Irom Mi \i.i> hjN a larj;< crown ol spreading dwarl . \. ad from tl>< i !ai ibb< an has ianl up to
ced o mi s 1 oast, this cycad ha lai gi 1 om —
• SMtll shot t. stems and
hall Inn ii .1 i90i in mg Ii grow s 1 Ii w uli 1. d, ll< sh) seeds It ofti n
H
rono up •
distincti\T hums on th. ir si upright, reddish Im. ami cones m .Ii \ woodlands. grow s in 'Ii UN. stands.
m
s

G \ I TO Pin T 1
s
Ml INJO I
GINKGO
IONM I \l Olt/lSm Gnetum gnemon MA 1 1)1 Nil AIU HI I I

JOIN l-l IU 1 : ( ,n. tai Ginkgo biloba

1 : 1 .ml. goai ' ai
\ nonflowi ring trei
in 'lii vi 11 asil)
si mill. ,i~i Vsia and the Pai ifii .
1
'
-
1 1

\U,kn..«i melinjo has 1 vi rgn 1 n leaves

in/. .1 b\ its I. in shaped

tea, thiv mound lurming and nuilik. m . ds l!..tl. an r.i v. H In. Ii tin n In ighi

plant ha> a dense n used yellow in l.ill < )i iginall)

rcsti ii ted to southi 1 n 1 hina,

.nd the ii in now 1 ult in ii . .1 worldw ide.

southern lit

urltJ lejxa

\\l I \\ IIS( III \

Ili7n '

'
rfci Ii

1 : Welw ii 11 In 1. 1 1.

INIM ll'MII)R\ I ndi mi. to tin

I
ii 1
'. extri mi l\

paii ol ii
ap hapi .1

\
Ii
" *traggling plant I

- .wrrful alk 1

cracl I
ng a

.1 herb.
Ii .1 mound ><i foli
 CONIFERS
Conifers evolved over 300 million years ago, long before the world's first
broad-leaved trees. With their tough, waxy leaves, conifers thrive in harsh
climates. They are less diverse than broad-leaved trees, but they dominate
forests on cold mountains, and in the far north.

DIVISION PINOPHYTA
Although relatively lew in species, conifers wither soon after shedding their pollen into the
( ]

CLASS include the world's tallest trees, as well as the air.The larger female cones contain one or more
ORDER 1 ) heaviest, the longest-lived, and some of the seeds. They can take several years to develop, and
FAMILIES ' ) most widespread. Conifers are traditionally usual lv become hard and woody when mature.
( SPECIES 630
H placed in a group known as gymnosperms, The cones of some species, including firs
Z along with cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes. and cedars, release their seeds by slowly
< Unlike broad-leaved trees, they do not have disintegrating on the tree. Pine cones remain
—
- flowers and produce pollen and seeds in cones. intact, and often remain on the tree long after
they are ripe. Most of them shed their seeds
LEAVES AND CONES in dry weather,when their scales open wide,
Most conifers are evergreen, with highly but some hold on to their seeds until they are
resinous leaves that are good at withstanding scorched. This is a specialized adaptation that
cold winds and strong sunshine. Pines have allows pines to recolonize areas that have been
slender needles, arranged singly or in bundles, burned bv
j
forest fires.

while other conifers oiten have linear leaves or A few groups of conifers, the yews, junipers,
Hat scales. A few conifers — including larches and podocarps, have small berrylike cones with
and some redwoods — are deciduous, with soft fleshy scales. Their seeds are spread by birds,
leaves that are shed each year. which scatter them as they feed.

Conifers havetwo types of cones, which

normally grow on the same tree. Male cones
Between areas of open tundra, conifers V CONIFERS IN CONTROL
produce pollen. Small, soft, and often very Conifers often form extensive single-species stands. These pines
grow far to the north of the Arctic Circle,
forming the largest forest on Earth. numerous, they typically appear in spring, and are growing in California's Yosemite National Park in the USA.

I
•'

m
hIi

>1 t -r j,

wm
- «*;-
t
*fj
*J+

*»- «•

-
V* * V-
 *

119

H1UR Ml)l l>

RU.11> IHlh
COLORADO mill M'KIU I l.K \M) UK I \i IFORNI \ III I) UK i ukoi'i \\ sin 1 it nit
.-({ties jranJn alba
f, Pinact j. i Pinai I : I'ni.v. . i. I'ni.i,
i , si

Bright l>luc gm leaves, «nh n»e grand in is a tall, last growing I In- droughl resistant in is Nairn 'I iii> i
th< illvi i
bands on tht
prnkU tip-, mike this ^ popul.ii tree that is native t>> western found "ii di y mountain undi i side ol its aw
It i, this in has
ornamental tree Native t.> North America Its leaves have an slopes It has leaves that > in ve upi ighl ri linous i ones I hi \ disinti grati
\nrth Vmerica, it tvptcalh
i
orangelikc scent when crushed upward and upi ighl cones up III .H.I. I to SI .ill. I ill. II s, . il\
- on mount to B in i !0< mi long

h..ii iOm
Mlk\ M'KIU I

CAUCASIAN I IK
y: Pinaceae \bies nordmanniana
rhrivins in cold, \
'
I'm. I. . .1.

- the Mtkj -prine t

w nli K grow 11 .is .1 i In i-.ini.is tree,
till- III is I III npi j I. ill. Si . C .1 1)1. I ll

tree It comes (ram the originally comes from mi luntains

111 the HI. Ii k Si .1 li I'lilll

SCOTCH I'INl
»m.\ NORWAY M'KIU 1 Pmu\ si hestris
65fl !0m
/'/. ta .//'ii- 1 : I'lli.n 1 .11

1 : Pinai eae
Ranging Ii im the British Isles
\n important lunik 1 tree, this in China, tin Si ot( Ii pine is the
1. 1st g] , m [ng . . Mill. I ll.ls spik\ win 1.1 s ninsi u idespread
Ii n. s ,111.1 i ylindi it a] ( on< s i . .mil 1 \\ In n mature, 11

Ms n.uur.il range in< links lias peeling bark and "It. n

ninsi 1.1 northern I urope an as\ niini u n al shape,

LODGEPOLE I'INl STONE I'INl

Pinus contorta Pinus pinea
1 : Pin. 1. . .1. 1 : I'lii.u eae
1 !ri iw ing in 1 oastal duni 1 Prized for us edible seeds 1

and bogs, ilus N01 1I1 nuts), t lii -s

Mediterranean 1

\nn 1 ii an pine lias pairei lias large oval ( ones, and

I. .in s and |n n kl\ . .mi -
1 Ii ganl umbrella shapei
I In i om s ri I. as. iln n outlini when mature
seeds aftei I

s, ..11 bed b) fire

lOOfi
SOm

producing cones

'ti/j. \harp
ocaUa

I 10 It
40 m

\ROI I \ (MM M \KIIIMI P1N1 \IIMKI \N PIM

Pin Pinui pw Pmu< nigra
Pu Pu
f. v.
WON M PIM
M Kl V
l

on Europran mountains, Natr. Tall. rani;\. and u\- ( IIIMM I'INl Pim
thu slrm gr rrancan, the maritime thi Pinus labuliformis 1 1

whx. that fall pine gr<»«» rapidlv on p""r. arranged in pair I : Pu. '!> > a small area
intact, like those of other vandv soil. It ha _ nam. prcad With age, tin- orii ntal pim di velopi 1 distil iini 1

pines. In v r.ls are then brn jt are up i. all\ Hj' n Ii j;ro«s on mounta 1
nOW unl. 1

dfape i sed bv bit and produ .i.u I-, u. thi »

 WESTERN HEMLOCK GOLDEN LARCH
DEODAR Tsuga heterophylla Pseudolarix amabilis
C cdrus deodara F: Pinaceae F: Pinaceae
F: Pinaceae From western North Native to eastern China, the
Native to the western America, this is the largest golden larch turns brilliant
Himalayas, this fast-growing hemlock. It thrives in cool, yellow in fall before losing its

cedar has branches that droop at

damp conditions, and can live leaves. Its cones break up as they
their tips. Its cones are to be over 1 ,000 vears old. scatter their seeds.
purple-brown when ripe.

ATLAS CEDAR
iedrus atlantica
F: Pinaceae
CEDAR OF LEBANON JAPANESE LARCH MONKEY PUZZLE CHINESE PLUM-YEW
This North African Cedrus libani Pseudolarix kaempfcri Araucana araucana Ccphalotaxus fortunei
cedar has short, F: Pinaceae F: Pinaceae F: Araucariaceae F: Cephalotaxaceae
needlelike leaves and A majestic conifer with A deciduous tree — like all Originally from the mountains of This small, densely branched
upright, barrel-shaped
cones. When ripe, the
spreading branches, the cedar
ol Lebanon now
larches — this has soft leaves and Chile, this primeval-looking tree conifer has fleshy fruits, which
is rare in the persistent woody cones has spirallv arranged, sharply
cones slowly break up
\\ ith turn purple-brown when ripe.
wild, but widely planted as
is downcurved scales. It grows on pointed leaves. Mature trees It grows in mountain forests
to release their seeds. an ornamental tree. mountains in northern Japan. develop an umbrella-like crown. in central and eastern China.
 ] kPANESI UMKKI1I \ PINI I kWSON t. YPRESS | VPANESI t EDAR WESTERN UN | I PI K
Cnum njnj i typtomerio japonica juniperui oi i identalls
l i i v
ipn ssac . at i
Cupn
\s j wild U iki odv tins has
1 , \ > vpress i .u In i than .i u< I Ins Ions lived tree grows on
the nii'iinlj small cones an.1 spravs ol tun cedar, tin* tree has ndi
sl< i
rock} unl.iin sll ipi
Japan li ha» -
1.1IK from and small rounded
I. a\i s iv. sti i n United Sttti s I llci

umbrella \ H til \llll I K.l. II l Vlsls li grow s on mountains othi i

junlpi i s, it pi idi
CHINESI JUMIM
i

in mam cultivated forms m China and |apan insidi I'ii i \ lik. . ones
i<

Junlpi us him m i I

I : Cupressai . ai

\\ i.l. spri ...I in i. mpi i

ati

. ,ls|. I II \M.I, lllls s||| |||. ,

.,

small tree has pi ii kK li i

when yi iung, and s« all lik.

I. avi h I inn.

arils tut

wht

80 ft/25

(.! \\l SEQUOl \ I) Kl WW DWOOD MOM I Kl V CYPRESS

Sequoiadendron jijjntcum Httasequoia glyptostroboides ( uprt i >u mat rot arpa
K Cupn ss i : t upri ss.,, , .„ i : ( upri ssai i ai
t ()\N|
his California redwood
Kl DWOOD I

thr world's most massive

is Native to central China, this Uthough h idi h i ultivati d,
dl . i. In. his r. .In I is ilu h ild Mi .in. rev i vpress
living mil\ rare in thi « ild. is restricted to a sin. ill ,

specimens weigh ovei Until ili. 1940s ii was thought .1 I .ilil.'l m.i's ,.ist \1 iiui
ir to th- nhern California,
i . ,

m.l havi hreprool bark i" l>. vim. i

I I now n trees typii Jl< havi an
up to2fi (60cm) thick i>nl\ from l.issils nl. ii spreading shape
f soaring trunk* ami rebthreh «parv<-

I \IW \M \ •su \MI-( 1 PRESS WESTERN RED CEDAR ( \l IFORNI \ Mil MEG I UROPI \NM \\
hum Thuja ph

One Also known a* the bald [hi* lar^ in Ins

I long lived U
««*» troptcal «f».ir. ha* a trunk '
mis in . - . • J 1 1 •

It ha* «**amp* in the «iuth< ha* •

I ound w il.l in
»f*n> tipped leave* and *mall.
rounded cone*. ha* a bultr- ii ii . ommonl) plant .1
 FLOWERING
PLANTS
With over 250,000 species, flowering plants or angiosperms are — —
by far the largest group of plants, as well as the most diverse. They
play a vital role in most land-based ecosystems, producing food
o and shelter for animals and many other living things.
z
a: ( DIVISION
The first flowering plants evolved 140 million vears
CLADES ago, which makes them relative latecomers to life on
ORDERS Earth. Since then, they have become the dominant
FAMILIES
forms of plant life. The smallest flowering plants are
( SPECIES About 2 5 5,000
not much bigger than a pinhead, but this group also
includes all broadleaved trees, and a variety of other
(/3 species, from cacti and grasses to orchids and palms.
H Flowering plants share several key features
Z
< that help make them successful. Foremost among
—
-
these are flowers — actually a collection of highly
modified leaves. In most flowers, the outermost layers
are the sepals, then the petals. These surround the
male stamens, which make pollen, and the female
Wind-pollinated flowers such as hazel carpels, which collect pollen arriving from similar
catkins shed clouds of pollen grains into
flowers, so that their female ovules can develop into
the air. They are rarely brightly colored.
seeds. Some flowers spread their pollen through the
air, but many more use animals to transfer their
pollen. In these showy species, flowers lure animals
to sip the sugary nectar in the innermost part of the
flower, brushing past the pollen on the way. These
plants mostly attract insects, but birds and bats are
also important pollinators.

Animal-pollinated flowers arc usually

conspicuous, and have sticky pollen grains. STRATEGIES FOR SPREADING
Hummingbirds transfer pollen as thev Iced. Flowering plants are not unique in making seeds, but
they are the only plants that produce them in fruits.
—
%& * m 1H
A fruit develops from a flower's ovaries the closed
» **.^jyj^-
chambers that house the seeds, close to the flower's

&* -
central stem. Fruits have a double function: to protect
the seeds and to help them spread. Fleshy fruits do
—4T kL .
"*
— ** this by attracting animals, which feed and scatter the
w~ seeds in their excrement. Dry fruits work in a variety
Fleshy fruits evolved to attract animals. of ways. Some burst open when their seeds are ripe.
Wild cucumbers are eaten by antelopes, Others have hooks that latch onto clothing, skin, or
which scatter the seeds in their droppings.
fur. Still more drift in water or through the air. Many
flowering plants spread by the way they grow, often
producing new plants from creeping stems. This can
create vast, interconnected clones. The largest examples,

formed by North American aspen trees, stretch over

100 acres (40 ha), and may be 10,000 years old.

Dry fruits often burst open when ATTRACTING ATTENTION >

their seeds are ripe. This willowherb is Unlike most flowers, this hellebore has colorful sepals,
scattering its fluffy seeds into the wind. and small green petals on the inside. It is pollinated by bees.
I I 0W1 KIM. PI \\ Is GROUPS
\ii'.;h >spei in i lassiti< atii in is in flux
,»s 1 )\ \ sequen< ing is rev< ilutionizing
oui understanding ol relationships
between spe< ies, I he i_^i * •iiiiiiii'^

below refle< I the latest thinking

BASAI I Will II s

»I2-
\l VGNUI lll>s

»126
\li)\i ICOTYLEDONS

»130
1H I UDli o 1 YLEDONS

&M»l r
>()

^
 BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
Of the more than 50 orders of flowering years ago. These were probably the Amborellales, DIVISION INGIOSPERMAI
GROUPS BASA1 \NGIOSPERMS
plants, or angiosperms, a few, known an order that exists in the form of a single species [

ORDERS
]

( s )

as basal angiosperms, evolved early of shrub, found on onlv one island in the South
( FAMILIES 9

and still exist today. Pacific. Later, the Nymphaeales appeared. Aquatic-
( SPECIES 251 )

plants with showy flowers, they include more

UJ
Outwardly, basal, or primitive, angiosperms have than 70 species of water lilies, found all over
a.
in little in common, and grow in widely scattered the globe. Two other orders then followed: the
D EB ATE
O parts of the world. They include trees, shrubs,
MYSTERIOUS ORIGINS
Austrobailevales, with nearly 100 species of

o
Z
and climbers,
water plants. Some have
as well as submerged and emergent
large, eye-catching stem made of wood
— —
woodv plants perennials with a hard durable
found mainlv in the
Angiosperms evolved from nonflowering
seed plants, but exactly which ones is

< flowers, while in others the dowers are small tropics; and the Chloranthales, a small order of not yet known. Various kinds have

-J or insignificant. Most are pollinated by insects, about 60 species, from the tropical Americas, been suggested: seed ferns, a group
< although hornworts bloom underwater and eastern Asia, and the Pacific. The Ceratophvllales, that died out over 50 million years
L/l
ago; or more probably gnetophytes, a
< produce drifting pollen grains. or hornworts, may have been the last to split off.
03
group of mostly woody evergreen
Fossil and genetic evidence shows that basal Meanwhile, the main line of flowering plants
plants from warm regions, which
angiosperms evolved at different times. The very underwent a massive radiation, or diversification,
although few in number, still survive.
1/3 first angiosperms appeared about 140 million leading to the vast majority of species alive today.
H
Z
<
— CHLORANTHALES AMBORELLALES
- There are four genera in the family Chloranthaceae, This order of primitive evergreen shrub contains
a which is the sole family in the order Chloranthales. a sinalc family, which has a single genus with
z Members of this primitive order are aromatic trees onh one species, Amborclla trichopoda. It bears
and shrubs with pairs of toothed leaves and small flowers, males and females being produced
inconspicuous flowers that on separate plants, and red berries, each
- petals.
SARCANDRA GLABRA containing a sinalc seed.
have
Fl Chloranthaceae
Willi a range
<>l medicinal uses,
O tins evergreen inhabits clamp
-J
M in 60cm AMBORE1.EA TRICHOPODA
ground, especially wooded
— streambanks, in southeast Asia,
I : Amborellaceae
China, and Japan. Found onlv in rain forests on the island ol New
Caledonia in the South Pacific, this is a primitive
bern t lusters
owering plant, threatened In habitat destruction.
m n intet

AUSTROBA I LE YA LES
The order Austrobailevales is made up of only four
families. Members of this order are trees, shrubs, and
climbers. The flowers of most species are single and have
many corolla petals. Perhaps the best known species is
star anise, a tragrant spice.

many-petalled
unglefi

CER ATOPH Y LLALES

An order of submerged freshwater plants,
STAR ANISE
Ceratophvllales is not closely related to any other Illicium varum
F: Illiciaceae
order. Its members belong to a single
Widely used for flavoring, star
family, Ceratophvllaceae, and are
anise fruits are woodv and
characterized by dissected whorled star-shaped. This woodland
leaves, spiny one-seeded fruits, species is native to China

separate male and female flowers, and Vietnam.

and a lack of roots.

RIGID HORNWORT
Ceratophyllum demcrsum AUSTROBA1LEYA SCANDENS
t: Ceratophvllaceae ¥'. Austrobaileyaceae

This is a submerged species with no The flowers of this rare primitive

roots, inhabiting ponds and ditches climber, lound onlv in rain torests in
in non-arctic Europe. It has tinv Queensland, Australia, smell like

flowers and whorls ol leaves. rotting fish to attract pollinating flies.

NYMPH A Wis
rhis i^ a
I

primitive order ol aquatic plants,

submerged, or, more rarely, emergent leaves lu ordei

\\ mphaeales arc the water lilies, which often grow n

\\ it h floating,
1
« [fai shaped
semldouble flowe 125

y
ornamentally for their show) Rowers Nymphaeales
cultivated throughout ilu- world.
, 1 1 1

m
—

o
vn \/o\ \\ \i i k i in

I Nvmphacaci
\jlm to deep VlU

mous round leaves

with upright rm-
llowrrs open ji

kivimh> :

1 WWOK1 \> If/'// 1/ I 'MINKISI

mun i \\ mphaeai
With largi . show \,

.\ an- flowers and mid

ml jm.I floating foliage, this hybrid,
r n Un.ti >! thought to l>< .>! Vmerican
oi igin, i- one "I the largest
uhI 111 Mtin^ flowering water lilies,

WHITEWATER LIU
\ i mphaea alba
F: Nymph
I In- I uropean spe< ies has
ml flowers and it- li nits

ripen under water, n li

floating seeds It inhabits laki 5,

ponds, ami sli >w ll< >\\ m-j rivei -

C IIIMSI IOWIII

I :
V. mphaeai i 11

I In- inhabitanl "I <li i

p,
slow Hew ing wat< i and still

water in pai i- "i \-i.i has

It .m -, flowers, .mi

inimj/i

bright purple
V FLOATING FLOWERS
Water lil\ flowers are hermaphrodite they have —
both male and female organs. However, thev do
not normally pollinate themselves, as the female
reproductive parts mature before the male ones start
producing pollen. This time lag increases the chances
that the flower is fertilized by incoming pollen,
rather than by pollen that the flower makes itself.

A FLOWER
The flowers have numerous
white petals and bright yellow
stamens, and can grow to
6 in ( 1 S cm ) in diameter.

• v '~^

/
< OVARY SECTION
The female reproductive
organs (consisting of
ovules, ovary, and stigma)
are fused together. Cavities
contain ovules, which turn
into seeds when fertilized.

WHITE WATER LILY

Nymph aea alba
One of about 50 wild species of water lilies, this handsome plant lives in still

or slow-flowing water, casting a deep shade with its rounded, glossy leaves.
It grows in water up to 5 ft ( 1 . 5 m) deep, and flowers in mid- to late summer,
producing a succession of pure white blooms. Each flower lasts for three to
four days, opening in the morning and closing by late afternoon. They attract
pollinating beetles, which often spend the night inside the flowers before
being released at dawn. White water lilies are useful to water animals: pond
SIZE Leaf diameter 4— 12 in (10- 30cm)
glue their eggs to the underside of the leaves, and fishes hide beneath HABITAT Ponds, streams, lakes
them, avoiding predatory birds. After the flowers are pollinated, they produce DISTRIBUTION Europe
LEAF TYPE Simple, orbicular with a basal notch
buoyant seeds. These float for several weeks, before sinking into the mud.
m pi.

Hooting kaj maximizes the

surface area, in orJei to captun
sunlight />( photosynthesis

i petal

Oilmen (mali pai I

that prodw a and

releases poll ">

sepal

i
'
al

fl I'll!

that collect
|

when fertilized.

HOOI S> S I I M INSIDI MM Hill)

I K' mull, til >r< .u- i ["his cross sei tion show i tin

. nil>. dded in ili. mud It- prii n produi ii llln %\ .il« r

purjx. and III-. I .! Ii long, pointi 'I bud ha

I' "ii to five pali iiii pal

an< hor th< plant ill. it III l<ISC till ||l,/

 — —

MAGNOLIIDS
The magnoliids are a large group of in color, size known as tepals.The fossil record DIVISION \NGIOSPERMAE
primitive flowering plants that are shows that similar flowers existed more than CLADl MMiNOllIPAI )

botanically between basal angiosperms 1 00 million years ago. OKlMRs

FAMILIES
Q and monocots.
20
J
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (species 7.100 j

Found in tropical and temperate regions, the Magnoliids are grouped together mainly by
C magnoliids form major plant group, that evolved
a genetic evidence, but they also share features that
Z earlv in the history of flowering plants. They take can be seen with a microscope, or with the naked PIONEERING PLANTS
< their name from the magnolia family, which is eye. At a microscopic level, their pollen grains

one of the largest in the group. Plants in this have a single pore. This small but significant Scientists have differing opinions

about the growth habit, or shape and

family nearlv all have woody stems, and some feature links them w ith monocots, but
kinds grow into large trees. However, the group distinguishes them from eudicots by far the — lifestyles, of the first flowering plants.
<*>

H also includes herbaceous or nonwoody species, largest group of flowering plants which have — According to the "woody hypothesis,"
these plants were trees or shrubs,
Z both as freestanding plants and as climbers. three-pored pollen grains. like many magnoliids are today.
<
-
Some herbaceous magnoliids have highly Most magnoliids have leaves with smooth However, a rival view — known as

- specialized flowers. In birthworts and pipevines, margins, and a network of branching veins. the "paleoherb hypothesis"

for example, the flower is shaped like a flaring Their fruits may be soft and fleshy, or hard and suggests that the first angiosperms

tube, lined with backward-pointing hairs. Flowers conelike, and can contain one or several seeds. were herbaceous, or nonwoody, plants
z
— like these act as temporary traps for pollinating Species with fleshy fruits use animals to disperse with relatively fast life cycles. This

meant that they were good at

flies, which are attracted by a powerful scent. But their seeds: many of them are swallowed whole
colonizing disturbed ground such as
these are an exception. Most magnoliid flowers and then scattered by birds. In prehistoric times,
riverbanks. Currently, neither view has
are structurally simple, with numerous spirally wild avocados may have been dispersed by giant
o proved decisive, although molecular
— arranged parts, attached separately to a central ground sloths. Now
ground sloths are
that
analysis does favor the idea that they
_ stem. Instead of sepals and petals (see p. 1 22) the extinct, avocados depend on human cultivation were woody plants.

Mowers have a single layer of flaps that are similar to disperse their seeds and insure survival.

CANELLALES PIPER A LES MAGNQL1ALES

There are two families in die order The order Piperales includes herbaceous plants, Consisting almost exclusively of trees
Canellales: the Canellaceae and the climbers, trees, and shrubs and is widely distributed and shrubs, the Magnoliales are a

Winteraceae. These are aromatic trees in tropica] regions. The stems have scattered bundles primitive order, widely distributed
and shrubs with leathery entire leaves. <>l vascular tissue, a characteristic ot monocots. in the fossil record. Although very
The flowers in most species have both Members of the family Piperaceae have tin\ flowers variable, most have simple alternately
male and female parts and the fruit is that lack petals and are clustered in spikes. Manx arranged leaves and flowers with both
a berrv. The leaves and bark of some species are aromatic. male and female parts. There are
species can be used medicinally. The six families in the order, of
Winteraceae are a primitive family which the Magnoliaceae are
its members have woodv stems that the best known, being widely
contain no water- conducting vessels. grown in gardens for their
spectacular flowers.
WINTER'S BARK
Drimi n interi
s
10 cm
F: Winteraceae

Native to the coastal rain forest

16ft
ol Chile and Argentina, Drimys
5 m BIRTH WORT
winteri has aromatic bark .mil
Aristolochia clcmatitis
ASARABACCA
leaves and fragrant flowers. Asaium europaeum
F: Aristolochiaceae
F: Aristolochiaceae
A foul-smelling and
I Ins 1 uropean woodland
Doisonous perennial,
creeper is also called
birthwort was grow n
wild ginger. Its glossy
for medicinal use. It is
evergreen leaves hide
native to Europe,
insignificant flowers.
growing in damp places.

BLACK PEPPER
Piper nigrum MAGNOLIA
F: Piperaceae Magnolia campbellii
An evergreen TULIPTREE F: Magnoliaceae
climber Irom shady LinoJenJron tulipifcra The flowers of this
bitats in India and F: Magnoliaceae deciduous species appear in

Sri Lanka, this A native of eastern North earlv spring, before the
species is widely America, the tulip tree growsin leaves. Magnolia grows in
cultivated for its woodlands. The leaves turn mountain forests in China,
aromatic truit. yellow before dropping in lall. India, and Nepal.
I \ LI R A I 1 S

The order Laurale^ consists >>! seven families

of trees, shrubs,ami wood) climbing plants.
A few genera ^row in temperate parts
ol the world, but hum are found in

tropical and subtropical regions heii 1

classification is based on genetic analysis

rather than morphological v hara< tei isti< s

Man) plants are aromatk and are used in

perfumery, cooking, and medi< ine i )thers
provide lumber or are i;nm n ornamental!)

HV. I UIKI I

I-'. 1 jura.
•
thi-

lb, Jtul

i«und the

wot VDOTRE1
I l\\ \.\\ON ( \l IIOKM \ I Ml Kl I Persea amcrii ana
t innjnn>nnwi \crum Umbellularia .
alifoi nil a l : I .mi n . ai

.mr
I : I aurai i ai I :
I .1, . ...
Probabh 01 iginating in southi
will drained parts ol inn
i n
D
I he roii e > innamon omes > Sometimi s i ailed "headai In tree," Mexico, in
t/5
from the aromatii bark ol this .i~ si mi From tin i rushed leavi - . an Im. sis, il» avoi .iiln tree is widelj
Found in 1"« land forests
spec ies, i ausi headai hes, this spi cies fri im i ultivated, Im its edible
in Sri anka I (In- United States flowers in winter pear shaped fruit.

M \M.-i I \M.
Cananga . >J. T.jf .j

F:An nn, 'ii. i squamosa

\niiiin.ii
( )il from thi fragrant flowers of I : i I.

ylang ylang are used in perfumer) I ln- Believed to havi ( lai ibbi an 01 I'.'m-. sweetsop, 01

evergreen trei i omi - from parts "I 1 11 .11 1 Hsi.nil apple, is widel) cultivated. I In fruil

Vsia and Australia. I lis c 1 lil ii. flesh, « Ini 1 1 l< inks .11 H I tastes IiIm custard.

Mil Nil (.
l/i risti a fragrans

I hi spii • - nutmi
11 Prom
the sei ds of Myi
fragrant, 1 nativi ol thi

Molui 1 -i "i

S|iii 1 I

Indoni

PAWPAW
I 1 in 11
111 1

:
Vnnona
I l.i di -
iduou tre rov
in damp wo utcrn
1 biiti 'I Si it

floweri produi • 1 dibli ii uit

 MONOCOTYLEDONS
Defined by their unique internal characteristic — revealed under a microscope

anatomy, monocots include grasses —involves the structure of their stems. They

and palms, plus lilies, orchids, and have scattered bundles of vascular tissue — the

many other ornamental plants. specialized cells that carry water and sap — unlike
eudicots, which have theirs in concentric rings.
Early in the evolution of flowering plants, their This makes monocot stems more flexible than
family tree developed two major branches. A those of a typical eudicot, but it also makes it

smaller but still became the

substantial branch harder for them to evolve into trees. Treelike
DID MONOCOTS HAVE
monocotyledons (monocots). The larger branch monocots, which principally include palms, have AQUATIC ORIGINS?
became the eudicotyledons (eudicots). Monocots a very different way of growing from tvpical
Living monocots include many
get their name from their seeds, which have a broad-leaved trees and conifers. Their trunks
freshwater plants, and also some of
single prepacked seed-leaf, or cotyledon. There is grow taller, but not thicker, and are usually
the few flowering plants that live in
no other foolproof way of recognizing a monocot, topped by a single rosette of leaves.
the sea. According to a longstanding
but there are some strong clues. Most have long theory, monocots may have originally
narrow leaves with parallel veins, and the flower SURVIVAL STRATEGIES evolved in fresh water, before

parts (petals, stamens, and so on) are arranged in Smaller monocots vary greatly, from climbers to diversifying and taking up life on land.
threes or multiples of three, and not fours or fives acqautic plants that survive harsh periods as This would account for the long, thin

as inmost eudicots, and the pollen grains only underground storage organs, such as bulbs or leaves found in many species, and

also the internal structure of their

have a single opening. In many monocot flowers, tubers. Grasses thrive on the grazing effects of
stems (see left). Having spread to
such as tulips, the sepals and petals are almost animals, and are the only plant family that forms
land, some terrestrial monocots then
identical and known as tepals, but many of the an entire habitat: grassland. In the tropics, many
came full circle and evolved into
magnoliids share monocots are epiphytic, growing high up in
z this feature as well. trees.
aquatic forms — duckweeds, for
Below ground, monocots usually have a cluster This aroup includes bromeliads, and many example, originated way.

-
of fibrous roots, instead of a main taproot with orchids —
by far the largest monocot family,
in this

smaller roots leading off it. Another key with over 25,000 species worldwide.

o
-
—
ACOR ALES A LISM ATA LES
Only one genus and as few as This order includes many common aquatic plants as
two species make up the order well as the mainly land-based aroid family (Araceae).
Acorales. Called sweet flags, Aroids which can be dramatic in appearance, have a
these waterside and wetland distinctive reproductive anatomy consisting of a fleshy
plants have a fleshy flower spike of tiny flowers tailed a spadix and a leaflike

spike of small flowers and surround called a spathe. The other families in the
were once classified as order include many freshwater species, as well as
aroids (see right). several families ol seagrasses.
Botanists now believe
they represent the
earliest branch of WATER PLANTAIN
the monocot family Alisma plantago-aquanca
F: Alismataceae
tree, and may hoL
Found in waterside habitats,
clues as to what the
this plant is common across
first monocots the Northern Hemisphere.
looked like. It has \\ hite, pink, or purple
Mowers that last only a day.

OVAL
FLOATING
LEAF

BRANCHED
SWEET FLAG FLOWER CLUSTER
Acorus calamus
f: Acoraceae

Once cut to strew WATER HAWTHORN

on floors because of Aponogeton distachyos
its fresh citrus scent, F: Aponogetonaceae

this waterside plant Native to South Africa, this plant has

grows across the become widely naturalized elsewhere.

Northern Its vanilla-scented flowers open just

Hemisphere. above the water surface.

 I ORDS \M>
vnus
i

1,1 \\l i \

I \KH 1 In N|Uili\ ol this

1

>[>i in;; How

V
I
I uropcan nativi
Ol uncertain origin, thi\ | heats up to aitrtK t

pollinating insc< ts

In tin lull it produces

idlivated sanous red
Tiuiiuiila Ih-i i I Kl Vlt's COW1
I
'
i.JflNK i Ulth
I \

I he spalhc ,•) this widespread

Mcditei rani an aroid • ui ves ovei its spa
Ilk.- j hood Its rrow shape

s\\ Iss 1 III I SI

PI \\l Dlcfjcnbai bia seguine
deliciosa i \i
i \
I Ins aroid from iropii al
I he matun li n> s ol \in. in fort sis , auscs
i
it

tins tree > limbing seven su, Uing and pi I

aroid from Central i

ml i. H ieties
Vim i ii .i I-,
lir,. hi ivt attrai tivi foliagi
p. rforated and divided.
It i* n ideb grown
.i- .in .'i iuinrnt.il
WATER
GOLDEN t. \1 I \ I II i I I I UK I

SVVI I I III VKI PI \\l

Putin
Philodendron i. andens
) \

with
I VRO I : \i
uncertain origin, this
uia es< ulenta \. 1 1 ii ii i
in us nativi
• ml* lettuce sized member ol tin
i : \i ai . ai l i nil il \ 1 1 1 « l it ,i, tills
ina - wild I tamilv tlisits in warm
I Ins In gc leaved mbin
S irldwide,
iroid i also a pi ipular
nuinh in wetland hal' ntt. a it. rways
I

Vsia .mil the i

H ii. ink ni.il houseplant.
Pat ifit . has been
i ultivatt d i xti nsivi Ii

Mm < ant nut times

fot its < . lit !. tubi i s

DIK KW I I I)

I)l< V(,()\ VIUIM COBRA in I

un< u/im i ui Im ./, mi ineum

[Vrspttc appears
i : Vi I :
Vrat i ai
lu i« d belongs to the
vv ui. us .|,u k red spathi Nativi to thi i asti i n I limalayas
float ins; plant prow s in t in\ Uld odl II Ol i

I
'"in mi .il
and l Inn. i. llns su mil ii i

i ii Vli diti '

II' 'Hi I Hi! I I 111 I 'Il -III" III'

aroid is well adapb 'I fbi itriped ipathi 1 1" w holt plant
pollii dies. is l. I . us.
I

I mm

III VN VKIIM
rphophjllut
spori ini\n vim mi vi titanum W I si IK\ SKUNK BOG VKIIM I I OW I KIN(, KIISII
( IBBAGI )mbellatui
iceae nm I : Vi

Found wurbrwHic . das inflorcvrrntr ha- hallow "Ii plant,

Boating duckweed b the down, this gian' lopular flowi rnii.' nisli is tin onli
world's smallest flowering from Sum-r in. ml" i
.

jroul . ! ill' to Eurasia Iti In a ivt in

ovals ng. treelike I

iilli Ii 1 1< -i »
» ALISMATALES NEPTUNE GRASS
PosiJonia occanica
green
flowers in f: Posidoniaceae

short spikes This Mediterranean sea

grass is related to frogbit.
Itsunderwater leaves
grow from sea floor
stems in depths up to
100 ft (30 m).
BROAD-LEAVED
BRAZILIAN PONDWEED
tufts of
ELODEA Potamogeton nutans
ribbonlike
F: Potamogetonaceae
Egeria densa
leaves
F: Hydrocharitaceae This freshwater plant has broad surface
Native to southeast leaves and grasslike underwater ones. It is leaves brown

Brazil, this under- common across the Northern hemisphere. with age

water plant clogs lakes «ft/lm

and waterways across
the temperate world,
requiring expensive
control measures.

horizontal
underwater stem

MARINE EEL GRASS

THR] 1
Zostera manna
I'l I \1 III F: Zosteraceae
11 cm i r Growina on sand\ sea floors
VALL1SNERIA
AMERICANA across the Northern

F: Hydrocharitac eae hemisphere, this grasslike

plant forms underwater
A freshwater species, tin EROGBIT
Hydrochaiis morsus-ranac "meadows" that are an
long-leaved underwater plant is

F: Hvdrocharitaceae important marine habitat.

widespread in North America.
Male flowers break loose, This free floating freshwater plant from 1 urope
Moating until Uiey encounter spreads via horizontal underwater stems. Male
female ones to pollinate. and female flowers grow on separate plants.

ASPAR AGALES
light to deep
This diverse order includes familiar garden blue eolor
flowers such as daffodils and irises, desert-adapted
plants such as agaves, and a few trees. Many of its

species used to be classified in the order Liliales,

and botanists have relied on genetic techniques to
prove that the Asparagales form a single related
.»
group. The order also includes the highly
specialized orchid family.

dense flower bead of

small bell-shaped
//en ers

ONION
Allium ccpa
F: Alliaceae

Evidence from Sin

ancient Egypt shows 20 cm
that the onion has
been cultivated
5,000 years.
at least

edible bulb

SNOWDROP
Galanthus nivalis
ROUND-HEADED LEEK RAMSONS F: Amaryllidaceae
Allium sphaerocephalon Allium urstnum The early spring
F: Alliaceae F: Alliaceae flowers of this
This European relative of the Related to and smelling of shade-tolerant

onion favors limestone soil. garlic, this plant often carpets European native have
Gardeners grow it for its the floors of European I luce white sepals that
colorful, tightly packed woodlands in spring with its are much longer than

flower heads. broad preen leaves. the inner petals.

 m

Him w;\; \i i

I \nur\ IIkIj 1 .

- run- bn»l mam

varieties or this v>uth Mr .

ihl plant lor its show*. flowers

and strap n leaves
bract
|

loping

••

r with
. :\ils

AMARYLLIS man /<>s// i/w i

spreading rotate
Hipptjitrum s|i ;ni if u i
n green,
l unarvllidai I : \-
learn
CENTURY
Native to i >regon and
I

PLAN I

hulb-lorming plants is native northern California, thi> main!)

ii/./w amerii ana SI'IDIK PLAN!
l : Vsparagaceae ( nlorophj nun
omosum
nilUHJ parts ol the \\i>. hIIjihI species has attractive
,

Americas Mam cultivated tububr flowers that make it

Nativi ti >
51 >uthw< sti rn US i : Vspai igai i u

ind Mi xico and, this M.' new plantlets from

varieties and h\bnds \ si popular garden plant. I
it
as a
~.
i

5UI ( lilt III . "I u al« i

leaves and ai i hing -.inns, this
1
1 taining plan) . flowi i
s variegated form of an African species
"in e after mam years is well know n .is a hi nasi planl
ami then dies.

'.;, .njj

evergreen
70 cm leaves
feather) leaves

COM WON
\S|'\I< \(,lls
•rijlls

X Cultivated lor
s||i,., |s
its ti

I .|„

this I uropi

planl it I. ll lo grow,

penju:
haped

•HI I) l)\HOI)ll JOSHUA I HI I

SI Bl KN MUD'S I in si'wisn d\(,(,i i<

t .manllida. Anthericum hliago i

The ancestor ot mar.\

i

othel
iki all
Thi» European native with I
Moj i

daffodil, ik .ropra Irorn souti wood

.untains and Us n li

*ood» a rmnminj rarer. noth lor pollination -

,i
»
 h

>•

H
O
u BUTCHER'S BROOM
O Ruscus ticuleatus
1 \sparagaceae
2
:

ILY-OF-1 III - "^ Flowers and fruits grow

^ ijr
1

O VALLEY
\

straight out ol the "leaves"

Convallaria majalis (actually flattened stems)
F: Asparagaceae of this shrubby
A sweetly scented plant Nati\e to Mediterranea European plant.
trom temperate Eurasia, coasts, this large-
C/3
lily-of-the-vallev has 24 in bulbed plant grow s
poisonous red berries. 60 cm a tall spike ol white Mowers
z in late summer alter its

< CAST-IRON PLANT leaves have withered.

-
- n Aspidistra elatioi
F:Asparaga< eae
Native to Japan, dm woodland plant is

now popular elsewhere. Its small pun

Mowers bloom close lo the soi

bell-shaped flower

24in
60 cm

MOTHER-IN-
LAW'S TONGUE
STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM Sanse\ ieria trifasciata
Ornithogalum angustifolium F: Asparagaceae
F: Asparagaceae This tropic a] west
This widespread European African species w it

plant closes its flowers still patterned leaves is

quickly in dull weather. Its a popular houseplant.

narrow grooved leaves have It is also grown tor
a central white stripe its libers

APHYLLANTHES
Aphyllanthes monspeliensis
F: Asparagac eae

When not flowering, this

Mediterranean species looks
like a clump of rushes, with
many slender stems that are
almost leafless.

spike of up to SO
fragrant powers

HYACINTH
Hyacinthus orientalis
'Blue Jacket'
F: Asparagaceae

This is one of many fragrant,

colorful varieties derived
from a southwest Asian
species over many centuries.
 BLUI MOM \
//l>l.'J Hj
I \- •-! J,.l,lif

IhiN bluish leaved hxhrid

wietM •

ide-tolerant punts htlu

\ irtheist \>u

I M.I Ml III III Ml I I s\\ Ml l \M \s l)K\(.<>\ IKI I

Hyoi inth c .mi.im.i auamash Dnii Jena draco

ipid I ! \-|UI .l;'.l, . .1, i \ iceai
- j

i \- . ii ,. i. . 11
I In edible bulbs ..i this Ran in n- nativi i anai \

Nativt to Hivtii n I uropc, ibi- >l>i Ing flown Islands, this man)
bulb forming plan) sometimes mi adow land plant from bi .in. hi .1 in . mii u
> artx i- \\ hole woodland llooi s «1 St< I II \..| ill \ll|l I I, .1 populai tal ll

M illi bllli ll> mil - u. i. i staple food foi i

. .i sap iv i~ .1.
in -pi in;; \ini i ii .in Indians ".Ii.

i xssi i in u imii
l/ll> ,11 '
,
.
II,

i \ |. .1 igai . .I.

I In ll. iwi rhead i

.1 this

Mi .hi. 1 1 .in. .in si

have Ii i hi. and stei il.

flowers, thi lattci forming

Hi. put pli-li "tassel" ii

thi too

i OMMON Kl\<.l in I I

I ht mnotus tuberosui
i : \ -[..ii .,_

Native in southeast \ustralia,

tin- narrow leavt il plant has
fringe petaled flowers that
i .ii Ii open for onl) one da\

I II I I)

(. Mill \(.l I Kl I
(.1 VDIOl Us
.-. line austi Gladiolus italii us
l : 1 1 i.l.u . i.
1 \ - : .
_
\ \l.
rnamental tree, -h.mn here
un£ plant, Kar> dust member ol the iris
family, fii Id
an
imporui •
th»
\l.i h .mil June.
Zealand. i

lil MU)I I) IK IS MOM UK I IIA

his \ ./. i manh i Croi \mia \
l : h i.l.u i j. i,i,,i
miiflora
I In- fragrant li\ brid iri
l : h nl. i. . I.

ii '
I. ii-. \ 19th . . nun \ Ii In id

ma) lii ted in i r ..ii. .I Ii two

I'M IMII OW-I ^ I I) Europi inn Si mill African |
-I i
H s, iln-

<,R \« i- now ii.iiiii.ili/. .1 .ii ross populai H den plant i-

nchwm iiruium ill. i

| -Ll I!, i
1,1 invasivi in some areas.
h'. Irulj.

Native Ctulc
and Argentina,
t..

thii
Kl US IKI I SI \

l : l
daci ii

I )erived Inn
pale flowers mai
with hnr pu r

alii i Mors, thi 'I- i

Is .1 -l\. i I

Not tin i ii I Ii mispheri

60cm
s M IKON ( KO( lis
<.R \M> l HRIsl \| \n
BELLS I : i

B Mill MO MII
ITi<- di . rlnchium

.
il'l Mi .In. i rani an iri
tstai
mill
-nAmtralu orabli
arc narrow and grav (lav.! yy
'

nil'!
» ASPARAGALES
w ONCID1 UM
F: Orchidaceae
SP. TRACY'S
CYMBIDIUM
Native to the tropical Cymbidium tracyanum
F: Orchidaceae
Americas, this genus of
broad-lipped orchids This epiphytic orchid

/ includes around
tree-living species of
400 from Burma, Thailand,
and southwest China
produces its stronglv
8 in
varying sizes.
fragrant flowers
20 cm
in fall.
FAIRY
SLIPPER
ORCHID
Calypso bulbosa
f: Orchidaceae PHRAGMIPEDIUM
Widespread across
X SEDENII
cooler parts of the Northern
Hemisphere, this fragrant
single-flowered orchid
prefers damp woodlands
F: Orchidaceae
This fragrant
ground-living orchid
a hybrid created from
is

HYACINTH ORCHID
M
species of the genus Dipodium squamatum
and marshlands.
Phragnupcdiuni, F: Orchidaceae
slipper orchids native A leafless ground-living Australian orchid, this
to tropical regions of species depends on associating with underground
the Americas. fungi to survive. It lives in woodland habitats.

LESSER BUTTERFLY
ORCHID
Platanthcra bifolia
F: Orchidaceae
Found in various habitats
across temperate Eurasia,
this sweetly scented
pale-flowered orchid is

visited and pollinated bv

night-riving moths.

PYRAMIDAL ORCHID PINK LADY'S HAIRY SLIPPER

Anacamptis pvramidalis SLIPPER ORCHID
Fl Orchidaceae Cypripedium acaule Paphiopedilum villosum
F: Orchidaceae F: Orchidaceae
This chalk-loving orchid from
temperate Eurasia sticks its Widespread in eastern Native to China and parts
pollen onto visiting butterflies North America, this of southeast Asia, this

and moths, as first described two-leaved slipper slipper orchid has been
bv Charles Darwin. rchid tavors acidic soil, used to create many
as in pine torests. ornamental hybrids.

WAGNER'S
MASDEVALLIA
Masdevallia wagneriana
F: Orchidaceae

The sepals of this small

epiphytic orchid trom the
mountains of northern
Venezuela have narrow
tails, a feature typical
of the genus.

central section
RED HELLEBORINE
TAIWAN PLEIONE has distinctive
Cepbalanthera rubra
Pleionejormosana F: Orchidaceae
frilly edge
F: Orchidaceae This ground-living species
Native to parts of China, this with rose-pink flowers grows
small ground-living orchid dies in open woodlands from
back during the winter months. Europe to central Asia.
 \ loi BIRD'S- DJ \DKOrWH
MM
I l
1/ SP.
OKI till) i Orchid*'
LmwJsrum jKvnium
Including ovei I ,iKK>

dupes,
I hi> European or.hi.1
ami - ius al
green leav« •

epiphytic on
found nidi i-
rvK>t tip- obtain to.»l
from southeast \-u to
through Ku.mi.'.i tungi V
u .'. aland
found ai.

I ll'l'l RUM Mill II OKI 1111)

Phalaenopsii ippi rosi I

Orchidai 1

I his > ultivati 'I 1 1 v 1 1

id is oni ol
man} developed 1

Phalaenopsii southeast \m.i with

lONl.lll LIZARD I

oiu HID oiu HID 11- broad flatti m .1 (low< 1

-

Himantoglossum hirt Inum

1 On hidai 1 11

IK. lip ol this unusual 1 he long lips .'i 1 in,

Mediterranean orchid's largest « il.l on Iml havt .1

:an-;- down like .1 i.HK iiul 11 semblani . 1

tongue, at tine a- •>

lizards, resulting In Its
landing platform lor common name
visiting in-

:* in

drooping
sepals
60 cm 10,

1 Mil II \IO OIU HID COMMON Do\Ki 1

Orchis militaris ORCHID
F: Orchidao 11 / Hill U COT] ml*. .1

I In- i li.ilk lo\ iml; I 111.1-1.111

1 : 1 >i, hidai 1 ai

I
1 Kid ma) havi ai quin d Nativi t< 1 si lutl \11-n.1l1.1,

11- name bci ause th< lln- cm Iml gets il- . .1111111.111

iii'liv idual flowers resemble name from the shape "I its

hi Imi ti 'I human figures. side pi 1.1I-, \\ In. Ii resemble

1

11 \ 1 111 in donki ys . .11 -

1 \ I Kl.Kl 1 s II w 1 -

KOI IK 1111 l)s\ \\D\ 1 I \l-l 1VVEDVANIL1 \

IjnJj Roth-, lnliliana" OR< HID
1 On hidai 1 ai ljm//j rLimjolia
This cultivated h\liri.l was 1
1 : 1
H
MIOOI)
1

(.Kl 1
by a •
tin- genus \aii- . to Mexico and
IjnJj. whi.h ar< tree li\ ing orchids Central \m< rit a, this 1 limbing
ORCHID
Pterosi 1 lis sp.
native to tropical \-u or. Iml 1- the -"in 1 . . .1 1I1.
1 : ( ii . hidai 1 ai
flavoring vanilla.
In this 111. iiiiK

Australian genus
Mil ll\\\ ol round living
1 \D1 'S-l Kl ss| s
- 'i 1 hid .
1I1. u|i|i. 1

Spiranihc* .yirj/i. -. pal ofti 11 foi ma

1 On hidai 1 ai
1 hoi id ovei the
talk
Hn- small, mainl) grassland center of thi
hid from temperate
lura-ia 1- notabll lor it-

flowers being arranm cl

-piralK up the dower stalk.

• hee
•

D\KK Kl I)
HIM IBOKIM NUN'S HI I OK( HID
Epif :bem okc HID
Phai leae
1 I I

The lotig roots 1

Mthoi
fragrant Eurasian ! Iismi;
flowi rsati
orchid help it gl
mali
successful I

Eurasia
in the cracks of
\«a *r«
pollin »
v PLANT EXPANSION
Dinema polybulbon grows all over its chosen
suppi irt strut ture, \\be a rock or
hether it

another plant, and forms a dense mat of

stolons—the horizontal stems that reach
nit from the base of the plant.
 MAN YBU IBID ORCH1 I)
I? 1)
Dinema poh bu Ibon
This diminutive oi .. hul i- tlu- onh Dim ma Rambling and
spe< ies in the genus
prolific, it is an epiphytic or lithoph) tit plant, meaning that grows on iuo it

or rocks, using them foi support It gains ih nutrients from the air, animal
detritus, or other plant remains, and absorbs watei from rain 01 misl Moisture
collects on the orchid s leaves, \\ hu U ai * thi< k and w ax> . and ha> i 1 1 >lm ed
stomata all features that help reduce watei loss I In leaves funnel watei into
swollen, upright stems known as pseudobulbs, which are in fact watei stoi

organs that evolved to keep the on Iml hydrated during tropic al >li \ si asons
I
rhe pseudobulbs are attached to horizontal stems, which are in turn connected
to hotli underground and aerial roots. hese absorb I

iIismiImhI nutrients through an outer laver of cells called

nI/I )m mi I I. i. Iii I I >

velamen. During winter, each pseudobulb product -

habitat Humid, mixed forests
a single flower. Hardy in frost to 14°1 | 10 C), this distribution Mexico, Central
ft .
ii n \nn i i( .1. I.iiii.iu .1. I 11I1.1

it vi ni'i r.n.ill. I \, ins

A
1 1 OW1 l<

hi psi udobulb produi i • mall

<»' 1
1 mi lling flowi 1 « nli ii.n inn
j-m vi-ilou brown sepals, purple petals,
and 1 spn ading • hiti lip.

< POl I I N S\( S

'.Hi n grains an ontaini 'I in two
1

•
into ili" pollinator, w hii Ii i ai i ii

tin pollci thei plan)

- \l Kl \l ROOTS
ground I hi oldi i pai U '! thi

1 layer "I 'Ii ad < ells

t lilu blotting papi r, hi l|

. T t*-
 IN
» ASPARAGALES LI LI A LES
Many plants once considered part

spikes of white or
of the lilv family, including onions
.Sill
eream flowers and hyacinths, have recently been

DAY LILY
Hemcrocallis julva
f: Hemerocallidaceae
moved into a completely separate
order, the Asparapales (see pp.132—
39). The trimmed-down Liliales
i
Each flower of this ornamental spec ies includes the true lilies, their close
lasts one day. Native to East Asia, it is
relatives the tulips, and various other
widely naturalized in North America.
plants including alstroemerias
Many are colorful
bulb-forming species
H while some are
O climbers.
U
O
2 oraniji

Rower spike
O GRASS TREE NEW ZEALAND FLAX Jades to yellow
near base 18 in
Xanthorrhoea australis Phormium tenax
45 cm
F: Xanthorrhoeaceae F: Hemerocallidaceae
Over time, this bushfire-resistant I his common New Zealand species
t/3 Australian plant eventually grows into grows large leaves at ground level and VVILDTULIP
lulipa s\ Ivestris
H a solidlybranched tree. Its tiny a tall flower stalk bearing tubular
F: Liliaceae
flowers are borne on tall spikes. reddish flowers.
Z Still w idespread in its native
< Europe, this vellow-tlowered
tulip, a relative of the
- i ultivated garden tulip grows
w dd meadows, rockv
in
hillsides, as well as open

z woodland.

OS
w

o
-J

COMMON ASPHODEL
Asphodelus aestivus
F: Asphodelaceae

This common narrow leaved

Mediterranean plant produces many
w hite or yellovs flowers on a tall stem

HERB PARIS SNAKESHEAD

MEDICINAL ALOE TORCH LILY Pans quadrifolia FRITILLARY
Aloe vera Kniphojia uvaria F: Liliaceae Fritillana meleagns
F: Asphodelaceae F: Asphodelaceae bound in ancient Fl Liliaceae

This spiny succulent Native to the woodland in temperate This bulb-forming

buds at top of adapted to dry areas has southwest tip ot Africa, Eurasia, this European species has
spike open last been cultivated since this multiflowered four leaved plant has a chequered
distinctive

an< 11 nl limes tor its plant with long narrow single green flower that flowers. It grows wild in

reputed medicinal leaves is now a popular develops into a black damp meadows but is more 1

properties ornamental specimen. inedible fruit. common in cultivation.

DIOSCOREALES
This relatively small order is dominated by the yams,
a family of mainly tropical climbing plants. Several
species of yam have been cultivated since ancient
times for their large edible tubers.
The order also contains a
few lilylike plants such
as bog asphodel

c V This
in
BOG ASPHODEL
Narthecium ossijragum
F: Narthcciaceae
European plant
nutrient-poor upland
lives Fl
YAM
-^\

Dioscorea sp
Dioscoreaceae
Widely cultivated in the
edible
tuber

habitats. As its seeds tropics,yams grow large,

develop, the flowcrhead starch-rich tubers. Plants
becomes a fiery have stems that trail or climb

orange color. and heart-shaped leaves.

\
 M \l>OW \ i in G IGJ i RJ //i hi ik;s
/ ilium t jnjidum
1 : I i!
I I lllj.1 .1,

I Iiin small bulb ti>i mine plant

Often encountered in Christian an as a sunKM 141
in open habitats across much
ol purity, this wideh cultivated M\ i> native to
.•I temperat. Vsia, as w< 11 as
thi eastern Mediterranean
ast I urope and Noi il\ \u ica

i in

li m

rURK'S< w 1 in II WW I II i

/ i/ium mattagon Gloi li a upi rba

ili.u
l : I . .ii
I :
i oh In- .i' i .i"

I his « idespread I urasian I

his mi iking planl From
ijrri th< liK has tlir u Mi \i .1
South Mi ii .in woodlands is
i bac kward t< pals i i limber, < laml
thai foi in tin flow i shapi upw ards " nli the aid
i harat tei istic ol thi spi i ii s "I li mil lis

I I i i>\ I l< II I Mis

wi \ now
S \l I IU>\
i
i
fi h;i um aui umnah
I !
i oil In.

II Ilk. floVVI I s

"I this I tiropi .ii vi

ippi .ii in ili. 1

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1

months before its

li ,n. I li spiti bi ing

pins, .nous,
(,i wi him \i \\ u i in • ultivati 'I w
il

idely.
is

liocrinum qiq^nicum I i I'll \i

i : I ih. i.
I I M
.ml Iron, ihi Himalayas to
C. hina. this ;Mant
i ti
lil\

iri flowering,
*1*
alter « hivh the main plant dii -
r with
v/m/i

<*&: \
w k
m sum
in underside appears
upi
nNS

T'tibular
spiralis

w PI Kll\ W II
l)W MOM
I I i

I \l \KI \

I : \lslrm mi r i
..

Thi» dvw .

Im ludi s
many popular
climbing plan'
rrlat
during growth
is na'
'im all) upfidi d »
 » L I L I A L E S PAN DAN A LES
Found mainly in the tropics, this
order includes over 1,300 species of
trees, shrubs, climbers,and smaller plants. Many look superficially like
CHILEAN
BELLFLOWER palms, except that they have simpler, strap-shaped leaves. Around half of
Lapageria rosea them belong to the single genus PanJanus (screw pines).
F: Philesiaceae

Cultivated for its SCREW PINE

z spectacular bell shaped
MULTI-SEEDED PanJanus tcctorius
o owers, this is native to FRUIT K Pandanaceae
humid woodlands No
Q of Chile.
relation of real pines, this
tropical coastal tree has long
tu Xtft
-j rjf 1 i. ^' been a vital source of materials

>- V\ 'v.} JSkJ ^ '* * VArli/ , for Pacific Island cultures.

H
O
U
O
z
o

H
z SMILAX
Smila.x aspcra
< F: Smilacaceae
FLOWER i* Native to the Mediterranean
CLUSTER

a
r and southwest Asia,
climber has male and lem.i
this

flowers on separate plants.

z
—
OS

A R ECALES
O This order made up of one large
is

— family, the palm trees. Growing

— typically from one central bud,
palms vary from small shrubs
to towering trees. There arc-
also many species of slender
climbing rattans. The huge leaves
ol palm trees are either feather-
shaped or fan-shaped. Although
they may conjure up an imagi
of deserts or sandy beaches,
most species actually live
in tropical rain forests.

BETEL NUT PALM

Areca catechu
F: Arecaceae

Cultivated for its seeds, which release a

psychoactive substance when chewed, this
palm originates from southeast Asia.
I y \v

m W
f

i
VI Kit \\
Oil I'M M

\
Kll't IRUII

BOl

1
II

\
I I'M M s
I/, /i.

i
\t.n I'M

\i.
in Ion tagu
. ,i. , i.
M
m

humid trop lis, this |ulni I his swolU n lus, .1 palm rumi /
Show ii In '
iun plonl
tun Round island neat Mauritius
idlivatrd bi
nUuned in its li namental
It is
tins swamp li\ Ins palm
j

O
> I . I ' 1 1 • I s. . i| I I I . I .1 III \c M
I

i iulni i I'"' i" >w grow s

throughout southeast \nla

>
z
H
</)

It AI I I \ I'M M z
Raphia I

u
\recaci ai
r
\i 65 ft i !0m i
Ion
ili, Ii aves ill tins c
t. HIInW I'M M \h ii in and H
•
unei Madagast an palm an
:
KKII Dl Ml K KOi \lI'M M
I V
m\i rigid ili. largi si ol am tn ,

I \u . -i, . i. I : \i, , .,.

m
malr and female plants
ir.ur I

I In seeds ol tins palm from \v, ml, s ol lliis D

trnuU-s pr»»liK>- round blur-Mai k Iruits.
s ,l„ lli s ii, ill, biggi st hands i
O
in the plant kingdom hi smooth trunked
si\ \, .us to
I
)
Z
uk, mature. spt , , s ire i ,11111111111

in tin tropii s Nativi

tn t .ii ililn .hi islands,
m-shaped
^s^ Icjf up to
it tin in
Slllls
s <>i>

II ll
1 1 m. I

charaaeristli

PA1 Mi l< A I'M \1

Bi i i ii
ft
rfci llifei
l :
\recao ai

This tall trunked species from southern \ ia

ier h ibital Ii i
i ultivati d foi its Ii uil

and sugai yii Iding sap

BRAZILIAN I IIKOI'I W W
I I'M M CHILEAN WINE PALM
WAX PALM imllis
1

ills

•
i i ii •
ai

n iln wild, MjO llioiv Ii I till • < .<

1
1 1 1 1 r

lhi» palm '

i nil palm, thii mai ivi trui

n<irv . old I nativi

ftW onlj '

hili .
••1,. ri

lallv Mi
 .

COMMELIN ALES 24 in
60 cm

This order includes a variety of mainly low-growing

QUEEN'S SPIDERWORT
plants, typically from the warmer regions of the BLUESPIDERWORT DichonsanJra regmae
world. Many have attractive three-petaled blue Commelina coelestis f: Commelinaceae
F: Commelinaceae
flowers (reduced to two petals in some species), A popular garden flower
Sometimes planted as grown in warmer regions, this
making them popular as ornamentals. Their leaves
ground cover, this sprawling tropical woodland species is
and stems are also often fleshy, with a sticky sap that
plant is native to Mexico and from Peru. It has blue Mowers
hardens on exposure to air. Central America. with white centers.

TAHITIAN
BRIDAL VEIL
TnpoganJra multiflora
F: Commelinaceae

This native of Central and

South America has weak
stems and leaves w ith
purple undersides.

10cm
4 in

TURTLEVINE INCH PLANT

Callisia rcpens Tradcscantui zebrina
F! Commelinaceae f: Commelinaceae
This succulent creeping plant With striped, succulent toliage,

from forest edges in the this ground-living species from

American tropics spreads by the tropical Americas is also a

rooting from stems. popular houseplant.

POALES SLENDER CLUB-RUSH

Isolepisccrnua
12 in
30 cm
F: Cvperaceae
Grasses dominate the order Poales. Their wind-
With narrow green stems and
pollinated flowers have no need of showy petals. silvery flowerheads, this
Sedges and rushes also belong in this order, as do the widespread temperate sedge is

bromeliads, which are mainly epiphytic, meaning they also dubbed "fiber-optics grass."

live on but do not feed off other plants. Many produce

brightly colored flower spikes that emerge from rosettes
of tough, broad leaves. SCARLET STAR
Guzmamo lingulata
F: Bromeliaceae
PINK QUILL I his tree-living bromeliad
Tillanjsia cyanea
has a wide native range
F: Bromeliaceae
rom Central America to
Native to Ecuador,
Bra/ifIt is a popular

pink quill grows on trees,

ornamental species.
in forests between 2,000ft
and 3,300ft (600
1 ,000 m) above sea level.

arching stalk of
Jlower cluster

BIRD'S-NEST
BROMELIAD
Nidularwm innocentii
F: Bromeliaceae
The small flowers of this
Brazilian bromeliad nestle
within the chamber
formed by the
surrounding colored
bracts. Nidularium
means "little nest."

DYER'STILLANDSIA LORENTZS
Tillandsia dyeriana BROMELIAD
F: Bromeliaceae Deuterocohnia
lorentiziana
This epiphytic bromeliad
F: Bromeliaceae
is endangered in the wild
due to destruction of its Native to the high, dry

native mangrove forests

Andes of Argentina, this is a

in Ecuador. ground-dwelling bromeliad

 !<//.'« M.'li/l .Ml

uppermost petal
,<l each 145

|8in

I \l I K \\i. \\\00 l'\N

inijo/tinthoi //.n iJui
l I lacmodorai
I roin v»n>h areas >'l southwestei i>

Vustralia, ilu-s species ;<iv hn

common nunc From the appearance
will)
PICK1 III I

i>l hn \mh>II\ lun nl Howci InnU

Pontedei \a cordata
iwollen
1 Pi hi. .1. 1 1.1. . ai
leal stalk
COMMON WATI K I isi grow Ing and
^ \(l\l II 1 1 u nl\ Mi k 1 1 1 1
>
Mm.
/ fi l>h. •nu, i . rassipes Howi rheads, tins
i : Pontedei iai i u w .it* dgl I 1 1

Nativi to Vmazonia, tins In « olllllli Ml .1. H'^s

CAM* floating plant is .1 majoi 1 astei n N01 1I1 \nv 1 i< 1

tr ipii J pi it, but 1 an b< and has bi 1 omi

used i" absorb pollution invasive clscwhi n

1. //.mi l>r<nl\

iround mall
whiu '

II \IIVS ( MOI'MS
1 'inn ( atopsis hahnii
l : Hi. .in. Ii 1 : I'.i Ii

I In- .
piphytii
. piphytii bromi liad cot I.I'MIH ll.lll Is M.ltll. to

from tbi rain fori till . |. Hill f| ,|. S|S l||

South \ni. 1 1. .1 It ii outhi 1 n Mi nil 'i and

>> j| 1 1 ii.ii < < I b) linn ( 1 11i1.1l \im. 1 11 1

(>lll I N Ol III WDIS I

rjinwnJn
1 : Bromell
frccn
Sjti\r in tin 1 11ir.1l \ii<|i s,

•
1. 1. .111. Ii.nl

|>r'>-! sval
» POALES
SOFT RUSH
Juncus effusus
1-: Juncaceae
This very widespread
rush thrives in damp
24 in
infertile soil. Its
60 cm
cylindrical stems are
filled

tissue,
with spongy
or pith.
LARGE
QUAKING
$
GRASS
hriza maxima
F: Poaceae 30 in
This annual grass from 75 cm

Europe gets its name

from the way its
fine-stalked flower
heads shake at the 24 in
slightest breeze. 60 cm

FALSE OAT-GRASS SAND COUCH CRESTED DOG'S-TAIL

Arrhcnatherum elatius Elytrigia juncca C \nosurus cristatus
F: Poaceae F: Poaceae F: Poaceae

Common across its native This tough grass grows on the Low-growing apart from its

Europe, this tall-flowered seaward side of European sand flower stalks, this perennial
wild relative of the oat has dunes. Its roots, or rhizomes, help grass from Europe and west Asia
now spread to mam other to hold the windblown sand resists trampling and is often
parts of the world. together to form dunes. used for lawns.
COCK'S-FOOT
Dactylis glomerata
F: Poaceae
Often grown in hay fields
and pastures, this common
grass with distinctive tufty
flower heads is native
to Eurasia and North Africa.

FINGER-THICK
CANE
 f 147
f
*V*
i
"Tl
u r-
\
O
*
1 \ m
"-
V C- 111 50

( OMMOM Kl I l>
Z
o
n both temperate
-a
ihii
nil 12 In r-
Jia an
j its
so,,,, I in
>
Z
H
s\\ll I \ ik\ \i GRASS W \KK \\\ GR ^SS ()\l ll\KI I 1 I .11 \l)\\ III \l
1n(/ii<\jntn»m i<J.'Mium Imrmyni/ii iiri/MfM li, na sativa Hordeum < ulgan h ii i, uin aestU urn
I I'm, , II i
Poaceac I : I' i :
Poai '
,'

\atn, to I urasia. this I his tough grass from I his i ultivated c ass, 1
Originatin thi I In urn Id's i"|i i
iag<

rarl\ thm I urope flow ishes on i« n « ideh as .i ani ii ni Neai I ast, ilus cereal, ilns spe< ics oi iginati i

contains a i hemicai called sand dunes, whit li us cereal crop foi , ,iln\.,ii •! • in al gi .!"•• is Ml ill, .III, II III Nl II
Z
coumarin tlui makes it Inn;; underground livestot k and human notabli Ibi thi Ion I ,ist li in .i In brid of both V.
smell pleasant!) ol stems and roots help i onsumption, tin ivi s hail like bristles (awns) ill. M llil .mil ill. i .,l In l

C
mow n lia\ ibilizc. in mil, wet Inn. Hi - nil lis tl. IWI In .nts .III ll \\ In .lis
, i \

n
r i I I I 1 I

m
D
:

(.KIII'IM. HIM-I.K \ns

/
IS)

KMI pt-n-nnu

ntal

Kit I
M \l/l SUGAR CANE
I In Z<J siliu Zea ma\ s,/, , harum ojpi inarum
' F: Pi iai i ii i : l'i ,ai i ii
I : I

\ t\|x ol lemons Nativi in easl \s,j, thj-, I luv in ij. .1 1

1 1, ii I t rop was I'nsslliK li l.il, l|l .11/1 ,
||||S

dtronella originates from major grain • rop "I firsl i ultivated in an, nut tropii .,1 i uliii.ii, il grass ma)
tropical \<u. It yields an oil warmer regions i- usualh \l« Ml 0. ll III III. ll< nl have in Iginated in New
I in perfumes and lor cultivated in shallow water female flowei heads » 1 1
1 > I • i ,ui,, i .i Sugai is extracted
repelling n or in llmxl prom lis ill, Ii ni. ii. III inn ll I 111) lis l|||< k Sll I,, S

PI Kl \M \l K, 1 (,K \ss
mj/,- ,r,-m
I chum perenne dense white fiowei
heads
Muih used in paitun -. lawns,
anil sports fields, thi* i ommon

rid. l'\MI'\s GR \ss

tderia telloana
l : rn..

Iln om
southern South \n
is a populai

invasive in

90 cm

tm
UIIMK iOKKMHKI FOG

to Irwlu. thin tropical

grass u »i€-)fl% cultiwt, found in damn i

r ijrml ml and to bind

•o. Kith

'MA
» P OA L E S ZINGIBER ALES
GIANT FEATHER A feature of this mainly tropical order is that many species
GRASS grow giant leaves at the end of stalks. Although there are
Stipa gigantea
no .true woody trees, some species such as the banana plant
F: Poaceae
Gardeners cultivate this
grow very large. Many Zingiberales have showy flowers and
tall grass forshowy
its foliage and have become ornamentals. The ginger lamily,
flowerheads, which Zingiberaceae, is the largest in the order, includes several
persist until winter. It is
other important spice plants beside ginger itself.
native to Spain and
Portugal.

INDIAN SHOT
•>'' Canna injica
F: Cannaceae
This South American plant
las unusual flowers in
which some of the "petals"
are actually modified
pollen-producing stamens.
female flow cr t/JBrn There are many
cultivated varieties.

LOVELY PRAYER PLANT ETERNAL FLAME

Ctenanthe amabihs Calathca crocata
F: Marantaceae F: Marantaceae

Native to forest floors in the Brazilian Related to Ctenanthe and Haranta, this Brazilian

tropics, thiswarmth-loving plant requires species has more striking flowers than its

high humiditv it grown in cultivation. relatives although living in similar torest habitats

BRANCHED BUR-REED
Spargannim eiectum
F: Sparganiaceae
Separate ball-shaped clusters ot
ira male and female flowers develop
on the same flower stalk in this SPIRAL FLAG SILVER-VEINED PRAYER
widespread wetland species of the Chamaecostus igneus PLANT
Northern Hemisphere. F: Costaceae Maranta leuconeura
F: Marantaceae
This orange-flowered
relative of the ginger family This Brazilian torest plant folds its

is native to tropical leaves together at night to conserve

eastern. Brazil, and is also moisture. Cultivated varieties have

jrown as an ornamental. strikingly patterned foliage.

each yellow bract

protects Jour or
12 in
jive tiny fiowt
JO cm
CATTAIL r,w'
Ml^^Bi^'*
Typha latijolia YELLOW-EYED BANANA CHINESEYELLOW
F Typhaceae
: GRASS ENSET Musa acuminata BANANA
This common Xjris sp. Ensete ventricosum F: Musaceae \lusclla laswcarpa
F: Xyridaceae F: Musaceae The seedless hybrid of F": Musaceae
Northern Hemisphere
wetland plant has a This genus of grasslike This African-relative of the Asian wild ancestors, Possibly extinct in the wild.

distinctive cigar-shaped plants, widespread in banana has long been cultivated cultivated bananas thismountain species from
female flowerhead.The warmer regions of the in Ethiopia for its nutritious grow sterile male China produces a yellow
male flowers grow world, bears small yellow rootstock and stem, not its flowers at the end ot flower spike that can last

above it in a tuft. flowers on slender stems. | (inedible) fruit. their fruiting branches. for months.
\ UH t I

M Klft 1>

UHIII
H l KI \\ t

1 tin
10 cm

1 I ssl K \KOM \l li

(. M \\(. \l t.l\c,l R
\lpinia oflictnarum Kaempferia gahnga
I igibl i i. I II 1 : Zingibi 1 11 • 11

Native to South China, Nitivi to tropii .il Vila,

this it lain. till- -If -I I -.U limn .1

develops .1 swollen sp > 11 - devi lops mil ill

underground stem and is (low 1 - and 1- grown u
Min1l.11 K used is spii .1 1 .III .'I 11.11! It lll.ll

y.i.i.i It JitUY.
. rifoa
H 1 1 1 / 1 M I \ M •

IIIM I I S

I UK Ml Kli
1 in. 11111,1 longa
symmetrical 1 : Zingibi 1
n 1 11

'jn shaped tree Native to S.I Vsia, this lai gi li aved

plant develops .1 swollen
limit 1 gi iund sti in from which the s I I \t \\ I I I I

yellow -.pit 1 tin nit 111 is obtaim d 1 I ll\\ 1 it III \n

(,l\(,l K
Zingibei offit inale
1 : Zingibi 1
ai • ai

I In spi< . 1 .ill< il gingei is

the underground sti nn oJ

.i li afj South) asl Vsian

plain 1l1.1i 1- now known
• inK from 1 ultivation.

purple //.mi tit

a in wmmei

4m

IIIIMI s R()S( Ol /// //(ON/ I

IRWIN IRs I Kl I
bumeana SIRH I I

Knenjla mjj'j. . HIRI)-OI-l'\K \I)IS| 1 / ill.li. <1i1i.it .

ai

ceac ht/u reamat

in in. in. al plan
ir, thi* rrla' unuMial on linlliki from not 'In 1 11 at

ot - - illuutrd >m a ll<. South \n" 1 H .1 1

b* lemur hahit.r mtain- pollii

natural habitat. an plant ..I S hina lipping hut

 EUDICOTYLEDONS
About three-quarters of all the world's "secondary growth" is absent in most monocots, DIVISION \N GIQSPERMAE
current flowering plants are classified which is why eudicots make up most of the CI.ADE i iinu c >n 1 1 1» >\ \i

in the eudicotyledon grouping, which world's flowering shrubs and trees. Below ground ORDERS
z level, most eudicots have a taproot, with smaller FAMILIES ?07 I

evolved over 125 million years ago.

o roots branching off from it.
SPECIES 182,227

Q Eudicots get their name from the cotyledons, Eudicot flowers usually have parts in fours or
LU
-J
>•
or seeddeaves, in the seed before
Unlike monocots, which have a single seeddeaf,
it germinates. fives, rather than the threes found in monocots,
with sepals and petals that look different, both
DEBATE!
FOUR-WAY SPLIT
H eudicots have two. They include an enormous in color and in shape. Each species has its own
O variety of plants, from agricultural weeds to distinctive kind of pollen, the grains always have For many years, all flowering plants
U were classified in two groups — the
towering rain forest trees, and they are of huge three pores; monocots pollen grains onlv have
Q monocotyledons (monocots) and the
economic importance, as well as being prized as a single opening.
garden Bowers. Many eudicots are annuals, with
dicotyledons (dicots) — based on the
number of their seed-leaves. However,
short life spans measured in months or even A VITAL ROLE DNA analysis, combined with
weeks. Others are biennials and perennials, which The lossil pollen record suggests that the eudicots palynology — the study of pollen — has
live from two years to a century or more. diverged from other flowering plants some shown does not
H that this classification

Z Despite their great diversity, eudicots have 1 25 million years ago. Since then, thev have fully reflect plant evolution. As a
< many physical features in common. Their leaves colonized every land habitat, although thev are result, flowering plants are now split

- often have a netlike tracery of veins, unlike the less common as water plants and absent from the into four overall groups: basal
a. angiosperms, magnoliids, monocots,
parallel veins of monocots, and their stems have sea. Their importance to animals is impossible to
a
z
well-developed vascular systems, overestimate. Countless species — with the
and the eudicots, or true dicots.

arranged in rings, for transporting notable exception ot grazing animals, which Iced
water and sap. As well as getting taller, on grasses (monocots) —depend on
- woody species thicken and strengthen them for food and shelter, and manv act
their stems as they grow. This as pollinators, or help to spread seeds.
O
-
—
BU X ALES PROTEALES
Containing two families, the order Of the Proteales, the largest family, Proteaceae,
Buxales is distributed in temperate, includes Southern Hemisphere evergreen trees
tropical, and subtropical regions. The and shrubs. The Platanaceae are deciduous trees
majority of the species are trees and shrubs, found in the Northern Hemisphere.
characterized by simple evergreen leaves Nelumbonaceae are aquatic plants
without leaflike stalks, or stipules, at their from Asia, Australia,
bases. Manv species are grown ornamentally and North America.
and boxwood is used for carving.
SAW BANKSIA
Ranksia serrata
F: Proteaceae

5 ft
Saw Banksia grows in woodlands anc
1.5m scrub in Australia. Its bark is fire-resistant
enabling it to survive bush fires.

KING PROTEA
Protca cynaroides
F: Proteaceae
This species is native to
hillsides and scrub in
South Africa. Clusters
of small flowers
are enclosed by
petal-like bracts.

7w IMt

SWEET BOX
Sarcococca hookenana
^^\\ Itw
BOXWOOD
5m outer hniit

collection of
F: Buxaceae %jji Buxus sempervirens SACRED LOTUS
flowers at center
This species bears F: Buxaceae Nelumbo nucifera
of ftouerhedd
F: Nelumbonaceae
clusters of small :>*ij Native to woods and scrul
fragrant flowers in on rocky calcareous hillside Growing in shallow freshwater
w inter, and is found this evergreen is widely habitats in parts of Asia and Australia,
in shady habitats in cultivated in gardens and sacred lotus carries large, fragrant
western China. used for topiary. flowers on long stalks above the water

I
 Ml ki t)\k
I
. i illea robusta
i Proti ai i at

I Ins , rowing |" • ies

Australian i linloresl
hi .u * on< sided . lustei s >>l

|lo\V( I S, W III. Ii ll.iw hi Ighl I)

. olon • ! It .iihk. m pals in

plai • ol pi tals

K Mill I

FLOWER
lifcl tllt\l /'iJuJtv I (

I Pi Otl .

Cultivated is an
01 ii.iiikiii.iI spot ies foi its

sir iking "hot tl< l>iu-l\"

llo\V< I s, tills n.ltn. .il

\ustralia grow s in ".mils

and open habitats

H
WARATAH
/ lopi < /'- cio ;isslma
l :
Protcaci ai

I Iii woodlands in New South

Wall s, Australia, c non waratah
is also knu« n ,is Svdni \ w n atah

MOUN1 \IN 1)1 \ II

/
/ arnberti i

p: Pi Kl I) PINCUSHION
I rom coastal and montane hcathlands PROTI A
ami forest in New South Wales, tpermum 1 1
rdifolium
i : Proti ai i ai
Australia, this sp . it s has pink
urrounding the Howci ( lu-.ii rs
I Ins South Mm .in spei ii s

is noted lm us hi i in h
i olored, jphi ric .il

How. rhead Itgn iw s in

.Hldl. -.1

fruit taki
about mi
mil t\ ! ip, n

( ONI HUSH
Isopogon uncmonijolnis
I : Prol

Spherical llowerhcads .ilimi

feather) leaves i lura. tcrizc t >> i

nativi woodlands and

ol <ir\
hcathlands. Cone liuili is found
in New South Wall s. V.

> iOm

M \( M)\MI \ I I <l\S I 1<

LONDON PI \M I Kl I

Mil SPIKI
I (111 I \\ IIKI IU1MI l/j. jjjm/j intcgrifolia i :
Platan u
I rnh thnurr, coictneum
Planted in I ondi •
I7tli
t: Protea lamia is nal I lltlllN. till
I

From foreM and open habitat- in from tin i ro« fi rtiliz

southern Chile, this ipecies is cul- -
ilia and ii

'lame-colored hVmers. and '

ol pollution, it is wider) planti <l in
in sheltered gar urh
 —

R ANUNCULALES
Annual and perennial herbaceous species, woody
and herbaceous climbers, shrubs, and trees are all
included in the order Ranunculales, named after the
buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, which contains
the greatest number of species in the order. Manv
of the genera are familiar ornamental garden plants,
including clematis species, columbines, poppies,
delphiniums, and anemones.
oval, toothed leaf

MOONSEED
Memspermum canadense
F: Menispermaceae
Although the fruits of this climber
resemble black grapes, they are
extremely poisonous. The species
inhabits woodland and banks of
streams in Canada and USA.

CAROLINA SNAILSEED
Cocculus carolinus
F: Menispermaceae 75 cm
This climbing woodland
species from southeast USA
has tiny flowers; the males
and females are borne on
separate plants.

16 in/40 cm 33ft/10m
CREAMY-
JAPANESE PINNATE COLOURED
STAUNTON VINE LEAF
FLOWER
Stauntonia
LEONTICE MAY APPLE hexaphylla CLIMBING CORYDALIS
Leontice Jeontopetalum Podophyllum peltatum F: Lardizabalaceae Ceratocapnos claviculata
F: Berberidaceae F: Berberidaceae F: Papaveraceae
Native to woodland
Native to cultivated ground A native of North in Japan and South
This scrambling European
and dry hillsides in North America, May apple Korea, this vigorous species grows in woods and
Africa and eastern also known as American evergreen climber has shadv habitats on acid soils,
Mediterranean countries,
leontice grows from a tuber.
mandrake —
open woodland.
grows in woody stems and
lragrant flowers.
supporting itselt through its
leaf tendrils.
 \ 1 1 low
HORNI i> POPP\
urium flavum
i Papavi i
it . ii
15*
Nativi to mw Ii «'• I uropt
an. I »> stei n \m.i. yellow
win
Inn ned popp> usualh inhab
Its long
i hi ved ii uits .iu distini tiv< -n

i.Kl \HK t II VNDINI

I htliJsmum tr.

Formerh grown b\ herbalists,

celandine is mm. t.. I urope
and northern \>u, growing In
woodland, s^ruK ami n*k\

Itl I I DIM. Ill \KI

Dl -r aahili
UUOW CORYDAI In
f: P,

Vim. foi Its hi shapi d

'I .11 1 flowci i, II

"«> In damp woodland i dgi s In

s,l 'i i i.i. ii.h tin I n ^ Inn i .11

A in slum and

\purrtJ petal

I \1 IIOKM \ POPPl Wl ls|| POPPl

aliforrtiea nopsis cambrica
t ; Papavi •

K Papavcra< . at 1 I I I I lU I lit

\ -
:vn habitats in Inhabiting shady, rock) places
in hilK an j> ami I
m
California p<>pp\ is grown in tor in gardens, Welsh popp) is

it> bnghtb colored ft nam. to western I uropt

in,

COMMON IIIMIIOKY
/ umaria ,<fjn inalis
i : Papavi i ai i ai

1 hum! in MI..-I o! I uropi mi

i ultivated and wasti g nd
cental .-
tins spe< ies usualh grow s mi
lighl miiIs

W \l II Ij \ I'OI'I'i
Hi ilteri
F: Papavi

\ s|i, riesof sci ub ind

I

ind in i .Li. .i in. i .in.

M. AH ... tin j.

.... i

grown in g irdi i

cut atm etuJa

pouonous lata
OPIUM
I'OI'I'i
( HM\|(|\ I'OI'I'I Papater wmnifcrum

f. IV
Mi Milium HYPECOUM Arabic and » aMr ground arc opium, heroin, and
H\ptcoum imberbe home to dm poppv ru' popp\ wit), this
u>rraceac Europe, North Afnta, and paru inhal I and
Thn rutus- of wuthrm Europe gr did mil
commcmoralc V\
cuhnated and waste ground and on walk in I ui
»
» RANUNCULALES SHDHIAl)

WINTER ACONITE
Eranthis hyemalis
F: Ranunculaceae
This tuberous perennial is

found in clamp woodland and

shady places in central
Europe. It Mowers in late
winter (hence its common
name) and early spring.
I 1 IMBING
STEMS
TRAVELER'S JOY
Clematis \ italba
F: Ranunculaceae
Also known as "old man's beard"
for its gray feathen Fruit, traveler's
joyis a woody climber found in

wood edges and hedgerows in

Europe and North Africa.

in i i nun
H OWER

16in
40 cm

PHEASANT'S EYE MEADOW BUTTERCUP

idonis annua Ranunculus aens
F: Ranunculaceae f: Ranunculaceae

An increasingly uncommon Found in much of Europe and

annual species, pheasant's eye temperate regions of western
isfound in cultivated and Asia, this perennial species is

waste ground in southern found in damp grassland.

Europe' and southwest Asia.

FIELD LOVE-IN-A-MIST ROCKET LARKSPUR

\ igella an ensis t onsolida ambigua
f: Ranunculaceae F: Ranunculaceae
I Ins annual spec ies is native to Grow inn on cultivated and
central and southern Europe, disturbed ground on light
Nortll Africa, and smith west soils, rocket larkspur is an
THIN-STEMMED
Asia. It inhabits cultivated and annual native to the FOLIAGE
disturbed ground. Mediterranean region.

CROWN ANEMONE
KINGCUP Inemone coronaria
C alt ha palustris F: Ranunculaceae
F. Ranunculaceae Mediterranean countries are
Kingcup, or marsh marigold, home to crown anemone, a
inhabits marshes, ditches, tuberous perennial species
wet woods, and wet grassland which grows on stony
in much ol Europe, Asia, and and
hillsides, roadsides, powers form on
North Amei ii .1 cultivated ground. long spikes

stem, leaves, and

root are toxic

MONKSHOOD
Aconitum napcllus
SCARLET LARKSPUR F: Ranunculaceae
Delphinium carjinalc Named lor its
PASQUE FLOWER F: Ranunculaceae COMMON MEADOW RUE helmeted flowers,
Anemone pulsatilla Also known as cardinal Thalictrum flavum monkshood inhabit
F! Ranunculaceae larkspur where it grows in F: Ranunculaceae damp woods and
Chalk slopes with short turf are California, USA, and Baja 1 his perennial species grows in strcamsides in
the home of pasque Rower, California, Mexico, this wet meadows and fens beside Europe.It is an

a perennial species native to short lived perennial is found freshwater in Europe and extremely poisonou
central Europe and western Asia. on dry hillsides. temperate regions of Asia. perennial species.
G 11 N N E R A L E S
Th« t«c. families which make up thi- Gunnerales order w< n 1 1 1. order Dilleniales was originall) though) to contain
previously classified in different orders because tin \ an tin family Dilleniaceai and tli< family Paeoniaceae. Il

nsualh \cr\ different. However, uialysis has recentl) now onl) contains the Dilleniaceae, a family of trees,
«vn the two families t. . be closeh related. The famih shrubs, and < limb< rs found in tropic .il re gions Most
Gunr isoflargi herbaceous spec it - havi .ih< rnati l\ arrangi <l I. aves and bisi xual
plant- in damp habitat^, whereas Myrothamnai Rowers (with mah and femali parts) with five sepals,
inhabitants ol African deserts. Gunnaa spe< i. s in five petals, and numerous stamens. Some produce dr\
often grown in gardens a- .>rnanuntal plants. Irun that open to shed theii seeds; others havi bei

SIMPOH \IK
(.IINM l< \ Dillenia tuffrut
dunncrj n (,()l |)| N
GUINI W INI \ I..

I Mil llil
lii mI. .
ndi inn to
F: Dillenu am. i. Sum. in. i, and

Pound in \u '" .uinl and

fon
 CARYOPH YLLALES
An extremely diverse order, the Caryophyllales
'" include trees, shrubs, climbers, succulents, and
herbaceous species, and range from carnations to
cacti. Most members exist in dry conditions, but
manv have developed various special adaptations
enabling them to survive difficult environments.
Perhaps the most extreme example of this is the
ability of carnivorous species to trap and digest
insects for extra nutrients. CONOPHYTUM MINUTUM WARTY TIGER JAWS PURPLE DEWPLANT
F: Aizoaceae Foucana tuberculosa Disphyma crussifolium
many-petalcd yellow F: Aizoaceae F: Aizoaceae
A minute, clump-forming spec ies,
ight pink power
with fleshy pebble-like leaves, Native to semidesert areas of South Africa This procumbent species — with stems
Conophytum minutum inhabits this species has leaves that resemble an that trail along the ground — has fleshy
semidesert areas in South Africa. open mouth, hence the name. leaves and daisylike flowers. Native to
South Africa, Australia, and New-
Zealand, it lives on saline soils.

40 cm

3 cm
SCHWANTESIA
RUEDEBUSCHII LAMPRANTHUS SP. T1TANOPSIS CALCAREA
F: Aizoaceae F: Aizoaceae F: Aizoaceae
A dump-forming species \\ ith This species of succulent plants Inhabiting semidesert areas
unequal pairs ol keeled fleshy from South Africa grows in of South Africa, this
leaves, this succulent grows semidesert areas, particularly near clump-forming succulent has
on hillsides in Namibia the coast. The numerous daisylike fleshy leaves. It flowers in late
and South Africa, flowers are brightly colored. summer and autumn.

HOTTENTOT FIG LIVINGSTONES

Carpobrotus edulis Lithops aucampiae
F: Aizoaceae F: Aizoaceae
This sprawling, fleshy South l imu ing among pebbles
Ah k an species with show \ in semidesert regions ol
owers and edible figlike fruit South Africa, this dwarf
grows in open drv habitats, clump-forming species
where it can be invasive. has fleshy leaves.

carmme-ra
yellow flowers

1 mm leaves

FAIRY GIBBAEUM
ICE PLANT ELEPHANT'S FEET VELUTINUM
Mesemhiyanthemum crystallinum Frithw pulchra F'. Aizoaceae
F: Aizoaceae F: Aizoaceae Pairs of unequal -sized fleshy

Popularly named ice plant for the A minute succulent, Frithia pulchra leaves, joined near their

tiny glistening swellings covering inhabits temperate open ground in bases, characterize this
the entire plant, this species inhabits South Africa. The barrel-shaped mat-forming species. It is
saline areas in parts of Africa, fruits open alter rain to release found in semidesert areas
Europe, and western Asia. their seeds. in South Africa.
 WMIM SI Mil 111
S maritima
I \inai anllia. . 1.

M .in 1 U roastal, inhabiting — .« It

111.11 shes in I in >>|». . I>ui gi

inland In pat is "t V&ia and

\..nli \nuiu.i, annual seabllu has
1 |i .in v ili.n tui n red

(Mill

LOVE-I UN-HI I I DIM. ICHYRAS 1 III s

BID! Mil \

I \niaranlfu. I \ 111.11 .III tlv.i.

Jti 111 s..uih imxidt », and

-a, thi- rthblt sp moist shad> places in China,
• tafnlal- ha- been |j|uii, India, and \> pal an

tl Mllu' hiiiiu in tin- sp<

I'D I I'M \
•.irj

1 \marantha.
Wiih catkinlike Howei
ilu-trr-, ihi- perennial native
from tropM SI A IM I I

and V s .n ilrv ami Bi to 1 ulgai is

\ .1.
i\.i-t. ground 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 . 1 . .

I hi w il.l .in. . stoi "I

garden beets, sea beet is

I !in a ll. In inhabitant .'I

ban gi • .mi. I by thi ca

in pai ts ol I in 1 >|i. .

111!
\.n 1I1 \ii 1. .1. .mil \ 1

si \ CIIKsl \M
Halimione portulai oides
1 : Vrnaranthai 1 ai

y s.ili

..(
marshes, cspe<
tidal 1 hanncls and pools, are
1.1IK edgi

COMMON (.1 ASSWOKT

home i" sea purslane, .1

spravt ling silver) -pi 1 ies from Salii 01 nia euri

Jt/ parts ol I urope, \li ii a, and Vsia

I
I : \111.11

illinium glasSWOl
inili. 1.

I
1

is
.1.

.1 Infill

spei ies "I mudd) -ah marshes

in westei n I uropi Its su< . uli nl

-li III- iin 1.111. I 1 .1

I'URI'I I I I 11W I U
SPIKI .1- .1 vi gi table,

MEXICAN II \

/)i whania ami

1 nun 1 I ; \1n.11 .mill. 1. 1 .

SAI Mi
MM
& \

cultivated and
-Inn 1 livi il inhabitant "I
wash i
I

K
.

in tropii il \ini 1 1. .1, this

111 .in ,'1. p. , ies 1- 11-1 il .1-

unite, pink. .1 seasoning and ii

Kl I) OKU III
it r 1 pic \ I

I iinarantha. 1

pina< hlikc -|m i ies with

cdibli 1 - .111

lialni a'-.

from
111. 1 1

•
PI IIMI I) ( ()( Ks( OMB
p-JireJ flcih\ Itj)

.1. <lr\

mul m iro;

»
 » CARYOPHYLLALES spines protect
slow-growing
plant

PAROD1A ERIOSYCE
GRAFSSNERI SUBGIBBOSA
F: Cactaceae F: Cactaceae
This cactus has a This spherical speci
s.
spherical stem and grows in dry stonv
2 funnel-shaped flowers. places, often at the
O It inhabits mountainous coast in its native C'h
Q parts of South America.

w
-J
>-

t-
o
u
PERUVIAN BARREL CACTUS
OLD MAN / ( hinocactus sp.
CACTUS F: Cactaceae
Espostoa lanata
Native to northern
f: Cactaceae
Argentina, this is a
Identified by long white
barrel-shaped species
hairs on the columnar
stony ground and
stem, this is a
rocky hillsides.
slow-growing species
fiesh in leaves
Irom hillv areas of Peru
stores watei
and southern Ecuador.

REBUTIA HELIOSA
39 ft
¥' Cactaceae
12m
A clump-forming species with
CLE1STOCACTUS OLD MAN CACTUS brightly colored flowers,
BROOKEI C ephalocereus senilis this native ofBolh ia grow s

f: Cactaceae l : Ca< taceae shaded

in partially

With semien ct oi Long white hairs on mountainous habitats.

spreading fleshy the stem gi\c this
single stems, this i ai Ins its common GOLDEN COLUMN
i actus species name. It is native to 1 1 cberhducroccreus
inhabits rocky areas in Mexico. johnsonii
mountainous areas F:Cactaceae
oi Bolivia. This is a tall species
from Peru, where it

inhabits sandy soil.

LEUCHEENBERGIA
PRINCIPIS
F: Cacta< eae

I he stem oi this spei ii s is either

spherical or short and cylindrical, and
bears fragrant flowers. It inhabits hillv
regions of northern Mexico.

aims, or branehe
develop to assist

fertilization

t
SAGUARO CACTUS
Carnegica gigantea
F: Cactaceae
MISTLETOE CACTUS
Rhipsalts hacctjera
I iving for up to I 50 F: Cactaceae
years in desert areas of
Arizona, California,
Mistletoe cactus
another plant — and
is epiphytic
lives in tropical
—grows on
America,
and in Mexico, saguaro
Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and tropical Africa.
ca< tus is an extremely

tall spec ics

V
lm
4 It
>M* 16ft

Wh 5m

4') ft

15m PACHYCEREUS
l^ SCHOTEII
HARR1S1A
MM Wr.m^ F: Cactaceae
PACHYCEREUS JUSBEREII ^^" A tall slow-growing
PRINGEEl F: Cac taceae ^B Hk. species from
F: Cactaceae OI uncertain jM
origin, ^Lt southern Arizona,
This very tall branching but probably native to ^H this species has
treelike species inhabits hilly areas oi Argentina ^H A^ unpleasant-
semidesert areas of or Paraguay, Harrisia ^^^ smelling flowers
Mexico. Its flowers jusbertii is a columnar ^^| Bk which open
open at night. night -flowering cactus. Uk at night.
 i hiiJ

RAT'S I\ll
l U I lis
Iporocactus
flagelltformls
i Cactao ..

1 1\ ing on trees oi
i... k- in svoodi .1 areas
ISnOPH) U I M <>K\ 1/ ii M i I \RI I i. Ill' III IM.I IIO(. ol \l. \i. .., i.h 's tail
i Cacu< •
tglochldiatus . .i. t u- has traili
s ol Peru jihI A spherical or eolumiui stem with i I
ll. -In stems .in.l
this brownish yellow proti in il. mi 1-, .. i ul». .mil .hi I III How. I -

.» uh j ii s li ro< k\ slopes in iln southci n II s and

ivs in ami I northern Mexico, this variable cactus is

pollinated I" hummingbirds,

in, in

si i \oi ii I us
urn most uus
i .

(.) l/\()( 1/ )( III M

I hi- spherii .il -p. . ii s

~j
HORSTII
inhabits shatU pl.mvm ii ictaccai
low land .ii. as ol not thi asl
I lir sphci i' a
V. \i. .. I h. funnel shaped
. lump ''it cactus
Dowel - havt I.iini
grow - on in. k\ hillsides
•u iped p< til-
in \i •.'. niih.i, I 1m
Pai aguay, and pai i-

ol Hi
^!" ,i/i

IIIRKM. U»( U Ills oi i) i \m i.u un i

l/jmmi//jrij hjhnunj
I ( i I

ng in semid
old i

•ph. r:, i itrm when nulurr. turk's •Ii grayish I

th. spherical -inn

>i in north, a-r Kra/il

C R \H
I U Ills
-

An epiplnr.
troptci m southci--
rtcn grown as a houseplant.

I'M. 1 11 I I IK I

<,H I I

(,IOR> Ol II \ \s PRK Ml PI \R
Opuntia ji v

i *

Wnh (latu m 'I jointed tt< ms and i 'hi, I.

iped fruit, pi i, 1 1',

p, ii

o ,ni„ I ii,
'.'

o »
spines protect the
CACTUS
a pljnt
A st voph \ i u m ornat u m
Commonh know n as tlu Monk's I lood Cat ins. tins i a< uis's

genus name means "star plain" in an< ient Greek. Istrophj euro

omatum was tn -i collet ted in 18 ! b) 1 nomas Coulter, an

Irish do< tor and botanist, w ho sent it to Professor de Candolle
at the Botanic Geneva W hen <-\v Candolle unpa< ked
Garden ol

the cat tu-> he thought it was covered in fungus, but >liv overed
thai the white spots were actualh tufts ol hair

ortrichomes. rhesewoolh scales ma} help

the v a< tus , olle< t \\ ater and prote< t it

against the sun, but the\ also provide

i amouflage. I sf
r.Y
,
/J > turn omatum
is the most denseh covered ol all

tlu- Isttophytum cacti, and also

the spiniest. 1 Ins ( at tus
is now rare in tin- w lkl.

si/i ;tt ,1 2m)

ii vim \i Hot, arid zones
DISTRIBUTION Mexico
ii vi nn Spines

< ROD I slsll \\

1 ibrous and shallow roots help I lus i\ pe ol i at ins

the cactus absorb water from exhibits woolly,

a large area, essential in an \\ hiu lulls ol
m
environment where aftei briel trichomes arrangi d O
showers onh an in< Ii or two <>t in hands ,u ross the Z
soil is wet ribs. 1 his sit-in hair z
is usu.ilK dense in s
young plants and
R PETALS >
I In
(HI
numerous, narrow outer
petals ol the Bower an pale
II

V £ '
more sparse in

yellow ami have brown tips.

I In flower it It grows to4'/iin
(

(
1 1 cm i in diameter.

n j men (male
N
part that
proJL
releases pollen)

"
» OVARY
\ In low all the
other reprodut tivi parts

> FLOWER SIC HON ol the flower, tin ovai

The Yellow petals ha

. ontains m ules that
female pan Hi velop into si .K
broad oblong shape with a
shghth serrated apex. The thai connect* the

Bower has a \ellow i arp aigma to the ovary) ' SI It, MA

temale reproductive organs. rhi flowei has a singlt stigma with seven to twelve
made up ol the stigma. st% \> .
lobes. I Ins is the part ol the flower used to iti h i

and ovarv > arxl yeAovt stam< nv polli n I hi <> iul in (1 ii M, longi
 » CARYOPHYLLALES
162

23 '/a in 23'/2 in 1 1 in

60 cm 60 cm 30 cm

DEPTFORD PINK CORNCOCKLE COW BASIL SEA SANDWORT THYME-LEAVED

Dianthus armena Agrostcmma githago Vaccaria pyramidata Honckcnyo pcploides SANDWORT
F: Caryophyllaceae F: Caryophyllaceae F: Carvophvllaceae F: Carvophvllaceae Arenano serpyllifolia
w F: Carvophvllaceae
Inhabiting dry grassland, A native of eastern From cultivated and waste ground A fleshy prostrate species, sea
especially on light sandy soil Mediterranean countries, in parts of Europe and Asia, cow sandwort is found on coastal Found in bare or disturbed
in much Europe, Deptford
ol corncockle was formerly a basil has pinkish flowers and bluish sand and pepple in North pround in Europe, temperate
pink has starrv flowers with widespread cornfield weed, preen leaves. America, Europe, and Asia. Asia, and North America, this

toothed petals. but is now much rarer. species gets its common
name from its tinv leaves.

ALPINE CAMPION
Lychnis alpma
F: Caryophyllaceae
This native of the European Alps,
\ numerous pink, or Pyrenees, and subarctic areas ol

occasional!] uhltc North America, Europe, and west

flowers Asia prows on mineral-rich rocks.

32 in LANCEOLATE
80 cm LEAVES
Jour or five small
leaves per shoot RAGGED ROBIN FIELD MOUSE-EAR
Lychnis Jlos-cuculi Cerastium arvense
F: Caryophyllaceae F: Caryophyllaceae

Divided petals give ragged robin A native of dry grassland in North

itsname. It is a European America, Europe, North Africa,
species found in marshy fields and western temperate Asia.
and damp ground.

32 in/ 80 cm

MOSS CAMPION
Fl
Silene acaulis
Caryophyllaceae
Cushion-forming and mosslike,
this grows on mountains in North
America, western, central, and
Named
BLADDER CAMPION

campion
in
F:

for
Silene vulgaris
Caryophyllaceae
its inflated calyx,
open grassy places
inhabits
Europe, North Africa, and
Bladder A
northern Europe, as well as Asia. temperate regions of Asia.
 ROUND II win
SUNDI w
containing Drosera rotundifolia
163
Inhab
i.iiul and in. adou s

in Noi iK \in. i
!< .1.

tO in I im.ii>. . and noi thi i n

\m.i. thia ins< . in
jix . i. v has leaves « uli
iHini. rous slii U hail -

. .H. I . ll III HlM , I

dissoh in.' . ii . in. v

m
li-.il hairs
imp in... i.

I0( i.

v. \
( Uli DING I'lNk SOAPWOR1 COMMON CH1CKWEED
Petrsrhjjij njnteuiln S Kir ia .>^/iiin.j/i> Stcllario. m<
t i a- ^ phvllaceae i i. ii jrophvlla< i i. .ii \..|ili\ II. i.
\ I Mis FLY-TRAP
The Bowers >>l csiikhng pink open one at J i mci used t.' make soap, iln^ spe< ies sprawling species
DlonacQ must Ipulo
I i<i- found on cultivated is
time lhi% .jHtUA iiihal<il> >lr\ grass) >- found along streams and damp I :
Drosera) • at
and opt n ground woi l.l« id< and is
s in vuh!\ n»uI in much .it I urope ground in uropi and \m.i
I v.. in. inn. v usi .1 as i salad .. ... tabli
An niM-t t i\.ii «uiv p .tl

spec ies from i < tastal l>« iga in

ilhjfj
Noi id .in-l South ( .in Jin. i.
trap triggtnd by /win
Vi mis IK crap has fungi d,
..fi /...

\ two lobed It avea

qhth ralorad
a

iv/Vn lui 1 /.>.(..

- u m
tteth prertai
in... i escaping
t in

in. in

HOIK, \IN\ II II \

fl.'iyjim i//cj ijltihrj

i N • •

What m . in to be petals on
bougainvillea ar< actual!)
lira, iv fnissloH growing
. en . limber from Brazil
i* w ul< I\ i ultnal. .1 ^
trapped in\<< I.

< '<. ruajr

I 'ill ((I, 111

SI \ III \l II
/ rankenia \ae\ i>

i I i anki i"

\ in.ii fi ng |
' i In .iili

grows in ban sand) ground in thi

dric i
I'.n > .i
all m u hi i in

urope and westi n \>u

I <

ti
//hi./ in funnel

fh
PITCH! l< PLAN!
IOIIK O'l I Ot k HOW I K Vep r In
ilirjhiln jjlapa
I
I ound in tin montani
pen (wtiiui
ubmontani
U ,. i/xl Viillh An fori > "i Boi in " 'In
* h» h pecji

»
» CARYOPHYLLALES BLACK BINDWEED
hallopta convolvulus
F: Polygonaceae
Growing on waste and
cultivated ground, black
indweed is native to much
of Europe, North Africa,
and temperate Asia.

6' i ft/ 2 m

ERIOGONUM ST. CATHERINE'S LACE

UMBELLATUM Ertogonum gigantcum
F: Polvgonaceae F: Polvgonaceae
Inhabiting well-drained montane With clusters ot tinv
torest and scrub innorthern and long-lasting flowers much
western US and Canada, this visited by butterflies,
spreading mat-forming species has St. Catherine's lace is native to
long-lasting flowers. arid areas ol the Southwest US.

COMMON BUCKWHEAT CURLED DOCK KNOTGRASS

Fagopvrum esculentum Rumex enspus Polygonum aviculare
reddish jlowers F: Polvgonaceae F: Polvgonaceae F: Polygonaceae
pollinated by Buckwheat originated in temperate Curled dock inhabits grassv places, This spreading species ot open
wind areas ol Asia, and is cultivated lor waste ground, and coastal pebbles in cultivated and bareground in
lis seeds, which are made into flour Europe and most of Africa. It can be on\ Europe and Asia grows on
and also led to bird-. invasive spe< ies. coasts and inland.

fleshy, kidnej
-

shaped leaves

I
!in
30 cm 90 cm

MOUNTAIN SORREL COMMON BISTORT CORAL VINE POKEWEED

( h\ ria Jig\ na Persicaria historta Antigonon leptopus Phytolacca americana
1 : Polygonaceae F: Polvgonaceae F: Polygonaceae F: Phytolaccaceae

Inhabiting damp ledges and streamsides on Inhabiting grassy areas in much This fast-growing species With poisonous blackberrvlike fruit this

mountains in Arctic and temperate regions of Europe and centra] Asia, climbs bv means of tendrils. unpleasant-smelling perennial is native to
of the Northern Hemisphere, mountain common bistort has dense It li\cs in tropical torest and open and shady parts ot eastern North
sorrel is often tinged red. cylindrical flower spikes. scrub in Mexico. America and Mexico.

CHINESE
RHUBARB
Rheum palmatum
F: Polygonaceae
With enormous roots
and large, poisonous
leaves, Chinese
rhubarb inhabits
streamsides ^m\ damp
ground mountainous
in

areas in China
and Tibet.

large leaf
supported b)

strong stem

SPRING BEAUTY
Claytonia perjolwta
F'. Portufacaceae

> known as miner's lettuce,

this native of cultivated and TALINUM OKANOGANE1SSE
F: Portulacaceae
bare ground in western
North America, Mexico, and The flowers of this prostrate species open
Cuba has two fused leaves in the afternoon. Dry grassland and scrub

beneath the flowers. in western North America are its home.

 i u i \nm\i
it i TONIi
I I'.u lul.i.

\ >\ found m the

I alLUiul Islands, but also
in gardens, tins -,
BUI
from >'|>> ii ro< k\
\ tint

7MWSH BKU//K t/> \

SUMMI R PURS1 \\i

nountainous rWl
• 1 l>Jv»l

Inhabiting mun pai i* ol ttu

Id in< luding mu< l> ol

t * - 'una. ami Japan,
CEYLON pur-
\I)\M)K! lible Resin
II
s ol disturbed ground

1
an.

lead*

I \M \Klsk
M Mil I
SI \ l'l\K Ijnmm yjllnj JOJOBA
1 imsnium -imurum Armena mjnumj mi
I : I it ii 1. 1 11
Simmond ia i
kinensii
i: Plumb it Plumbaginai F: Simmond
I :
II- i

tamarisk iaceai
s
^ranihin*; In much ofWcstern I urope, also gn iws in vilim an .i-
Di i
i is in \i izona and
stems and i- lound in nvk\ and thrill, or sea pink. inhabits inland. It 01 iginates from i
alifi H in i
and Mi xii o
*and> coastal habitats and in '
il T'h ks an. I t litis, sjh south* 1 11 I un ip Ni
.
.III In illH til jojl 'I' I
, I

aline areas inland in marshes, ami mountains It is a Utk.i. and '

spe< H s often
tcrranean count! cushion-forming ami is planted elsewhi . iilin.it, il for Its nil

SANT A 1. A L E S
Fuuriii mainK in tropical and subtropical osi KIS
ini .;//'.<
hi order Santalales mi links mam I I Vim. il

r ami seniiparasitk plants,

parasitic I Ins broomlike
such which grow attached t<>
as mistletoe, si miparasitii sp. 1 1. s uit

other plants from whiih the) obtain water anil Ira mi flow i s i n.ii i
.

tO sc.hiIk i ii I un |,
nutrients Mthnu^h it is I)\\ analws that
Ni nil. \ii ii .,
and
mines their classification, must of the southwesl \si.i, inhabiting
• Is lacJring an nut, rcovt r: 'Ii \ rot k\ pi

Santalales classification is still beine; debated.

I IKI I HI I

\uirsu floribunJa
•

s< mi ruing

from
surrounthng plants
in wixidland in

SANDALWOOD
MIM II I'll
im dlbum

ara-iri,

n part.<
SAXIFR AGALES MEXICAN FIRECRACKER
Echeveria setosa
F: Crassulaceae
The order Saxifragales isnamed after
Named lor its brightlv colored
saxifrages. The Latin name saxifraga Mexican species has
f'ers, this
literally means "rock breaker," rosettes ot succulent leaves densely
because these plants often grow in covered with white hairs.

cracks in rocks and walls. Other

prominent members of the order are
currants, the Kibes species, hydrangeas,
and the stonecrops Crassula. Stonecrops are
succulents, or water-retaining plants, adapted
to dry conditions.There are over 1,000
species and many are grown as indoor plants.

COMMON HOUSELEEK
Sempervivum tectorum
F: Crassulaceae

( )riginating from mountains in

central Europe, houseleek is

often planted on roofs and walls

This plant torms dense mats ot
CRASSULA DECEPTOR
succulent rosettes F: Crassulaceae

Bearing sueetK scented (lowers, this

20 in
variable species is trom South Africa.
50 cm
SAUCER PLANT A white powdery coating protects the
ieonium labulijormc stems from sun damage and drought.
h: Crassulaceae
This native of hillsides and
coastal cliffs onTenerife,
Canary Islands, forms a flat
ORPINE succulent rosette \fter
SeJum telephium flowering the plant dies
F: Crassulaceae

Rocky terrain, woods, 24 in /60 cm

and hedgebanks are the
habitats of orpine, a
NAVELWORT
species native to much of
Umbilicus rupestris
Europe, temperate Asia, i Crassulaceae
:

and North America.

This species has round
flesh) leaves, each
with a central dimple
Navelwort inhabits
roc ks and walls in
much ot Europe.

16 in
40 cm

16in
FLAMING KATY 40 cm
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
F: Crassulaceae

Arid areas ol Madagascar are home

to this bushy species with gloss\ ROSEROOT
succulent leaves and brightlj SeJum rosea
colored (lowers. K Crassulaceae
Inhabiting mountain rocks and
coastal cliffs, roseroot is a fleshy
species (ound in the Arctic and
alpine regions in Europe,
North America, and Asia.

WESTERN WATER
BUFFALO CURRANT MILFOIL
Ribes ojoratum Myriophyllum hippuroides
F: Grossulariaceae ¥' Haloragaceae
Scented flowers and thornless This aquatic species has finely
stems characterize buffalo divided leaves. It is native to
currant, an inhabitant ot rocky freshwater habitats in
and sandy areas in central USA. western North America.
 II W I S . II \\l.l\l.
> I II OR

l HIM M s\\ I I H.UM \ IK(,I\I \\ \\ I It II

/ iKitnJjwh.ii lormoiana II \/l I

I I I.IIM.1IIU lull. namamelii \ Irgintona

iduous tii < ol damp I I lam. UN, lidai
i .it hit
woodland China and
in liiinv vsn ind thi
Ijiwjii, ilnv s|Hi irs iv noted i i • .« i us I. ji. v mi ii \. II. .u in autumn Ii

foi n- l>i ighth colon .1 inhabits woodland in i i tern

autumn foliage \..i ili \iu. i u .1

PI RSI W IRONWOOD
Rui n la pei tica
l

i : 1 1. mi. mi. lidai at i

> 1 MOW Nativi

n.
I..

'Ii.
I.. i.

M [ran, Pel sian

-.i in iln i .hi, asus
mum
r<

tod
git in and

S Wll R KG]
.i i
ii is .i

« mi. i
Rowi i ing di i iduous in i .Mil,
raga aizoides
i
N In illianiK . olored autumn I. avi

Strcamsides and wei

stom areas .>l mountains \l UMROOI
are home to this Hem beta amei Ii una
i
i !
Saxifra 'ai i at

I urop . \..i ii. \. Ii ili .I '11 in I

I . u k\

and westei n Vsia vMMiill.mil in North

\n i. .iliiiniiiiii

has gli i.m It .i\ es

gin win. Ii are mottli .1

!Ocm \\ lit II M Mill

; in 61

OPPOSITI -II \\ I I) ( OMMON PI (>\ .-

GO! DI N-S Wll l< \(,l Pa, n

( /in sosplenium hum I :
Pat ..in. i. . .i.

\ In i
bi pecii
I III |HIM llllll" ' i
tills
in .-..,.,. II.
I in.
ipei I. i.ii in .
xteiuive pal in. adow
in damp ihad) habitats in in pai i ..I I |.. .

i n and '
' mill I urope. i

III IU \
l'K,(,'l I! \( k
PI \M
mica men/:
I

plant its nan..

round m
ilani;
 * V ITALES
This order consists of a single family, the Vitaceac or
foliage turns red
grape family. It contains 14 genera and 850 species, m the jail
including the important grapevine and the ornamental
Virginia creeper. Members of the Vitaceae are mainly
native to the tropics or warm temperate regions. Mostly
vines or lianas, they usuallv have swollen nodes
(where leaves fork from the stem) and
tendrils for climbing. Their flowers are
usuallv held in Hat-topped clusters.

VIRGINIA CREEPER
Parthenocissus quinqucfoha
F: Vitaceae

This prolific climber irom

eastern and northern America
CRIMSON GLORY i lings onto smooth surfaces using
VINE the adhesive padson its
Vitis coignetiae small, forked tendrils.
F:Vitaceae
Cultivated for its giant,
dimpled leaves
( 1 2 in / 30 cm across) and
fall color, tliis deciduous
climber is native to
temperate Asia.

GERANIALES
The Geraniales has only four plant families. The
Geraniaceae or geranium family is the largest, with 800
species within sex en genera, ot which the genus Geraniu
or cranesbills has 260 species. The genus Pelargonium has
280 species including the garden plants commonly know n
as geraniums. Melianthaceae is another family of the

Geraniales; its members are trees and shrubs native to

tropical and southern Africa.

HERB ROBERT APPLE PELARGONIUM

Geranium robcrtianum Pelargonium odoratissimum MEADOW CRANESBILL
f: Geraniaceae ¥' Geraniaceae Geranium pratense
Widespread in the This perennial originates F: Geraniaceae
Northern Hemisphere, from South Africa and has Preferring grasslands on chalkv
this sprawling species spreading flower stalks. It soil, this perennial is native to
has red stems and long is cultivated for "oil of Europe and Asia. It

flower stalks. It has a geranium," which has a strong food source for the northern
strong, mousy smell. scent of apple and rose. brown argus butterfly.
M VRTAl.ES I OOS1
s\\ \MI*
SI kii I
PURPI
/ 1 thrum
I LOOSESTRIFI
sa//< aria
lion rertU i//jih» F." Lythraci at
The order Mvrtales i- found throughout the
p: L) thi in
Numi rous piu pie red, squan
tropics and warmer regions. Ot ilu- 14 familii
Native to noi theastei n stems grow from thi woody,
the M\ rtaceae (myrtle famil) i
is the biggest \\ ith \iiu-i k.i. this >hi ul< creeping tstot k ol this

over 5,650 species. 1 he) tend to produce essential hi swamps li has pi i. .in.ll Native ti 1 1 uropi WW*
stems « uli up i" six \m.i, southeastei n Australia,
oils, such -in mvrtle, - love, and eucah ptus I he
sid( s, it- leaves grow In .in.l not thwestei n
Lvthraceae (loosestrife and pomegranate family) whoi Is ol three and u \li It ,i, ii I- invasivi
ha\i- petals thatemerge from a floral tube (< ah \> n (I cm) II

that includes petals and the stamen v

ln.inyul.tr
Most ol the Onagraceae (willowherb J
or evening primrose famih have i

mult
tour colored sepals and petals.
fruit Ji

(. K \l'l M>RIU I'OMM.RWAII

III \N \ Punii .i oranatum
/ j ii sonid intTnu WATER CHESTNUl l : I \ tin ai

I : I ythi ii Irapa natons I In- -pirn, -lii ubb) tree, from

,i ami tin Middle 1 :
I mIii .i, . i.
-. tuthwi -i< i ii \-i.i, i- w hi. K
an It- hark i- smooth, I ast, h< nna - l< avi - n I In- floating plant is fi I ui i ipi and I iilin.il. .1 in ill. M. > 1 1 1 < 1 1 .iiu .in

nottlrd. pinki-h ;;ra\, and reddish-brown dve ami it- fragrant \-i.i Within .i inn w nli four hoi nliki fi il 11- |illl|i\ ll llll . . i ml nun,
each flowers vicld essential ml- barbed spines is the edible start In seed numerous seed

I l(, \l< o\\ I I 1 l<

Cuphcj ijncj
I-: 1 \thr.i >.M
A denst-N branched, pvrrnnial
shrub, cigar flower i- a garden
INDI ALMOND W
mm. ill
/. .n.ij-f.i
t i i

and house ornimrnt.il Native i : i ombretai i ai

o and the West Indies,

l< UMGOON ( Itl I PI it Found mi i oasts i >l thi
its Iruit is paprrlikc capsules.
QllUdUdlls mJlLd liicl.p Pai ihi in i .in-, ilu- in i

I-: Combi has hoi i/' mtal hi ani hes, It-

Imiln r from tropical \sia has i lusters i ork) fruit, dispi rsed bj
ol tuliular rr«l flowers ll- ellipsoidal Iruit, Watl i. i .ml. mi- .in i <lil>li ,

with five wings, tast< ol almonds. I

tasting nut.

t^ ROSI (.It \l'l

llcJmillu mogmjiid
''.
t .

j^^ I In- ..i n.iiii. ni.il from thi-

P^K Philippines is epiphyte,

havi tudinal veins

iharai teristii "I the

BR \/II |

FLOWER
\\ NPini i

* \ IR(,IM \ Ml \l)OW
-j untiled-
t: MrUstoaal i
.inn a
I
-n rrgions thus Brazilian

I Is It

dges and three I

ob»KH» longitudinal ••
 » MYRTALES 120ft
36m

170 stamens form CIDER GUM

bottlebrush-shaped Eucalyptus gunnn
flowers f: Myrtaceae
This hardy Tasmanian tree
forms juvenile leaves that
y are round and silvery,
maturing to scythe-shaped
Z and blue-gray. It has
o red -brown peeling bark.
Q
LU
-J
>H TONGHI
H BOTTLEBRUSH
Callistemon subulatus
O F: Myrtaceae
U A spreading shrub with small
woody fruit containing
Q hundreds of seeds. It is found
mainly in New South Wales
and Vict

t/5
GREEN BOTTLEBRUSH
Callistemon vindijiorus
H F: Myrtaceae
Z Resisting snow, trost, and
< drought, this sprawling shrub
— from southern Australia has
cl, leaves with sharp, pointed ends.
It attracts birds and butterflies.

SCARLET KUNZEA COMMON MYRTLE ALLSPICE URN-IRUITED

Kun/co ba\tci i Myrtus communis Pimcnta dioica GUM
f: Myrtaceae F: M\ rtaceae f: Myrtaceae Eucalyptus urnigera
Unlike Callistemon bottlebrushes The aromatic leaf of myrtle From the Caribbean, southern Mexico, F: Myrtaceae
these woody shrubs from the \ u lik essential oils. Native and Central America, this unisexual tree This tree Irom southeast Tasmania has
si mth coast ol West Australia to the Mediterranean, myrtle has small w hite flowers that form brown urn-shaped fruit, blue-gray juvenile
ose their five sepals and petals, has fragrant flowers and berrylike pitted fruit. Unripe fruit is leaves,and white flowers in clusters
eavine a one-celled fruit. produces blue-black berries. dried and ground to make "allspice." of three with numerous stamens.

CAJUPUT
Melaleuca cajuputi
F: Myrtaceae

Native to the islands of Indonesia, this

tree has aromatic leaves that contain
an emerald-colored medicinal oil.

CHILEAN MYRTLE
Luma apiculata
F: Myrtaceae
This slow-growing tree has a
contorted trunk and smooth i Dimi

FRUIT
gray-orange peeling bark. Its

fruit is a black berry. GUAVA

Psidtum guajava
POHUTAKAWA CLOVE F: Myrtaceae

Metrosideros excelsa Sjzjgium aiomaticum This tree from southern

F: Myrtaceae F: Myrtaceae Mexico has flaky, coppery
This tree produces red flowers in The dried flower buds of this native of Indonesia bark. The fruit has a sweet,

December. It is native to North Island, and the Philippines are used as a spice. The musky smell when ripe, and
New Zealand, clinging to rocky cliffs flowers are cream-colored with red stamens and contains numerous hard,

with its long, hanging roots. purple single-seeded berries. yellow seeds.
 HUM II \t
w ii low mi mi
GOD1 II \ IIUHM I /(//(./ \\ II\IU>i I IK MM \

Fuch iniij

I 111* III ikli . ..lis |

li li lllll.ll.
lUol Is llatlte tO ilslstal «
I lii» .li > iduous, « idi -|'ii .id throughout ihi
iiuiiii ntjl perennial temp rate not thct n
tun t hi- l lull . In liilv|ilii i. , tpn id] i.i|mlli
I>ri»a»l prta deckh sualh has its using hot i/oiu.il items It-

in \vatei h produces ll lilt I .l|lMlli splits I. HI!

nun:. l>Ui k U i ii.ii- to red .i~. -• . ds

vllimi I \ I MM, I \ I MM. I'HIMHDSI

PRIMROSI nothcra bicnni\

Ihi- biennial from eastern

Tins herl- i
has bluish .

stemmed perennial is from the leaves in a ImsjI roserti and

southeastern - 1* arm.; Howers that
white ll. ne pink with .1 oil has
medicinal properties

I M II Wll R'S NIGH IMI \l)l

ujfdjnj

and plant is ihstrihutnl through

the temperate northern hen
'
rm
small, rouml. hair\ fruit,

si I l)H<>\
tuJuiijij j/tcrm/i./ia

• plant
is na'

C l 1.ASTRA1.ES
5PINDI I I Kl I

This is a diverse order w it h few \ isibb

rung iha ;iart from
small Rowers an<l an <>b\ mui net t.ir CR \ss Ol
PARN \smis
The Celastrales contains: about I

100 genera. The divia

ithin
within the order are probabK still not •

complete] r
thi rn
I bat 93 of tin
are in the tamtK CelastJ
hrubb\ ti
 .

CUCURBITALES WHITE BRYONY

Bryonia Jioica
F: Cucurbitaceae
Including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers, the
172 Common in central and southern Europe
Cucurbitales are mainly found in tropical areas.
in hedgerows on calcium carhonate-rich
There are about 2,300 species contained within soils, this is a vigorous climber with an

seven families. The Begonia family has 1,400 enormous, tuberous root.

species, 30 of which are horticultural plants,

1

and the Gourd family has 82 5 species, including

large, spherical
some important food species such as squash and [run narrows
pumpkins. Both these families have monoecious above middle

(has both male and female flowers) species.

H VIR1
CUCUMBER LEAVES
Cucumis sath u\
i Dim i

F: Cucurbitaceae
FLOWER
The cucumber has tubular
yellow Rowers, and \1MATUR1
originated in tropical Asia. LRU IT
Cultivated for 3,000 years,
there are man; varieties
including the gherkin.

I S Ft/4 ",m

I l Al SIMUI

SQUASH SMOOTH LOOFAH

Cucurbica pepo / uffa l i lindrica
F:Cucurbitaceae F: Cucurbitaceae CALABASH
With five-sided prickly stems and This climbing, annual Lagcnaria nceraria
large ycllow-orangc flowers, vine iv native to South America. F: Cucurbitaceae

pumpkins, marrows, and zucchini Ehe fruit grows to 24 in (60 cm) This vine produces whitish crinklv flowers. Its

are all varieties of Cucurbita pepo long and contains edible, white edible, hard-shelled fruit floats in the sea for
from Central America. flesh, and a fibrous structure. months and is used as a container.

SQUIRTING
CUCUMBER
Ecbtillium elaterium
f: Cucurbitai eae

This Mediterranean plant

has fruits that fill up \\ ith a

thick, stick\ liquid as the)

ripen and explode their
16in/4(h,n
contents as far as

20ft (6m). WATERMELON BEGONIA LISTADA

Citrullus lanatus F: Begoniaceae
F: Cucurbitaceae Native to Brazil, this species sprawls,
With vellow-green flowers, this annual, prostrate has thick, velvety leaves with red
vine originated in South Africa and its fruit is undersides, and white pinkish flowers.
ultivated throughout warmer climates. It was first described in 1981

BALSAM PEAR
Momoidica charantia ':- ' -;
F: Cucurbitaceae :

Also known as hitter

this tropical vine

gourd,
produces
bitter-tasting fruit that splits
1
9 Kv
1

three ways to release

red-brown seeds encased
in scarlet arils, or coats.

76ft 150 ft
Sm 45m •

TETRAMELES
NUDIFLORA
F: Datiscaceae

This Indo- Malayan tree has a

thick, heavily-fluted, cylindrical
trunk. There are small, cream
male and female flowers
on different trees that form
seed capsules.
F A B A I F S

Found all over the world, except for \ntarctica, the

Fabalo have compound leaves with tun outgrowths
(stiplues) at tlu- base and seed pods that open when
mature. Called legumes, these plants have nodules
swellings that contain bacteria on then roots that
help them ti\ nitrogen from the air mu> soil The
Fabaceae, the largest ol the four families, includes
plant-, like the pea, overleaf, with flowers that have
a lar^e upper petal with adjacent --mailer petals
^ 11 I Mil M \M I l\ I I'l \\ I

PI win Mimosa pud lea

I !
rmi prickly, Brazilian shrub's leaves closi "Inn
\ati\< to Central ami South tout In •! li- flowi rhi n/l cm) usual]) liavi

America, thi> legumi pink II""' i

pink-purpli I imena
yellow, reddish veined pealike 111 KB \> I i'Un
SI I 11 full I'l l\l
Bowel 3 seed pod nutui
Its

the ground, producing peanuts

(.Ol Dl \ MIOW I It 1K1 I

i ajjid fistula
i : 1 ibai . ii

I Ins slendci tree from

southeast Vsia has pi nduloua
pealike flowei s and pinnate
li aves with iliu i in eight
pairs ni leaflets It contains
poisonous m i ds

mimosa SAINFOIN
('ni'/ru/in i iciifolia
F: I al>a. i

I Ins fodder crop from I urasia

and blur green hark. il, pinnate leaves
to h - ing with 6 14 pairs ol leaflets
I >i ns<l\ pj t k.! ,i junk flowers
\jstralia. jp|n ar nn a main stem.

KIDNn \ I KM rAMARIND
Amhvllts lulnerarta TamartnJus indtca
f: Faha, •
1

A climber lound in dn Thi Mth

chalks, grasslan<is. with <)nxiping branch'
silk*. -haired, spreading Hum -

The cream to red tl oran^' is am)

dusters with a ruff of thick 'I [Kxl
downy sepals

abler
with 2
II \ I W \ I II I
r^
Ml K IHII
I
j till
This spreadir .

•hwest I ln> di
Australia has narrow,
'
black.

globular f!
 5

» F A BA L E S

174

lm

WILD LICORICE
Astragalus gljcvphjllos
F: Fabaceae
With similar leaves to true
licorice, this perennial
herb from northwest Europ<
can be used as tea and has a
curved pod.

BLUE FALSE INDIGO

Baptisu australis
F: Fabaceae
The sap ot this herbaceous
perennial, native to woods and
treamsides in the eastern US, turns
purple when exposed to air, and is

used as an indigo dye substitute.

GOA PS-RUE
Galega ofjn inalis
f: Fabaceae
Naturalized in tempei at<
areas, this perennial, » ith
long, cylindrical red brown
seedpods, is believed In some
to improve lactation and
reduce fevers and diabetes.

GORSE
Ulex parviflorus
f: Fabaceae

s dense, spiny,
erennial shrub from th>

Meditteranean has POD

flow leaves and short, CONTAINS
io— 1

rown-black pods. Fire SEEDS

and brush clearance aid
seed germination.
COMMON BIRD'S
FOOTTREFOIL
BROAD-LEAVED Lotus cormculatus
EVERLASTING PEA F: Fabaceae
Lathyrus latifolius Found in pastureland in COMMON VETCH
F: Fabaceae Europe, Asia, and Airica, Vicia saliva
Distributed through central Europe, F: Fabaceae
it has yellow flowers and
this vigorous, climbing perennial five lobed leaves, three of This scrambling, widespread annual i

has winged stems and its flowers are which

above the
sit native to Europe and the Mediterranean. An
white or shades ol pink. Its seeds others. Its seedpods animal feed crop, its flowers are normall
(peas) form in long pods. resemble a bird's loot. paired and its tendrils can be branched.
 M Ml
I \
..'Ml,

I In- id 'i |>l\ rooting |h renni il

17S
on i balk grassland throughout ihr
US, southvsvsl \m.i, .mil I uropi
Il In .1 USrful .HIIMI.ll lit il . Iii|l .Hill

ll.li lilt tilt Hl.ll |i

r w ist t n
SI i OPOIls

HORSESHOI \ I li II

Hipf

iRnwwi rCH 1 Iiin prostrau pen nni.il. nativi

la I ngland, I lollana, uinl Get nunv, is in

r : I jlu. .
important food plant foi hlu< butterfly
iding jit rpillai n
t In Howei v develop into I

.riitr.il M'Ulhirn a t law lik. m .

- '.hit L leaves ami

•Auw

i;i I) i K)\ I K
BROOM ilium praunst
i l >ba< . it

\ iiintl i nip t . .i grazing

'
in norths*. -

animals, this perennial

hrathv this >hrul> ha* slrongh
has long -i.ilki il basal
ind nun\ -
i|n imitivi i It «.- r
ami angled branches
I,
oblong ti mi |nnl hidden
traditionalls UMtl tor bf-
wiiliin iiv flowei In nl

mill
i ic
m
I II ORIC1
rrhiza glabra
i : I aba< > ii

en inn nni.i
perennial has smooth Z
blong |)o.l- ir

Irniii tin touts i- 50 times

ih. in sural and is medi< inal

7.5m

I OMMON
Nl \R1 I I
I IBURNUM
RUWIK It I \N Ijbumum anagyroidet
f: I

t- } ITii- very poisonoi

'
in native to central and
mountain-, the shoot ol this M.uthi rn I uni|M
perennial Clusters ol brown hairs

around its wpp pod- I illl

I Krai Limuin toxic lilat I

Ihm

M( I \N MM kWOKI
III \( K l<)( I1n|
iii/i il

Robinia pieudi .

\ < : . in |» n nnial
populai
I

poisonous roots and bark, pr lil. ii I

suckrrs and flat brossn teedpods li

li

ates from the southeast Us ni

floss, i nit
 FAG ALES 80 ft
25m
EUROPEAN HORNBEAM
Carptrtus betulus
F: Betulaceae
176 Some ot the world's best-known trees belong
Frequenting fencerows, this
to this order. Fa^ales contains the beech
European native has small, green,
genus, Fagus, the Betulaceae or birch family, male and female catkin (lowers that
and the Juglandaceae or walnut family, as evelop into nuts with three-lobed
bracts.
well as five other families. These trees dominate
the woodlands in which they orow. They have
simple leaves and small, unisexual flowers (either
male or female) that are pollinated by wind. JAPANESEHOP male catkins
HORNBEAM
Ostrya japonica
fruit and seed
F: Betulaceae
developjrom
This species from eastern Asia
catkins
has gray-brown scab bark.

FOREST OAK Its seeds, or nuts, are enclosed

Casuarina torulosa in husks, like hops, and hang in

F: Casuarinaceae long clusters.

The timber ot this Australian tre

is prized by wood-turners. Its

pendulous branches carry long,

needlelike leaves and
seeds in small, warty cones.

EUROPEAN HAZELNUT
Corylus avellanj
F: Betulaceae

This European shrubby tree is

harvested for its edible nuts.

The distinctive male catkins
appear very early in spring.

catkinst or
ylindrical clusters

of male flowers

ENGLISH
WALNUT
Juglans regia
F: Juglandaceae

A species irom the mountains

RIPH
of central Asia, the walnut tree
WALNUT
is valued for fruit and lumber. It

has smooth gray bark and male

catkins up to 10 cm (4 in) long.

RIPE
PECAN
PECAN
Carya tlltnoensis
F: Juglandaceae
The pecan is native to
North America and cultivated
for its edible nuts. The nuts are
enclosed in a husk that splits

four ways when rii

EUROPEAN CHESTNUT AMERICAN BEECH

Costarica sativa Fagus granjtfolta
F: Fagaceae F: Fagaceae
Cultivated for 3,000 years for its This broadly spreading tree
nuts, this tree from southeastern
is from North America has
Europe and western Asia. Its catkins gray-brown bark. It has glossy
contain male flowers in the upper deciduous leaves and paired
part and female flowers below. fruits (beechnuts) in husks.
 I NGI ISH >>\k S< KM IHHK
Qtl< '..I

\J&'" I
i :
i
I I I. I. . II

nil, with valuable lumber, I he leaves ol ilu* Noi ill Vmei an it

tin* treei* common in western tui ii .1 > liii i> tei isti( deep n
Europe, especiall) Britain It bears in i .ill I In* oak beai s long,
null- flowers, in iln foi m ol yellow gret n male * atkin Rower
catkins, and long stalked ->>>n its uiul its acorns haw a gloss) cup

KERMESOAK
Qui >m
I : 1

\n evergreen, shi ubb) trei

hi Mi dit< 1
1 am
tin* spec ies has hollylike

leaves ili.it are bronze m h< n

youn low brown
mall i atkins

] M'WIM MOM 1>\K SWIM (,\l I

1 1th lulls l/l llul ,/.j/c'

I RAU1 I
I : M
Ihi* ]j|uii> s>
Soihojagm neri I In* mv, , i mii, Hing shrub,
has uprightream) « huev
i Nothofagai ti idition ill) usi d .i* an him i i

catkins, which have female \ timber tree, rauli i* nativi to \ n pi Hi nt, "i i iw * in |>< ii

Bowers Jt th< base ami and Chile. The young leaves are bronze. bogs in in 'i thi i ii i' ni|» rati

malr* ibovi In edible I Greenish female flowers grow in clusters zones. Ii has i ithi i mail i n

- ripen over two and form bristl) lm*k* en( losing small nuts. fi mali n >Mi*li i .iiLin*

M A L P I GH A 1 L E S
( )ne ol the largest and mosl diverse orders "I mostl)
tropica] plants, Malpighiales contains aboul 16,000
n|h i it s. 1 he plants in this order are genetit all)

simialr but physicalrv different. Well known families

arf tin euphorbias, whk li have unisexual flowers
(t ither malt or ft male), and others thai mi lude
j^
'* species such as the passionflower, willow, and
viola. Man] "I the Families in tin* order are
hanIK kimun outside their native regions
**
-»

% Hypt

westci n
I In*
• •

i :
IIIISW
\im

small *ln
I
i

in
lu

i ipi
itt.h

1. 1.

lii
.

ill'
.ii
li

from
ii
mum

ddish,
two i nil" 'I i' ni* li*

aromatii I

ii. il uses, but ii*

li. 1 1 1. • .in poisi ii

I'IRIOKMI V
ST. . JOHTVS-WORl \ CEYLON iKoswoon
H\pc
ptricum perforatum V I/.

i
i
lu

This European pereru mon l In in. ield hi

plant of hank.*, fields, ami r

It has roun 1 1 1 1 1 1. h
side, leave* with tran*i .' illi t • .ill H liH' |n

»
I

and mam -seeded iaji*

» MALPIGHIALES 6
1.8m
ft

KM OBED
1 U 1

80 ft

25m

NUT
CONTAINING
HARD SEED
CANDLE-NUTTREE
Aleuritcs moluccana CASSAVA CROWN OF THORNS LIVING BASEBALL
F: Euphorbiaccae Manihot esculenta Euphorbia miln Euphorbia obesa
V: Euphorbiaceae F: Euphorbiaceae F:Euphorbiaceae
Oil from the nuts of this
tropical tree was used to make Originating from South America, This semisucculent, climbing Rare in the wild, this ball-shaped
candles. It has stems ot small, its tuberous roots are used to make shrub from Madagascar has succulent originates from the Great
creamy flowers and its variable tapioca. It has small flower clusters >erv spiny stems. Its leaves are Karoo, South Africa. Its tinv flowers

leaves are gray-green that grow on secondary branches. mainly on the new shoots. grow from "eyes" at its top.

when young.

20 ft
6m
SEGMENTED
I EAE CROTON
Croton tiqlium
F: Euphorbiaceae

Used Chinese medicine,

in
trom Southeast Asi
this tree

has malodorous leaves and s

Oil -YIELDING male and temale flowers that
OWER HI II
form seed capsules.
CASTOR OIL PLANT Iff. 3 JATROPHA LARGE MEDITERRANEAN
Ricinus communis
™ GOSSY PI FOLIA SPURGE
F: Euphorbiaceae F: Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia characias
Ins invasive, toxic plant, F: Euphorbiaceae
Castor oil is extracted from the I

poisionous seeds ol this species banned in Australia, is This ornamental, Mediterranean

from tropical Africa. With upright native to tropical America. perennial has upright, purplish
flower heads, the upper female Il has sin kv leaves, waterv woolly stems, bait- and smooth at

flowers have red stigmas and lowei sap, and flowers with the base. The fruit, <>r seed capsule
males yellow anthers. purple bracts. is hairv and berrylike.

SAUSAGE SPURGE
PETTY SPURGE Monadcnium gucntheri
Euphorbia pcplus F: Euphorbiaceae
f: Euphorbiaceae This evergreen succulent trom
RUBBERTREE This poisonous, weedy annual, native tropical Africa has white flower
Hcvea brasiliensis
to Europe, North Africa, and west bracts with purple markings. It
F: Euphorbiaceae I6in
Asia, has dividing stems and flower has fat sickle-shaped leaves
A native ol Brazil, this tree is 40 cm
stalks with three branches. mainly on young growth
famous lor the milkv sap (latex)
under its bark used lor rubber. DOG'S MERCURY
It has leaves with three leaflets Mcrcurialis perennis
and pungent yellow F: Euphorbiaceae
flowers. FIVE-LOBED
This downy perennial has a LEAF AND
single upright stem. Plants arc FLOWER
cither male or female and
produce tiny green flowers
on long thin stalks.

SEED-
CONTAINING
BERRY

leaves have twining

tendril at base
PERENNIAL FLAX 65 ft
Linum perenne 20m BLUE PASSION FLOWER
f: Linaceae Passiflora caerulea

I his slender, often COCA F: Passifloraceac

spreading perennial is Erjthroxjlum coca This ornamental South American

native to Europe, F: Erythroxylaceae vine has scented flowers
especially the Alps and The leaves of this evergreen shrub trom associated with Christian
Britain. Its flowers form northwestern South America yield symbolism. Flowers have five

buds at intervals at the . It has gras bark and clusters ol sepals and petals, five stamens,

top of the stem. small yellowish white flowers and three purple stigmas.
 mi s/ i

\1 \llll\M. \ ki D M VM.iun

Malpiphiac.
Rlutophoi
I

tO>$ i Salii
polycatpa
ai
I j> I Rhltophorai
\ mountain tret from
lhi- «>k»1\ vine, native i>> ilw Found ihroughoul ili> tropics, . .1-1 Ul.t, till* ll.lN

\nia/i>n. i* traditionalh used lo ulK in swamp> salt marshe: smooth gra) bai k sin.ill
make j acred, medicinal ihmk the ir»l mangrove has prop roots \> llo« '.:h in. N i

It products sulks ol pink aml us «iil> germinate before flowei RAFFLESIA

* .ui.l
I'm pie i->l
- aiul « inged seedpods leaving iheii parent t
I '. M li s t. >l III jrnolJli
I Is llll, M.I, , ,1.

K.iIII.m.i i- ,i parasite on
touthi i~t \m.hi i .mi l.. i, st vinea
ii i i in i l. .ul sm
flow I * .ii. tin WOI III'* I
||

ion I li. smi II itti .i. ts Hi. -

l !m s

rn

win n WILLOW
Sail i alba
I : s.ili, ai , i,

I Ins watt i ii' trei

to Europ and
Populus li. a \si.i h, , s
havi , nli,

I Sill. I. . ||
mali •! i. malt i .iilsins,

.1 \ .

I
ill, ii, i, i l„ iili I
hi bai Is

Imi Icol rees has diamond is ,i souri , >i il

shapi 'I m.ii s 1 1. in. ii. .1 stalks . .ms. ill. .nil,, in i, II, III

the Ir.iw s .,| .|s|i, n In qujvi i .'I .Is|

A% -•

.I

WHIM I'OIM AK
.'/in .i//>.;

I : v.in ,. .
,,

I Ins do iduous in., native

I in, ipi .iii.I , . mi il Vsia, t, J. i .ii. s

Ul'l s.ill |t |s mils, mi, | m , ,s|

I, mali < .ulsins foi n

1/1/(1
•//( Rorim i i

I : Vili. i

I Ins evergreen tn
ni. i .ui.l Clnli has
mull, vanilla scented
flowers with vcIIom
st.im. iis I .i, li I. ,ii has .i

< in ular growth (stipule)

it il,.

Wll I) l'\NS1 SHRUB > Mil

-:'>
floribundu
rii'iin,lti.
I I

-
m * +* 7 # '
I :Violaci * . /
lived I Ins Australian wood* AM
irope, illl.lt. s

Shrub violet has

,||s bluish petals with ,i yi How ' 1

pau li in. I sm. ill, dart

 OX A LI DA LES ALBANY PITCHER PLANT
Cephalotus foUicularis ROS ALES
F: Cephalotaceae
180 I his order < ontains about 2,300 species, This order of plants contains nine families, among
This carnivorous plant is native to
grouped within six families. Of these, the coast of southwest Australia. them the Rosaceae (rose family), Cannabaceae
the Cephalotaceae contains only one It has basal, oval leaves, and a (hemp family), Moraceae (mulberry family),
species the carnivorous albany pitcher liquid-tilled pitcher that traps
Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family), Ulmaceae (elm
plant. The Cunoniaceae are woody prey but it is not a member of the
r.
pitcher famil) (seep. 192).
family), and Urticaceae (nettle family). Members
Z plants that produce woody fruit capsules ol the Rosales are often grown for
o containing small seeds. The wood sorrel fruit or other products. Plants in
family (Oxalidaceae), the largest with
Q is this order tend to have five sepals
560 species within eight genera. They and numerous stamens. Mostly
are characterized by divided leaves that insect-pollinated, they are
exhibit or open out by day and then often thornv or hairy.
close up at night.

flowers \\a\c
ve petals .

f\

CHRISTMAS BUSH
I eratopetalum gummifetum
l : Cunoniaceae
»\>
From coastal eastern
shrub
Vustj alia, this
produces Insignificant white
Mowers in spring he pink I

and red sepals enlarge in

\\ inter, enclosing tin- fruit.

PINK SORREL
Oxalis arm ulata
F: Oxalidaceae
Growing from a swollen

rhizome, or root stalk,

from South
this plant

America forms leaf)

mounds topped w 1th CI IIST1 R

clusters ol flowers,
These produce seed
capsules that explode. BLACK
WATTLE
Callicoma
serratifolia
1-: Cunoniac eae
1 he wood ol this shrubb) tree from the oast ol i
>
New South Wales, Australia, was used In early
settlers to make wattle-and-daub shelters. Its
young foliage is bn inze.

il-nch berries

SEA BUCKTHORN

RIPE
V EI OWI K
Hippophae
rhamnoides
F: Elaeagnaceae
mu it SPRIG
Widespread through
I l \l I IT STAR FRUIT Asia and Europe, this
CLUSTER Averrhoa carambola tree bears \r!l< i\\

F: Oxalidai eae Mowers before the

This bush) tree is native to Southeast \su is leaves. The small,
widely cultivated for its edible star-shaped bright-orange berries
fruit. It Mowers lour times a year.
SO ft/15 m are rich in vitamin C.
 CM I \Ml K III MP
i annabis i.mi.i
i . mnah
\jti\> t.'.ii-t Vsia, this spreading, i >i iginating from central and wesl V I In- . limiting pen nnial la w ld< spn ad
.ion- in i lu- -|>in\ aha tin- perennial is .1 tow i < "i > annabis throughout ihi ti mpi i
ati Noi thi n i

shaped 1 1 nin its leaves, fibci making rope,

i"i 1 '|'li. n I In . oni III-* t< mal< Hi iwi i
01 ho
vellov< nil liuit i- edible and ml in i xtrai ted from n- si .I~ . is us. .I I., llavoi and prcservi hi i i

- \(.l UK\N(,I jlljlllil ( IIMMON ItIK KIIIOKN M \\ jl RSI VTEA

'
•ijubc Rhamnu-
t M f. Khamn i I : Rl l : Kl

rth America, th:- from thi i i Is

icdging and its roots

and wood were win. .1 b\ U and hair)
American lnd: I in »
 SILVERWEED
Potcntilla anscrina
¥'. Rosaceae
This silky-haired, SNOWY MESPILUS WILD CHERRY
creeping perennial grows Amclanchicr lamarcku Prunus avium
in wasteland, pastures, Rosaceae
l-'. }'. Rosaceae

and dunesin the Americas, Frothy clusters of star-shaped Mowers The wild ancestor of orchard cherries
CHINESE PHOTINIA Europe, Asia, Australia, in spring are followed hv dark red grows in woods and hedges in Europe,
Photinia scrratifolia
and New Zealand. berries in summer in this showy tree Asia, and North Alrica and is
F) Rosaceae
from eastern North America. naturalized in North America.
A plant of Chinese forests, this
tree is commonly cultivated for
ornamental purposes. Its dense
vood is used in furniture making. rt*

ORCHARD
t/3
PLUM
SUMMER Prunus Jomcstica
H FLOWER F: Rosaceae
Z These trees originated
STRAWBERRY
< Fragaria vesca
as a cross between the

— f: Rosat eae
i lurry plum ot China

and the European

The wild strawberry is a perennial in
blackthorn, but
North American and European
O woodlands.! tny edible fruit form
without the sharp
thorns of the
z from the swollen flower receptacle double flower
latter.

garden variety ,

OS
-
PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE
Malus ioensis

o F: Rosaceae
- One of several crab apples native
— toNorth America, this species is
cultivated for its somewhat tart fruit.

JAPANESE ROSE
Rosa rugosa
F: Rosaceae

Tolerant of salt spray, this rose from

east Asia is often planted as a hedge
near the sea. It has prickly stems and
pink flowers with wrinkled petals.

APOTHECARY'S ROSE
Rosa gallica var. officinalis
DOG ROSE F: Rosaceae

Rosa canina A popular garden plant, this fragrant, Jeep

F: Rosaceae European parent of many pink floivers

The thorny, arching branches of this oribunda and hybrid tea roses
rose are familiar in hedgerows in has a long pedigree. "Attar of
Europe and North Africa. This plant is roses" is a fragrant oil distilled

also naturalized in North America. from its petals.

 l OTONI \M! K
ntiilis
I !\

I Iiin , reaping Chi 18*

nIu uh in common!)
grown in gardens foi n-
bowers ami li int. ami
u.ii i pmini iccasionalhj »n, jix n l hi
n, nil, .
,», -

MlHISl \IN \\ INs foi in Rattened > lump)

F* R
1 he Bowers
oj iIun \rctk ami
mountain unilcrNjiruh turn to lolkm
i iki i nous
/'i racantha rogersiana
n to warm their centers ami
i Roaaci
attract pollinating iii-
I Iiin thoi m i v. i .i. . I. In ill' from
.
Mil i n l lima |i, longs I" .1 gl mi-
III VI KIU Itlti
/iil/'in jnn i

often pl&nti .1 Coi thi li iltrat llvt hul

I I

inedibli . o vliki ft ull

ii in I uropi u ii i
imblin heil prow
bushi bli ii mi In fall,
hl.n I i

i l i
group of very close!
hi. i
.
|.. i
i.

Will) si l<\ ll I I XI I WM Kll \S MOUS MS I \M1

S rbus torminalis s
and
I : K I : K
- hi ancient wood rhis deciduous woodland tree in native
in Europe, \sia Minor, ami North to eastern North Vmerica Its orange
i ItN name in ,1, rived Ir.mi tin- berries Uni into winter, providing Food
V n itN Iruit foi thrushes and in-

rnhin

S \i \d uuitsi i

Sangui
i : Ki isai i
ii

S.inv, From
• « I urope In li

introdui ed in
:*. North
'Iiin pi re i) -I

asslaft

hriu i its n

w II lou-l I \\ I I)
n \k
'
t : K i

Cultiwtvti for its pendulou

inedible fruit. das

in the wild in 1

i< i i i i i

oil II Ml N

60 cm
( OMMOS || \\\ |||i)KS
BURRI IKF
FRUIT \l)Vs \1 \S||
I I

WATER WENS
iiium nu/f in the wild
F: Rovitcae
Th» nam
Thts dowm perennial grow \ in damp
places from Fur .m in Njiriny,
r. Hooked hair« on the
fruit latch onto animal- for !i-[>tnjI
 » R OSA L E S JAPANESE ZELKOVA
Zelkova serrata
F: Ulmaceae
184 In the USA elms killed bv Dutch
Elm Disease are sometimes
replaced by this valuable Asian
timber tree. The Japanese grow
it in bonsai form.

z
c FRIENDSHIP PLANT
involucrata
Q Pilco.
F: Urtica< eae
LU
_i
Several Pilea species make valuable
houseplants, including this species
>>
from Central and South America
H with strongb, veined leaves.
O
U HACKBERRV EUROPEAN FIELD ELM STINGING NETTLE
Celtis occidentalis Ulmus minor Urtica Jwico
Q F: Ulmaceae 1 Ulmaceae
: F: Urticaceae
D Native to North America, This tree used to be a major Stinging hairs discourage animals from
m hackberry has bright green, feature in European eating nettle leaves. This species grows
elmlike leaves, and red fruits eaten indscapes, but was decimated in disturbed ground in Europe, Asia,
by many birds and mammals. bv Dutch Elm I )isease North Africa, and North America.
t/3

H
Z BR ASSICALES ""#ift<;
WILD CABBAGE
— Many members of the order Brassicales have bitter or fragrant oils in
-
Brossica olemcea
<50Tr^i
their leaves, stems, or swollen roots. Although these oils evolved to F: Brassicaceae

deter herbivores, they make many species pleasantly edible for humans Humans have grown this
o western European plant for
and have culinary, perfumery, or herbal uses. The Brassicaceae, or
z millennia. Cauliflower,
cabbage family, is the most important group, with 3,300 species. broccoli, and brussels
sprouts are cultivated forms
ST A I Ktl-SS BlUt
nl the same species GREEN Il-Af

WALLFLOWER
Erysium cheiri
F: Brassicaceae

Probably native to cliffs

and meadows in the

astern Mediterranean, this
species has been cultivated
throughout Europe since
medieval times.
 HONESTY
/ unuru .iiiiMi.i

. . Ill ill. « lltl III SOUthl Ul

I urope, li. m« •.(% is often ;i»« n
I. lis It n s. . .1 pods .Hi used
in ill ml lloxvei ii rangi ments

HORSI It \IHMI
Iriiii 1 !.!. t.i rustu .m.i
I III .Issi, II

I hi pungi hi iMti "i ii"

•-. v\ In. li .ii. iim .1 foi

hoi m ullsh saw

i . . . volvt .1 lo
.1. 1. 1 hi i lilvon s t

Mi'MMI tins I in .im.ih pi n iiiu.il

si 1 1> run

COKUKOOl llll IIRI KInn UIUKII I \

nnul •II. julw U '

lll\

on wjIU throughout
jviris
thi warmer

& FLOWER
STIM

k> *

him I Mil
411. Ml

I IMHl I
1 I W IN

"IMIRl Kl^ nUI I I \l |M>\

l.obuljru mjririmj
f. H-
X
throughout Hur ranean annual in

. U cultivated foi

Mini scented flow

«td this
Itation t> >r

in. i~urmi; madness

..'
purpl
•rhtlt
IIUWIHHI M>

Mil I'HI RD'S I'MKM

-pcttilcJ ( apsella ktirsj past
t : Hi

Purse -li.i|>< il pods undctl

ili.it split i

.. Iped tins :

spread around tin world

from its i

Mi 'liti iii'

WII I) R Mll-ll
i i \l H I.W IK sTUl

M \ K\ll
Ull I) K MllMI \\ \ll lt( Itlss
Ruphjnui rjph HOMO M<)< K
TKb coriKi [ rual h: Br

caches and ! in in |MTrnnul

Nortl
«phrr shicri float native trui
I ui <i|« and mm li

for mam datv on- diar> garden raditheN but il

i iilti

hv Ui.
 M ALVALES
he Malvales is moderately large order, mainly
186 I .1

of shrubs and trees, found with greatest variety

in tropical and warm temperate regions, but
COMMON ROCKROSE
llchanthcmum nummulanum
extending into cooler parts. It includes two main F: Cistaceae

families: the rockrose family (Cistaceae), mostly Found on sunny banks

from the Northern Hemisphere; and the more throughout most of Europe,
this low shrub prefers lime-rich
widespread mallow family (Malvaceae)
soil. Different subspecies grow
ol herbs, shrubs, and massive in Europe's mountains.
trees. Among the smaller
families are the Bixaceae,
which has just five species.

ANNATTO I ill 4ni

Bixa orellana
f: Bixaceae HAIRY ROCKROSE CALIEORNIAN FLANNELBUSH
I he food dye annatto Cistus incanus Fremontcdendron californicum
comes Irom the spin\ truit F: Cistaci ae F: Malvaceae
il this [link flowered shrub Several scientific names 1 he flowers ol this spreading shrub produce
or small tree, native to have been given to this show \ masses in early summer, ft lives high
tropical America. widespread Mediterranean up in the granite mountains of California.
shrub, be< ause its l< aves CHINESE HIBISCUS
vai \ greatl) in hairiness Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
and size, F: Malvaceae
OBI ONG
I 1 AIII1KV The tropical Chinese
LEAN S 1
hibiscus, or China rose,
is one of several
Hibiscus species cultivated
especially for their showy
blossoms.

12 m
COCOA
Thcobroma cacao
toothed leaves
F: Malvaceae
Originally from Brazilian rain
forests, this tree is cultivated
around the tropics. Cocoa comes
Irom the seeds, known as beans,
inside its truit pods.

NUTRITIOUS
BAOBAB FRUIT
MATURE TRFF

m
82 ft
GLOSSY OVAL
LEAVES 25m
MEZEREON MUSK MALLOW COLA NUTTREE BAOBABTREE
Daphne mezereum Malva moschata Cola nittda Adansoma digitata
F Thymelaeaceae
: F: Malvaceae F: Malvaceae F: Malvaceae
Damp woods and shadv gorges are Native to North Africa and The caffeine-rich seeds (called This massive African tree is called
the typical habitat of this deciduous southern Europe, and a garden plant cola nuts) from the pods of this an upside-down tree because,
shrub, which is found across most farther north, tfris tall perennial West African tree are chewed for when leafless, its branches look
of Europe. grows in grassy and bushy places. their stimulant effects. like roots. It can live 3,000 years.
 f\'lltn
I R \ll ING Mill 1 HON
I \\ l!\ ..

and I > spreading

shrul> is jk.. popuui
lul oi iuiiii nul in
«arn\, sunin gardens

M'lM Kill
I I

IMIKI W
Ourio tibtthinui
I Mi.
I In spim ii uit •! tins Ui.m rain
i. 'i. ~i in i smell lik. nw, jt>
s.h k~ I Ins .nii.i. is animals i"
> .11 tin li ml lln n dispel s. ili.

Is in tin ii droppin
\MI Kit \N I I Ml
/ i//,i

I Mil,
I Ills Mil .1 1

idd to fall

l ill. II s III \\

iii. i ili. asti i n \n"

Ii oftl

ii mapli

—
w II I) IK H l 'l in M I,

I : M.i III,II

I Ills I. ill I 1 1 I II
Z
>erennial ad lal

di n in ill) hoi ks,

From thi eastern
Mi diti '
i

n ll ro
and
s. I III

k M'OK
. ntjnjrj
I V
lil in

.1 and South
America. fiber tn>m uVir Ir

pock

M \N(,()
SAPIN DALES Hangifera
An.u .nil
in./i.d
I :

Thi Sapindales i* a lar^i- and important ordi r.

\ nativi nl \sij, i

•|\ <il trees, shrubs, ami vvcxxh vines, often ..I ili. most « idcl) nl-

with divided leaves. It includes mam dominant I mi t in thi trn|)ii al world, and
is n. Ii in \ it.iiiuii \
woodland spi-i us and i • tinmen iall\ important
spvi ies >ui h as i ltrus Iruit. Mori- than hall its
h in i kin i

ihts belong to two Families: thi- mapli lamiK

'
•

-V
w ( \MII \\
. ith around 1
.90(1 sp, . n s, and thi-
identale
rue tarmh. (Rutaceae), which mostl) originate in
-
-alia and Nouth Africa, and ha-> 1,700 sp l.i and
-

Hra/il. tins ihrubl

in tin-

ml i ullnjt. .1 fol

STAG'S HORN
sllM \( II sMukl BUSH
Rhu ,'MJ

•
I
 » SAPINDALES 6'/! ft

I iOfi
40 m

RIPE
FRUIT LEAVES
CRABVVOOD 7^ NEEMTREE CHINESE MAHOGANY SCENTED BORONIA
Curupa guiancnsis 55 n Azadirachta mjica Toonj sinensis Boronia megastigma
F: Meliaceae F: Meliaceae F: Meliaceae v: Rutaceae

The dark wood of this tropical Valued lor wood, medicinal oils,
its Chinese people cat the leaves ol this This erect shrub ol \\ei sand\ sites in western
South American tree is sometimes and edible shoots,this tree gn >w s east Wan tree as a vegetable. Furniture Australia has bell like flowers, brownish on the
sold as Brazilian mahogany. Soap is throughout the Old World tropics. is made from its hard, reddish wood. outside and golden-green inside.
made trom its seeds. Indian farmers produce insecticides

_ 24in
60 cm

FRINGED RUE
Ruta chalcpcnsis
F: Rutaceae
From rockv habitat
SYDNEY
in southern Furope
ROCKROSE
Boronid scrrulata
and southwestern
F: Rutaceae
Asia, this is thought t

I his small shrub, in a genus

be the rue mentione
1 onhncd to Australia, "row s in
in the Bible.
coastal heaths near Sydney. It has
bright pink, cup-shaped (lowers.

6' 'It

2 m

" V.ft/lm

HOPTREE SALMON CORREA

Ptclca trifoliate Corrca pulchclla
1 : Rutaceae F: Rutaceae

MEXICAN ORANGE This small tree native to northeastern A native of South Australia, this
Choisya tcrnota America is grown lor ornament. The small shrub is grown in gardens
F: Rutaceae flowers of the male tree are smaller lor its delicate, pendulous,

Originating from Mexico but common than those ol the female tree tubular flowers.
in gardens elsewhere, this irregular,

bushy, evergreen shrub has brain lied

clusters ol sweet-scented, while Mowers.

EVERGREEN
LEAVES

GOLF RIPENING
BALL-SI/1 I) FRUIT
FRUIT

6' H 'in
26 ft/8 m
SKIMMIA
COMMON PRICKLY ASH Skimmia japonica JAPANESE BITTER ORANGE LEMON SEVILLE ORANGE
Zanthoxylum americanum F: Rutaceae Poncirus trifoliata Citrus lunon Citrus aurantium
F: Rutai F: Rutaceae F Rutaceae f: Rutaceae
ai
Much planted in gardens,
I

This spiny North American tree grows parks, and amenity areas, this The small, inedible yellow fruit ol The Romans spread this evergreen Unlike the sweet orange eaten raw
as far north as Quebec, Canada. evergreen, aromatic shrub this spiny shrub resemble oranges tree throughout Europe. Thought to (C mifirai), this species' bitter Iruit

American Indians chewed its bark to from east Asia produces red with a downy skin. They have originate in Asia, it is widely is only good lor cooking. Both
help soothe ti iothai hes, berries in late summer. several medicinal uses. cultivated for its fruit. originate from tropical Asia.
 | tFANESI M \l'l I SW WUHU
..mm I. ei pseudoplatanus
s
i
i S.iplnuai . u

(. . ItUll I. v ,.| l>l. i Vlli I 1 Ml, IS 4)

li.i\< produced num ... iods ,ii I in opi and
i ultivated \.» K i
\vl.l, v\, .1111.11. I~ >\ I.I. I.

lliiv iijIim |a|>.ii

planted < Im w !, r< Iti

V nli \.n vine li-.it ,1 n. . .U spread in

shapes ami spci t.i. iiI.ii HOW I ms., ill. .. ih.l

I .ill Itlllll s
STI M
Mil, \K \\ \IM I

i
s

ITun tr»v iv lutivi i" tin

GOLDEN l< \l\ I IU I

sU-rn Us aiul
i S iplntl
southtttstrrn t. -uuvL. S
I ll|v sh0W V tl>> tl < HI! v .iv| \M.I
\ iv inn. Ii |i|.in(, .1 in l, niji. i.il,
collected from tli.
•UN tin iiv . .iv, ading
ION K Ml IN
v< How hlo&soms and Ilk 1 Mil I I

dislim tiM M.i.l.l. i lik.

m . .In. itls

IU III I IlllltSl ( III S I \ll I

/ iii hi . hinensii Ii

i
Sai i I Sai lai i ai

Native in j L, i i
i
pc, this
China, this u. . is . ultivati .1 foi
:,
i

planti 'I Ii ii ihadi along

iiv fruit I Ii. n «m . i IK -Ii iv . n\ viu.iv liv h mi i, ., mblcs
.ii. .iv. .1 within .i tough shell i Ii. viniiiv Inn .in hard and ini

l 10ft

| \\ \ \l MOM)
in'um null, urn
l : Bui eraci

Nativi to i .mi forcsi

ii ili. island thi

i

I
I liv, llll III ,

proi idii i

ml,
and • ,lil, I.

^#
11(11 Ol III WIN 111 I I I UUIIIII) I It WMM I SSI
i ma
i i

u<nli -I

nulai
 CORN A LES FLOWERING
DOGWOOD ERICA LES
m Although the scope of the Cornales varies between
different classification systems, it is used here .is a
Cornusjlorida
F: Cornaceae

The showy white

40 ft
12m
The Ericales
economically and as
is an important order, both
a one of the world's
small order of just five or six families. The main "petals" of this main herbaceous groups. It includes the
North American
PPfT lamilv is the dogwood family (Cornaceae), a loose
dogwood tree are bracts
acid-soil loving heather family (Ericaceae),

taxonomic grouping of shrubs and small trees found (specialized leaves)

with over 4,000 species of flowering
in temperate zones and on tropical mountains. It also around clusters of shrubs; and the primrose family
includes the hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae), tiny flowers. (Primulaceae), found mostly in the
represented by several popular garden plants. mountain habitats of northern temperate
regions; and carnivorous plants in the
J**
pitcher plant lamilv (Sarraceniaceae).
HYDRANGEA
Hydrangea macrophylla
F: Hydrangeaceae CORALBERRY
Native to China and Ardisia crcnata
showy shrub
DOVETREE F: Mvrsinaceae
Japan, this
DaviJu involucrata
is cultivated for its A greenhouse favorite
f: Cornaceae
rounded clusters of rose, for its long-lasting,
1 his small flowering tree
lavender, blue, and even bright berries, this Asian
Irom southwestern China
white flowers. shrub has become an
is impressive in bloom,
invasive pest in Hawaii,
with Mower heads Viin
Florida, and Texas.
5 It/ 1.5 m ( 2 i in I across, surrounded
b\ cream's hr.u ts.

SOft
25 m

MOCK ORANGE
PlulaJelphus sp.
K Hydrangeaceae
Around 65 species ol this
shrubbj minis, named for
their orange blossom
li agrance, are native to
western North America, JACOB'S LADDER
Asia, and Mexico. Polcmonwm
Ldcrulcum
F: Polemoniaceae
This tall perennial has
cup-shaped lavender or
white flowers. It grows
in rocky and grassy
North
places in
America and northern
and central Europe.

PERENNIAL PHLOX
Phlox paniculate
F: Polemoniaceae
A pyramidal cluster of trumpet-shaped, pink or
avender flowers top the stem of this perennial,
native to open woods in the southeastern US.
 M III

I I
Villi It

If I
DORSI
/

i
rii

I
a spi
1
I

1. .1,
III

. ...
Mil
i. s

I lii' . :n »1>. \miIi I M V. I.ll. Mlllll.ll >|llk\

spike* ..I pall i

Mil pl< flowi i
i, . . tins N|>. , i. . i. known
dominates wl areas "l limn -i >nlli« i n I ngland
Ulll III ll.ll till I II I UIO|>. (111. Illillll;' 1 >oi v. I I, .is M. II .|n

.111.1 . .1st, I II \.'l ill \lll. Wl sll I II III l.lll.l .111.1 I I .III. .

SI It \\\ I'.l Klti I l< I I

\\ 1 1 1 1 1 . I
u\ unedo
Ill I I Ml Wl I
ii
I I HH I H.
Vlthou >h related I i
hi

ill. ii.n ly, >. .1 fi ml ill lliis

IKI1 n M n

KlUHHHHNnKON ii. i look

Ml ,IU .in i, in M.
OWB1 KKi
i i |
|

t' I
!.;..
l

imuni i in. idaca

-
-
f: i M, I.. ...

st 11 Ith I \\\- neat heather, « ith 1. athei \ aves and l>

thick trunk
—
n luii. and HIM \l \i \N glossy red berries in fall, is found across In .mm// m
Mam, Kls
lilu- this
Picn\
I'll

/.>rn
\. ii ili \ in. 1 1. ,i. ii.u tin i ii I uropi and \sia , Z
from the llmul.ii.is
I : I 1 1. i.

\ .i n fcrence to tin hanging

means "beautiful,"

. lusters nl white,
urn shaped flowers on this t III ( Kl RBI KKi
ti .ii//'
Asian Ini-h or mimII trn I

,
umbens
i : I 1 1. .i. . .i.

Ins crci pine iromatii

hi ib I pati lirs

\i.i ili

\in. 1 1. i
Its red Ii nil

nW I I I I'l 1-1-1 K
BUMI
Clethrd jlmjolu
'IK IM.I
I i • • .

III KKII s
luous shruh
PI KMMMOS
|

Diosprroi rirginiana
.

i i

l"hi- njtiM North \nn nun Irn lias yellowish

•
irn yellow
white. In II shaped (lowers ami produi r. globular
n fall

INDI \N It \ 1 N \ M
Impatient glartdi
.ils. nun.

xploding linn polls, which ihool

thcii seeds outward, havi helped this
I lllll. ll.ll. Ill ipci n s In i .him , M.lli

In riven in mosl of I uropi

HOOJIIM I Kl I

'/ifMMi
I : I on. |'i

m. null i onfined I

( California, I Is ll

KI\M BR \/ll Mil and mm

ActmiJia chinenti Ren>

FKUIT

from China
the ber'
I

A MIIIJIIM I

»
 0.
<
OS JO J3
192 H
H 5JJ~ " _£/J—
u w u w
:.. .:..-- • •--
is^J&i w H«a t:
Cfl

g
u 2 £
z

% .1 « o o --~ -s ^ *-2 x S £ J~ „£ j~
 - E
F - .

| J
. -£ ~ ~
3
—gJ~ ~ !;

|
-
-
s
 JOft/lOm

GRANTHAM'S CAMELLIA
Camellia granthamiana
F:Theaccac
One ol around 80 Camellia spec ies,
from Asia, this endangered tree
all

from China was discovered in 1955.

<v/

EPAULETTETREE
V5 Pterostyrax hispidus
H F: Styracaceae

Z Native to east Asia, this protruding red

stamen
< large-leaved, deciduous tree is SILKY CAMELLIA
- sometimes cultivated for its Stewartia malacodendron TEA
hanging clusters ol Iragrant, FtTheaceae amellia sinensis
- l

creamy-white flowers. Named after in silkilv F:Theaceae •^•^

o haired young stems, iliis The dried fermented leaves and buds ol
evergreen Vsian shrub are used to
deciduous shrub or small this
z tree grows in woodland in make tea. I heir astringent tannins d< tei

eastern I IS \ grazing animals.

a:
UJ

O
—
rough, hairy,
lanceolate leal

PINKEY YELLOW PARROT SPANISH CHERRY

PITCHER PLANT PITCHER PLANT PITCHER PLANT Mimtisops elengi
Sarracenia x stevensii Sarracenia flava Sarracenia psittacina F: Sapot.H eae
F: Sarraceniaceae F: Sarraceniaceae F: Sarraceniaceae This evergreen Indian tree is planted in

In pitcher plants, like this Pitcher plants trap Sarracenia spec ies grow- tropical countries for its fragrant flowers.
hybrid, insects, attracted by and digest insectsto wild only in eastern North Its durable wood is used in shipbuilding

nectar, fall into pitcher- supplement their America. The pitchers ol this and construction.
shaped leaves, where the) nutrient-poor diet. spe< ies, found from Florida
get trapped and are digested This species is native to Louisiana, form
by enzymes. to southeast USA. horizontal traps

hood resembles
cobra ready to strike

COBRA PLANT
Darhngtonia cahfornica
¥'. Sarraceniaceae
The only species of
Darlmglonta, this carnivorous
plant grows in coastal bogs
and beside mountain streams
in western LISA.

i'.ft/l m

TANSY PHACELIA VIPER'S-BUGLOSS

Phacclia tanacetijolta Echium vulqarc
F'. Boraginaceae f: Boraginaceae
Mostly annuals of dry places, Widespread in grassy places in
phacelias flower prolifically after Europe and temperate Asia, this
rain. More than 80 members of rough-haired biennial has pinkish
this genus are found in California. flower buds but deep blue flowers.
 . it I I PING
|l N\i
/ 1 simacnia nummulai i<i

I I'i Imula :

I lom sv\. -Ii n eastward to

the i aucasus, this cre<
lial with rounded leaves
in damp grass) plai s,

shad> hedgerow s,

and sli . Ainsuies

-HI

WATER I'UIU'l I

COMMON DMIRH . FORGI I Nil \i> l.KOMW 1 I I

Bualossoides
jgiiia.. a. iginat i a< purpurea aerulec
means "grow ing lace breaking plant i Boi aginat > ai

v r," ruaud because tho un> and ponds is ll|>i iglu Ho... i stems
perennial >>t damp ground \\ i.l. Is distributed in from . reeping ground stems
throughout I urasia « a. I urasia,and introdu< ed in tins woodland perennial ol
trjiiitioiulK used in the to ilu \mericas and . h.ilk\ .oils m southei n
treatment ol injuries N« « Zealand I uropc -iii.l southwest \sit

st VRI I I

PIMP1 KM 1

Inaaallii nrv. nsis

i I '
1 1
1
n i
. iceai

|usl as lik. U to have deep

i- .. .ii 1. 1 flowei s,

ilu. spi aw ling I'l.n.

in disturb) .i ?n iund
virtually worldw idi .

;: I
i
Ii ipJCS

HARDY CYCLAMEN t OWS1 II*

MOSQUITO Hills ll \IRi WllKOsU 1 Cyclamen hcJcnjolwm Primula reris W II I) PRIMROSI

nu Androuice rill f. Primula l Primula
:
Primula sp
F' i'nniui I f. Pnmul i
Cy< lamcn Ii
\ t\|m .il primn I : I'i mini. ii l 91

[\\lt*j:h<." H"..< r. i-. In a genu> ol ai from underground will. ip to -mum

sti ms; Sup| II) thi rota
alpines, this perennial ol their tubular autumn M> noddin
• or the mountain, ol southern Folded i owslip glows in this |, rows in
dan .hup- -
i rn :« is distinguished l>\ lime ru h meadows in woodland clearii

in liu.ln plan-, in s I urope and inks in Wl '

magenta to w hi- while Huwerhi I uthern I urop \sl.l irope

GARRYALES
. ation system r.iis, . anomalies, and
rder (jarr\ ale* is one ..I ih< s, ( )n< e pla
in the Cornales, modern chemical investigation Sl'OI I I I) I \iiki I Ml K I \SSI I HIISI I

lui nl;i japoi

rated l\u- tinier ol two families antl around
[he Mlk\ ta^vel farm I \ (Garrvai Siimi i ulli.ars ol llns Grow ii

:rr\a from North Amerii .) ornamental j

in i
alifoi mi and '
h

ami Aucvba from U Mow blot! d JVC Plailtl

1 .intern Asia. The Eucommi i
Ill I.

rs just one ^pe. ii v Eucommia ulmoiJc

with and
ol Chinese mountain lor small • lusti n i| Ii fcmali id
 GENTIANALES
The order name celebrates the gentians of mountains and gardens,
196
hut the Gentianaceae is a small family. There are five families,

the largest is madder family (Rubiaceae), with over 3,000

the 1

Pr species, including tropical shrubs such as coffee. The oleander

OVA1
family (Apocyanaceae), strychnine family (Loganiaceae), and LtAF
jessamine family (Gelsemiaceae) complete the order.
COMMON
FRANGIPANI
Plumeria rubra
F: Apocynaceae
MADAGASCAR
PERIWINKLE Native from Mexico to the Caribbean islands,
tatharanthus roseus the flowers of this ornamental tree are fragrant
F: Apocvnaceae at night and attract sphinx moths for pollination.

The leaves of this garden

ornamental, endangered in its

native Madagascar, contain tiny

amounts ol alkaloids used to

treat childhood leukemias.This

use has s.nr.l it In mi cxtini 1m hi

BEAD PLANT
Nertera granaJcnsis
GREATER OLEANDER
F: Rubiaceae
PERIWINKLE Nerium oleander
I mca major F: Apocynaceae Named for its small, beadlike fruits,
F: Apocynaceae this perennial with tiny, green flowers
All parts of this evergreen
Long, rooting shrul) are poisonous. It
is native to Australia, New
Zealand,
stems of this evergreen and South America.
grows by streams from the
perennial creep across Mediterranean to China,
woodland floors in producing clusters of
southern and central fragrant pink flowers.
Europe and North Africa.

BUTTERFLY WEED
Asclcpias tuberosa
F: Apocynaceae
American Indians chewed roots as a cure for
succulent,
CLEAVERS pleurisy. This perennial grows in fields and on
leafless stem
Galium aparinc roadsides in eastern North America.
F: Rubiaceae
Prickles on the stem
and leaf margins CROSSWORT
attach to animal fur, Cruciata laevipes
dispersing parts of F: Rubiaceae
this agricultural weed With stem leaves in
of Europe and
crosslike whorls and
western Asia. clustered, honey-
scented flowers, this
perennial grows in
grassy places across
Europe and Asia.

QUININETREE
Cinchona calisaya
f: Rubiaceae
The antimalaria drug quinine comes

\ *• from the bark of this South American

tree. Seeds were smuggled to Asia in the
mid 1 9th centurv for cultivation there.

***t

3Ht/10m
COFFEE SHRUB
Cojjea arabica CAPE JASMINE
F: Rubiaceae Gardenia augusta
Native to Ethiopia but transported F: Rubiaceae

elsewhere for cultivation, this Originating in Asia, this evergreen

evergreen shrub produces crimson shrub has fragrant, waxy, tubular
drupes (stoned fruit) within which white flowers that turn yellow with
are two seeds (coffee beans). age. These ripen to berrvlike fruits.
fruits red u/ien ripe .
 197

STRYCHNIN! PI KM \\\ loi I I

/ ut um -i^/ini-
nnuci j>
i >

lht poison strychnine comes nuni ntal but imi m

S isUiul in the Indian i >-• .uv. tin- . u 50
tree from southeast \mj biennial lut purple flowei »uli yellow .. nti i

Z
SPRING (.IMI \\ ( OMMON
i
G
and rtrna CI UIIO M
'

( entaurtum r\ thrai • '

\\ uli ground level leal iHi lanai n
i ,. i

ep
roai

tubulai ili.w.
tt< s and
>,
>l> blui
pen nnial
tin-
.

Grti i) plai i

>
r
from Europi to
grow i in \h n> and mountain louthweil \ la in
z
ns .'i I uropi and \sia ii to thi u ii
H
m ii funni I
haui tl

in. I. >l>< •

pink flow! I 1

oral leans

M \l)\(. tSCAR
J
\S\IIM
( V.RRION 1 1 OWI R Stcphanotis floribunda
Slapelia gettleffii i i ii rii ianai i a<

ii . a< nail) From Mada

Can ion flowi t * are sui . ulent, this w.m »l\. iw ining ( iih Is

-.pun plants from southern Africa i populai grei nhi (use planl
I lit Steni Ii ol their lurr. .1 01 w uli I. .iilu i \ K avea and

bloti hed Rowers attrai t- . ai i ion i Ui-.it i g ..I fragrant . waxy,

flies j-- pollinatoi - w lull llnwi i g

1 \ M I \ II S
Modern taxonomy ha-- 1 xpanded the
m ope ill this mli r i tn nit linli up tn 21

families, t\ pualU W it h tuhular llnwi r-

and uni»|ual petal lobes. hi largt si I

an- thv mint tannK anna, eae, iften < 1 i

know ti b\ n- older name abiatat and 1 i

the figwort famih (Scrophulariaci

taih with 5.000 6,000 spt cies. < Ither
induilc thi olive lamiK i( )li at I at |
ami
Ill A K'S
plantain tamiK < Plantaginai
tit' i n in -

i
mt/iu mollis
i : \i .mill. 1. 1 ai

Jari
i In robu t pen nnial ol roi 1 1 plai

Mi diti i rani an bai -.pil i ol

pui |ili ' I white flowei " ith i

lobi 'I lower lip.

SHRIMP UIIMl ;
»
ana
/I lilt \ PI \M ill \( K
Thu p-
M \SC,lt<>\ I

in Lai Brazilian
Ii tidal
ha> -lar.

p.il' veined leaves and ipiki Lropii .il \ii

UToundcd
*r
 »

COMMON
LAVENDER
m Ia\anJttla angustifolia
}'. I amiaceae
BUGLE
]uga rcptans 1 his is another evergreen shrub ol
6": ft/2 m dry Mediterranean scrub habitats.
F: Lamiaceae
he water-saving oils in its leaves are
Growing around Europe, ROSEMARY I

valued in perfumery.
North Africa, and Rosmarinus officinalis
Southwest Asia, this K Lamiaceae
wood land and meadow from dry Mediterranean
nnial produces flower habitats, the oils in the
stems from far-creeping, eaves of this shrub reduce
rooting runners. potential water loss from
transpiration. Rosemai \ is .1

well-known culinary herb.

tubular flower
with large
three-loheJ lip

SAGE
Salvia officinalis
F' Lamiaceae
BASIL
This grayish shrub from
Spain, southern Franc e,
Ocimum basilicum BETONY
F: Lamiaceae Betonica officinalis
and the Balkans is widely
\lso known as sweet basil, this is an annual F: Lamiaceae
cultivated lor its pungent
from India and Iran. In cultivation, its A common hedgerow and grassland
leaves, used to
pungent leaves are used as culinary herb.,1 herb most of Europe, the Caucasus
in
llaxour loods.
and North Africa, hetonv has reddish
purpl •
or w hite flowers.

branched cluster *

of pinkish purple
flowers

CHASTETREE JERLISALEM SAGE WILD BERGAMOT

Vitex agnus-castus Phlomisfruticosa Monarda fistulosa
F: Lamiaceae F: Lamiaceae F: Lamiaceae
Chaste tree, from damp places in Native to dry rockv habitats in the A minty tea is made Irom the gravish
southern Europe, was once thought to preserve eastern Mediterranean, this evergreen leaves ol this showy American
chastity. It is used to regulate hormonal (unctions in shrub u nh gr,i\ tilted leaves is a perennial of dry fields and thickets
alternative herbal treatments. widely grown garden ornamental. from New England toTexas.

1 ft / 3 r COMMONTHYME WATER MINT

Thymus vulgaris Mentha aquatica
ROUND-LEAVED MINT BUSH F: Lamiaceae F: Lamiaceae
Prostanthera rotunjifoha Native to dry rocky places in the Growing part-submerged in
F: Lamiaceae western Mediterranean, this and ditches in Europe,
:>onds
This aromatic Australian shrub with circular leaves densely branched shrub is used as Africa, and Southwest Asia,
and pink to purple spring flowers grows in open a culinary herb, and an ingredient this herb is one parent ol the
forests from Queensland to Tasmania. in perfumes and soaps. hybrid peppermint.
 199

FRUI1
OUV1 -n

•
I
I

lhv Desk} lru.it- ol this

Mediterranean li.. contain 40 p*

unsaturated oils Before the < ji. .Jlrn,

tin- olives muxi be |>k kl»-»l in brnu-

(.Ol DIN KIM M \NN \ \M1

Fnvinus onus
•

i >

-ithia, I In- unusual a-li from

denst pypai
- -rirub ha- southern I ur».|H ha- .I.im
iftflpi a clu tei I

- and dusters ol white flow

nti d fiom '

Manna, a -ui;ar\ gum from u>

j and p» rbap- |a|ian Kirk. 1- used medicinally

1 2 III

man) I > >. I

>i ids and vai icties
I llll MI'I 1

1 1| this show \. .1. 1 iduous Ml IP] II

tree, fi "in. I \\ il.l on s< 1 ubb) I I 1 1\\ I It

InlKiilr in south* .i~i I urope.

HUM
MUM
I I I

III
II Uh

COMMON JASMIN! COMMON

jasminum offi'i male Kill II KWOKI
I : ( )l. .11 1 ... Pinguit ula 1 ulgarii 7 in

1 : .niiliiil.il 1.1. ai IS. I,,

Cultivated for it- show) I .

-, . in, .1 flowers, iln- I In* bog plant from

M I 111
;

I lil.ills IMil llll I II I 111 •

shrub li.nn the (

'au< asus \m.i, .mil N01 1I1

I MM \l Kll \N to 1 hina tw ists 1 ounter Ami 1 ii a " 1

VIOLF1 -\\ Isi .1- 11 1 llllll'- nutrilii nt- b\ trapping

and digesting insi 1 ts

..ii its stii l-i I. aves.

Kill
Jr«pruiin^ In mi Krma and 12m
Tan/anu. (h.-

r»T» nna, hk* i ' "

•«J >u. . ial« n!

bed,
trumprt -Ku, •
15m

II \KI)1 (,l OMNI \ ) \( \l< \ND\ IKIIMI'I \IN| I

|N|)| \\ 1(1 \N I HI I I .j 1 / lid Can jltabuana

\IRIC \N\ IOI II I
1 : Bignoniai 1 ai 1
Bigi

nnial n.ilK from rid between

1 ONC wild roi\ pur|il an and an
H OWED
Fbfmlar bnuvplantv Vn. ar 1 umhc
I tin- woodland tr planl wiili han oro
IsA It IV |>l a- m ilil 111 mountain lavender olon .1 flow. . llll. 1 tirs

K.rth awl land- in India, I wnli K planted (01 h .,1

endangered in the wild and baped llou. 1 »

 ] > I NS ] LANCE-
30 in SHAPED
I I ( >\V EK
75 cm HEAD LEAVES BROAD, GREENISH
OVAL LEAF FLOWER
SPIKE

MARE'S-TAIL GREATER
Hippuris vulgaris RIBWORT PLANTAIN
F: Plantaginaceae PLANTAIN Plantago major
Plantago lanceolata F: Plantaginaceae
Wholly or partly
F: Plantaginaceae This variable plantain
submerged, this aquatic-
perennial from Europe, plant of grassy places, grows in open habitats,

and South
Asia, Africa, with narrow oblong, including trampled
America has whorls of strongly veined leaves and ground in gardens,
narrow leaves up its stem. a cylindrical Howerhead, throughout Europe,
A rapid grower, mare's-tai this perennial grows in North Africa, and
is a major garden pest. most temperate regions. northern and central Asia.

Q
D
_
SHRUBBY GLOBULARIA
Globularia alypum
C/5 ¥' Plantaginaceae
- Growing in dry, bushv places around the
Z Mediterranean, this poisonous, low,

< evergreen shrub has globular heads of

— sweet-scented, blue flowers.
6 1

32 in
- ll

80 cm

HEATH SPEEDWELL FOXGLOVE BEARDTONGUE SNAPDRAGON MONKEY FLOWER

Veronica officinalis Digitalis purpurea Penstemon sp. Antirrhinum majus Mimulus guttatus
F: Plantaginaceae F: Scrophulariaceae F: Scrophulariaceae ¥'. Scrophulariaceae F: Scrophulariaceae

A denizen of European and
Asian heathlands, also
introduced to North America,
this creeping perennial has
pyramidal stems of lilac
The heart drug digitalis is The 250 members of this Native to southwestern The tubular flowers of this
extracted from dried leaves North American genus, Europe but with many marshland and streamside
of this open-ground biennial which is common in the garden varieties, this perennial from northwest
a from central and southern western USA, have large, perennial has tubular, America have a three-lobed
flowers. Europe and Morocco. colorful, tubular flowers. two-lipped flowers, with lower and two-lobed
a yellow or white throat. upper lip.

PURPLE
older, open TOOTH WORT
flowers Lathraea clandestina
F: Scrophulariaceae

Lacking green leaves, this

parasiticEuropean perennial
taps the roots of willows and
poplars for food. Its

flowerheads emerge directly

from underground shoots.

20 ft
6 m

BUTTERFLY
BUSH
BuJJlcja davidii
F: Scrophulariaceae

The tubular flowers

of this semi-
evergreen shrub,
originally from
China, are a rich
source of nectar,
and much visited
by butterflies
and moths.

GREAT MULLEIN
'erbascum thapsus FOXGLOVE TREE SPOTTED EMU BUSH
F: Scrophulariaceae COMMON TOADFLAX Paulownia tomentosa Eremophila maculata
Usually biennial, this Linaria vulgaris F: Scrophulariaceae F: Scrophulariaceae
sturdy European and F: Scrophulariaceae
Adeciduous Chinese tree, Widespread on seasonally
Asian plant of waste and This grayish perennial of grassy planted in parks for ornament, flooded land across Australia,
rough ground has a banks around Europe and western Paulownia has strong-smelling, this much-branched shrub has
di > stem of tubular, Asia has tubular yellow flowers
ii
trumpet-shaped, two-lobed tubular yellow, orange, or red
five-lobed flowers. w ith orange "throat" and long spur. purple flowers, paler inside. flowers, with spots inside.
 MW /I VI \M> I 11 U /// HI "Rl I) I 1)1.1"

"V
1 l'hrm;iiu.iji I PUntaginaci
lhi» diruh, abo known as a ( >ftcn used in lands* aping m hemes,
heb« den plant It has this hards hebc cultivai i> thought
A 111^ to I-

« 1 i.

New Zealand's v.uth Island

BHD1MI R*S 1 \M \\ \ VERVAIN

m uin hi kki Ijnunj i-jmjrj reroena i^/umj/^
: boJinien 1 '.
\, ;l>, :, l : \i tin nai i a< II \MIM, t.lOKiliOU I R
rhe tubular Bowers ol this \\ idclj distributed in rodendrum splendens
Related to American beauts •
:\. In hi, ii
pricU} »hrul> open yellow rough grassland in
i i i

this Chinese ornamental shrub is then turn n .1 temperate and tropical I In* \h ii .in i ine, » uli clu

grown in gard. Native to the Ann ricas, it is ions, tin- stiffl) luir\ tubular, n il Howl i
!, twines
decoratise purple berries, which cm ol thi most invasive perennial has slender spikes around trees in its nativi fi in si

are hitter but not «arm two bpped, Bowers habitat, oi in

p ,ls in r< gions. ol lilai llisi - in gardens,

SOI WALES
The- potato tamiK (Solanaceae), an economically important
tamilv ol up to 4,000 species, dominates the order Solanali -

Man\ species contain poMinnu* alkaloids, i"he bindweed famih

nvolvulaceae) includes tropical c limbers and low -grow ing
herbv Other families \\ ithtn thi- order are the Hydrolaci a

with one genus lound in the Americas; five Afrit an t rt < 5 in the

Monriniaceae; and a pan-tropical herb in the Sphi not l< a< i

(,KI \l UIM)W| I I)

icjctu
i i
onvolvulai
A plant ol '

and waste ground,

in cities, anil nat

ranean, this
I perennial
mread
rhizom round
'

pla:
MOKMSf, (,l OKI
c ii\ni(i\ ddddi it

I \th\ mum
i
i

onvoli nf.ii ' i.

trumpet ihaped blue -

has lobed i
'In. iilliki ,

jUmm »tth white ! shaped Ho t«n

orjrtllom ca that open onrj m th< mornii »

L
 » SOI VNALES
202

W*
r.

/
Z DEADLY NIGHTSHADE RED ANGELS' TRUMPETS
- Atropa belladonna Brugmansia sanguinea
F: Solanaceae
— F: Solanaceae

_ Packed with powerful narcotics and truly This evergreen tree

deadly, this tall, perennial herb grows in from western South America,
- woods and scrub in Europe, North with poisonous foliage, is grown
Africa, and western Asia. warm, sunny gardens
in tor
c its show v, pendulous
J tubular flowers.

Q
MIS'. K I 1 1 IT HUNNH -SHAP1 I)

VPSU1
e I
THORN-APPLE FLOWER
Datura stramonium succulent
soft,
F: Solanaceae
hcrr\ cen/dimm/
1/5
Rank-smelling and highly poisonous, many seeds
H thiswidespread annual weed is thought
Z to originate from America.
<

u HENBANE
Hyoscyamus niger
z F: Solanaceae TOMATO
Poisonous, narcotic, and Solarium hpopcrsicum
se: F: Solanaceae
evil-smelling, this annual
u herb inhabits disturbed Probably bred originally trom
ground, especially where yellow-fruited chern tomatoes
cattle graze, in Europe, rom Peru and Ecuador, this
O Asia, and North Africa hort-lived perennial is cultivated
lor Us fleshy, edible berries

A PI A LES
The order Apiales is dominated by the highly
distinctiveand economically important
carrot family (Apiaceae, often known by the
older name LI mbelli ferae), with at least 3,500
species. The Araliaceae, consisting ot i\ it :s
and ginseng, is another large family, while
the parchment-bark family, Pittosporaceae,
of evergreen shrubs and trees is medium-
WILD ANGELICA HOGWEED
Angelica w Ivestris istrantia major Heraclcum sphondyhum
sized. Seven smaller families, with few I Apiaceae
'
F: Apiaceae F: Apiaceae
spec ies, complete the order. A typical "umbellilc r" this plant has A plant ot alpine meadows and With hollow, hairy stems and
with 1 5—40 umbrella-like spokes open woods throughout Europe, umbrella-shaped flower heads
supporting its ll. iwer-bearing stem. astrantia has show y pinkish with 10-20 stems, hogweed
Angelica grows in grassy places in bracts, or specialized leaves, rows in roadsides from eastern
Europe and temperate Asia. under its heads ot small (lowers. Europe to Britain

UMBEL OF
FINELY WHITE DEVELOPING
l)I\ 11)1 l> I EA1 I I
< H\ 1 KS FRUIT STAGE

GIANT FENNEL HEMLOCK WILD CARROT

Ferula communis Conium maculatum Daucus earota
F: Apiaceae F: Apiaceae F: Apiaceae
I Ins robust, giant perennial, with A biennial ot wet places in Europe The wild ancestor of cultivated
pungent smelling, hollow stems, and Asia, widely introduced carrots has just slightly swollen
grows in grass) and meadow) elsewhere, hemlock has hollow, tap-roots. It grows throughout

UMBI LS Ol places around the Mediterranean, purple-spotted stems. All parts Europe, temperate Asia,
IfELLI >W 1 I OWERS 1

:.i . and North vfrii a are poisonous. and North Africa.

 HUIU H (.

HOI l'l I'l'l K \ i.in.i labot urn

i S nlK South \m. i ican,

cultivated m tropical tins herb is tlw most
-
in. 'ii ol t\\>' s|>, . ies
N \merican
fH !>[•. i
lot smoking tob
- I he Iruit ul this small I he l> aves > ontain nil otini

shrub are chilies.

> 1 l>\\ I Ks
\\|i
I'INS VI 1

It U I S

POTATO
•ium tubercum
l S i -

i or ti»*l crop I h< swollen tul»Ts

turn green tan.' in sunlight I In plant
»\a> Iti.I Imm South AniiTUjn anccsl

Pittosporum tenuifolium
l : Pitti '^|" 'i ai i ai

i ild m mountain
forests en I". ili island t OMMON HOI I l

New Zealand, tin* i v< i

gn en Ilex aquifolium
tree has almost l>lac k I : \' ii 1
1 -I i-

branches and hone) s< c nti 'I Vn even , w [land

spring Howers. [ei tore] Krub oi
small trei from I urope,
\'>i ili \li ii .i, and
not thwi tern \ ia,ImlK
!m |
.iii. |i i .
ti i

discouragi razci

si \ HOI II

I
turn mjruimum AQU FOL1 1 A LES
Ip tins rturd) |i. i I In i iil\ tropii al lioll\ famih
reduce water loss and n pray in i
Vquifoliai ( ai i in< ludes trees and
sand dunes around I urope,
'.via
•-In ubs \\ nli i h.ii.H ti i r iii all) toothed
Ii av< s, and is thi in.nn pn sentativi ol the
r<

OKII s \l
r. Other members of this
I
Vquifoliali s ordt
(,|\sl \(,
Panax gin small 'Hid n i i nl mmIi .in .in odd l.imih nl
i

|\ >
uvj he/is i
twining herbs, thi Cardioptei idat i at , thret
'•
i \ i. in hi rb i

\si.in vln ul is iii tin Helwingiai i ai . lour

! nr.»|x iditional n med\ M- pi
South \hm i K .in shrubs and tn es in the
ari'l south from tin

climbs up oil.
Phyllonomai a< and i . < famib ol tropit al

ill foi din i

iins, ii,, Stemonui ai i ai
J
204
\ S T
,d I
I

5
R A
families

j
I

make up
famil) I
the Asterales.
Asteraceae) with
The
some
I
cies. typically, each flowerlike head
(capitula) has mam individual flowers, railed

florets,surrounded b) show) rays Some of

y show
the bellflower famil) (Campanulaceae)
/
similar chara< t( risl i< s. ["his order includes the disk florets
z and the fan-flower
bogbean (Menyanthai a<
-
i |

families, and several

_ I

smaller families. 5

SALSIFY
Tragopogon pomfoliu
F: Asteraceae

MICHAELMAS DAISY A biennial herb of grass) places

Symphotrichum novi-belgii around the Mediterranean,

F: Asteraceae salsif) has lilac or reddish purpl

liter, tins Bowerheads, surrounded bv

Previously classified as a species ol
a native oi longer, pointed bracts
showy, variable garden plant is
eastern North Americ a.

COMMON
RAGWORT
Senccio jacobaea
F: Asteraceae

Toxic to farm animals anc

avoided bv rabbits, thi
native perennial from Europe
lobed ra\ florets and western Asia has invaded
may be yellow, Grasslands almost worldwide.
oranqe, or maroon

SERRATED
LEAF

oval, toothed

leaf OXEYE DAISY

[cucanthemum vulgare
CORNFLOWER F: Asteraceae
SUNFLOWER Centaurca cyanus common
One of the most
Helianthus animus
F: Asteraceae white-flowered daisies of
F: Asteraceae
Probably native to southern Europe Europe and western Asia, this
Probably Mexican in origin, this tall
and western Asia, cornflower seeds variable patch-forming
annual is grown as an ornamental as well
wen spread with corn, making it an perennial quickly seeds into
as commercially for its seeds, which
agricultural weed before herbicides. disturbed ground.
contain 27-40 percent polyunsaturated
oil and 1 3-20 percent protein.

UPRIGHT OR
HORIZONTAL
LEAF

12 in
SO l m
YELLOW
COMMON fLOWEUHlAl)
DAISY DANDELION
Bellis perenms Taraxacum officinale
F: Asteraceae PURPLE CONEFLOWER
F: Asteraceae
Echinacea purpurea rough,
Originally from Europe The name for this familiar toothed
f: Asteraceae
and western Asia, this weed covers an amazing
Named for its cone-shaped central
diversity of minutel)
short perennial of grazed
/ disk floret, this ornamental
tall, robust stem
grasslands and lawns has differing forms, with
perennial from eastern North
been transported almost perhaps 1 ,000 recognized
America is cultivated for herbal
worldwide. It is commonly "microspecies" in Europe
and Asia.
remedies against colds and 'flu.
considered a weed.
 Mil K IIIIM1 1

5 •'um marianum
i Vs

I hiN weak)) spin) biennial, , n

«uh white blotched

in waste ami cultivated

ground around s
GLOBI llllslll
\ Vtrica id \s Vs
Echinopt bannaih us
i Uli i
a< > ii

l \N vm w GOI m NKOD \.in\. i.. gi j«i plat es hi

S I I uropi and \\ Vsia, this SHI s i

FlAslerac hail \ stemmi .1 pi n nm.il l>

III \n
Native to N Vmerica but much .1 sphi i
ii .il lii ad "i bluish,
grown in gardens, this down) tubulai "disk" Hon is (.1(11(1 MtlKMOKl in i ii i i u i

perennial hav velk>« c i nam > arduiu u/us i i \ i

Bowerheads l»>rrn' in curved, i Vsteraceai

spreading Bowei -
\ u idi Ii grow n Mi ditei i
am an
.LI. . unknovi n in thi " lid, 1 1 »
i
-- 1^

probabh variety of ai i
i 'I a

wasteground perennial in thai n ion

nil
I M„

I Ol lONWI I 1)

Otanthus maritimus DINSI SIM \K I NISI I I

i : Vsti i i> i ai 111 \/l\(. M \K ( irsium i

ulgare
1 lnv -hi ubb) Dl i. iuii.il / iatris spii ata i :
Vstei .u i n

grow s in i oastal i : Vsteraceai ( muni disturbed

habitats in southi >
n \ plan) i
'i damp I
'I in I uropi and
I uropi Noi ili Mi
.
ii i, gi nun. I in i
astei n «i sii i ii Vsia, this
.mil southwest Vsia USA, this plan) is ii ibusl |" I' niii.il iv nli

I In i ommon name named aftei Hi slum I ii ii m 1

del no from n- wool!) ili nsi . elongated, leaves has been

i tkll sti in- and leaves l|'lkl I il l.lsi DUI |'ll spread woi Idw idi
M'KISi. llllUi I lll.lilv In agi n uliiiii
HIIMIR in wet meadows ami beside streams
throughout urope. I

Kl NCH I

rARRAGON
Irtemisia
dra uni ulu<.
i : Vsti i
ai ai

I i'.mi ill lliis bushy

herb from southeast
I urope, Vsia, and
North Mm i u .i ii i

24 in ni J ii i Flavoi ii-li and

60 cm other foods,
l VRROW
li/ii//i-j millefolium
I : \«ii i.ii i ai
III III IIR
m ^i.i^~\ places I \\ 1 SDI l(
I I<l\\ 111 I

throughout I urope and

\m stern Vsia, this feather) (. IIKORY t Ol l()\ VVINDI.K I

leaved perennial ha» b ( ii horium intybus Santolina hamaa yparissus i

Vsti rai \sii rai ai

intnxlui ed to North Vmerica, l : i
ii i : i

Australia, ami Ne« Zealand. [ntrodui ed almost worldwide \\ nli K grow ii in gardens,
urope, western Asia, and tins strong!) aromatii . dwarf,
Mm ,i. n i* i ultivated foi reen shrub with
salad leaves and, from il H .
|i
.,. , i
nativi '"
on bo[h side substitute rock] plao around the
60i .I

Mi .In. 1 1 in. .in

i,\KDI\ MARIGOI I) STRAND (. \/ wi \

tjlcnduh tffninjh-. GARDI N '. \/ \M \ Gazania i

K V •
mid ip. I : Vsti rai i a<

This specks his twin cultivated pravi ling, mat foi mine
ng that its |» H lilil.il nit. n flow

unkr strict southern Mm a. most in dr\ •

prolihi alK on dunes and rocl
from the I; (ultisars I
•
ithcrn
treat skin probl- .s \s Ith llti i i|.. i
oait ! South Mr n a
 s

»ASTERALES

FLOWER OVAL
PERENNIA1 II Wis
I 1 U SPIKE

<.KI AT BLUE LOBELIA ROYAL BLUEBELL BALLOON FLOWER BUCKBEAN

Lobelia syphilitica Wahlenbeigia glorwsa Platvcodon grandiflorum Wenyanthes trifoliata
i ( ampanulai i ae F: Campanulaceae F: Campanulaceae F: Menyanthaceae
A show ) Vmerican perennial of The state plant of the Australian The only member of its genu This far-creeping perennial
woods and meadi >w s fri >m New Capital Territory, this eret t this Asian perennial with produces its beanlike fruits in

I ngland to Alabama, this planl was perennial with deep blue blue or white, bell-shaped bogs and shallow water in
once thought to cure syphilis. flowers grows in mountain flowers also comes in many North America, Greenland,
grasslands in South Australia. garden varieties. northern Europe, and Asia.

C I USTERED NETTLE-LEAVED ON] sll 1 I I sll ",

FLO WERHE A D BELLFLOWER FLOW] I 1 Al

ROUND-HEADED Campanula trachelium SWAMPWEED

RAMPION F: Campanulaceae Selliera radicans
Ph\ teuma orbiculare Found in fencerows F: Goodeniaceae
F: Campanulaceae around Europe, Iran, This creeping herb is found on

With dark blue flowers in rounded and North Africa, this coastal sandfiats around Chile,
heads, this unbranched perennial roughly hairv perennial and New Zealand
Australia,
grows in chalk grasslands from has nettlelike leaves and where it also grow s alongside
LANCEOLATE
LEAF southern England to Greece. blue, lull shaped flowers. mountain streams.

DI PSACALES
MUSKROOT
The order Dipsacales is found throughout the world, \doxa moschatellina
but especially in the Northern Hemisphere. It is F: Adoxaceae
generally characterized by small flowers, often Inflorescences of this
delicate woodland
in compact heads, and includes many popular
perennial Irom North
ornamental plants. The valerian family America, Europe, and
(Valerianaceae) is the most diverse, with around 3 50 Asia have five flowers
species, but the order also includes the scabious at right angles (with
and
one lacing upward).
teasel family (Dipsacaceae), honeysuckle family
(Capriloliaceae), and muskroot family (Adoxaceae).

FLOWER
ELDERBERRY
Sambucus nigra
Ft Adoxaceae

A shrub or small tree with lobed

shiny, red leavesand flat-topped flowerheads,
berries elderberry grows in Europe, western
Asia, and northern Africa.

EUROPEAN
CRANBERRYBUSH
Viburnum opulus GARDEN VALERIAN
F: Adoxaceae Valeriana officinalis
Native across Europe to Asia, F: Valerianaceae
this deciduous shrub has This perennial is found in grassy plai es
flattened (lowerheads w ith from northern Europe to Japan It has
large, sterile outer flowers, flattened heads ol pale pink, five- petaled PERENNIAL
around smaller, fertile ones. flowers, which are darker when in bud. LEAV1
 Kilt

I UKOI'I \\
HONEYSIK M I

urn
i Caprifoliao
.s shrub >>t

«n in I uropc and

"icr plant* ti>

sunlight I* ;

IIIVl VI \i \\
HON! isuc M I

/ ej i esteria foi mosa

i : i .ipi ifoliat i a<

>i iginalh from the I limala] a

and Burma, this d< i iduous

shrub has an hing stems and
rowdcd hi ads ol w hitc flowi i s

in i .
> Mi l
purple bra< t5.

c ok \i HONEYSIK Kl I SNOWUI KKi \\l K.I I \

mphoricarpos jlhm /j fllTlJj
I Capril 1 : ( aprifoliai l : i 'aprifoliai i

imUes Native Irom Maska to Colorado, nail* from China ami Ki in a

high up fi the but wwlelv planted elsewhere, thi- this .l»i iduous shrub has clu
rn Unite. Vat. I « lis iduous, suckering shrub has ol runnel-shaped Mowers that arc
trumpet shaped dense heads ol pink flowers, deep rose in . olor outside and
with vcllow interiors, attract ripening to white hern, s pale iom inside.
hummingbirds lor pollination

sfKK »TH)
I I \t

60 cm

Ill I I) s,C \HIOU«> ( VKMI I DVI^i 1)1 v IL'S-BII s( vinous

Knauiia arret S u
F: I >ipvac accae f. I I I : 1

n perennial The pale yellow I devil supposedly bit oil thi

ha\c larger outer petals than inner robust annual stuni|>\ ro ins down)
Irom ha» large outer, and small, i

-ia. (lor ,.| North V

FUNGI
Ranging from mushrooms to microscopic molds, fungi were once
classified as plants. Today, they are recognized as a distinct kingdom ol

living things.
o o Growingc^ in or through
o their food, they
J
digest organic
o o
matter, and often become visible only when they reproduce. Fungi
are both allies ,\\u\ enemies to other forms ol life: vital recyclers and
mutually benefiting partners, they also include parasites and pathogens.

» 210 » 2 y, »242
MUSHROOMS SAC FUNGI LICHENS
As well a*, mushrooms, I In s< fungi produi i their I i\ ing partnerships
t } 1 1 — large group in< lud< i spores iri inn rose opi( between fungi and algae,
l>rac kit fungi, |)ult balls, sat s, whi< b often form In hens i olonize all kimls
and mam oth< r spe< i< .1 li ll\ l.i'.i i on tli. ii ol ban iui 1. 1' ' s. Some
I hi ir fruitbodies van in fruitbodii - Mam ai i loi m ll.it i rusts, while

shape, hut all maki tin ir iup shaped, bul th( j also others art liki tin) plants,

spores on inn rose opii mi ludi trullli s, morels, Most grow slow K, .mil .in

i< lis ( alli-fl h,is|f|ia. and -imjli lied m .^ts. < c ptionall) long lived,
210 MUSHROOMS
The phylum Basidiomycota includes the majority of what are
commonly called mushrooms and toadstools. Found largely in
temperate woodland, nearly all share the ability to form sexual
: spores externally on special cells called basidia.

Few fungi are as diverse in form as the Basidiomycota.

rmi um i;\M])IOMYCOTA

f.
:
CLASSES Their fruitbodies (the parts above ground in which
ORDERS spores are produced) have evolved to provide varied
FAMILI ES These
and efficient mechanisms for spore dispersal.
SPECIES About 32,000
fruitbodies often take the form of a stem, cap, and
gills, but many are simple, crustlike sheets, and others
o are more complex, bracketlike forms. More exotic
z
3 still are the totally enclosed, spherical types such as
the puffballs and the earthstars. Then there are the
beautiful, coral-like structures of the club and coral
fungi, and the often weird, animal-like shapes of the
stinkhorns. Each structure supports and produces

5H:^I *> special spore-producing cells called basidia, and—

These typical mushrooms show
cap with radiating gills
supported by the central stem.
the depending on the fungus concerned — uses a variety
on the underside, of mechanisms to disperse these spores. For example,
gilled fungi forcibly eject their spores, to be carried
off by The puffballs, however, depend
air currents.

on a combination of wind and raindrops to puff out

their spores. Stinkhorns, on the other hand, use foul

odors and bright colors to attract animals, such as

insects and other invertebrates, to eat their spore
mass and to pass the spores unharmed through their
digestive tracts. In this way the spores are scattered
The microscopic spores of the field
as far as the animals travel before excreting them.
mushroom are here shown still attached
to the basidia, or reproductive cells.
FUNGAL FEEDING
The main body of the fungus is usually underground,
formed of fine fungal threads called hyphae, which
make up a mycelium (fungal body). These threads
permeate the substance on which the fungus grows, be
it soil, old leaf litter, fallen timber, living plant tissues,
or even dead and decaying animals. The mycelium may
spread over a large area, and in many fungi it also forms
This stinkhorn is covered with a dark
spore mass, which rapidly and
a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of
emits a foul odor, usually of rotting
liquifies

flesh. plants. In this relationship — called a mycorrhiza — the

mycelium wraps around and penetrates the plant's

DEBATE roots, providing the iungus with access to carbohydrates

COLORFUL MYSTERY from the plant. In return, the plant gains from the
mycelium's greater ability to absorb water and mineral
Many mushrooms have bright colors:
nutrients. Other mushrooms break down dead organic
red, violet, blue,

have little idea

and green. Scientists
what advantage these matter, or devour living organisms lor iood — both
colors give to the mushroom. Unlike processes help renew the soil and to improve the
flowers, they do not need bright colors growing conditions for other living things.
to attract pollinators. Red and orange
pigments possibly prevent damage
from sunlight, while others may act
MUSHROOMS AMONG FALLEN LEAVES >
as a warning to predators. Many fungi feed on dead and decaying plant tissues and may
spread in huge numbers where nutrients and moisture occur.
 FIELD MUSHROOM
\G \ R ICALES Agaricus campestris
F: Agaricaceae
he most familiar mushrooms and toadstools belong to this order.
212 Common in meadows of
1 lu\ include fungi with fleshy, not woody, fruitbodies (the body supporting North America and Eurasia;
the spore-forming cells). Many have caps and stems with gills; some also this fungus has a rounded cap;
bright pink gills turning brown
have pores. Other forms include bird's-nest, brackets, crusts, trufflelike,
with maturity; and a short
s and puflfballs. Most live in leaf litter, soil, or on wood (causing a white rot); stem with a small ring.

— others are parasitic' or live in association with plant roots (mycorrhizal).

—
< CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
Agaricus bisporus
-
slightly THE PRINCE F: Agaricaceae
. / Jibrous Agaricus augustus Selling in millions, this familiar
/ surface F: Agaricaceae lungus is common worldwide.
< A large, orange-brown, Its cap varies from white to dark
s scaly cap and a white, brown with scales.
< woolly stem with a floppy
ring characterize this
common species
y. from Nordi America
and Eurasia. Vi 6 in
8-15 cm FRECKLED
C DAPPERLING
Lepiota aspera
c F: Agaricaceae
* From woods and
X gardens in North America
and Eurasia; this uncommon
YELLOW STAINER fungus's brown cap has
D Agaricus xanthodcrmus
pyramidal scales that rub oft.
F: Agaricaceae
The brown stem has a ring.
This species has a flattened
cap center, chrome-ye:
stains on the stem base, and HORSE MUSHROOM
an unpleasant odor. It is Agaricus arvensis
common in western North F: Agaricaceae

America and Eurasia. Common in parks in '/•-l'/iin

North America and 1-4 cm
Eurasia; this species stains
dull brassy yellow. The
STINKING
pendent ring on its stem DAPPERLING
has a cogwheellike pattern Lepiota cristata
on its underside. F: Agaricaceae

A rubberlike smell is a
yellow stains
teature oi this species of
Lepiota (most common in

woods and meadows)

from North America
and Eurasia.

ORANGE-GIRDLED
BLUSHING LAWYER'S WIG DAPPERLING
DAPPERLING Coprinus comatus Lepiota ignivolvata
Leucoagaricus badhamii F: Agaricaceae F: Agaricaceae
F Agaricaceae
:
This fungus common Found
is in in Eurasia; this
Found in Eurasia; this disturbed soils and pathsides in uncommon species has
rare fungus grows in woods 2-3 'A in North America and Eurasia. Its an orange-margined ring
and gardens with rich soils. 5-8 cm shaggy cap is unmistakable,
tall, set low down on the
White when young, it bruises and dissolves into inky fluid. club-shaped, white stem.
blood-red when handled, and
then blackens.
WHITE DAPPERLING

%
Leucoagaricus leucothites
F: Agaricaceae

Common in meadows and grassy

roadsides in North America
and Eurasia; this fungus's ivory SHAGGY PARASOL

•
fruitbody turns gray-brown Chlorophyllum rhacodes
with age. Its gills are white F: Agaricaceae

* to pale pink.
Common
America and
in North
Eurasia; this
fungus has a shaggy, brown
cap; thick, double-edged
ring; reddening flesh; and
swollen stem base.

PLANTPOT DAPPERLING GRAY PUFFBALL GIANT PUFFBALL

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Bovista plumbea Calvatia gigantca
F: Agaricaceae F: Agaricaceae F: Agaricaceae bulbous
Common worldwide; this This ball-shaped fungus is Common in hedges, fields, and stem base
species grows in soils of potted smooth when young. As it gardens in N. America and Eurasia;
plants. Its features include a matures, its skin Hakes to reveal a this mushroom's large, smooth,
delicate golden-yellow cap and papery inner layer. It is common white Iruitbody with a white to
rider stem with a ring. OUTHl SKIN in North America and Eurasia. yellow interior is unmistakable.
 111
21*

'
.Son

Ml \IH)\\ I'UI I KM I

/ 1 coperdon prui I' „,

i Vgaricici n '
i . in

I Ills sll,U l slt'lllllli .1 s|H . il s ll.ls .III

ml. I n.il ill, ml. I , in. s, |ui.iln

spon mass from ihi stem Ills common

in in. .nil .« s throughout I uresis

COMMON l*l 1 1 1 BALL

/ 1
. operdon pcrlatum
I Vim..
I In in. .si .. muni in \\ hilt

puflball, iIh-. spe< ies is fi lund

in \. .1 ili \mii i n .i .in.l

I Ul.isu lis •'!. mill. il s|imrs

l ill. nil In [l .i\. . II, ill. il

scai s m -i i. .Mil. n p. in. i ii

MiNkIM, I'm IMAM.

/ 1 . op( rdi <n fa i i.luin
i : Vgai ii ai i ai

i i.iiminii m ... iiln mi adi iv

woods in iii.im.i, thi

.mil I

m llnu i-K brown puflball has

'•i, ami spines lis Flesh
Ii. .in unpleasant smi II

SPRING I II I IK \P

l : Bolbiti i

i ommon in Not 1 1 • \mi i

ii a

and I in- ii. i. dui ing spring,

tlllS I l:.l\l

I III

slim iiiiv 1,-im i h

'. I
1

.,.,

I (.in

Miik> ( ONE< \C YELLOW I II I DCAP

i Bolbitiai i ai

ui nt K Found ing in in' adow i,

in |j«i ;
ommon in

with It ll.ls ,| ,|l . I|,

'• Ml ml\ -I 'I.I', '.: »

 » AGA R CA I 1 S

bufj njff
214
2 4 in
5-10cm

— FALSE DEATHCAP TAWNY GRISETTE

Amanita citrina Amanita julva
— F: Amanitaceae F: Amanitaceae
< found in eastern North Common in woods
- America and Eurasia; this in North America and
species has a stem with a Eurasia; this lungus ma\
volva distinctly rimmed, rounded haw veil patches. The
bulb, and flesh with a stem has a white volva
potato odor. Its cap is I baglike remains ot an
white or pale yellow. enclosing veil).
CAESAR'S MUSHROOM DEATH CAP
Inidmra caesarea .-Imjnirj phalloides
f. Amanitaceae F: Amanitaceae BLUSHER
y. Amanita rubescens
Found under oaks, mainlv Common in parts of N.America
F: Amanitaceae
from the Mediterranean and Eurasia; this species has a
This species is
C ntral Eurasia; this fragile ring, large volva, and
common mixed
in
mushroom has an orange cap sickly smell Its cap may be
w and stem, and a white volva.
.

greenish, yellowish, or white.

woods in N. America
- and Eurasia; Its cap
varies from cream to
brown, and its flesh
bruises pinkish red.

FLY AGARIC
Amanita muscaria
F: Amanitaceae
Common inNorth
America and Eurasia; this
distinctive mushroom is

especially common under

birches. Its white warts
mav wash off after rain.

YELLOW CLUB
Llavulmopsis helvola
F: Clavariaceae

Common in grassland

inNorth America and

Eurasia; this is one of
several vellow clubs. It can
only be reliable identified
bv its spiny spores.
GOLDEN
SPINDLES
Clavulinopsis corniculata
F: Clavariaceae

This golden-vellow club

with antlerlike branches is WHITE SPINDLES
relatively common in acidic Clavana fragihs
unimproved meadows F: Clavariaceae

and grassy clearings in This fungus torms dense

woods in Eurasia. clusters of pure \\ hite,
simple clubs in woods
and meadows in Eurasia.

I
1

i 3'. in t^jj l%-3VJin

4-8 cm ^V- } i 9 cm

LILAC PINKGILL
WOOD PINKGILL Entoloma
Entoloma rhodopolium porphvTophacum THE MILLER
F: Entolomataceae F: Entolomataceae prunului
C litopilus
Found in Eurasia; this
Occasionally tound in F: Entolomataceae
pale gray to gray-brown
meadows, this lungus Common in mixed woods in
species has a cap \\ ith
grows in Eurasia. It North America and Eurasia; diis
a domed center and has a gray-purple fun jus has a cap that changes
slender stem. It may fibrous cap and stem, shap • with age, starting convex
of bleach.
and pinkish gills. th ?n becoming depressed.
 - -

It I ill 1 1 GS CLOUDI i> I UNNI I wish I) FUNNE1

/<Y'
•!.! i litot i/v nebularis i /i/.u i be odotc c
> holomat i i : 1 1 1, nolomatai i n I 1 1 i, liiilnni.il. ii i ii

woon m i\\ n lu l>liu legs has hull lu~ -In mushroom has in \i
I

ami .i bright blue lila<

.1

stem
> .i|i

»iili
I

v rowded
ill

gills that oft< n Vmcrica and

i i
i
in

I ui asia; this
ii ill
X
f. I ru hulonijt.i
perfumed Resh Ii i- common i un down the stem It fungus i- unmistakable
ion 111 IHIV.il Woods in
in open meadows in I urasia frequent]) grows In due i" ii- -ii. hi.,
1
.mi-! i .1 o
Nortli md urasia;
thiN -i*. -v ies ha.- a i
I

iolet ^ tp Vim
. in li Noi ill
- iii . >.|. .| lis s. ,1 gl I
. |l t (lltll
o
i ii.i .mil I in .>-i.i fades .i- ii matures i"
thai lade- to brown, !>ut the
gi i\ ish I

Stem ajhI ''ill- remain violet

I >
>

n
>
r
m

IVORY IUNNI I

C /iii>i ybe dealbata

1 : InrlioloniAl.ii i .n

I In- spei ii - grows in rings in

l.iu n- .mil meadows in Noi ill

\iin i ii .i and I urasia Ii has .i

frosted appearani e and

slightl) iliiurii ni gills.

. I'/iiii

SUI.I'IIIIK KNIGHT
/m. holoma sulphureum
i : 1 1 1. holomatai eai

i I. actei i/. 'I I". its In ighl

sulphui VI How I olor .mil
repulsive smell of coal |a

tin- fungus .minim] i- 1 in

.
.1 North \n" i
ii i ni'l

mi vi i| woods iii I urasia

2 IOin/5 2Scm
(.1 \M IllNMI
Leucopaxillui jjigor I SOAPY KNIGH1 1*1 1*1 CLUB
F:Tncholomatj Tricholoma iponaceum 1/ j
'

n found huge r
in f. Irn hoi rrii holomal
i i
i l phulai i ai

th America and 1 uri-u. Miall\ found with conifers in north. Variable in color 'jra\ brown, grei 1 iii. n found in I. n :• group in pans
and north
i thi- •
pinkish j;ra* to mottled >-nli a .i Noi th \u a and in I urai ia; thii

oecurrem; ImII -fup. r| ap .irid a -mi-ll I

mixed p ii
:

.
tall lender club attai hi d
margin, and a - lellowish wood- in Nortli to falli -
. ;

'I Ii". i
FLY AGARIC
Amanita muse aria
The fly agaric is arguably the most famous of all fungi, and it

appears in illustrations in children's books all over the world.

The bright scarlet cap, usually scattered with white spots of
veil tissue, make it one of the easiest fungi to identify. Found
originally throughout most of Europe, northern Asia, and North
America, it now grows wherever humans have planted the host
trees — usually birch — with which the fungus forms a mutually
beneficial relationship. It is now commonly found in parts of

Africa, India, and Australasia. All parts of the fly agaric are
poisonous, although rarely fatal.

Of

large floppy ring

is easily torn

SIZE Cap diameter 2V4— 6 in (6-1 5 cm)

HABITAT Birch and pine woods
DISTRIBUTION Almost worldwide
SPORE COLOR White

•*>>

S*^ i-
 H-fciKHxiru v SLICI m ROUGH i VP
In cross section, the yellowish 01 in i llesh immediate!)
OUtet *km beneath thi red skin of the cap is revealed l"h< gills,

.I I.1I1K ll.lt . .11 . I'l I. Ill W lull . Ill i null .1st

pUrt white

^ SCALES
I Ik u lull .M pale y< How
w .11 1) -' .ili s .11 1 .ill that
ii main ol an < nv« li

veil ol tissui thai on< i

.ii.l. isi d tlu V 'in''.' i an

rcJ itin peels

off easilj

• 1 \ N\ 1 1 1 \K IUN(,l|N
The th j^jrii. changes shape
dramatuallt as it gnaws ami

expands, hut the color and key

das alters u>uall\ remain constant. STEM BASE >

The i.ap mas ladi- to yellow it 1 In Ii.im is swollen and * (.11 IS

there ru> kin persistent rain. Its i luldiki . « uli warty ridges I In IK agai ii 's radiating gills are ol
common name refers to an old tnlk i in in ling the upper part ol diffi n in I. rtgths, somi stopping wi
remedy the red skin ol the tap th bulb, rhreads ol my< elium vlii ii i i
.1 thi sti in I luv allow v them
-. d in a niui.it nt milk to '1 Lineal tissue) i niiiiii t to fine in lill tin available spa< e, ensui ing
n annoving house ll in i roots below thi thai spon produi tion is maximizi d

GROWTH STAGES OF A FLY AGARIC

dispersed

ml
partial nil
beneath cap

BAB1 Kill l u\
M
BROK1 will '
GROW ING ( \l' •
Gil is M'lM \K •
SPORI MSN l<s\l '
Ol I) \f -

button i« The stem I to I In partial veil -.tarts to Spon gn iw mi thi \l tin . lid ol il lil' thi

crimp I
grow, and the universal veil tin partial veil still I
and .in cap o ili ii ition fadi and
* warn universal veil on th' : >lit apart. tin ii n Ii as< 'I into thi aii tin i .i | > hi... iui ii upward
 » A G A R 1 CA L E S

l-\ in
S 10cm

[•HE GYPSY DAPPLED WEBCAP

2-4>.in
Cortinarius caperatus Cortinarius bolans BLUE AND BUFF WEBCAP
F: Cortinariaceae F: Cortinariaceae Cortinarius malachius
l ui North America and northern Common in beech woods in F: Cortinariaceae

Eurasia; this species, found in Eurasia; this fungus has tiny Found under pines in nordiern
conifer woods, has a frosted cap reddish brown scales on its Eurasia; this uncommon species has
with a white veil and a stem w ith cap and stem. The flesh stains a pale brown cap with a lilac tint,
a distinct sheathing ring. yellow-orange in the stem. and a stem with bands of white veil.

ELEGANTWEBCAP
Cortinarius elegantissimus
F: Cortinariaceae

Found throughout Eurasia in

raised pou beech woods in chalky soil; this

cap center fungus has a vivid orange-yellow
cap ami a yellow stem w ith

a large, marginate bulb.

VA-3 Ainl
PEARLY WEBCAP
Cortinarius alboviolaccus
3-8 cm
F: Cortinariaceae

SCALY WEBCAP This species is common in mixed woods

Cortinarius pholideus in North America and Eurasia. Its

F: Cortinariaceae silvery white fruitbodv has a lilac, tint.

This uncommon species is found I he gills mature to cinnamon brow

under birches in Eurasia. It is

easilv recognized by its scaly,

brown cap and stem, and violet

and stem apex when young.
gills

2'/i-+in
i

& 6- 10 cm

RED AND OLIVE WEBCAP ORANGEWEBCAP

Cortinarius rujoolivaceus Cortinarius mucosus
F: Cortinariaceae F: Cortinariaceae
Found in beech woods throughout Restricted to North America and
RED BANDED WEBCAP
Eurasia, this uncommon species Cortinarius armillatus
northern Eurasia; this species is
has a distinctively copper-colored F: Cortinariaceae
common in pine woods.
cap — with a pink or olive-green orange-brown cap and stout,
Its
The cinnabar-red bands of
margin. The bulbous stem is white stem are very slimy. veil on the club-shaped stem
violet to greenish yellow. The gills are rust-brown.
distinguish this common species
of birch woods in North America
and Eurasia.
J
/«-l'/.i I
1

i 4in
l-3cm 4- 10 cm Juh-shaped stem .

BITTER VIOLETWEBCAP
BIGFOOTWEBCAP Cortinarius violaceus
Cortinarius sodagnitus F: Cortinariaceae
F: Cortinariaceae
Found in mixed woodland
Found mainly in southern throughout North America
England and Mediterranean and Eurasia; this rare species
Eurasia; this uncommon has a distinctive intense!)
species occurs in beech violet-colored cap and stem.
woods on chalky soil. The
bulb on the stem is large.

SPLENDID WEBCAP
BIRCH WEBCAP
PIXIEWEBCAP Cortinarius triumphans
Cortinarius splendens
Cortinarius flexipes F: Cortinariaceae
F: Cortinariaceae
F: Cortinariaceae
This rare species has a golden-yellow
Common under birches
An odor of pelargoniums and delicate in Eurasia; this fungus is
cap, yellow flesh, a sulphur-yellow
white hairs on the pointed cap characterize yellow-orange overall, witl
and a bulbous stem. It mainly
veil,
is common under birches
this species. It in prominent girdles of
occurs in beech woods in Eurasia.
Nordi America and northern Eurasia. yellow veil on the stem
 ',. I'.in
l.Scni

I INI PIXI1 CAP

\ \KI \1U I
. i in. i > alyptrata
SIDI U' USUI KMDI
i l I
I

IMMI Kl ING i : I Ivmenogastraceae

PI i 1 i\i. OYSTERUNG Crtpidotus variabilis I ound in I urasia; this
. oidotus mollis \ : ( repidotai t mii^i i- iv one "t man)
^: Crepidota< •
One "t several similai spe< ies onl) idi ntifiable

1 hi- Fungus .>.. v ui - in Noi tli \iiu i ka n \im ih Imerica undei .i mi( rost opt It-

and I urasia; It- small, Fan shaped, pale and I urasia; Its cap is rounded ap is orangt >

cap ha- -i gelatinous -km, which peels ili \ « uli Fine fibers It brow n and so iati 'I
easiK 1 he stem is absent >>i wis -)h>i i umi.iIU lac lo .i stem.

i KP NOI
HIM \

l KPAND] l>
f(

2 -t'.in
, 12cm

ROOTING POISONPI1
Hebeloma radicosum
l : 1 1\ menogasti Galerina marginata
I hi •!' i pi) rooting stem w nli i : h menogasti ai ae
I i

a I. ii gl i ui'.;. hull ^ .i|i w llll ll.it I Ins spet ies has an i

u angi bn iw n i ap and
« ales, and strong smell ol a small ring on the stem It grows on fallen
marzipan haracterize tli i wood in North America and urasia. I

I III. 1M. ill Sp ' il ~

/
I !
in

I , . in

SIMM FIBERCAP
Inoa be / imosa
POISONPIE l : [not ybat eae

Hebeloma crustuliniforme i i
immon in mixec
i : I h iin nogasti at i at woodland in North
1 nun North America and Eurasia; this Vim i h ,i and I urasia; il

species smells strongl) "I radish. It--t.ii> pointed Fibrous i -i

|
> is

is ivon white to buff, and slim) whenwel straw yellow and the
In damp weather, the gills exude droplets, stem is t.ill and sli ndei

Will II IIBI KCAI'

Inot hylla
i : I
i bai i at

I In- is oni "i thi mi isl i ommon

woods in North
\ i and I urasia; It ha tii al,

-.ilk\ i .ip .mil a slender stem.

lOl i i

I nil \1

IOR\ IIISIIU \l'

Inocjbc lacera LILAC LEG
F: Ii." 1)1 A 1)1 V I 1 1'. I RCAP FIBI RCAP
Found in North Ai .
gi i
eolil i ina
l : h l : h" ii I

an<! I lis is

<ll-l: lt- Found in mi 'I Hand in Vcomm

cylindrii il spores, It has in I
'" beech wood in 1 urasia;

and a cap thai 'Ii oli n it ha* j cal cap and a pali

»
1 1

der brown I
\ ioli t, slendei tern
 s

u
1.5 6cm

<
<
SCARLET WAXCAP
Hygrocybe coccinea
F: Hygrophoraceae

i
r let, waxy cap, gilk, and
steni make this a very striking
fungus of unimproved grasslands
m North America and Eurasia.

3
/»-2in
1- 5 cm

BLACKENING WAXCAP
Hygrocybe conica
F: Hygrophoraceae
Very common in grasslands
and woodlands in N. America
and Eurasia; this species has
a conical reddish orange cap
and fibrous stem that blacken
with age or bruising.

GOLDEN WAXCAP
Hygrocybe chloropbana
F: Hygrophoraceae

Found in Eurasia; this is

the most common waxcap

found in meadows. It has
a bright yellow-orange,
slightly sticky cap.

AMETHYST
DECEIVER
Laccaria amethystina
F: Hydnangiaceae
This highly recognizable,
slender fungus from North
America and Eurasia has an
intense violet coloration
when fresh, and powdery
spores dusting the gills.

DECEIVER
Laccaria laccata
F: Hydnangiaceae
Variable color —from brick-red
to flesh-pink — with a
dry
cap and
thick gills; this abundant
species is

in temperate woods in North

America and Eurasia.
 ST.GI tun.
I
'S
»p?tr* j- MUSHROOM
gambosa .

i Lvophy 1
I his l v » 1 1 \ l)llfl SD( ll

from I in asia often grow s

In fain i ings ii woodland

<ii late — |
» i in ill.

in smells i

i I
', ill
.
'i newl) ! "in. I
I

PINK nnuu \r
i aloi
I :
I v..|ili\ li

I in- spe< les grows in

villi! I m.l-s III \.U ill \llli I li I

mil I ui.iM.i. iiv mih mill

ap mil i

librous -li in in row |>mk

and ilii nilU .n i \\ Inh

sii io piGG^ i< u k CLUSTI Rl I) DOME( w

\sierophora parasitica / ophi Hum ./li astes
I : I yoph> II i : I m iph) lln' ii

t )ne ol two well know n pai .\-ih> i amnion on roadsides, path

species to live on rotten fruitbodies ol listui I" 'I soil in Ni n ill Vm< i
li a and
brittle >.<|>-, t J\i- fungus from N Vmei i« I i; thii fungus I'M in- clu

and I urasia has .< rounded -ilk\ cap. ni tough i .i|>- w nli stoul stems

ii \ik\ r\i; \( mini

i i inipellii ti abella
i :
Mai asmi i

I ound on '! ad -ii ms "I grass< s,

1 1 1 1- ii ".'in ibli fungus is from

I i li has .i small i ai I

long, sl< mil i -ii in i "\i 1

1 il with
dense, bri tling brown hail
.
ion

( OMMOM BIRD'S M si
( in, ibulum I ii

l : Nidulai iai i ai

I in ming miniatun ni its ^^ n li

spore hlli J . ...
this
• ommi -ii
i
in i I., hard
i" -put in w h di I" iv li

HI - III \nl ill \llll I ii .1

.Mill I III

II llll I) IHKDS MSI

I tall Hull il

»
 .

» AG A R CA I L E S

SIL\ I HI IAl FUNGUS

ereum purpt

Common on cherry and plum

trees, it is Found in North

America and Eurasia. Violet

below when young, it darkens
to purple-brown with age.

SAFFRONDROP
< BONNET COMMON BONNET
» l/i

F:
cena crocata
Mvcenaceae
Mycena galericulata
F: Mvcenaceae
< Common in woods u ith Abundant in temperate woods
chalky soils in Eurasia; this in North America and Eurasia;

species exudes a bright this tungus is variable in color. Its

saffron-orange juice pinkish gray gills have linking
when
/ ORANGE BONNET <%. 3
it is broken. veins and cross-ridges.

/t6-1 in
I/i cena acicula 0.5-2. 5 cm
C Fl Mvcenaceae
as Common in leaflitter and debris YELLOWLEG BONNET
I in broadleaf woods inNorth Mycena epipterygia
America and Eurasia; this fungus F: Mycenaceae

has a tiny, translucent cap that is Occurring in North America

3 striped almost to the center. and Eurasia; this fungus grows
in acidic soils in woods and
meadows. Its cap and stem
have a sticky, peelable layer.

CLUSTERED BONNET
Mycena inclinata
F: Mycenaceae
BLACKEDGE BONNET Found in dense clusters
Mycena pelianthina on wood in North America
F: Mycenaceae and Eurasia; this fungus has
Found in Eurasia; this fungus a cap with toothed margins
ROSY BONNET
Mycena rosea
is characterized by a strong and a strong soapy sme
F: Mvcenaceae
smell of radish. It has purplish
black-edged gills and
Found in beech woods
a pale
lilac to gray-brown cap. OLIVE OYSTERLING in Eurasia; this common
species has a robust pink
Panellus serotinus
cap and stem, and smells
F: Mycenaceae
strongly of radish.
From North America and
Eurasia; this mushroom
fruits in winter, often near
r'ater on hardwood tree trunks club-shaped
Its cap is slimy when wet. stem

SPINDLE TOUGHSHANK WOOD WOOLLYFOOT

GymnopusJusipes Gymnopus peronatus
F: Omphalotaceae F: Omphalotaceae
Abundant in Eurasian oak woods The common name of this
from early summer onward; this fungus species from Eurasia refers
forms large clumps of tough to the stiff, fuzzy hairs at the
fruitbodies on tree roots. base of the stem

10cm

:
SPOTTED
TOUGHSHANK
Li Rhodocollybia maculata
F: Omphalotaceae
BUTTER CAP
Rhodocollybia butyracea
Common in mixed woods F: Omphalotaceae JACK O'LANTERN
across North America and This fungus is abundant in Omphalotus tlludens
Eurasia; this fungus has a
woods North America and
in F: Omphalotaceae
ap, stem, and gills. Eurasia. Varying from blackish or Found across North America and Eurasia; this
rowded gills stain reddish brown to dark ocher, its bright orange, poisonous fungus is famous for gills
rust-red with age. cap is oil) to the touch. that glow in the dark with an eerie greenish light.

4>*
 •. 6 in I In,

2 ls>m in.,

I'OIU VIS ROOTING mi \NK

T
I I

FUNGUS Xerula radicata

OuJemanslella nun Ida i :
Phvsalat i
ia< i at

\ I l\l I MlWk i Phj salai i

lat i a<
I
ound i, ross Not ili

Flammulina rtlutipes Usualh found on beet h Vmi 1

1, and I ui asia; 1 1
n--

c
i

i Phvsalacrlaci ii i

i
1
1 ,
1 1
1
lungu ,1, , |, rooted Fungus has .>

IIOM\ HIM.lls -.
.in; throughout wintci w Ini. , aps that .in stiff, tall stt in I Ii. i -i | > is
t/5

W KINK1 D 1 PI U II in Not ili \iih i it .1 and -litnx when "'i rhi Him m In n w.i , and thi X
t :
Phvsalat ru. Rhi>J»>fti> pulmonis I HI.IM.l, tills fungUS is -I. in li.i- .i linn gills ai r w ideh sp.i, . ,1

Found woods \ Phvsa ha us often

i\

O
:
v
in

Eurasia; this sjv Found on lalkn lo-^v ol mainh stu k\ , ap and w lv« i\ stem
usualb found on the dm, tins uncommon species >>i

and It is a weak North \merica and I urasia has .in

parasite »>n th< unusual, peach-pink, wrinkled

jrvutul "huh it grows sap and a truitx odor

BR kN< him. msiiR

Pleurotus
f. Pleurot

ng in i lusters on lalUn lo^s, usualh

.«i elm, this fungus ha> trumpet-shaped

- m ith gilU running daw n the -hort
ln^|iK-ntl\ branching stems It o<
in North \miTUJ ami 1 ur.iMj

(AMI R MUSHROOM
Pleurotm osueatus
F: Pleurotai i ai

I rom Not ili America and

I urasia; tins spet ies Is Found i
m
trees and li igs Its slulllik. , aps
vai \ Ii, mi blui :'u en i" pali white veil

bufl I he sti in i- almi isl absent. breaks into

pat hi

w I I PING WIDOW
Lacrj mat id
/./, 1 1 mabunda
'
I : I •-.. 1 1 1 \ 1
1 II. i. , ,ii

'.in hi pathsides and

I, mi bed soil in Not th
\> , .i and I ui asia; it i^

ii. hi, i ,1 Foi ii lil ai k gills

that weep droplets from

theii

PAI.I It K I I IIIMI M C I IIS I I I' I I) M VGPI1 INK* VP

h i rclh candollcanj BRITTLESTEM jfca
K PsathxnlU. Psathyrella multipcdata ( (IMMDN INK( \l' l : Psatm i, llai i ai

ill-, found ii,

i -
P .ii,'. n lb Copt • imentana Found on i hallo soils in
summer The di i.^ K clusti i : Psathyrella.
r debris in iarl\
t ha> frag n* an' ing in North Am. n. .. and I white,

rbutliap- ' tall) found dissolve i

with
^mrnca arwl 1 . in op to a lil.i - ii-, brovi n •
ap »
 .

» VG V RICA I I s
4-10in
!
« :
L
4in 10-25 cm
221 1 —6 cm
BEEFSTEAK FUNGUS
Fistuhna hepatica
f: Schizophvllaceae
YELLOW SHIELD
Resembling a fleshy steak,
DEER SHIELD Pluteus ihrysophaeus
Pluteus cervinus F: Pluteaceae with bloodlike red juice,

f: I'luU'j. eae A golden to greenish yelk

it is particularly common
Found in North America and cap, yellow gills turning
in warmer parts of North
Eurasia; tliis spines is variable in color, pink, and a whitish stem
America and Eurasia.

with a radially fibrous cap, often characterize this species. WILLOW SHIELD
dome-centered; pink gills not attached Found in Eurasia, it grows Pluteus salicinus
F: Pluteaceae
to the stem; and a fibrous stem. on decayed wood
Common in broaddeafed
woodlands in Eurasia; this
species can be identified bv

sfine silky-hairy the bluish gray staining at the

surface base of its slender stem.

wKmi^'tm,

SILKY ROSEGILL 4-10in

Volvariella bombycina 10-25 cm
F: Pluteaceae
Growing on deciduous trees in North America
and Eurasia; this rare species has a white to pale
lemon cap and a whitish stem with a baglike
thin \eil enclosing the base of the stem.

STUBBLE ROSEGILL
Volvariella gloiocephala
F: Pluteaceae

Quite common in fields and old

stubble, and in wood chip mulch
in North America and Eurasia;
this species has a sticky, gray cap.

r/4-2Hi lVi-2 3/
3-7 cm 3— 7 cm

CONIFER TUFT
Hypholoma capnoides SULPHURTUFT BRICK TUFT
F: Strophariaceae Hypholoma fasciculare Hypholoma sublateritium
Found in North America F: Strophariaceae F: Strophariaceae
and Eurasia; this Abundant in temperate woods This species is characterized by a
uncommon species in North America and Eurasia; this and
fleshy cap with veil fragments
occurs on conifer wood. species has greenish yellow gills pale yellow mature to
gills that
Its whitish gills mature that mature to dark purple, and lavender, ft grows on hardwoods
'
lilac. are easy to recognize in the field. in North America and Eurasia.
 Mil \l III I) \l Dl R S< \iu \i-
WOODTUI I
fholloia alnicola
Kuehneromyces nun.: i Stropbai lai . si
i Strophariao I ound in l in itsia; duv
Often confused with the deadh ischaractei
tins species niu k\
.i * ap and tufted
van Iv identified b> iiv vti, k\ i.il>n Despiti us , oi
>.a|i. scah stem, and brown ^ilK name, it iv usually
It OCCUTS 111 Nol lh \io. .it the l'.i-> •! bin hi s

and I in IS

Kl Dl I \|) K(HINl>lll W>

Leratiom] 'cm
i Strophariaceai
. i.'u-K known .iv Siwpkaria
this s|Vi ies li.iv .i bi ighl

lish Rushed stent

It grows among wood< hi|>v in
Not tli Vim 1>. and urasia 1 i I

l)ll\(. t.oi Dl NSCALYC IP

KOUNDIII \D Pholiota am Ivella
Stropharia sttnlglobata Ml VGG1 SCALY< \r p: Sti ophai iai i ai

i :
Strophai iat i si Pholiota tquai rosa I liiv I. iii l\ , minion spe< i. v iv I, i

t )< , ui i ing in animal dung F: Sti "I'h. ii i.i, i ,i,

on bei i li logs or units in North
oi in grass« here animals Grow ing in Not th \ In i and I
ui asia Its lick) goldi n
in Not tli it iv Found and I urasia; ilnv fungus has .i i .ijtv havi J. ii k i
ii angi brown s< ,il<v

Vmerica and urasia li has I i-tniv tivc 'li \, vli.ii pl\ vi ,iK
vtu k\ cap and a slender
.i ap an.) stem; pale yellow gill

stem with ing .i i

ind .i smell ofcoi i adish

>url,h,-

PI UMS AND CUSTARD

Will I I I \CII)SH WK t OMMON C \\ \1 II R /.'
j fll II in I
I
I
III ll.lli

Megacollybia pUt\ph\lh Mclanoleuca poholcuca l : In, , i ii, sedis

lln, v, ,||v h: In,
\ : rt.ii , i tai si dis ( , mini, m mi pill, tump
Found in North \merica i ommon in grass in 1 i -
|
Im i i, ddish
and I uravia, tlnv vp, I urasia; this sp i ii pin pi, ,
ap and sti m, ind
has a radialK fibrous, pale gray-brown cap with white gi ilden \. How gills.

gray-brown iap, wider) l;iIIv. Itv vt, m li.iv I .l.n kivli It grow v in N,,i ili

ipaced, deep gills; anil a stem Hi vh at the li. iv, \nii 1 1, a and Eui
n ith rootlike strands,

sPI (. U III \R
1

Rllsn.ILL
aopilus junomus
f: Inccrtac sedis

Occurring in Eurasia, thiv

fungusis tound in clumps.
I'l I IK <)\l

usuuN at the base of

MOI
K.ll II I

I
Panaeolus papihonaceus
It has a <ir^ vap with at
f. Ini
shallow vcllowish gills
The minute toothed rem
the veil at the iap margin and

thiv lound in

North Amerua and ui

I
( INN \li\K
EGGHI \l> MOI II ilu 1 POWDI K( VP I ROOPING UNNI I I

GOBI I I ermi lla <innab Infundi

f. Inverta. cyaihifoimii I '. In

Found in animal dung, rhi- in North ':

\menca funnel shapi d, II.

and Ea ind a tall, fil

b\ i ap and a ommon in gill- I

leathi i brow n i oloi
ring around its tali stem late fall ami wir I
1

It occurs in Eura
 .

BO I 1 ]

i\ fungi and includes

and gilled fruitbodies,
and sti-m, but some are ( rusts,

ufflelike. The majorit) live in w

ttion with trees (mycorrhizal), but some
•Si

— in dead wood and cause a brown rot, orange-brown cap VA 5';m

while others are parasitic. The spore-producing b 1 -W m
<
—
layer the hymenium — is easily loosened

from the llesh. BAY BOLETE

— Boletus badius BITTER BEECH BOLETE SUMMER BOLETE
F: Boletaceae Boletus calopus Boletus reticulatus
Z A common species F: Boletaceae F: Boletaceae
m found among conifers or From western North America A cracking, matte, brown cap
beech trees in North and Eurasia; its cap varies and a stem with a fine white net
America and Eurasia; from white to buff. Its extending to its base distinguish
wrinkled its color varies from yellow pores and cream this species from eastern North
cap surface orange-brown to bay. flesh bruise blue. America and Eurasia.

sticky cap

PENNY BUN PARASITIC BOLETE

Boletus edulis Boletus parasiticus
F: Boletaceae f: Boletaceae

Found worldwide; this species This smallmushroom from

is identified by the fine white North America and Eurasia
markings on its stem, the grows only on the common
unchanging cream flesh, earthball, causing its host
and the white pores to become hollow.
that mature to yellow.

black scales
on face

2V4-6in
b 1 5 an

BITTER BOLETE
TylopUusJelleus
F: Boletaceae
PEPPERY BOLETE This species is lound in
Chalciporus piperatus North America and Eurasia;
F: Boletaceae characterized bv pores that
Common under conifers and turn pink with age and a
also with fly agaricunder strongly netted stem
birches in North America
and Eurasia; it has cinnamon
pores and yellow flesh.

. oinmon
earthball

OLD MAN OF
THEWOODS
Strobilomjces strobilaceus
F: Boletaceae

Found in North America

and Eurasia; this rare species
is unmistakable with black

woolly scales on its cap and

and white tubes.
 i'« Mil ?'« om

OR \N(,l B1RC M BROWN BIRUI

BOI I II BOL1 II
Cuinuro >er\ip<IU
/

Y BofetaOMC I Boh i.i.

•uni
I.
s
c
. .

K>uikI ui I uriMj, this weaet I >nc ol mam siimlai sp

(A
has j \cllow orange llcsh\ tin- fungus i- from North
cap 1 he stent has l>ljv k, \m< t iv a tnd 1 in .imu Un flesh a
woouy Becks and the nu\ fluafa pink when cut, ind
Hi -h stains Idas Ma. cap k\ when wet
M \l Kl I) W I I RO
...
L tin iv -u,.
1*111 IBM 1 IN \MMl i oniophora puteana BAROMI n R I ariiisi \r o
stoma innaharinum . i i 'oniophoi at eae Istraeus l>\ qiometi h m o
i alostomatai a<
k i I ound woi Klw ide; this fungus i l
liploi ystidiai • ai

I loin Noi tl\ \nu i ica; ihis foi ins a brown sheet ol tissui I requenl in Not th vmei a and i>
2
spet ies' bi imIu , innabai n d often wai t\ oi m inkli d, on I urasia; its starlike arms peel bai I.

ball > >n a stem emerges wet wood It i auses mi ious to reveal tht Inni i spore filled ball,

I ii .'in .i gelatinous layei damaee to buildings but close again in di \ weathei

03

O
r-
l 0PP1 R SI'IKI BROWN ROI.I.RIM m
t hroogomphus utilus i
Paxillus involutus H
i Gomphidiai eae
:
P! Paxillat eae >
< ORNHOW IR Common undei pint s in c oiniiK in in mixed woods in
r-
BOH II ROs\ MMK1 westei n Noi ih Vmei i( a Noi ili Ann i ii i
and I
urasia; the tn
{•i>mphiJw\ KM and 1 in asia; i In- spe< ies downy, inrolled i ap margin and V5
I : t.\ roporaceae i Gomphidiai has a pointed, < opp i \ si ili yellow i;ilK staining bn iw n

Growing m iodic in n in; blown , ,i|i 1 ll.ll.ll 111 l/l llll- -111 I IIS
still in association
eastern North America and with the bolete Suunn boriotn
t thi- uncommon under pines in I urasia; this
is distinguished b\ fungus has a slum, rose |>ink
Us brittle, hollow stem. iaj> with grayish gills

\IM
I II R| CHAN I I I

Hygrophoropsis auiantiaca
l : I lygrophoi opsidai eae
Si mi, nine- mistaken for a

i hanterelle, this spe< ies from

Noi ili \iin i ii a and I lll.i-u is

distinguished h\ it- 1 rowded,

COMMON I \R| MRALL niultilorki il, soli Mills

Jirmj <itrmum
V'. Vlcrodermatai.cac
This potatottc lungu> is common I'lll \IO I \RI MB M I

in damp woodland in North America ma bo\ /vtj

and Eurasia, its thick skin has dark
I : St lerodi i matai eae DYEBALL VII.Vl I ROM RIM
end a spore-filled Mask interior ( oiiiniiin in woods in North Pisolithus arhizus Tapinella atrotomentosa
\nn ica and
i I urasia; it- i :
Si lerodei matai i ae l.ipinell.li eae
I :

smooth outer skin cracks I Ins jpei i, - i- l< mini t iiinn ii pine stumps
into a fine urn-ail 1 1» inner \\< u lilw ide in pom, sandy iii North Amen, a and
purple blai k spun mass -i ui- a--iu iated \\ itli pines I
urasia; il has a < ap with an
dm s brownish I In i
gglike -poie sat - in nniilli il in. ii gin; -nit, iliu k
its interior are embedded Mill-, and a velvety stem
in Kl. H ki-h jelly

3-

yellow -brim n cap

niTJact is iln and r.'injh

VI l\ I I BOI I II
Si/W/i/s rariegatus
l : Suillai i

I i
' qui m undei pines in

I urasia; this spei ies has a

felty -i aly i ap, vk iili dai k

niii.iiiniii brown pon s,

.mil .. i
ingli -i' in

BOX INI BOI.ETE I.ARC II BOI I II

5LIFP1 K> J
\( K Suillus bo\ inus Suillus grei illei
WIIPINt, BOII II Suillus /ul I : suill.i. i
ai i Suillai '
n

Suillus granui } - ,
( million iiinln pi ' niiiM ,1 ii, I. iii Ii woods
-
I .
Found on |
i .ni'l I ui. ii. i in Noi tli \iiii l il ., ,,ni| I

Common under pun-* in North and Eurasia; this fungus has a slum till- sp. UoM 'un. 'i

Ann-rica and Eurasia, it* nnglcss cap and vellow pores. The lar. m.'I aliMular. to In ii k >. •! < oloi I In -ii in
stem is covered with glandular dots. on its itrm has a lavender un' li.i an i inln.
 C W 1'HARELLALES (members of
)-)o 1"li, ftheCantharellalesord lylool lil igarics

the Agaricales order), but several important respects. They may have
differ in

fleshy fruitbodies with a cap and stem, but they lack true gills, having instead
a smooth, w rinkled, or folded spore producing surface on the
gill-like

underside. The spores are smooth and usually white to en-am.

0.5-2 cm
TRUMPET CHANTERELLE
Craterellus tubacjormis
F: Cantharellaceae
( )tten found in large troops
HORN OF PLENTY mixed woods in North
in

raterellus cornucopioides America and Eurasia; this fungus

I : eantharellaceae has a \ariable color and shallow,
\ distinctive species found jlunt veins rather than

throughout Eurasia; this thin

n umpet grows in troops in

leech leaf litter. It produces
.1 white spore deposit.
cap often
depressed
at center

WOOD
HEDGEHOG
irregular, often H\dnum repandu
lobed cap F: Hydnaceae
Occurring in North
America and Eurasia;
this dusky orange species is

irregular in shape, with tiny

spines underneath the cap.

GE ASTR ALES
The Geastrales, or earthstars, share the
common character of a thick outer layer— the
peridium — which splits apart and peels back
to form starlike arms. These reveal a central
spore sac, like a puffball, from which the dark
brown, warted spores exit via a pore at the
apex. Earthstars are found in leaf litter and
bare, sandy soil — for example, in sand dunes.

l'/4-2'/4in
3-6 cm

SESSILE EARTHSTAR PEPPER POT

Qeastrum Jimbriatum Mvrtostoma coliforme
I '
Geastraceae F: Geastraceae
found in North America and Eurasia; Found in dry, sandy soils in North
this fungus's globe-shaped, pale brown America and Eurasia; this rare
fruitbody splits open with 5—9 arms. Its pecies has a distinctive, large spore
grayish spore sac has a fringed opening.
sac with several pore openings.
G OM PHALES -Milt.

nll/l
Although some species were included w ith the
4 in
chanterelles in Cantharellales, h\ \ analysis

of the Gomphales fungi suggests that t lu \ ju

moil doseh related to the stinkhorn fungi in si \n \ \M
CHANTERELLI
the Phallales 1 he\ often form large ti uitbodies, . .Ml-
varying m shape from simple clubs (in genus i i iomphai . .i-

nodelphus) to trumpet 01 chanterelle like - iiui»,-ii in \..i tli

« complex spore produt ing

\nu l if .1, tins i, m llll-lt
structures ith a
a lleshv, n uinpt i shape
surface (in genus Goatphtts) S, .ill N
-.l~t -\ Itll .It tilt

top and «i inlcled "gills"

on its limit i mii fa< -

(.1 \M l I lilt
triadelphus pislillartt
i - avanadelph
\ • \

ami I urasia; this fungus fai aa a

en i Ink « uli .1 smooth
. in ft wrinkled surface, whit li

bruises purple brown

". 6 In

UPRIGHT i UK U Kosso COR \l

Rjnijnj -. Ramaria botrytis
i i li impl GRI l MM, CORAL
\ IjirU common species in North I omul in I'm li woods in Ramaria abietlna
\nit riij anil I urasia; il is .il-\.i\s Ni >i ili \nii i ii .i and I m asia i
Gompl
jttjthcd in decaying wood oi tins inu ommon - oral Fungu hi i It i woods in Noi il> \ini i ii ,i

I t hip mul< li I In Im.uk bes has pmki-.li u hite brani hes and I in asia; tins yellow olivi fungu h i

iU- brown, bruising reddish. with deep red tips densi U pai ked bi am hi thai I

G L O E OPHVL1 ALES HYMENOCHAETALES

This in n\ order ol wood-decaj fungi that is 1 Ins group contains a number ol diverst types ol fungi
characterized h\ the ahiht\ to produce a brown including some crusl fungi, pol) pons, such as Inonotui
rut nt wood, The order Gloeophvllales has a single and Phellinus, as well as several agarit spec ies, sin L .is

Eunih*, the Gloeophyllaceae, which includes the Rickenclla. he Hymenochaetales are defined through
I

sjenu- !um. Some well known bracket molet ular studies and have lew uniting physical
lun^i on conifer wood are nu mbers >! tin-- renus. t li.ii'.u teristit s Mam feed on wood ,\w\ ma) i .uis ( il
OAK CURTAIN CRUS1
ll\ menot haete rubiginosa
a w lute rot ol wood. i :1\ nu inn Ii.ii i,i.
1 i .I.

I iiiinil .ii hiss I urasia; ilns fungu I i

i> 1
1 ipping In ai kets and i rusts mainh
\MM MAZEGII I mi fallen n.ik Its tough fruitbodies havi
. >ph\llum oJoratum conci nu ii mai kin
ocoph> ll.i.
This lun^us. whit h grows
tin decaved conifer wood, Wll I ()\\ BRACK! I

\
Phellinus igniarius
1- in hai
and Eurasia; u ha. irregular l : 1 i
I

brackets with yellow ;

I Ills .'I 1". li ilillnsl 111. ii k

anil an aniMtil i»lur per i'i ii

\ni ili Vim i ii .i and I i

i ovei man) years

DACR V M YCETA1.ES It is

extri nu
hoi il shapi
K wood>
'I and

This order tornis \er\ simple, rounded or brant hed

gelatinous frurtbodies, usualK with bright oral
ration Smooth or w rink lei I. the Dacrymycetales
ha\c unusual spore-prodw ing t < 1U (basidia), which
typicalh ha\c two stout stalks \l 1)1 It BR \( M I

jmatai, each hear radiatus

I : 1 1- n
a spore The\ mainK
I Ins deep n ddish brown
: on dead wood. -
ith - pali ' "in gin often

Jdi i and othi

YELLOW
•>! MiSllORN
Calc. I IGI It's I 1 I OK VNG1 MOSSt \l'
F. [>atr\r l{h 1: lit lla fll
ill I
'•'.
I i
III Kn kiln II. I i l.nli

thu is found in North Americ I n quentl) found in a< idii mi adi I III
•N
ih* usualK
.th a Inn Irmil" lialh

gelatinous, rubber* texture. marked « nli .1 'I

*
 PQ1.YPQRALES
The Polyporales form large group of diversi
.1

Fungi. Most ol these are polypores wood —

decomposers « hose spores are formed in tubes
(somewhat like the tubes of the boletes) or
sometimes on spines. Most lack fully developed
stems and grow shelf-, bracket-, or crust-like RED BELTED POLYPORE
fruitbodies on wood, hut some have more or Fomitopsis pimcola j
< li ss entral stems and grow at the base of trees.
(
F: Fomitopsidaceae

\ f< \\ Polyporales appear to grow from soil.

Occurring in North America and
: Eurasia; this hoof-shaped, woody
^_
bracket is usually tound on pines,
and sometimes on birches.
>-
_ UPPER
z ! SURFACE

$ OAK MAZEGILL DYER'S MAZEGrLL

O Daedalea quercma
o F: Fomitopsidaceae
Found on fallen oaks in North
America and Eurasia; this perennial
X species has tough brackets with long
mazelike pores on the underside.
3
RAZORSTROP FUNGUS
Piptoporus hetulinus
F: Fomitopsidaceae
This large, kidnev-shaped bracket
is pale brown to white. A damaging
parasite of birches, it is
in North America and
Phaeolus schweinitzii
F: Fomitopsidaceae
Usually tound at the base of conifers
in North America and Eurasia; this large
turry, cushionlike bracket is used
for the manufacture of dye.
CHICKEN OFTHE WOODS
Laetiporus sulphurous
F: Fomitopsidaceae
These large brackets, found
in North America and Eurasia;
found usually grow on oaks and sometimes
Eurasia. on other trees.

LACQUERED
BRACKET
Ganoderma lucidum
F: Ganodermataceae
This deep reddish to
purple-brown bracket
with a shiny surface may
have a long, lateral stem.
It is found in North

America and Eurasia.

ARTIST'S BRACKET
Ganoderma applanatum
F: Ganodermataceae
Found North America and Eurasia;
in

this woody perennial bracket grows for

many years to reach huge sizes. Its fallen GIANT POLYPORE

Meripilus giganteus
spores are a rich cinnamon-brown.
F: Meripilaceae
margin is wavy
One
of the largest polypores, its
and lobed
merlapping brackets are thick and fleshy.
It grows around beech and other trees
in North America and Eurasia.

s.

X JELLY ROT
Phlebia tremellosa
F: Meruliaceae
Found on logs in Eurasia;
V
this species has a pale,

fi- *
velvety upper side and a
,'ellow-to-orange underside
with dense ridges.

, 4 ZONED ROSETTE SMOKY BRACKET 1I

Podoscypha muhizonata Bjerkandera adusta I
A
<

F: Meruliaceae F: Meruliaceae
Growing in soil from buried This common bracket, tound
oak roots, this rare species in North America and
occurs in Eurasia; it has Eurasia; can be identified by
4-20 in
10-50 cm surface densely packed lobes that the ash-gray pore surface
bruises black form a circular mass. on its underside.

^v^
 I1NDIK BRU Kl I
Bl USH1NG BKU M 1 ItllU'li M VZEGII
Fomes lament jrw> / entiles betulina
t: rohrporaceac i Polyporaceat i Polypoi at ( .»'

This brown, hoof-shaped,

i;ra\ i ln< ot the most common I Isuall) found on bii t hes in 2U
perennial b «rs on brat kcts, espet iall) on w illows, Not ili \un and i
it .i 1 ui asia; thi

birches -utd other deciduous in N Vmei ica and I urasia; this i. >ugh, leather) spet ies I t.i^

trees It is (bund in North semicirculai species has > ream |tiu . s thai t .in I" * mii mi t\

America and 1 urasia h.\i l>i ulse pinkish red . I. mnatt .1 in '.'ill lik» i
itltji

10 60cm n rri k sum \. i

nut \i)s SADDU

I I Nil I It SI I II

rporaceae funnel shaped

K<uihI in earh summer tn cap
i \nnruj oikI I urasia;
these brcuW >>r Ian shaped

brackets ha\r concentrk scales

^^_^ and pores on tru und. III U K IOOI1 1) nun Rous
POLYPOR] POLi i'ori
: porus badius Polj poi US I ul'. TO tl i

i :
Pol) poi at i ii l :
Pol) |n ii .ii i -u

I Ins fungus has i funnel shaped, Growin falli n bi ant hes ii

.it In stem is
i \ > ap and its Noi ili Vim i ii i
and I urasia;

Mat k .it tin bast li grow s on tins spet ies ma) pool inb » the
fallen beet h logs in North 1 1
.unci and I .i largi

\nu a and ui asia 1 1. I lllln Hills lll.lss

I WIN
l
II

:
porui
K l'(in I'ORI

Pol) poi
brumalh
/> ii
PURP1
BRACK!
baptum abietinum
I I'ORI
l

I Ins small s|u . ies grows l :

Pol) pi ii ai i at

on fallen brant hes in No) 1 1 I , iund ' ui fallen t • inift i - in

i and I in. i-i. i. it has North America and I urasia;

' shaped brat
Minu-wli.it largi . d< . in in
CINNABAR BRACKI I
ilns I. iii kel has

(running down the stem >

/\ i noporus i innabarinus ont i mi it zones ol pali gra)
pores 1 In stem is central i : Pol) porat eae often tinged green b) ilgai
in ui) center. w nli .i |>ui |ili margin.
i ii i
,w ing on dead det iduous
wo. ul in \. n ih .iml Vmerit i

and I urasia; this rare spet ies

has a bright reddish oi angi ' 4 '.Ml
leathery, annual bracket, . I
!cm

HAIRY BRACKET
Trametes hirsuta
i :
Pol) porai i ai

I Ins semii in ul. ii In. u kel is

covi red in i te hairs Ii

grows mi dead det iduous

wood sometimes on old ' 'I

goi st< ins in Not ili '

\ni( i ii .i .ind I urasia

IIIRM 1 I Ml
Trametes \cr\icolor
} : Pol) porat i at

I ound in Nurtli \n
ul colors, tin- spet ies has brackets with titri

I UMPY BR AC Kl I

Trametes yibbosa
F: Pol

This i n .mi i olon d brai

often si

It- pores mai In Ii ing ind

mazi liki Ii grows on I

n No
erica and I >><

WOOD
C Mil IMOWIR
Sparaisis crupa IIIN Ol I III WOODS
i Span Crifola frondosa
I N|>arassi<|j( •

ng at the b
- in North America and Found in North \im ril i and
es has cream ol oak,
lobes that are flattened and inn light!

hv like a cauliflov ha< a di

 R 11 S S II L A L E S
LIVER MILKCAP
2M The best-know n genuses
and Lactarius,
\\ ithin this

which, although resembling typical

order are Russula
Lactarius hepaticus
F: Russulaceae
mushrooms, are not related at all to the true Agaricales. Associated with pines in Eurasia;

Apart from the cap-and-stem shapes, Russulales this mushroom smooth

has a

produce fruitbodies in a w ide range of forms. Most cap with a grooved margin. The
gills bleed a white latex that
— Russulales have spores with warts that stain blue-black
stains yellow when cut.
— in iodine solutions. When cut, the Lactarius species
< produce a latex, which may be white to colored.
OAKBUG MILKCAP
Lactarius quietus
F: Russulaceae
UGLY MILKCAP
BEECH MILKCAP Common under oaks
Lactarius turpis
in Eurasia; its reddish
Lactarius blennius F: Russulaceae
F: Russulaceae brown cap has darker
A common species
zones, and the flesh has
This is a common species of birch woods in North
a sweet, oily smell.
growing with beech in Eurasia. America and Eurasia; it is

Slimv when wet, the gray-green olive-green to almost black

cap has spots around the margin. in color and has a slimv cap.

SAFFRON MILKCAP
Lactarius deliciosus
F: Russulaceae

Found \\ ith pines in North

America and Eurasia; this
tungus has an orange-zoned
and spotted cap that stains
green with age. The flesh
bleeds orange-red latex.

/ grooved
cap margin

2-6 in
5 IS em

WOOLLY MILKCAP CURRY MILKCAP

Lactarius torminosus Lactarius camphoratus
f: Russulaceae F: Russulaceae

Common under birches in As the fruitbody of this fungus

North America and Eurasia; dries, it gives off a smell of
this mushroom has a dark curry, which persists for many
pink, hairy cap that is weeks. found in North
It is

strikingly zoned. America and Eurasia.

hairy
and inrolled
margin

3
8-20 cm

SOOTY MILKCAP PEPPERY MILKCAP

Lactarius fuliginosus Lactarius piperatus
F: Russulaceae
F: Russulaceae
Found in deciduous woods This uncommon species from mixed
in Eurasia; this uncommon woods in North America and Eurasia
lias a dark brown cap
has a iunnel-shaped cap w ith
and stem that bleed a white
extraordinarily crowded, narrow gills
latex that rapidly turns pink.
It exudes white latex when cut.
 GR1 1 n m;i I II ECU l

Russula aet uginea

i Russulai x
2M
i

ijr- >..

( ommon undi >

bin hes In

\..l ill \lll. I I, ,t .11 li I I UI.IM.I,

this mushrooms pali olivi

'

peencap has dm
i usl i olored spots lii

spi in - .1" pali i n am

I II \Kt. OU HUKM K Bl oom BRI I 1 1 i ..II I

.iifij anaumaria
l ! Russu i
I :
Russul i

mixed woods in Vsso< iated with pines in . io.„,

\merica ami t North \nu k i j ana I ui asia;

thii niuihrooin S this let Ml K IIWOOI) t I I I l)\\ s\\ Wll'

from purple hi*, lo uniform!) cap and red streaked stem Ml Kl \l 111(1 I I I K.ll I

he gilb ari forked,

I Iin spores are |uli- in hei Rumu/.i nobllis Russula . laroHava
tlevible, aikI ml\ i Russul
:
i I : Kiii-.ul i

I \i lusiw K Round " nil \ . i immi "i spi i ii i "ii

bi , 1 1, in I hi .i-i.i . i In- moss in bogg) I'm ch v I

tpi i ii - has .i si ii li i cap in \"i ili \nu i ii .i and 1 urasia

.mil I0lli-.li \\ lull Hi i .1)1. M II"" l-.ll l I. Ill

gills, .mil whiti sti it

.ill bi uisi gnn blai k

OCH1 K BRI MM (.11

Russula ochrolt
f. Russulai

: thi- most common sp

louml in Eurasia; u i> identifiable In
it> matte velkm ih her or gn nub i

» cap and white gills

I'KIMKOM MRU UK. Ill

Ru "ia
K: RumuIj
Found in Eurasia; thi* s|

in association uith pine. Variable in

m purple to green or ROSY BRI I II K.ll I

ii. it his j truiti Russula rosea

l : Russulai i ai
S 1 iim
I I Hi I Ml ' i.i lln Inn i

has a ' ii< nil. dry, hard

. ,i|i thai I. nli i rapidly. Ii-
stem in.ii also I I

and tin Hi ili has -i smi II

CRAB
IK \ B BR 1 I I I K . 1 1 I

Mlllll.ll I Ill
impehnj
K: Ru--
h»untl in North America ani! i

this lu j
mini related .1

nli hi- identified

under a microscope or bi kilut.it I XKI'IC K I UM.US

Iwriii'j/nium iu/i/jrf ' Mini i mm
I \nriM alpiai i" i"., i.

-unj; on |»'

North \miTii j ami I

thii uniuur mushroom l*»oks

liki a Ix nt our ipoon uith

minute spines run^int; down

from th<- imall, lurr-.
-

\
BI I I UIN'.
BRO\l)l I \l ( RUM
H\IR1 CURIMN tRUM •lm IIODI KOI ( <>l< \l IOOIII
cum hinutum I 5l

1 Mercaceae I : Bondarzcvs ia I : 1

Found in North America and and Eurasia; tin I

I n.iii' p 1
1 n.ill. round on beech tree
.-hroom sar Is, and mi ru .i Ii .i ii \im n and Eura i .i

irur»- from fulh rosdiki •

-mill occasKnulli -m.ill bra and I urasia; this ip Inl'

overlapping bra I iin on wood It- up: pali brown Ii nil 1

abme and smooth below. .i fai

 AURICULAR1ALES WITCHES' BUTTER
Exidia glandulosa
F: Auriculariaceae
Although often grouped with other jelly fungi,
234 Found in temperate North
the Auriculariales are separated bj their unusual America and Eurasia, frequently
basidia (spore-pro ells). These vary in shape on hardwood trees; it resembles
a wrinkled mass of gelatinous
hut all are partitioned by dividing membranes into
tar. It shrivels when dry to
lour di\ isions, « 1th ea< h dh ision producing a spore.
a hard, black mass.

broad, thick, jellyli

bracket

2i

<
—
l'/M-Viin
1 4— 12 cm

JELLY EAR JELLY TOOTH

< TRIPE FUNGUS lVi-6in Auricularia auricula-judac Pscudohvdnum cjciatinosum
Auricularia mesenterica 4-1 5 cm F: Auriculariaceae F: Incertae sedis
soft, peglike spines
Auriculariaceae
1 :
Common on dead wood of deciduous This species from North America on underside, on
t/5
Found in Eurasia; this species is common on dead wood, trees in North America and Eurasia; this and Eurasia has a pale translucent ii /lit b spores are
especially elm. It resembles a small bracket fungus from the fungus has thin, elastic "ears" that are gray to pale brown coloration. It is formed
velvety outside and wrinkled inside. occasionally lound on conifer stumps.
o top, and has a wrinkled, rubbery, grayish purple underside.

o
OS

I THELEPHOR ALES PHALLALES

This diverse group includes bracket fungi, crust Named for the phallic shape of many of the
3 fungi, earthfans, and toothed fungi. Many of these species in this group, such as the stinkhorns,
% have tough, leathery flesh, and commonly feature thisorder also contains some false truffles.
knobbed or spiny spores. The group was only The stinkhorns "hatch" from an ec/glike
identified as a result of molecular studies since the structure, often in just a few hours.
Thelephorales have few physical features in common. DRAB TOOTH
Bankcra fuliyincoalba
f: Bankeraceae

An uncommon species of conifer

woods in Eurasia; this lungus has
a short, stout stem. Its cap has an
underside covered with tiny
ravish white spines.

spores on
inside of cage

stout,
velvet}

stem

BITTER TOOTH BLACK TOOTH

Sarcodon scabrosus PhcIIodon nicjer
F: Bankeraceae F: Bankeraceae

Found in mixed woods in North America Growing in mixed woods in

and Eurasia; this rare species has a centrally North America and Eurasia;
depressed cap with irregular scales. The this uncommon species smells
spines beneath are pale buff. of fenugreek when dry. The RED CAGE FUNGUS
irregularly shaped cap is gray Clathrus ruber
to purplish black with gra\ F: Clathraceae

spines underneath. Found in parks and gardens in Eurasia;

ragged
this rare species has a red cage with
margin
black, foul -smelling spores. The cage
hatches from a small, pale "egg."
P/i-6in
3-lScm 10cm
EARTHFAN
^T DEVIL'STOOTH Thelephora terrestns
Hydnellum peckii F Thelephoraceae
:
DEVIL'S FINGERS
F: Bankeraceae Quite common woods or in
in Clathrus archcri
This locally common from
species meadows in North America and F: Clathraceae
conifer woods in North America Eurasia; this fungus grows on Introduced from Australasia, this
and Eurasia has a flattened, soil or woody debris. Its species is found mainly in southern
knobby, woolly cap that often fan-shaped fruitbodies where it remains rare; its red
Eurasia,
exudes blood-red droplets. The overlap, forming clumps arms emerge from a white "egg" and
underside has pale brown spines. with paler, fringed margins. have blackish spores that smell fetid.
b X O BA S I D A 1 L E S I' UC(. INIAI IS
hi- -mall group consists nuinK ol One ol tlu largesl orders ol fungi withovei ,000 species,
I
235
rail-forming plant parasites whose the 1 ust fungi in< lude numerous sei ious parasites ol 1 rop plants
nore-producing cells
some
form a layer on
t«P i \om\mimn m i\ii I he) can have vet ) complex life 1 yt l< s w nh multiple hosts and
the leaf surface. cause disease l I \.>lus|.ll.L . I. produce different typt - < 'i spores at different stages in theii life

m cultivated plant- ol the Vaccinium Found North America and urasia;

in I

genus, which includes tlu-

tin- common fungus mini- cowbern and hl.uk. ivii./.-ii spores
eventualh turns
common blueberry.
leaves im.ix become
il>> leaves bright red
distoi led ami
I

gall like
In
m ytllou >/'. ': c
It \SIMU KKi X
UROCYST1D1ALES black, p.
Phragmidlum n
1
1 I I l()\\

Phi agmidiai
KIISI

1 ai
50

O
Thi- order contains some well know n smut fungi, in I Ins 1 u-i from N01 1I1 Vmi 1 ii 1
O
particular spe< ies ol the genus I hot | ais I hese .11 e parasites and I in im.i . .ins. s pustules to
in ..11 thi uppi urfacei
such as anemone, onion-, wheat, and
11

ol flowering plant-
Ii 1
il

I. .ui v It sui \ ives \\ mi" 1 i\ nli

rye, and often cause serious injun to the host plant
ill! Ill l|l - 'I I'l.ll k S|

tin underside ol leaves

•v
\M MOM s\tlll
a
Urot >n> anem1
-
1 Uixx vstidai
: . i<

Ihi- anut fungus from N01 ill \mei ica and urasia I
n
forms dark brown, powdery, raised pustules on
the leaves ol anemones and some other plants. z
KOSI KIISI
Phragmldium tuberi ulatum
>
r-
rlu agmidiai
Dot. M INKHORN 1 1 .<»

m
rlutinus Ljninus I In- 1 ommon 1 usi is found in
/
1 : Phallaceae \i 11 1I1 \1111 1 u .1 .mil I urasia; it i ausei
angi pustuli - on thi undi sidi
1 ni- common stinkhom is found in
1 11 1 s

mixed «.h»K inNorth Kiaei and i< .1

.
.1 k .i\ i - and 1 hi disti 11 ted su ms I In

pUStuleS tin n I'l.u k in 1. 1I1 Minimi I

I urasia; 11- tip, 001 . rush blai k

spores, i- joined to the spong) stem dial
emerges Irom a whiti

<K ALEXANDERS KIISI

I'u, , 1111, 1 mim 11m
I I'u. 1 1111. 1. . 11

I null. 1 ,11 loss I urasia; tins

* 1 ommon 1 ust fungus Forms raised

-
plaqui s in wai ts on tin I. i\. ol

Alexanders 1 Smi rnlum olusatrum).

.
//. 'ii warts / aj Mir/i

.'/ run fungus pi tted with

nisi fungus

1
rust fungu

HOLLYHOCK RUST
I'm 1 1111,1 in, il\, 1, earum
1 : i'u, 1 mi. 1. eai

I Ins s, 1 inns pesl ol hollyhoi Is is

found in N01 1I1 Vmi 1 ii .1 and I

111 a ia;

11 covers tin Ii ii. - m ui sin. 1

pustules. 1 )lder leaves die .in<l I. ill oil

^ and leeks
1 1 mimon on
riUCIM
I :

in
I'u. nil.

0111.

North America and

I

i,
Mill
1

ms, gai
.11

lii .

PHill'is MERULINUS
:
I urasia; this spei 1. s forms pustules
I I'll. Jl.i.
.11. .1 1
1 in . 1.1. all "|i. n
This tropical species 1- main!) found
lirborm -|
in Australasia; it hau hi - Irom a white

"cgg.'There an main similar (pedes,

some with brightK c olored "skirts"
munJcJ bright i^H ^K
..runty leal /^^^^| ^J
erupt through
large,
white "egg"

STINKHORN Hi I'l Kit 11 M KIISI IIK MSI A KIISI

Phallus impuJicus I'u a, n mi, epilobii 1.1

f. PhalU 1 : Mi lamp 1 : Pui ' nii.i 11

mmon in mixed w.hxIs. thi \ para it ol fui h ia and

from 1 III. \:i 1 '1 IN 1 in .1 11 lli

|" ' il nil. 1 1 ll

from an "egg." Its foul odor is on thi undi raid and I... m put tuli 1 m thi
.rrls mj\ un<l. 1 idi "1 thi Ii
 —

2 36 SAC FUNGI
The Ascomycota, or sac fungi, are fungi that produce their spores
in little sacs called asci located on the fruitbody the part of the —
fungus that projects above ground. They are the largest group of
fungi, and include many cup- and saucer-shaped species.

w Ranging in size from the microscopic to around

c PHVUIM I
IMYI OTA
i height, the sac fungi occupy a wide
< CLASSES 7 8 in (20 cm) in
ORDERS 56 variety of habitats, growing on dead, dying, and
IA.MIl.lls 226
living tissue, and floating in fresh and saltwater
s|>K lis Mm, Ml ,i,000 4
environments. Many species are parasitic, and include
o some of the most serious crop pests. Others form
z
3 mutually beneficial relationships, called mvcorrhizae,
— with plants. Sac fungi include some of the most
important fungi in the history of medicine, such as
the source of penicillin, while others are serious
pathogens Pneumocystis jirovecii, for instance, can
cause lung infections in people with a weak immune
system. This phylum also contains the yeasts, which,
being components in the production of alcohol
Many
k
sac fungi display vivid colors, vital
although it is uncertain what biological
and bread, have played a pivotal role in human history.
function such bright colors may have.
The Ascomycota display a wide range of fruitbody
"'"' •%"' r1 r '"'
shapes, including cup-shaped, club-shaped, potato-
•"," ' '
•'
'
r
:
t~!
like, simple crusts or sheets, pimplelike, coral-like,
shield-shaped, or stalked with a spongelike cap.
Depending on the type of fruitbody, the spore-
\ producing asci may grow externally on a special

fertile layer or be contained internally. Not all species

have a sexual stage; in many use asexual methods

fact,
Spore-producing asci are shown here of reproduction. Most yeasts grow and rapidly
under a microscope. Arranged in dense
layers, the asci contain eight spores each.
colonize new areas as a result of asexual division,
or budding, where a small bud forms on the outside
of a yeast cell, then separates, becoming; a new cell.

THE CUP FUNGUS

The common name of cup fungus refers to one of the
most conspicuous shapes of fruitbody associated with

Many species form their asci in special

Wm the Ascomycota. Its

disk- or saucer-shaped) allows

open top (which
wind and
is sometimes
rain to scatter

protective chambers called perithecia;

the spores that line its inner surface. In some varieties,
from here they discharge their spores. water is absorbed by the asci, which contain the spores,
so that pressure builds up and forcibly ejects the

DEBATE spores up to 12 in (30 cm) from the fruitbody. Close

HEROES OR VILLAINS? examination of surfaces such as rotting logs, fallen

branches, or leaves may reveal a fascinating world
Sac fungi form beneficial associations
of almost microscopic cups. In the larger cup species,
with plants, algae, and even arthropods

such as beetles. But equally they disturbance of the cup can produce such a vigorous
include some of the world's most ejection of spores that their release is not only visible
damaging pathogens: Cryphonectria, for as a faint cloud of spores, but also audible.
example, is responsible for the recent

death of millions of chestnut trees.

Perhaps no other group of fungus has
ORANGE PEEL CUP >
such contrasting effects on our world. rhe orange peel fungus is a good example of the simple
cup-shaped fruitbody adopted by many fungi species.
 i

. *5
~ 'Ai Wi
m
S^fe

k> 'Hf

f' *.,*;.
 H YPQCREALES X YL ARI ALES
Members of this order often have their spore-producing
The fungi in this order are usually distinguished by
238 cells in chambers, which are embedded in a woody
their brightly colored, spore-producing structures.
These are usually yellow, orange, or red. The Hypocreales growth called stroma. Although many species live

are often parasitic on other fungi and also on insects. on wood, some also occur on animal dung,
know among them the genus Cordyceps fruit, leaves, and soil, or are associated
The best n is

with club or branch-like fruitbodies (bodies with insects. The order includes
that support the spore-forming cells). many economically important
2
- Some spe< ies have medicinal uses. plant parasites.
tips covered in

powdery spores
U
< 2-5 in
j~. 5 Hem

false truffle
parasitized

o by Irufjiedub CANDLESTUFF DEAD MAN'S

z FUNGUS FINGERS
SCARLET Xylaria hy poxy Ion Xylaria polymorpha
3 CATERPILLAR CLUB SNAKETONGUE F: Xylariaceae F: Xylariaceae
— Cordyceps militaris TRUFFLECLUB Common on dead wood Growing on dead wood
F: Cordycipitaceae Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides in North America and in North America and

Found in North America F: Ophiocordycipitaceae Eurasia; this species Eurasia; this lungus torms

and Eurasia; this Fungus is Parasitic on buried false truffles, resembles a snulled-out brittle black clubs with a
parasitic on moth pupae. this species is found in North candle « ith a velvets rough surface, tinv pores,
The head of its club bears America and Eurasia; it torms black stem. and thick, white flesh.
spore-producing yellowclubs with an elongated.
tiny NAIL FUNGUS
structures. reenish black head. Poronia punctata stemless fruitbodv has
F: Xylariaceae hard, brittle surface .

infected Found in horse dung in North

bolete America and Eurasia; this
jruitbody dead trunk
species is in decline. Its Flattened
oj ji/i tree
disc has numerous tiny holes
Irom which spores arc released.

CORAL SPOT ERGOT BOLETE EATER

Nectria cinnabarina Claviceps purpurea Hypomyces
F: Nectriaceae F: Clavicipitaceae chrysospermus BEECH WOODWART
Abundant on damp wood in This species has caused F: Hypocreaceae Hypoxylon fragijormc CRAMP BALLS
North America and Eurasia; outbreaks of mass This common
mold, F: Xylariaceae Daldima concentnea
this lungus lorms pink poisoning. Found in found in N. America and Occurring in clusters on beech logs in F: Xylariaceae

"pimples" when sexually North America and Eurasia on bolete, turns North America and Europe; it forms Found in North America and Eurasia; this fungus has rounded
immature and red-brown Eurasia, it is parasitic on bright golden yellow, hard, rounded fruitbodies with tiny fruitbodies that reveal concentric whitish zones when cut in
clusters when mature. grass and cereal crops. with a fluffy texture. spore-releasing chambers. half. They eject black spores from their outer layer.

ERYSIPH ALES CAPNODI ALES

Parasitic on leaves and fruit of flowering plants, Commonly called sooty molds, these sac
the Erysiphales are powdery mildews. The hyphae fungi are frequently' found on leaves. They
(filaments) of their mycelium (vegetative part feed on the honeydew excreted by insects
of the fungus) penetrate the cells of the host or on liquid exuded from the leaves. Some
plant and take up nutrients. cause skin problems in humans.
affected
apple leaf

feltlike white mycelium

covers leaf surface
APPLE POWDERY MILDEW CLADOSPORIUM
POWDERY MILDEW Golovinomyces cichoracearum CLADOSPORIOIDES
OAK POWDERY MILDEW Podosphaera leucotricha F: Erysiphaceae F: Davidiellaceae
Erysiphe alphitoides F: Erysiphaceae Found in North America and This mold, common
F: Erysiphaceae
Commonon apple leaves in Eurasia; this species appears on in North America and
Growing on oaks in North
America and Eurasia; this fungus
covers young leaves, causing
them to shrivel and blacken.
* North America and Eurasia; this
mildew appears first on the
underside of leaves as whitish
patches, before spreading rapidly.
members of Asteraceae
sunflower family), causing
patches on leaves, which
eventually die.
(the Eurasia, grows on damp
bathroom walls. It may
cause an allergic reaction
in some people.
Ill LOTIA1 1 S mum N CUP
Rutstroemia /hum
I Kuivii 01 mi
:
ii i. ,

The fungi ot thi> order are distinguished b) their >lis>. at

ting "i a light brow n up and i .i
239
cup-shaped firuitbodies, unlike some similar ( up fungi llien
Mm
ii i
.
'\\ sti in, this n jrowson fallen
saclike spore producing cells, >>i as>. i, vlo not K.w an apical«.-
Im.hh hi s, i spei ialh "I ...iks. in I uropi
lul ta Hap through which the) open). Most members live on Ii t ui in ili. host wood I'l.i. k

nutrient rich soil, dead logs, and othet organic mattei 11ns
order also includes souk- ol the most damaging plant parasites

JELLY
BABIES
Leona luknca
Ft I GRJ IMIK HI' I IRG1 IMIKI'I I DKOI'
Freauenth found in Chloroctbona acruqinj I n ne i hchnium not. 151 \( ON
mixed woodland in F'. II Kill Ion. Uitrula poll
•h America and Found in North ^minca zrr '<»uiii common on fallen bo chlo l : I h lotiai

fura.su; this species has a blue- green mn Eurasia I ell < entralh I hi pecii found in Noi th Vmi i ii -i and Eui
lobed head with a margin uncommon, but in tin wood and form ^ro«s on plant ren - n>g and
that roll* back or .
early nimmei It ha a rounded to tongui hapei
 PEZIZ ALES M«-'/4in
0.5 -2 cm orange cups
tall

Members of this order produce

240
spon k like structures,

or asci, which typically open by

rupturin^ n in operculum
(linal lid) and eject the
spores. The order includes a

number oi sp< ( i< s of economic- COMMON EARTHCUP HARE'S EAR COMMON EYELASH TOOTHED CUP
Geopora arenicola Otidea onotica Scutellinia scutellata Tarzctta cupulans
importance, such as morels,
F: Pyronemataceae F: Pyronemataceae F: Pyronemataceae F: Pyronemataceae
truffles, and desert truffles.
Common in Eurasia; this This common species is This is one of many A common species in
fungus is difficult to spot since often found in clusters in similar species; its fruitbodv alkaline soil in woods
it lies buried in sandy soil. It broadleaf forests in North is a scarlet cup with a fringe of North America and
has a smooth, spore-producing America and Eurasia; of black hairs. This fungus is Eurasia; its gobletlike
inner surface. its tall cups are split common on wet, rotten wood cup has a short stem.
down on one side. in North America and Eurasia.

irregular nJg<
and pit

ORANGE PEEL FUNGUS

Aleuria aurantia
F: Pyronemataceae
Often found along
gravely dirt tracks in
North America and Eurasia;
this is an unmistakable
species, with thin,
orange caps.

2- 10 cm

BLEACH CUP
FALSE MOREL Disciotis venosa
Gyromitra esculenta F: Morchellaceae
F: Discinaceae Growing in spring in damp
This poisonous species is found woodland in North Americ and
throughout North America and Eurasia; this short-stemmed species
Eurasia; it usually grows under has a chlorinelike smell. Its inner
conifers in spring. The shiny brown surface is brown and wrinkled
cap looks like a wrinkled brain. and the outer surface is pale.

HALF-FREE MOREL
Morchella semilibera
F: Morchellaceae

This hollow morel looks like

a dark, ridged thimble on a

scaly, pale stem. It is common
smooch
th cap sur (
t mixed woods in
in spring in

North America and Eurasia.

THIMBLE MOREL
I'erpa conica
F: Morchellaceae
BLACK MOREL MOREL
Morchella elata Morchella esculenta
An uncommon species, this fungus F: Morchellaceae F: Morchellaceae
grows in woods and hedges in 2^tin 2-6 in
5-1 cm 5-1 cm Common in woods This prized species
chalky soils in North America and 5
during spring in North America in spring in calcareous
Eurasia; its smooth, thimblelike
and Eurasia; this species has a woodland in North America
cap sits on a hollow stem.
pinkish buff to black cap, with and Eurasia; it has a
cross-connected black ridges, spongelike, hollow cap
and a hollow stem. and a hollow stem.

BLISTERED CUP CELLAR CUP BAY CUP

Peziza vesiculosa Peziza cerea Peziza badia
F: Pezizaceae F: Pezizaceae F: Pezizaceae

Common in North America Found across North America One of many similar species, this
and Eurasia; this fungus typically and Eurasia; this fungus often common fungus of North American
occurs in clusters in compost, occurs on damp brickwork. and Eurasian woods has a spore-
straw, or manure. Its brittle It is dark ocher on the inside producing inner surface. Its brown
cups can have ragged edges. and pale outside. cup develops an olive tint with age.
 1 U ROT I A 1 1 S R II V T I SM ATA 1 I S
Be iter know n ti>i the blue and green molds, i ommonl) called tai spot fungi, the spe< ies in tins
241
this ordei includes the fungi Penicillium (famous ordei infeel plant matter, such as leaves, i\\ igs, bark,
For produt m^ penk illin, the first discovered female conifei cones, and occasionally berries Man)
antibiotic > and Ispcrgillus (a signifit an! i ause sp< i ies .u t .u L ilu needle s "l i onifers, i ausing needle
i>l disease in humans) drop I lii tai spot ni maple lea> es
"TI
s pei li.ips lu most hi iiui Hi K seen
C
i

I'l Kit. OKI) W lllll I Kill II I

I Kill 1 I I -itiim brown spoi A

•rum \ : rubei ti uppei '.

(-: [libera lul\ ami

i I ranee,
This hi>;ril\ prized tr utile ihis expensive ti uffle ol
>s underground alkaline -i<\\ in southern

round oaks in the I urope ian be cultivated >

Mediterranean region; on suitable host n
the trutlles arc found such as oak ami poplar,
using dog> or u f>\ inoculation
—
c

MIMMI
lubcr aestii urn
K I Kill I 1 I

I \ll SI'Ol VI I I OW
^ I \\
/.

I :
rub) ' li
Inum Spathularia //./i Ida
•.in i
i

Found K i"" southern \lsl I I Kill I I I : Rhytismatai n i t ud aii ! i

i

ami central urope; I Elapbomj granulatus

ces Mniii.l.ini on .u ci oi maple in es I
his i ommon spi i ies grows
this highh valued trullle l : I lapnomvt eta< a< i
in Noi ili \nii i ii a and I urasia; in w.i . moss\ . mil, i woods
itnd, imon in v.iihK soil below conifers in North ilus fungus i auses irregular • •I \ \ini i ii ,i and I in asia; il

mar a van. \ini i ii a .mil I urasia; this reddish brown truflli has a v|iniv. h nh paler yellow mai gin has II. nil in >l. pali in dai kei
roughened surface and purple black inner spore mass w In. Ii disfigui i tin leaves, yellow, i iiIiIh i \ head

TAPH R IN ALES I'l

Taphi ino
\( II I I

..'.
\l
/, j
CURL
mam
: l.i|'li
I his order i ontains mam plant parasites, w it 1 1 most
l

I In- fungus mlii i- iini-i

-|h i ies in tin- genus Taphrma. \ll spec ies have two vai iiiu-. hi pi i, li in, I ii. . i. ii in.

growth states; in the saprophytic state, the) are trees in Noi th Vmeri< .1 ani

yeastlike and propagate In budding; but ii

I urasia, I hi affei ted leaves 1 m I

mil inkle, and Frequenth

emerge 1 1
,

the parasitic state, the)

I III II I (ill ll-ll IIUI pit
through plant tissues, < ausing
distorted leaves and galls.

BI1U II BESOM
Ijphnrtj bctulinj
l : l.ipln in.u i ae

NC \KI I 1 1 I FCUP Found across I urasia; tins

rhj austriaca common spe( ies . auses

F:San scypha witches' broom, a disease
•n winter to earl} spring on lallen branches ol bin li trees that cai
rth Anuria ami I urasia. this species has a scarlet clumps ol narrow l\\ igs to

cup . m ith its paK- outer sui grow at bran< h ends.

PLEQSPORALES 1
PEAR SCAB
,
m in \na 1,1 j 1 1

F; Venturiaceai
I \ pica! members ol this order develop
I 11I in \» ,n mi hards in
their asi i \\ ithin .1 flasklike fruitin
North America and 1 thi

body. Tin asi 1 have two wall layers: at 11 parasiti 1

um - thi fruit

maturity, the inner wall protrudes b< yone tO (llsll.l I. ills. i.l. II ,,,, I ,1

drop befon
the outer wall, ejecting the spores Mam it i 1 ipi

species grove on plants, sunn form lichens

Jilrt

11 rmsi'ii 1/ m 1

k '//
\NMIII n\I)I)LF ELFIN s\l)l)l I
itosphaeria noi m mi 1

HeUella crisp j Hehella Incur /// hi «/( 01 1

i: Hi Ki D I V. HelvelJa immnn
PovubK poisonous. thii Found inm ' ill Norlli \1111 1 11 .1

immnn in in North America and and I !>• . H -

mixnl w, - •
Frtrasia; this lommon •
lllll

Arm-rua ami [ ;ra.*ia; its • ha.-, a lobvd, dark

thin. s*M cap on a grav, tlui - 'ill II

on a fragile. ribbed stem. columnc«l turn brown and dii

 LICHENS
From outcrops of rock exposed to the sea to desert areas where fl*» :*£ H&
the only place they can grow is inside the rock itself, lichens
2 survive in the harshest parts of the world. They are some of nature's
_ pioneers, creating foundations on which others can live.
3C
J
( PHYLA ASCOMYCOTA \
A lichen is not a single organism, but a composite
* 'Mil OTA
BASI1
consisting of a green alga or cyanobacterium and
11 \SSES 10
a fungus, living together in a mutually beneficial
ORDI KS 15

FAMILIES 40 association. The algal partner provides nutrients

z SPECIES \bout 18,000 through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids
3 the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral
—
The fungus is normally a member of the
nutrients.
Ascomycota (the sac fungi), or, more rarely, of
the Basidiomycota (mushrooms) — lichen classification
reflects the type of fungus involved. Typically, the
fungus surrounds the photosynthetic cells of the alga,
enclosing them within special lungus tissues unique
to lichens. It appears that although neither partner is

Asexual soredia arc bundles of fungal capable of surviving on its own, together they can
hyphae (filaments) and algal cells. Here endure the most extreme conditions. Lichens have
they are budding off and awaiting dispersal.
even been found some 250 miles (400 km) from the
South Pole, but they also grow in familiar places,
such as dry-stone walls, rocks, and bark.
Lichens broadly fall into three types, based on
shape: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose
lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens,
which have branches. However, there are some that
defy this categorization, such as filamentous (hairlike)
Asexual isidia are tiny peglike cells on and gelatinous (water-absorbent) lichens.
the edge of the lichen, which break off to
form new colonies of lichen.
REPRODUCTION
Many lichens reproduce sexually by means of spores.
These are produced by the fungal half of the partnership
and are usually formed in special cup- or disklike
structures called apothecia. These spores, once ejected,
must land next to a suitable algal partner if they are to
form another lichen and survive. Other lichens produce
spores inside special chambers called perithecia, which
Lichen cells are shown here in
microscopic cross section. Spore-
are like microscopic volcanoes, releasing their spores
producing asci rise from algal cells. through a hole at the top. Alternatively, lichens may
reproduce asexually by budding or breaking off

DEBATE specialized parts of their body. These soredia or isidia

UNLIKELY PARTNERS? contain a mix of fungal and algal cells, which, if they
land in a suitable habitat, will go on to form new
Lichen evolution remains a mystery.
Scientists are
lichen colonies. Rocky shorelines in North America
still trying to understand
how and why fungi and algae came to
are home to vast colonies of lichens several miles in
live together. It may have started as length. These will have taken hundreds or even
an attack by one on the other, which '''*£$?
thousands of years to spread to such a huge size. i

developed into a partnership. Not all

lichen associations are necessarily

mutually beneficial — some may be SPREADING MAP LICHEN >

parasitic rather than a partnership. Typical of lichens, Rhizocarpon is able to colonize harsh
environments such as dry, exposed rock surfaces.
 » I Kill NS
244

rounded lobes
s that lift at edges

COMMON
GOLDEN-EYE LICHEN WALL LICHEN
Tcloschistes chrysophthalmus Xanthoria parientina
F:Teloschistaceae FiTeloscnistaceae

ORANGE LICHEN A endangered species in

critically Growing on trees, walls
Caloplaca verruculifera America, Eurasia, and the tropics; this and roofs in North Amcri
FlTeloschistaceae lichen grows on shrubs and small trees in Eurasia, Africa, and Austra

I his lichen has radiating lobes with apothecia old orchards and hedgerows. Its branched this lichen has rounded
z (spore-producing discs) at the center. It is lobes produce large, orange discs. yellow-orange lobes.

3 found on rocks in coastal areas in North

America and Eurasia, often near bird pert hes.

1 -3 in

REINDEER MOSS HAMMERED SHIELD LICHEN 2.5-7.Scm

Flavocetraria nivalis Pormclia sulcata
F: Parmeliaceae F: Parmeliac eae

Found mountain meadows and upland

in This lichen's flattened lobes are gray-green, ,^ 3in HOARY ROSETTE
moors in North America and Eurasia; with rounded tips and powdery, reproductive 2.5-7.5 cm LICHEN
Physcia aipolia
this species has brownish, flattened leafy structures on the surface. It is commonly
F: Phvsciaceae
fronds with spiny margins. found on lives in North America and Eurasia.
Growing on tree bark in the
Americas and Eurasia; this gray
to brownish gray species forms
rough patches with a lobed
margin. It has black apothecia.

DEVIL'S MATCHSTICK
CladoniaJJoerkeana
F: Cladoniaceae

is species is common in peaty soil

in North America and Eurasia; it

BEARD LICHEN POWDER-HEADED HOODED forms a crust of greenish gray scales

Usneajilipendula TUBE-LICHEN TUBE-LICHEN from which stalks emerge, tipped
F: Parmeliaceae Hypogymnia tubulosa Hypogymnia physodes with scarlet apothecia.
Found mainly in northern regions; F: Parmeliaceae F: Parmeliaceae
this species forms green-gray, Common on twigs and tree trunks, Found worldwide on trees, rocks, and
pendent clumps on trees. Spiny this lichen has lobes that are gray-green walls, this lichen has pale gray-green lobes
apothecia torm at the tips. above and dark underneath. It is found with wavy margins. The rare apothecia are
in North America and Eurasia. red-brown with gray margins.

CARTILAGE CORAL LICHEN

LICHEN Sphaerophorus globosus BLACK SHIELDS STONEWALL
Ramalma fraxinea F: Sphaerophoraceae Tephromela atra RIM-LICHEN REINDEER LICHEN
F: Ramalinaceae Found on rocks in mountainous F: Mycoblastaceae Lecanora mural is Cladonia portentosa
Growing on trees in North areas of North America This lichen has pale gray crustose F: Lecanoraceae F: Cladoniaceae
America and Eurasia; this and northern Eurasia; this lobes that look like dried oatmeal. This lichen often grows on concrete One of several reindeer lichens, this
species forms flattened, fungus forms dense cushions Its apothecia are black. The lichen and on rocks. Its gray-green lobes species is common in meadows and
gray-green branches of pinkish brown branches found on exposed rocks in
is radiate outward. It is found in moorland in N. America and Eurasia. Its
dotted with apothecia. with globular apothecia. North America and Eurasia. North America and Eurasia. thin, hollow branches repeatedly divide.
 *>

HI U K I \K 1 II III \ DOt. I K III "S BLISTERED JELL) I it 111 N

:irj Ptluprj praetextaia i ollema furfuraceum
l oil, ln.lt.l. II
F:Verrucariacea« I .

i ing on ris k- along s, a. i ..isis Found on u>sks in North Kmci ica I Ins lichen has flat, gi latinous,

i and I ma-ia, this ami 1 urasia. ihi^ Ik In n has wrinkled lobes It is found on rocks
necies lus a . ji kgTav.cn >;rav black lobes, with palci margins and trees in areas with high rainfall
us* that contains apothecia ami reddish brown a|>otli> in \oi ili \m< and ui asia i ii i I

green lobes spread

.•in from centei

'
l. in

I K 1 1 I UNGWOR1
/ obai la pulmonai la

l : I . ibai i. H ' .n

M.iuiK found on trei bai k in i oastal areas

j^^S'.
>v: •

s black, slltllke
openings
, mores
in Noi
spet ies
In .in, Inn.
ili

is
\im.

dec lining du<

I, ibi
i

s
u

an
.i. I

pali
in asia, and
to habitat loss
oi angi
\li

undi
ii

i
a;

ni
1

I
1

ath
1

hi
1

KlKk 1KI1M PI I VI I I D ROC K I RIP I COMMON

jf J Umbilicaria rv/i/'hi ILi SCRIP! l 1CH1 N
F: UmbtucariM \ Umbilii al iai a<
: I
GlVphii i. TiptO
I : i ,i aphidat i ai
North \mcruan ami Eurasian on rot ks
imon s|>, i ies

hchcr '> nutrient in mountains in North Vmi

i >lu n seen on tn e bark in

\,u \nu and

mh ri • il »r upland areas ami ura-ia. it ha- smooth, broad
1
th 1 1> .i I ui asia; this

n in- thin, ,i aj n
It ha- wn upper surface lobes that an dark brown above fi .1 gi 1 1

with mam o\al nu-1 ami black beneath, , rusl w ith slitliki >i|" rungs

/'/ «/(/S IK/ I /'/ /</ l/S 1 LECIDEA LICHEN

F: Pertu eae idea fuscoatra
#; ii iai / , ,

FI Lecideaci ai
Common on tree bai k
hoped in Noi ili Vm< a and
i ii I urasia; I Ins s|m i ies is , ommon on
V. J us rm ks and old brii k walls
apothi tins In In a forms graj 1 1 usis

m nli i pali in.ii gin lln 'i usts in \oi ili \iii, i ii .i .mil I urasia Ii

are i ovi red w ith groups ol l. ,i in i

gray, i rai Iced ci ust, « iili

CRAB-I 11 K IIIN I
wai i- w nli tm\ opi nings, sunken, blai k api ithi i ia.

Ochrolecbia partlla
i >. hrolet hiai

Ilii- Ik hi n lorm- patches on walls ami n« k-

m North \merica ami I urasia. il- -

usualh has mam junk brown .i|«>il

tavXCV
M UP I u III N
Wii/ jrjphicum > 6imm
f. Rni/.^arpa
Common on rocks in
-
mountain- in northern -

and Antarctica; this lichen

fornu a flat patch bor,
b\ a black line
Groups of these lichens have
a pati hwork appear c

# .

BAEOMYCES
RHI US
!•: Bkooi
Forming gras -green I

on sands soil and rocks, this

lichen has brown ball like

apnthecu on stalk- I

millimeters high found It is

th America and Eura.su.

^

ANIMA
Animals make up the largest kingdom of
living things. Driven bv the need to eat food, and to
escape being eaten, they are uniquely responsive
to the world around them. The vast majority are

invertebrates, but mammals and other chordates

often outclass them in size, strength, and speed.

» 24 <S » '518

INVERTEBRATES CHORDATES
I lugel) varied in shapi .
Must dI the world's lai g<

in-.. 1 1. In.itc s also li.i\< animals are ( hoi dates.

.1 w ide rang< "I lili stj les. Extei nally, the) i an be
Insi 1 1- mala up thi covered in fur, f< athers,
largest group, bul oth .I ovei lapping i alt bul
in< ludi |i llyfish, worms, inti i nail) n< ai I) ill have .i

and animals proti cted bai kbom , whii h makes up

bv hard shells. pai i "I a bom skeleton.
 INVERTEBRATES
With nearly two million species identified, animals make
— up the largest kingdom of living things on Earth. The vast
—
<
majority of them are invertebrates animals without a —
backbone. Invertebrates are extraordinarily varied; many
are microscopic, but the largest are over 33 ft (10m) long.
h
Invertebrates were the first animals successful, allowing arthropods to
>
to evolve. Initially, they were small, invade every natural habitat in water,
soft-bodied, and aquatic — features that on land, and in the air. Invertebrates
many living invertebrates still share. also include animals with shells, and
t/3

- During the Cambrian Period, which ones that are reinforced by mineral
ended about 540 million years ago, crystals or hard plates. However,
invertebrates underwent a spectacular unlike vertebrates, they never have
z burst of evolution, developing a huge internal skeletons made of bone.
<
range of body forms and some very
different ways of life. This evolutionary SPLIT LIVES
explosion produced almost all the Most invertebrates begin life as eggs.

major phyla, or groups, of invertebrates Some look like miniature versions of

that exist today. their parents when they hatch, but many SPONGES
Among the simplest animals, sponges have sievelike bodies,
start life with a very different body with an internal skeleton ot mineral crystals. Classified as

GREAT DIVERSITY form. These larvae change shape, food the phylum Foritera, there are about 1 5,000 species.

There is no such thing as a typical sources, and feeding methods as they ARTHROPODS
invertebrate, and many of the phyla have grow up. For example, sea urchins have The phylum Arthropoda is the biggest in the animal
kingdom, with over a million species identified. It includes
very little in common. The simplest drifting larvae, which filter food from insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes.

kinds do not have heads or brains, and the sea, while the adults scrape algae
usually rely on internal fluid pressure to from rocks. The change in shape
keep their shape. At the other extreme, metamorphosis — can be gradual, or it

arthropods have well-developed nervous can take place abruptly, with the young
systems and elaborate sense organs, animal's body being broken down,
including complex eyes. Crucially, and an adult bodvJ o assembled in
being
they also have an external body case, its place. Metamorphosis enables

or exoskeleton, with legs that bend at invertebrates to exploit more than one
flexible joints. This particular body food source, and it also helps them
plan has proved to be remarkably spread, often over great distances.

INVERTEBRATE MOLLUSKS ARTHROPODS

TREE ON
RIBBON SEGMENTED
WORMS
WORMS
FLATWORMS I WATER VELVET
BEARS WORMS

ECHINODERMS
!=T ROUNDWORMS
Invertebrates arc not a true taxonomie
group. They range from simple sponges
INVERTEBRATES to insects — the most successful animals
on Earth in terms of numbers.
lAIIUKI Ws 1 1 VTWORMS SI (.WIN ED WORMS
I

•ersal the ph\lum Cnkhria arc -..tt bodied Numbering about 20,000 spe< ies, the phylum With about I i, <>()() spe< ies, the pin lum Annelida
hralcs that kill their prc\ \\ ith stinging > ells Platyhelminthes contains animals \\ ith Hat, paper thin contains worms whose sinuous bodies are divided into
,000 known species, the vast majorit\ ari marine. bodies, ami a distinguishable head ami tail i Inglikc segments, h includes earthworms and lee< Ins.

CRUS1 VC I Ws MOLLUSKS ECHINODERMS

\ ai|uatu iruNtJuans arc arthro|>o<|.. that breathe
, ( tee "I tin most diverse invertebrate groups, the phylum Re< ognizable their five Fold s\ mmetry, members ol
l'\

with gills Classified a* the -ubphvlum Crustacea, there Mollusca contains about 1 10,000 species, I Tie) include tin pin lum I c mnodermata have skeletons ol small, halk) i

• H\u\ including vrahs ami lobsters. gastropods, bivalves, ami cephalopods. plates set in their skin, ["here are about 7,000 species
 SPONGES
Simple, mostly marine animals, adult through tiny pores in the sponge's surface. Special
PHYLUM I'()RI1-1 RA
chambers or cells lining the water canals trap and C CLASSES
sponges live permanently attached to
engulf bacteria from plankton for food, and waste- ORDERS
rocks, corals, and shipwrecks. A few
water exits through large openings called osculae. FAMILIES
species live in freshwater. SPECIES About 15,000
Many sponges are classically "spongy," others

The Porifera vary in size and shape, from thin are rock hard, soft, or even slimy depending on
sheets to hum hands, but all have the same basic the supporting skeleton, which is made up of tiny
structure: different types of specialized cells, but spicules of silicon dioxide or calcium carbonate.

no organs. A system ot water canals branches Spicules vary in shape and number between
J-. through the- sponge, and water is drawn into them species and can be used in identification.
tu
H
<
as CALCAREOUS SPONGES DEMOSPONGES j' ,u

pg Ninety-five percent of Demospongiae fall

The skeleton of Calcarea composed of densely packed, mostly all
W is

into this group. Although they are varied in

starlike, calcium carbonate spicules, each with three or four pointed
H made up
rays. Variable in shape and crunchy to the touch, most species are appearance, most ha\c a skeleton
of scattered silicon dioxide spicules and a
BLUE SPONGE
- small and lobe- or tube-shaped. Huliilona sp.
> flexible organic collagen called spon^in. A few F: Chalinidae
z encrusting species have no skeleton and some ( )ne oi ver\ few blue-colored

have onh spongin. sponges, this species commonly

grows on tin- tops of corals and
nuks dH northern Borneo.

3%in
8cm
LEMON SPONGE
Leucetta chagosensis 14m
F: Leucettidae CLATHR1NA CLATHRUS cm
i j

F: Clathrinidae
Growing on steep coral reels in the western
Pacilic, this saclike sponge provides a splash Made up of mam tubes, BROWN TUBE SPONGE MEDITERRANEAN BATH SPONGE
of bright color. each only a few millimeters [gelas tubulata Spongia officinalis adridtica

wide, this northeastern Atlantic F: Agelasidae F: Spongiidae

sponge is a distinc tive This sponge i (insists i>l uneven This sponge has a pliable elastic skeleton,
yellow color. brown tubes arranged in clusters. It which retains its shape alter it has been
is common on deep reels in the i I. aned and dried. It is used for washing.
spicules surrc Jtmi Caribbean and Bahamas.
osculum

GOLF BALL
SPONGE $.£**
Poratetilla bacca # ,

FtTctillidae
PURSE SPONGE
Sycon ciliatum
F: Svcettidae
One ol many tropical
ball-shaped sponges, this
^* *'"'—
^ _
g ^*JHM
.

Fhis simple, hollow sponge of species grows on

northeast Atlantic coasts has
spiky calcareous spicules
sheltered coral reefs in 1
1
* Nb
Tf
surrounding its osculum. VA in/ 1 2 cm

2-\ in
w
5-10cm

ELEPHANT HIDE SPONGE

4in Pach\ matisma johnstonia
uni pore* allow
10cm F: Geodiidae
water entry
Mounds of this tough sponge can
cover large areas of rocks and
wrecks in clear coastal waters
of the northeast Atlantic.
f
12 16in
30-40 cm
// UCONIA NIVEA RED PURSE SPONGE
F: Baeriidae Grantessa sp. RED TREE SPONGE
1 he shape of this F:Heteropiidae Ncgombata magnified
northeastern Atlantic Shaped like a small gourd, Podospongiidae

vV *>
I :

sponge varies from lobes this delicate sponge grows Attempts to farm this beautitul
and cushions to crusts. between coral heads Red Sea sponge are meeting with
It grows in areas of high on shallow reels in some success. It contains chemicals
water movement. Malaysia and Indonesia. of potential medical importance.
 KOKIM. SPONGI BORING SPONGI
- .jij •
( r i v

l >. Iionaulac i <. tionaidae

Although it appeal s j* yellow lumps, leaws tins i Caribbean spongt
much ol lhi> I uropcm IDO through Urge holes ailed ov ul.i *

remains hidden a^ strands growing

through shells and > ak I through i orals l>\ secreting acid

^ I II ow I l\(.l It

SPONGI
t j//i spongia ramosa
1 : t ilK spongiidac

[Tic bright 1 oloi ol tins

due to the 1 lu urn als il

BRI MKKUWH SPONGI sr/ft is;r; ; ; i

contains. Sponge extracts
t UNt ihrix LSI 'I bv tin'
\ '. Haliehoiulriulac i Spirastrellidae pharmaceutical industry. VZURI \ VS1
\llantic - man) colorful encrusting sponges SPONGI
found in the ocean, this spe< ies covei s
1

and shallow water inshore rocks in tlu Mediterranean an 1 : i allyspi ingiidai

in Its color
mbiotk alg h \il.iiiiu \ Mm in < .11 ibbi .in

spei ies, tins spi in

Col h « llli its pall

blue to put pit rases. Its

surfai 1 i^ si ulpti d « ith

ridgi s and villi 1 5

GLASS SPONGES
1 1 1 \.u 1 mi I In l.i an ,1 small group "I spongi s

lives hu 1st I \ 111 tino< ean, where some

deep
Form 1
' 1 Riki mi minis up to 65 Ft !0m) 1

nigh I In si\ rayi d, starlike, silii .1 spit uli s

\IPmil s sf I'|NK\ \M s|-()\(,| H\KKI I Sl>()\(,l
thai in.iki ti|> tin ski li ton .in usually Fused
I ! Nmrj il Siphato Jiijitjlis ponijij testudinaria
ni» K Niphatjdae 1 : Petrosiidae ti igi 1 In r as .1 rigid lal tici \ lu 1 death,
.
ipe ol thi» Caribbean reel small lish anil man) invert) b tin skeleton remains as .1 ghostl) outlim
Tegular lumps and cm-' ancs from a t u live on and in this hu
»urt j : in small n|x'n mm. Small anemoi Pat itn sponge, « hit li grow s lug ii

projection* called conuli. •

11 .1 person to lit inside. 35 cm

VI NUS'S low 1 1 R
BASK! 1

1 1 n

^.^Tw irns/\
t M
1 1

+ )«( III Rl

\ ^ 4 0II1 cted and di

.

ih/sinidac ton
The graceful li

i u «Bja|
Ilk
-

HORN
llo
^^t
JUH
Jjmi
s,'f)\(,|
tulx

current on the
Caribbean
when DI I I* si \ (.1 \ss si>o\(.l

1 Axinelhdac 1 : li

urranean
song rtcep rock laces on Irish lud by
on the it Britain.
252
CNIDARIANS
lum
includes jellyfish, corals, thisphylum. These stinging organs are called ( PHYLUM CNIDARIA )
cnidocysts (or cnidocytes), and it is from these
and anemones. They have stinging CLASSES 4

name. Cnidocysts are

that cnidarians get their ORDERS 22
tentacles to catch live prey, which
concentrated on the tentacles, and are triggered FAMILIES 27S
z they digest in a simple saclike gut. SPECIES 11,300
< by touch or chemical signals, both when the J

All cnidarians are aquatic and most are marine. animal comes into contact with potential prey and
< They have two body plans: a free-swimming when it is under attack. Each cnidocvst contains a
Q hell-like shape called a medusa — as seen in microscopic sac of venom and discharges a tiny

Z jellyfish —and a static polyp, typical of anemones. coiled "harpoon" to inject the venom into flesh.
u Neither medusae nor polyps have a head or front Some stings can penetrate human skin and inflict
end. Their tentacles encircle a single gut opening, severe pain, but the vast majority of cnidarians

t/5 used to take in food and to eliminate waste. are harmless to humans.
u A cnidarian's nervous system consists oi a
simple network of fibers; there is no brain. This ALTERNATING LIFE CYCLE
<
OS means that the animal's behavior is usually simple. Many cnidarians have a life cycle that alternates
-
_
Although they are carnivorous, cnidarians cannot between medusa and polyp usually with one —
actively pursue their prey, with the possible of these forms dominating, although in some
H most groups one or the other form is missing. The
exception of the box jellyfish. Instead,
QS
w species wait for swimming animals to blunder free-swimming medusa is normally the sexual
> into the reach of their tentacles. stage. In most species fertilization is external:
Z sperm and eggs are released in open water,
STINGS forming planktonic larvae that resemble tiny
Cnidarians' outer skins —and in some species the flat worms. These settle in order to grow into

inner skin as well — are peppered with tiny stinging polyps. Specialized polyps then produce new
This microscopic view shows cnidocysts
(stinging cells) that have been triggered to
capsules of a kind that is unique to animals of medusae to complete the cycle. discharge their venom-laden harpoons.

BOX JELLYFISH TRUE JELLYFISH 1

4 cm
! i in

Members of the class Cubozoa are The familiar jellyfish bell is the medusa stage of the
found in tropical and subtropical Scyphozoa life cycle. The polyp is reduced, or in some
waters. They differ from true jellyfish deepwater forms, missing. Jellyfish polyps undergo
in having a greater ability to control the strobilation, a process that produces new tiny medusae
direction and speed of their movement, by budding. Rhizostome jellyfish lack a fringe of
rather than drifting with the currents. tentacles around the bell.

A Happing skirt at the bottom of the STALKED JELLY FISH

bell powers them at considerable speed. UPSIDE-DOWN Haliclystus auricula
JELLYFISH F: Lucernariidae
Box jellyfish have eyes, Cassiopea andromeda Although it lives more like a static
set in clusters on F: Cassiopeidae
polyp, this curious North Atlantic
the sides of their Superficially resembling an cnidarian, a possible cousin of box
transparent bell. anemone, this Indo- Pacific jellyfish, is in fact a medusa.
rhizostome jellyfish lives at the
They can see
bottom of lagoons, mouth
enough to steer upward, with its bell pulsating to
past obstacles and circulate water.

to spot prey. * **£ MOON

bell controls
JELLYFISH
speed
Amelia aurita
F: Ulmaridae
This globally widespread
genus has four long "arms
as well as small marginal
8-1 6 in
20^1-0 cm tentacles. It swarms to
breed near coasts and
polyps settle in estuaries.

SEA WASP DEEP SEA CORONATE WHITE-SPOTTED SPOTTED LAGOON JELLYFISH

Chironex fleckeri JELLYFISH JELLYFISH Mastigias papua
F: Chirodropidae Periphylla periphylla Phylloxhiza punctata F'. Mastigiidae
This Indo-Pacific species — the F: Periphvllidae F: Mastigiidae Like other rhizostome jellyfish, this

largest box jellyfish — delivers This one of many little-known

is This rhizostome jellyfish is native to algae-containing species traps
a particularly painful deepwater species in a group of the western Pacific, but has been planktonic food with mucus.
sting and has caused jellyfish characterized by a bell introduced to North America, where it It enters South Pacific lagoons,
human fatalities. with an encircling groove. may threaten commercial fisheries. including those of oceanic islands.
H V D R O / O A \ S
Most animals ol tin- class I lydrozoa live .in branching sea-dwelling
colonies forming miniature jh>K p bearing Forests, Some anchor
themselves to surfaces b) «. reeping horizontal stems, . ailed stolons
Colonies arc supported b) a horn\ translucent sheath and some >>l the
polyps produce sexual medusae I reshwater hydra la< k medusae
instead, sex organs develop dii . a il\ on solitary polj ps

(. o\\Mt)\ OKI I I \ I K.ll I KIKKI I

>
i UP in dkomi i)tis\ 73
. lid geniculata in DROM1 nii^ \ Phtali Ua .jim. '

H
I i tiup.imil.il n, Lit Me/f cert urn octocostatum i
Phi Jelll i
ii m
win Idwidt \i, i. n.i.i,
I his in a lit,'
i , i

I ik, related 0/x i, hi am hlng CO

Ins hydi o ••in Noi
abundant on Intel tidal st its, , ds I i

\.n il. r.i, ilii

' ili< 1

ins
1
• i ill

spu
mil i il 'In gli iball)
X
mies ol \il.iini, .iii.l oi tv i,l, hydro lan rrlea
>
•
.1,1 i
•

tii|> encased polyps thai sprout •

to a i. mult i, a, ,1 I. to thost lit t lit III;' 111, tills. |i tt III, Il

H
.

from n eping hoi izontal stems U llll 1 lip til, .IM ,1 p,l|\ ps 11 Is 111 ', III, s, Mi.lIK
m
, I , , ,

knotv il ill. unit frol Ius.it

t/i
SN Ml FUR Bl in inn ions
HrJractiniii <.\hmjia r^rpiu porpita 16 '
roitiiu.ui m
ii

Y : Hvdractiniidae i Poi pitiaae \\ \\ 01 V\ \K

i >: VmhiuthivitJ 1 1 Vnthoathecala r
rh\ \jlni pin talis
One ol a lamib ol colonial spun I Ins colonial, jellyfish lilst i Physaliidae V
• thi> northeast \tlantu hvdrozoan ol tropii al ", > ms is
Kt sembling .» jellvlish,
- on the sui urded as a highh this i> reall) an
sheik containing hermit s modified individual |xil\p ,» , .in goin
hvdrozoans Stinging 73
I'UKIMl 1 U 1 "I OK M" tentacles and spec ializerj

in DROID polyps .in suspended >

Distichopora i iolacta from .i gas filled float. /
i Stvlasteridae
/
1 iki some other hvdrozoans,
colonies ol this Indo Pacific lace I I AI III K 111 DKOII)
sural Iijm pol\ps specialized tor [glaophi nia i
upresstna
different (unctions, such as I : V.'l.li'plli llllil.li

reeding ami -tu 1 eathei Lul Is .mil th<

, loser) it I. ii' 'I s, .i I, i us

ii Ii >n" to a ip i
'I

, olonial hvdrozoans tv nli

, up , in ased polyp l"hi

is ,ui I ii* Ii i I'.h Hit spi '

Hill \ SKIK1
SIPHOMMIOKI
I ION'S m \m Ji i n I imi Ph\sophorj hydiostatica
I-: Physopnori
mcj Ljpillju
i This widespread Im floating
1

OMMON
:

DKA
i

( Mi
A largi waters, this hydrozoan colon) has a
f> jt-IKhsh has mam tentacles ai smaller lloat than its relative,
I h dra
i Hydridai
' ui .

in dense group--. It has a powerful tin Portuguese man ol war.

I ,. I
II, ill, MM , III , 1

•ting and its pr< \ includes lish ami carries prominent

uabrclla-liit ii II II ' slltV.ili'l
swimming bilk.
Ml polyp thai in rei Iu< i

i
.IK b) budding I
hi

is ,i globally tt idespn ad
i old water spei ies, shown
In i' in ,
ni. ,n cd ci iloi

*. *>
I IKI "( OK M"
IMNK-HI \KI I I) in DKOII) I Kl SIIW \|| It

Bill! Jll IUIMI in DKOII) Mtllepora ip JI I I < I IMI

mea Ijmarcku I'jTlil St). p: Mil rbj i

Y'- I I Iki othi ' • "I its family, tins i I Hindi

A smaller couiin of the trio hydrozo In i inial Sporadii in

bona mane jellvtidi. thi on l< uh two wh hydrozoan hai i all ifii <\ ponds, In
I ill' worldwidi .
iiiiniit' pi

has a mil nI IK pot)

around its mouth
buildi •

dominant mi du
and other medusae.
 ANEMONES AND CORALS polyp cluster

254 Unlike other cnidarians, the Anthozoa lack the free-swimming COMMON
medusa stage altogether and most remain static throughout SEA FAN
Gorgonia ventalinu
their life y< le. The polyps, many of \\ hich have a flower-like
i
F: Gorgoniidae
appearance, produce sperm and eggs. Members of this class Sea fans, such as this
ude solitary anemones, colonial sea pens, soft corals, and Caribbean species, have
upright ianlike colonies
tropical reef-forming stony corals.
supported bv a central
axis,which is stiffened
, slender red or with a horny substance
S 12 in
fellow lobe called porgonin.

TOADSTOOL SEA CARNATION

LEATHER CORAL STRAWBERRY CORAL
Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Gersemia rubiformis. Dendronephthya sp.
F: Alcyoniidae F: Nephtheidae F: Nephtheidae

This soft coral can form enormous This stalked soft coral forms bright Typical of a family of stalked soft
leathery colonies on tropical reefs of pink lumpy colonies. It occurs in corals with polvps arranged in
the Indo-Pacihc. It is fast-growing, northern parts of the Pacific clusters, this colorful species occurs
nourished by photosynthetic algae. and Atlantic Oceans on Indo-Pacihc tropical reefs.

white

^\ polyps

RED DEAD-MAN'S RED CORAL

FINGERS Corallium rubrum
Akyonium glomeratum F: Coralliidae

F: Alcyoniidae Colonies of this

This is a more slender, Mediterranean sea fan

upright ally of dead-man's (not a true coral) are
lound on sheltered
fingers, uppoi ted by a skeleton
rocky European coastlines. ol tiny, enmeshed KIDNEY SEA PEN ORANGE SEA PEN
The color varies from COMMON DEAD-MAN'S calcified needles. It is Sarcoptilus grandis Ptilosarcus gurneyi
red to vellow.
FINGERS valued for jewelry. F: Pennatulidae F: Pennatulidae
Alcyonium digitatum
Widespread in temperate One of many brightly colored
F: Alcyoniidae
waters, this sea pen has sea pens, this species from the
A typical soft coral, this thickly lobed
kidney -shaped branches that Pacific coast of North America
European species has colonies of polyps, its burrow when
cur in rows along each side retracts into
vs hich are carried on a fleshy mass
of its body. disturbed by predators.
l'/2-6'/2ft
unsupported by a rinid skeleton.
O.S-2m

6-12 in
15- 30 cm

*K ihli . -Mi.1. .1...

'
* «
•'.

WHITE SEA WHIP

*
Junceella Jragilis
n RED SEA WHIP ORGAN PIPE CORAL BLUE CORAL
Ellisella sp. Tubipora musica Heliopora coeruha
F: Ellisellidae F: Ellisellidae F:Tubiporidae F: Helioporidae
Sea whips are threadlike relatives of Ellisella sea whips form two-prong This Indo-Pacific soft coral has polyps Despite its hard, calcified skeleton, this
sea fans, with their supporting horny branching colonies, some of which may more
in upright, calcified tubes, which are species is closely related to soft
axis reinforced with calcium. This form dense underwater bushes. They
is connected to the colony by a rootlike coral than stony coral. It is the only
an Indonesian reef species. occur in tropical and temperate waters. network at the base. member of its order.
 4 i m

i
FLOW I Ki'oi i OR \i 1 Hill (. OK \l 1 OBI D BR \i\ i ok \i H\lll I \ \\l MOM s I \(,lloK\ CORAI
fun J / I'K'I'/ll //m n|V Unit in./ fclina I. roporc --[>

I: Poritidae ! :
!'
i Mu— i.l.u I \. I lllll.l.l. I X.i, ipol i.l.i.
m
I hi- daisvlike polyps I ilu mast common Massivi . olonies "I this brain Mu k\ ssv< llings on this mi n I In I <
\\o I
SO
that an- greath lengthened whin the Indo I'aniii eithei llattened oi m.i\ i .ii i \ so nuii li di lai i m ipii al H
lulls extended It in an thi- coral forms ustim> shaped o< cut on it efs wiili tenia* lesrctrai ted, it reel buildi i s Noui ished In m
liul. I the colonies in places huHeted In in tropic ,il svatci s .'l resembles .i small pili ol gi avi I i
ynthi III al " ihesi 03
strong wax ilu In. I,, I'.i. in. li on ui i around thi Ni n in I *i ill spe< ics .in last rowin 73

>
H
m
in

>
7>

DA1S1 ion U \KI.1 l.KOON

1

BR UN OR i \l
I I)
>
F: Poritkbc pooh) //iii sp. Z
/
nhing pols
ul.ii
1 In- i- one nl man) troi MM, Ml KIM
n tropical rhe hemispherical brainlike mushroom corals thai an nol SI \ \M MOM
structure ol this coral is typical .>t i. building, but live among ll.i,! nifli a
. i

its family. It i- a tropical reel builder other spe< polyps Mil

n« -v ar>- among the most ies .i- solitai
)
I : liiid.i, i\ 1 1
I..

that contains photosynthetit algae. i rawling over the ocean Hour

-
I In 'liul .in. in. ill. is hi. Ill

Indo-Pacifii reel , when il livi - in

, lost pai ii" i ship w iili .i i. ii iet) "I

mm h-.li spi i ics, in. luding ( li ivt n li-li

r
II,

10 Is nun

Ml \M II COI I)
\\ \l 1 K COR \l
/ ophelia pertuso
I : l .ii \"|>li\ lliidae

Unlik. mu orals
mm u nt
i
,

PLUMOS1 \M MOM s\ \M locks

l.n king supplying
l/.irij/i/m senile \M MOM
alnji North Atl.iniii
. tin-
in, in
i
'
Mi tridiidai nia i ii ',/'

species forms extensivi \i

i : tiniidai
1 In- i- .i globally
although onlx, \.r\ slow ly.
MM Nil II 1
Ol I
1 iMIlK 111 1 In i onspii iiiiu-K li m
ti i
ized iriii.i, Ii of thi ion

In .i fuzz) in. is- nl ii ni.i. Ies. li

1 ui ' ipi in inti rtidal m
i .in -pill In 1 til alls i.n. 1' retract, i en when
1
-
• xposcd .ii lovt tidi

'

'
,ii H

HI 1)1111

DI VONSHIRI ( III' i OR \i
mithii ( OMMOS I Mill \M MOM \ll Will
III M K OR ( \l
Imi^
p
ntaini burrow ilu i

Month found in deep

- '.. luiilil fcltliltc tubes Hrom polyp
mn i oloi
nud. li<n i
 FLATWORMS
Structurally among the simplest of can still reach all tissues, even without a blood pm um i PLATYHELMINTHES )

animals, flatworms live wherever a stream to circulate the nutrients. Some free- CLASSES 5

living flatworms are detritus-eaters, gliding ORDERS

s moist habitat can provide their paper- 33

along on bed of microscopic beating

a hairs. FAMILIES About +00
thin bodies with oxygen and food. SPECIES About 20,000
Others prey on other invertebrates.
Flatworms belong to the major phylum known
as Platyhelminthes, and are found in various INTERNAL PARASITES DEBATE
-
forms in the ocean, in freshwater ponds, or Tapeworms and flukes are parasites. Inside
A NEW PHYLUM?
<
_ t ven within the bodies of other animals. the host animal, their flattened, gutless bodies
Superficially resembling leeches, flatworms are are perfectly suited for absorbing nutrients. Traditionally, the tiny, gutless, and
brainless marine animals called
in fact far simpler animals. With no blood Many have complex ways of passing from host
acoelans are viewed as flatworms.
J- system and no organs for breathing, they use to host and may infect more than one type of
— their entirebody surface to absorb oxygen from animal. They enter the body of the host in
Controversial studies suggest that
- they belong in a new phylum of their
< moisture outside. The smallest flatworms, infected food or sometimes by penetrating the
own, which would make them the first
which have no gut, also absorb their food in this skin. Once inside, a parasite may go deeper into
with a "head" and a
DP
—
way. In other species the gut has one opening the body —
burrowing through the gut wall to with radial (round) cnidarians.
"tail," in contrast

- but branches frequently, so that digested food lodge in vital organs.

—
>
z

EPIZOIC
FLATWORM
Waminou sp. CANDY STRIPE
F: Convolutidae FLATWORM
This coral -livini GIANT LEAF FLATWORM Prostheceraeus vittatus
species one of
is Kaburakia exceha F: Eurvleptidae
many marine F: Stylochidae This animal belongs to a group of mainly
nicro-flatworms that Like other leaf flatworms, this North American marine, free-living, cross-fertilizing
resemble planktonic intertidal species is mainly carnivorous. It smothers hermaphrodites called polyclads.
larvae of cnidarians. its prey with a mouth-bearing extension of its gut. It is an Atlantic Ocean species.
 Bl U
I
K \\l>\
I \l
I

WORM
I I OW
JtUi ROUNDWORMS 257
. polvclads an
Manx rhe simple, n lindrical roundworms are remarkably
ire siiiLmj;l\
predators of theii
. a
iiasi\ last,
u rung Mu i essful — sur\
almost e\ erj i\ i
i»i4, nn here, resisting
I 111- '111 drought, and reprodu< ing rapidly.
linl,> I'di ih< wall z
rhe pli\ lum Nematoda is
I'ini ii u t'l'OlM <
]
ubiquitous, rhere «. <\n be millions l 1 \SS|S J
m
50
ol roundwoi ms in a square UIUII RS
WIN
H
metre ol soil, and the) also live 1 II s M
m
SPI ills tboul 10,000
in freshwatei or marine habitats.
Man) are pai asites I hese
wci
>
i us, 01 nematodes, i an be extraordinai ilj prolific , produ< ing
H
hundreds "I thousands i >l eggs pej >la\ \\ hen environmental m
Mll>\ I I 111 \l)l I)
\\l>
I 1 1 \l WORM conditions deteriorate the) can survive heat, frost, oi drought l>\

Bipalium •
(in losing themselves in a * yst and be< oming dormanl
I : Bipali

I ami Ratworms an mosth tropical

Roundworms have muscle lined bod) cavit) and two openings
ami must have »lani|> conditions to their gut the mouth and anus, I heir < ylindrical bodies are o
- has been
^ oated in .» tough layer, ( ailed a ( uti< le similar to that oi
c
dentally introduced t*>
z
iund tin- w.irKI arthroDods which the> moult oeriodicalh .is tlu\ pi < >\
D

llimi RS' 11 uwokm 5

f: Ps dae
I ike mam reel dwelling polvclads, this

th an undulating
und under rubble
in \i-

i. til D-SPK Kl II) 11 UWllHM

Th\ vmozootl ni^fropjrilh^um
I I'x udoi rotidae
: i

Mir,- a polvciads are coated with

pimplv swellings, which are yellow -tipped on
this otherwise velvet* bUi

the Indo I'autu

l)R \B 1RIMIW \1 I R MM /I U \M)

I I UWOKM 1 \M) II \l WORM
ArthurJenJ\ us
I : I'lanariidae trijnguljiu<
rnclads are Batworms with oplanidae
a triple branched gut This This large sml li\ ing
:»m spco. •

manv tru la>i» Inund in Zealand, but has imadt d

Alter habitats, others I unpp» It pr< '.

are marine. earthworms

MRI \M
II MWORM
BROWN Duqi I hala
IRhlin MIR h: Planai

II UWORM
marudae
of running
rubitars of North Amen earlikr flai

a has been
introduced to Europe curr
 SEGMENTED WORMS
With more complex muscle and organ Marine segmented worms —
the predatory

systems than flatworms, many species ragworms and their filter-feeding relatives
of this phylum, called Annelida, are —carry bundles of bristles along their body,
typicallyborne on little paddles that help with
accomplished swimmers or burrowers.
swimming, burrowing, or even walking. This
C Segmented worms include earthworms, group of bristled, segmented worms are called
ragworms, and leeches. Their blood circulates polychaetes or bristle worms.

Q in vessels and they have a firm sac of fluid (the Land-living earthworms are more sparsely
UJ coelom) running the length of their body, which bristled detritus-feeders, and are important
-
keeps motion of the gut separate from motion of recyclers of dead vegetation and aerators of soil.
Z
w the body wall. The coelum is split into sections, Many leeches are specialized further, and carry
with each one corresponding to a body segment. suckers to extract blood from a host. Their saliva
O Each body segment contains a set of muscles, and contains chemicals that stop blood clotting.
coordination of these muscle sets can send a wave Other leeches are predatory. Both earthworms
of contraction down the length of the body, or and leeches have a saddle-shaped, glandular
make it flex to and fro. This makes many annelids structure around their bodies called a clitellum,
C/3

- highly mobile both on land and in the water. which they use to make their egg cocoons.

SLUDGEWORM MEGADRILE
Tubifex sp. EARTHWORM
_ F: Naididae Glossoscolex sp.
This widely distributed worm can F: Glossoscolecidae

be seen in mud polluted by sewage Glossoscolex are large

- the front end buried, the rear end earthworms from tropical
to extract oxygen. C. and S. America. Many are
yg
tound in rain forest habitats.
z

CHRISTMASTREE
TUBE WORM
Spirobranchus giganteus
COMMON EARTHWORM F: Serpulidae
Lumbricus terrestns Characterized by its spira
This European inhabitant of rotting vegetation F: Lumbricidae whorls of tentacles, used for
secretes defensive pungent fluid and, like This earthworm — native to Europe but filter feeding and extracting
other earthworms, has a "saddle" for introduced elsewhere — drags leaves into oxygen, this species is

producing cocoons of eggs. its burrow at night as a source of food. widespread on tropical reefs.

VELVET WORMS
These soft-bodied worms, cousins of forests of tropical America, Africa, and PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA
( )
arthropods, lumber slowly along dark Australasia; they shun the open, preferring CLASS i

forest floors like giant caterpillars, but to hide in crevices and leaf litter. They come ORDER i

out at night or after rainfall to hunt other FAMILIES 2 )

they are extraordinary hunters.
SPECIES About 200 J
invertebrates. Velvet worms capture their (

These animals have the body of an earthworm prey in a unique way: they immobilize their
and the multiple limbs of a millipede, but belong victims by spraying them with sticky slime
in a phylum of their own: Onychophora. Velvet that produced by glands that open through
is

worms are rarely seen in their warm native rain pores straddling the mouth.

skin covered SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN

wjine hairs AFRICAN VELVET WORM
VELVET WORM Epipenpatus broadwayi
Penpatopsis moseleyi F: Peripatidae
F: Peripatopsidae This species is one of a family
This species belongs ol equatorial velvet worms,
to a family with a which typically have more
globally southern legs than those of the
distribution. southern continents.
 :'. 1 2 in
p JOcm
SI \ MOUS1 4'. |0in J
1 in
{phrsdud acu . ..in 1 tin
i Vphroditidae
I bi> mud-burrowing •"' 1 IK WORM HONI YCOMB
HKl «ORW s,jU worm i> found in 1
renic .>/,! 111,11 in, WORM
Hamodict ijrumu ihi shallow watei s ol 1 \ lidai Sabellaria aheolata
I : tatphinomidac \ th I urope Its si \ i lu UMBI i<
\ 1 . .11 thwoi mlik,
1 : Sabellaridae

\ tropical Attaiicu offshore species

s, ., . il S( \i I WORM polyc h ,. 1
. ill, lugWI II 111 I Ins tubewoi in builds its tubes
with a hail >.'.n :
rolepidiii < \a\ igtra from sand and igrni nti
thi> pohchaete preys on corals,
\
livi s in Inn ovcon beai hes
s she II fi

Polynoidi
sue king out the soft tk>h ln>m the
I .1
.mil mud flats, w li. 1
. 11
1 1, ns, populations (01 m
- rhislndo Pacific polychaete has S SI .1 in, in and ds honeyi omb Ills, reefs In the
harvl skeleton Its b>wl\ extensions •
fee
flattened bac I- s,.il<-s It is
in 11 llUN Vll.inii, .iii.l M, .lii, 1 in, in
have iviintulK irritating bristles 1,
1

parasitic on si-.i •. u> umbei s

e in. in
^
t.m 1 \ PADDI 1 WORM I'M II It

/ ulalia 1 irijis 1 1 vi 111 KiniM 1 1;

1 : Phyllodoc idai WORM

Paddleworms an active carnivores
Sabcllasiartt sane tijosei
1 :
Sabellidai
•In
^8
«uli leal shaped Haps on theii bod)
extensions I his I uropean spec ies \ tropii 1 fndo Pa< ifti

ives among intei tidal roc l^ and U.»-l|> tubewoi in, tins spec ies is

, ,.111111, .11 along , ...istlnu s,

in, luding 1 ..i .il reefs and

tidal pools

MM, l< S.GWORM

l/in.i 1 irens
1 : Nei 1 ididae KM) mm
Ragwoi ins. , lose relatives WORM
,il paddlewoi ms. have Serpula 1
1
'mit ularh
tw,, pi . ingi .1 bod) . xtensii ms 1 :
Sei pull. I.,,

Tills \ll.inti, tmi.l bui "<\\ my Serpulid tubeworms

spec ies , .in delivei a painful bite build hard i li.ilk\ tubi
I ik, uiosi serpulids, tins
» nl, spread spec ies has
GIANT TUBEWORM teniae I, s in. idifu d to plug
Kiftia pat hi ptila
the tube after retrac tion. NORTHERN SPIRAL
1 : Sibi iglinidae niBEWORM
1 Ins tubeworm lives in the bi i\ 1
./'
Spirorbh borealis
hot suliui rich darkness as im hoi 1 : Si 1 pulidai

ol o in Root volcanic I In sin. ill , oiled lulu ..1

vents in tl» Pai in, 1 lu- tins tubeworm is , 1 mi nti d

ll .I plume harbors bacteria to brow n / ut u. seaweeds
that iiulsi its Inciil Usui.; .mil ki l|is along North
chemicals from these vents Atlantic i oastlini

WATER BEARS
Visible only microscope,through a algae, where man) use their needlelike jaws
( PHYLUM TARDIGRADA ]

stubby-lecged, agile water bears to pierce the cells ol tins vegetation and suck its CLASSES i

share their aquatic community with sap.Main water bear spe< ies arc known onl) as ORDERS 5

females, \\ hi( h reprodw e asexualh In spav* ning 1 will lis

microbes and far simpler invertebrates. SIM (IIS .0(10
offspring from unfertilized eggs. habitat It 1

II its

Tin\ water bears, or tardigrades (meaning dries up, a water bear is able to survive
"slow -stepped") clamber through miniature by «oina into a kind ol suspended
Forests ol water weed, tour pairs ol short li animation called c ryptobiosis, shrivelling

dinging on with clawed feet. Most are less than into a husk, sometimes for years al a

a millimeter long. They abound among moss or time, until rainfall revives it.

MOSS
U\IIR Bl \K
Echini uui -p si VWEED WATER BEAR 0.25mm
hiniscidae nndi
I : I . linn., oididai
\tanv water bear* live in moss,
but their abiUt in a
' )ne ,,t manv little known marini

dried state has helped 1 number nt 1

been rci ordi d ami 11

I... .iti
species to disperse worlds ,
Lai
 .

ARTHROPODS
Jointed legs and flexible armor have in millipedes and centipedes. In other groups,
( PHYLUM~ ARTHROPODA )

helped a phylum that includes winged various segments have fused together into CLASSES 1 +

insects and underwater crustaceans to discrete body sections. Insects are divided into ORDERS h4
-<
a sensory head, a muscular thorax with legs and FAMILIES Aboul 2,650
evolve unrivaled diversity. SPECI1 About
wings, and an abdomen containing most of S 1,2 50,000

There are more species of arthropods known to the internal organs. In arachnids and some

-
scientists than all the other animal phyla added
together — and doubtless many more await
crustaceans, the head and thorax are fused into
one single section.
DEBATE
CAMOUFLAGE OR
discovery. They have an extraordinary range ot MIMICRY
lifestyles including grazing, predation, filtering GETTING OXYGEN
< Many arthropods have adapted to their
particles of food in water, and drinking fluids Aquatic arthropods, such as crustaceans,
environment by blending imperceptibly
such as nectar or blood. breathe with gills. The bodies of most land
t/5

Hi
Arthropods are coated by an exoskeleton made of arthropods —
and myriapods are
insects — into

so
it.

like
Stick insects, for example, look

twigs that they are very difficult

H a tough material called chitin. It is sufficiently permeated by a network of microscopic,
for predators to spot. In contrast,
< flexible around the joints to allow for mobility, but air-filled tubes called tracheae. These open out
arthropods, such as wasps, have
0S
resists stretching. As arthropods grow, they must through pores known as spiracles on the sides evolved bright colors that warn others
CQ
U periodically molt their exoskeleton, which is of the body, usually one pair per body section. they are distasteful or dangerous. The

H replaced by a slightly larger one. The exoskeleton Small muscles inside the spiracles regulate the hornet moth is completely harmless

serves as protective armor but also helps reduce flow ofair by means of valves. In this way, but avoids predation because it looks

water loss in very dry habitats. oxygen can seep directly to all cells of the body and sounds exactly like a hornet.
> Despite their similar appearance, other
Z and does not need to be transported in blood.
anatomical features separate them into
BODY PARTS Some arachnids breathe with tracheae; others
different families. The hornet moth
Arthropods evolved from a segmented ancestor, with leafy chambers in their abdomen that
belongs to the family Lepidoptera and
perhaps like an annelid worm. Body segmentation evolved from the ^ills of their aquatic ancestors. the hornet to the family Hymenoptera.
persists in all arthropods, but is especially obvious Most use a combination of the two.

MILLIPEDES AND
CENTIPEDES shiny brown
exoskeleton

Millipedes and centipedes form a group of

multi-segmented arthropods called myriapods.
Millipedes typically have two leas per body 1 '/2-2 in

segment; centipedes have only one per segment. 4 5 cm

Whereas millipedes arc vegetarian, centipedes

are predatory carnivores.

2-3 mm/ '/i6— '/si:

BROWN GIANT PILL MILLIPEDE
Zephronia sp.
»^4fet< 1\ift tif JD'i.'uJ'u
1
'
Spnaerotheriidae

im&zM AMERICAN SHORT-

HEADED MILLIPEDE
F:
Brachvcvbc sp.
Andrognathidae
I
1
I Ml
Giant
differ
pill

from
millipedes, such as this
their smaller
relatives in that they have
northern hemisphere

rather than 1
1 3

2
Bornean species

bodv sections

BRISTLY MILLIPEDE This is a North American representative

nl a family of small, millipedes that
P/4 _l> 2in BLACK GIANT PILL
flat
Polyxcnus lagurus j 4c, MILLIPEDE
¥'. Polyxenidae li\e in rotting wood and leaf litter.
Zoosphaerium sp.
One of a family of millipedes F: Spnaerotheriidae
armed with defensive woodlouselike One nl many southern hemisphere
bristles, this tinv species of giant pill millipedes, this species
the Northern Hemisphere is native to Madagascar.
lives under the bark of trees
and in leaf litter.

frontal
L% shn-U

WHITE-RIMMED PILL
MILLIPEDE
Glomeris marginata
F: Glomeridae
k „
Vk— 3
0.6-2
4 in

cm

Pill millipedes, such as this

European specks, have fewer
bodv segments than other
millipedes and can roll into
j ball when disturbed.
 tu U K SN \KI Mil I IPI HI

ul.K

Un this dUtiiKi
white lejjged milliped<
1
,iu.|h

III- llllli ll I .
loUUll
t limbing trees and « jIU
\MI Kit \N t.l \\l Mil I IPI l>l

m \.n. eus amerii anus

i ^| holidai

I Kli Urge . Mlantii > nasi mllllpi di b

ofmainl) Vmcrican, cylindrical millipedes Lllti Its

it in\ n, ii it
I..1*. noxious In n
i .il- in di It i t i it ii

BKDNNN sN Vkl MILL1PED1

l : I'.ilula.
\IKU \N
t.l \M Mil I IPI Dl in utiM. mii i in ni
\ member of a Urge famih
ft»(i ionium qermanit urn
u jl millipedes «ith
I Spirostn pi itl.it
nents, tin- -

One til il<. ill millipedes, tin- species o. tin -

I In- somewhat pi imiiivi millipi
ipean deciduous
m tropical \friea ami i- one ol man> species that n has a scattered distribution in Europi
irritating i hemi< als to defend tin m* Ii lives in woodland and n « mbl< s

In 1 1 Ii ImhI m ales when t oil< •!

1 \MIK\ II \l HUM l>

M I l()\\ I \ l< I 1

Mil I IPI Dl
i i NTIPI Dl
Geophilus //.Mm y
mlar i ophnidae I ,.

I velcss gcophilids hav<

- Kjm- proj<
i • leton that
iut.it segment
Hat b*
Un u i. .it It gs) than othci
them look -

centipedes. I his I uropi an

soil dwellei has been
ISt runner
introdut ed to the
\in, 1 1> .i- and Vustralia

I \\/ \\\ \\ I I \I-H U Kl I)

N\ 1 1 I IPI Dl
Dill Jiapi
I I 'wilt -niul.it

rbeshin) pitted surfaci tvpical

\ iall\ prominent
in thi- spe< ies from lh< tropica
iimms mom
CENT 1 1*1 Dl
I ill ifUJ

ItWDI I) MOM I I ithi .i. inl.it

ll\l IPI Dl In Ii, i Ing In n« nil bark

/ ithobius variegatm and on 1- . stoni i cnti|

i I , h.ii.i. ti i i-in alb havi 1 i

in . .1 to Britain, iln- bod) -. gmi "i- I his globally

centrpedc i- now known in continental I ui |.i. .nl jp i ii

ti.'i.
where native populations have unbanded

HOUSI
MM IPI Dl
S. ill)

I :
v
\n in. mi i.il abli • • ntipcdi .

iIhv loi inimal w iili

Mil. "I ill.

Nativi to ili. Mi 'lio i rani an

Iti in i EGGI I) i I NTIPI Dl

/ I!

I olopi li'ii il

rhii ' I"-' i' lal ml

>rbrant vi

ral with t
•
 ARACHNIDS
A class within the phylum arthropoda, chelicerae as fangs to inject venom and many
arachnids include predatory spiders first ensnare prey by spinning webs. Scorpions
poison their prey with the stin^ in their tail.
and scorpions, as well as mites and
Between their legs and chelicerae, arachnids
blood-sucking ticks.
also have a pair of limblike pedipalps. These are
Arachnids and related horseshoe crabs are modified into grasping pincers in scorpions or
X
u chelicerates -arthropods named for their sperm-transferring clubs in male spiders.
< claw like mouthparts (chelicerae).The head and
thorax of chelicerates are iused into one body MICROSCOPIC DIVERSITY
section, which carries the sensory organs, brain, Many mites are too small to see with the naked
and four pairs of walking legs. Unlike other eye. They abound in almost every habitat, where
C/3

— arthropods, chelicerates lack antennae. they scavenge on detritus, prey on other tiny
- invertebrates, or live as parasites. Some lead
EFFECTIVE PREDATORS innocuous lives in skin follicles, feathers, or
Scorpions, spiders, and their relatives are land- fur; others cause disease or allergy. One group
—the ticks — are blood-suckers and can spread This female wasp spider
PQ waits at the
living predators that have evolved quick ways of
center of her dewy orb web to ensnare
- immobilizing and killing prey. Spiders use their disease-causing microbes. an) insect prey that might fly in.

—
>
CHILEAN BURROWING
z SCORPION
Centromachctcs pococki
F: Bothriuridae

A burrowing scorpion from the Southern

Hemisphere, this species occurs in
temperate forests in South America,
often under rotting I02

MARITIME FINGER-CLAWED BROAD-HEADED

PSEUDOSCORPION PSEUDOSCORPION PSEUDOSCORPION
Veobisium maritimum Dactylochelifet latreillei Chthonius ischnochclcs
F: Neobisiidae F: Chefiferidai F: Chthoniidae

A common European coastal Pseudoscorpions are tiny Pseudoscorpions, such as this

pseudoscorpion, this species lives arachnids that kill their pre) European species, sometimes
under stones and seaweed in the with venomous pincers. This find small pre) in animal nests by
lash and upper intertidal zones. European spec us lives at the hitchhiking in the fur or feathers of
base of seashore grasses. the parent animal.

AFRICAN ROCK SCORPION

HaJogenes phyllodes
F: Liochelidae

Typical of a family of rock scorpions,

this southern African species has a
IMPERIAL broad, flat body for squeezing into
SCORPION cracks between rocks.
Pandinus impcrator
F: Scorpionidae

< Iih ol the largest of all scorpions

this African forest species is more
docile and has a milder sting than
many of the desert-duellers.

COMMON
EUROPEAN SCORPION
Buthus occitanus
F: Buthidae

Found throughout North Africa

and around the Mediterranean,
the venom of this species is less

l potent than that of its

southern relatives.

YELLOW SAY'S
THICK-TAIL SCORPION HARVESTMAN
AnJroctonus amorcuxi Vonones sayi
f: Buthidae F: Cosmetidae
Most thick-tail scorpions are Harvestmen have undivided
small but have potent venoms. bodies and are nonvenomous.
This large species from the Sahara Many, including this American
pulps modified and Middle East has caused species, produce distasteful
as pincers human fatalities. chemicals to deter predators.

/
 \\u Rl( sun SPIDI Rw
Brtmobaies sp
i I i. mobatiaai
.hi spidei s « nil

pal tie ul.nK In .'. jaws 1 his

n. k nil n.il n|><\ ies i- found in wti m

pai ts of North and Central Vmerica PAINTI i> mi\ SPIDI K

Hi
i Solpu id u

sun ~|>uIi i i, alga i ailed < amel

5 Ban
spidei
it tat Ivi
- , an fasl i unning, d<
i.i
m 1 1 llvln
m
his Is
•x
.i tluu ii. J 1
in \li it a
H
1 .

m
WIND SPIDI u 03

i Gali odidai P3

\ . ..linn. .11 s| .. , I. I in ill. In. >

..I Mm spidei s, i 1 1 1- Middli H
I . i. mi spccii Is named fi u its m
J . 1 1 1 \ I., toll i ate sand stoi ma

IIOUK Will l K X\
Ill(.(.l 1 I I i 0MMON\ I l\ I I m II
SPIDI R Ml
I WO-SPOI
I
mhnulj Jiitumnj/is hi'mbtJium holosericeum 1

r
ulii' Tetrc
i rrombiculidac i i
ombidiidae
inportant Itidae
Adults fi chigger mites I In* is .i widespn ad I ui.im.im
Out id cereal are vegetarian. Inn thiir species ol velvet mite \\ rt< n
i
i. It

products. I ike mam other larvae feed on thi- >kin ol young, it lives parasitit all) i ifl
. .i mites thai ~u. k thi sa

other animal-, including other arthropods, but !••

.il plants. 1 he\ wi aki n
ion tjutf alii •

when mature the plan) and . an transmil

J humans. Their chewing predatory
\ n. i! disi .i«^
taunt intense irritation

'
*4 '
ii in

I .mm 0.5 mm > I mm

I ik. othi i 1)1.""! sui king

in ks, tin- sp, cies i non
in woodlands in the I Is \

. .in ii m Mm .i .iiii.I.. i .,l

lis, .I-, .
ausing mil robi
\ \KKD\ Mill M \N(,| Will (. Hit Kl N Mill PI Ksi VNFOWI I 1CK
-Jnd iei Dtrmjm SSUS tjalhnjc /. |U
F:Varroidae 1 - ircoptidac l : I lermanyssidae i \- vasid ii

Parasitic on h> Thi- nnv milt- burrows into the \ blood-sui kinu parasite oi \ blood su fi '" I,

• .1 on -kin .it various mammal -p. poultr\, thi- mite lives ini In. i 'I. . In. ken
bee larvae. When mature, id- cycle ii completes its lil< cycle in ihaped, sofl bodied td< I

tries attach to adult bees and It cj - in human- and 111 It- host, spread disease between bird
spread to other r mange in carnhn hut emerges at ni^lii to feed tan . aii-i paralysis

SP|\>
H \l<\ ESTMAN
DlfCOC Iff:.
•ivleptiifae

Thi- South American

man has -pinv hi-

as a
|

predat'--
and logs in for.

W HIPS< OltlMON
flORM I) II \K\lsl W \N rnrynu
Phalangium or, K I'll! I : I fn I ;

K Hhalan-j Whip -pi.! Iropii al whip si orpfon

.mon har\. spid i .i whiplike
whiplil i. ill, Imi no
ami North
i.ln
this speacs has i
I.

•
,1 in lr'>|M Ilunl lr..m lli. Ii
with projecting

NvJ
 HNIDS
264

CHACO TARANTULA
z Acanthoscuma insubtilis
- F:Theraphosidae
Manv large theraphosids,
such as this South American
< pecies, live in disused rodent
FUNNEL-WEB SPIDER MEXICAN RED-KNEED burrows. Despite their
Atiax Tobustus TARANTULA
< F: Hexathelidae Brachvpelma smithi popular name, they do
F:Theraphosidae not eat birds.
Females oi this aggressive
Australian spider live in This is one of many
t/3
burrows with funnel-like, theraphosids: large -bodied
UJ
silk-lined entrances. The spiders popularly called
dangerous bite most bird-eaters or tarantulas.
< frequently comes from males They prey on large insects,
wandering tor mates. on small vertebrates.
rarely

DQ
u
H
—
>

NORTH AMERICAN SIX-EYED SPIDER

TRAPDOOR SPIDER Oonops domesticus
Ummidia audoumi F: Oonopidae
F: Ctenizidae This tiny, pink, six-eyed
This N. American spider builds spider occurs in warm
a cork-like trapdoor set with parts of Eurasia, but
trip-lines. Stumbling prey alert further north — including
the predator waiting in a in Britain — it is found
silk-lined burrow beneath. only in houses.

i /nit' ba
>n legs

\ LADYBIRD DWARF
^ SPIDER
Eresus kollari
SPIDER
Gonatium sp.
F: Eresidae F: Linyphiidae

Only males of this Eurasian Typical of a very large

spider have the eponymous family of liny "money
ladybird pattern. It catches spiders," this Northern NORTHERN
prey from within silk- Hemisphere species build SPITTING SPIDER
lined burrows on sheet webs and can trave. Scytodes thoracica
heathland slopes. on the wind by ballooning F: Scytodidae EUROPEAN GARDEN SPIDER
on silken threads. Spitting spiders are sluggish Araneus diadematus
spiders that sprav gummy, F: Araneidae

poisonous fluid to immobilize A weaver of orb webs from the Northern

prey before biting. Its range Hemisphere, this spider of woodland,
spans the Northern Hemisphere. heath, and gardens is marked by a white
cross on a variable background color.

DADDY LONG-LEGS CRAB-LIKE SPINY

SPIDER CAVE SPIDER ORB-WEAVER
Pholcus phalangwides Meta menardi Gasteracantha cancnformis
F: Pholcidae F: Araneidae F: Araneidae
Spindly-legged pholcids vibrate Many spiders of the One of manv American
their webs when disturbed. genus Mcta, such as this orb-weavers with defensive
Many are cave dwellers, but European species, spines, this species inhabits
thiscosmopolitan species inhabit caves, where the southern USA and the
inhabits houses. Females carry they suspend their Caribbean. Colors of the
;s in their jaws. drop-shaped egg sacs. body and spines vary.
 mikm in W 1 It

SPID1 K
Pisaura mirabilis
i Pisauridat 265
Females >'t i l>i - I uraslan
r> theii
spidei i.ii

;. the hod> b\ tlu ii

up
|*VV8, !>•!.. I. iv.

mil mi \ "lent" ol silk, to

voting

NORTHERN I \K \\ I 111 \ WiM I M'IDI K I UKOI'I \N WON M'IDI It

WIDOW MMD1K
Ljlr I : I \. ..si.la,

P. htriiliul.il
I
1 ll|S >|H\U 'S IN ll \ typical "I'll ipider, this fui i n
led In i.i

v ich venom tarantula: a large member brown spidei huntsovei ground

unusualU clangcruuj to humans, ol tin- woll spidei IjiuiU from without web Femah
.i

Irm md voung i id< on ili< UK \/ll I \\

; jcntK cat the smaller ti> b, mothei 's bai k w win RING SPIDI R
IhhIic-cI hud a:
i < '
lai

Win. I. rln pidei

ll I. 'Ml. ll.Hll ill. II

habits
I his ipi cli Brazilian
n I. In. i

Imi.

K VI I SPIDER W \ll R M'IDI R (.1 \M MOUM M'IDI It

WW Kll W l.Ol DIN fimbriatui roneta aquatica aria duellict

sll K ORB-WI WIK l : Dolomedidae i i -.
bai idai i . \

:vm swamp spider, rheord) routinely aquatic spider, \ in. ml., i ..I .i group "i
I Vphlllvlae wi bs
this Jp n small this 1 urasjan pond species builds spidi i
shei i

onh \nu : fish, which it ..an attract b) j submerged, air tillril chamber, wuli tubular retreats, iln-

\ibralin.; the water surface inside which n eats it> prey, spei
:'.T- ll IS
wild its ll including small lish ,i, i. i^N ill, Ni >i thi i M 1 lemisphere
..jtshed b\ feather) tutts

(,()l DINROD
CR \I5 MMDIR
F:Thomi*idae
Females of this Northern DIIMIMK HtlMsM \N SPIDI l<

nispbcre spider can cr. i

Heuropoda rotatoria
their color from white to yellow 1-: S I I K,\M JUMPING SPIDI R
im... ullage in Bow Widespread throughout tropical anil lllj ItlUtd

ambushing nectar-feeding ii subtropical regions, this large hut I Saltii idai

harml- Jumping iall)

in homes for pn dicers, in llu lr"|)u I

'•'

-
-
i

- -• -.•
nunication

fjnee

I1KOWS JIIMIMM. «.K \ss ( It \H

SPIDI l< SPIDI R
/// -
IU1
i - i Philodromid
.Nil

.ni'l an
hip I along
 MEXICAN
266
RED-KNEED
TARANTULA
Brachypelma smith i
With its stout, furrv body, the Mexican red-kneed tarantula
might seem more mammal-like than spiderlike. The female
can up to 30 years, which is unusual for an invertebrate, but the life
live
< span of the male is only up to six years. Brachypelma smithi is one of a group ot
spiders that gets the nickname of bird-eater because of size, and although most
of their diet consists of fellow arthropods, they can and do take down small
SIZE Body length 2-3 in (5-7. 5 cm)
mammals and reptiles when the opportunity arises. In its native Mexico this HABITAT Tropical deciduous forests

burrows in earth banks, where it is safe to molt and lay eggs,

species lives in DISTRIBUTION Mexico
DIET Mostly insects
and from which it ambushes its prey. Habitat destruction is now a threat, and,
because the species makes a popular pet, it is routinely bred in captivity.

legs are covered in

specialized hairs sensitive to
< EYES
air movements and touch
Like most spiders, the tarantula has
eight simple eyes arranged at the
front ot die head. Even so, it has poor
vision, and relies more on touch
its surroundings
than sight to sense
and the presence of prey.

< JOINTS
Like all arthropods,
tarantulas have jointed
legs. Each leg consists
ot seven tubular sections
of exoskeleton that connect
via flexible joints. Muscles
run through these joints
to move the sections.

< FOOT
At the tip of each foot are two
claws used for grip as the tarantula
moves. As in other hunting spiders,
there are also pads of tiny hairs for
extra purchase on smooth surfaces.

< SPINNERETS
Glands in the abdomen
produce silk in liquid form.
Using its hind legs, the
A VENOMOUS FANGS tarantula pulls the silk from
Tarantula fangs hinge forward when attacking pre tubes called spinnerets. The
unlike most other spiders, whose fangs are angled silk solidifies into threads
toward each other. Both fangs inject venom from used to make egg sacs and
muscular sacs within the head to paralyze the victim. line the spider's burrow.
 i/iirib abdomen contains
most .'/ tht animal's
i Ual internal organs

UNDIKMDI '

The hcail and thur I

which carries thi li

mouthpartv Th»- al -
r hrcathing
and r

d
 —

268
SEA SPIDERS
fragile-looking marine animals distant cousins of the arachnids. Most sea spiders PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
live among seaweeds in shallow seas are small — less
3
than /8inch (1 cm) in body length
and coral reefs in tropical waters. The Thev have three or four pairs of legs and the head
and thorax are fused together. Instead of clawlike
largest species live in the deep ocean.
mouthparts they have a stabbing proboscis, which
Sea spiders of the class Pycnogonida are not true they use like a hypodermic needle to suck fluids
spiders, and are so remarkably different from other from their invertebrate prev. Their spindly body
arthropods that some scientists think they belong shape means they do not need gills; thev relv
< to an ancient lineage that is not closely related to instead on oxygen seeping directly into all their
_
any groups alive today. Others think they are cells through their body surface.

s/3

- YELLOW-KNEED
% in/2 cm GIANT SEA SPIDER SEA SPIDER
Colossendeis mecjalonyx
Unknown sp.
< F: Colossendeidae
f: Callipallenidae
One
OS
of the largest of all sea
Some species of sea spiders — such as this speci

03
spiders, this
animal of sub-Antarctic
is a deep-sea
ot Australian reefs — are strikingly colored, otti

u waters, with a leg span of

camouflage against their colorful surroundi

28in(70cm).

_ s
/i6in/8 mm SPINY SEA SPIDER
> Endeis spinosa
Z F: Endeidae

This sea spider found around —

European coasts but possibly
ranging elsewhere — has an
especially spindly body, with a
long cylindrical proboscis

16 in/ 5 mm FAT SEA SPIDER GRACEFUL SEA SPIDER

Pycnogonum littoralc Nymphon gracile
F: Pycnogonidac F: Nymphonidae
Unlike most other sea spiders, < hi. i il tin most common sea
this European species has a spiders of the Northeast Atlantic
thick body and comparatively this species occurs in the
short, curved, clawed legs, h intertidal zone and
I. i il\ mi ani-nic mi's. in offshore shallows.

HORSESHOE CRABS
The Merostomata are PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
a small class of are most closely related to arachnids. The leaflike
( CLASS MEROSTOMATA )
sea-dwelling relatives of spiders and gills on the underside of their abdomens are the
ORDER
scorpions. Of prehistoric origin, they forerunners of similar internal structures — the FAMILY
1

are widely regarded as "living fossils." so-called book lungs that arachnids use to — SPECIES
1

IZJ
breathe on land. The pedipalps are used as a fifth
Horseshoe crabs were more diverse in
far pair of legs, which is one pair more than in
prehistory, when animals like them may well spiders. Horseshoe crabs grub around muddy
in
have been the first chelicerates on Earth. Their ocean waters to catch their prey. They come
clawlike mouthparts and lack of antennae indicate ashore in large numbers to breed, laving
that, despite their hard carapace, horseshoe crabs their spawn in sand.

JAPANESE ATLANTIC
HORSESHOE CRAB HORSESHOE CRAB
Tachypleus tridentatus Limulus polyphemus
F: Limulidae ¥'. Limulidae

jused head and

This horseshoe crab spawns in sand\ This species of the Northwest Atlantic
thorax covered
shores of Eastern Asia. Habitat Ocean gathers in spring, breeding in
by carapace
destruction and pollution have ilcpleted swarms along American coastlines 16-24 in
Us numbers in some parts of its range. 40-60 cm
especially around the Gulf of Mexico.
CRUSTACEANS 2</)
.Most crustaceans arc aquatic , hro.it ho used lor brooding young, villi- tie most > i usta< , ans
PHY i UM VRTHHOPOOA
vi and have limbs for c r.iw
ith lulls, ling to water, although woodlict and some crabs hav< Mllll'lll 1 II M .M U 1 \
J

or swimming. A lew are sedentary .t>

modified breathing organs that enable them to li\* ORDI us
m damp pla< es on land. 1 \ Mil II s
2
adults, parasitic, or land 1 i >. ino.
sri mis
Being pei manenth underwater, where theii <
The basic bod) plan ol a ,. rustacean consists >>t wt ight is suppoi ted, allows crustaceans to develop
m
a bead, a thorax, and an abdomen, although in thick, heav) exoskeletons Mam species hav<
D E
-
main groups ilu- head and thorax are (used exoskeletons that are hardened with minerals,
CRUSTACI AN ANCrSlRY m
cc
together. In crabs, lobsters, and shrimps a frontal which are reabsorbed between molt- when tin
Hap grows backward to cover the entire head and outer v oating of the both, is shed. With theii bodies taceans have many un
Features, Includli
thora\ with a shelllike carapace. Crustaceans are buoyed up b) water, man) crustaceans havt H
the onh arthropods that have two pan- ol antennae becomt biggei than their land based relatives
two pronged lnnl
m
they are exclusive descend </)
ami primitive!) two pronged limbs 1 imbs >.n\ the Ihe woi Id's largest arthropod is tlu deep sea
nmonancei
thorax are usual!) used tor locomotion, Inn in |apanese spider crab (leg span I ^li rui). Vtthe
recent DNA analysis suggests thai
some spec ies the\ are modified a- pin< < 1 s for other extreme, crustat < an- make up the hulk ol insects are also desct'mkui from the -
reeding or defense. Main rustaceans also havt animal lift in plankton, either as tin) larvae oi as
>.
crustacean group. C
well-developed abdominal limbs, w hi< h art often an ailuli shrimp and krill.
-
>
—
WATER 111 VS \\ \ R \ AC 1 I S
t.i \M i OPI POD

AND R I ATI V AND COPEPODS Mat

>
•

1 1 S i I lopidai
z
Copep
The class Branchiopoda arc primarily freshwater Like other marim crustaceans, thi i la-.-, ..l plankton; this w idi ^\<" ad

crustaceans, whuh make up pan ol the plankton thai Maxillopoda start lift as tin) planktonu larvae
quito I. ii vai offcrii
flourish in short lived |xm>U. sun i\ ing long periods <>l Barnat ement themselves, head dovt n,
le lai v ae >

a pi iti ntial mi ans "I

drought as eggs ["heir thoraxes earn, leaf) limbs foi on rocks Most copepods stay fret swimming, , controlling thi i insect

breathing and filter feeding Water Heas are t) picalh although som< b< omi pai asitt s (

encased in a transparent carapat i

1)1 I I' sl \ (,(>osl II \H\ U I I

lllini 1

San I
N. I I
j
>, III. I. II

I. .ills 1 1 \ . • .11 hi,. I

h Inn n hit. i reeds i in othi i

i
idi bacteria

BRIM nMRIMI'
irtemu jj/mj
(. l)\l\l()\ UOHN (.1 \N I U ORM B \KN \( I I ( O.MMON COOSI

found «orld»idr

eggs can r
stalk-eved animal
in salt
1. lis
pools am]
hard-shelled
! drought
is
I \K(.I
Djp/inu mjijnj
h: I
\\ Ml
>aphniidae
K 111 \
l :
BARN \CLE
Scmibaliinut /ij/jhi'iJo
Vn haeobalanidae
',» to drying out, tin-
I In
Rjljnus nuhihf.
i

world's largest bai na<

: Balanidai

ttached to roc ki
le, this
Goi
U\l<\

i l

Ies
padii
lid
\(

an
I

.
I

ittai hed
%.
intertidal -\*< ies is most .
h the intertidal lew along hi In
This North American «atrr IK a. I

like
abundant at tin baa ol the tlu I'.i. ifii \..i ili \iu. i ii in . oasl .i flexibli tall I
hi pi

harna, ; osed
I,
inside its carapace. These hatch
uithnut Fertilization, rapiilK
Niirih Atlaniu nxk\ coastlines. H mtii

populati- ilt.

COM MO\
I ISII OHM I

51 \ I ohm \Sl \\ U OI<\ It \l<\ \( I I I vll

I
.
.llnl.1.

i :
I I. ii i. fitidae I lii- i- .i ll.itii in d,

M \KIM W MIR II I \ ip ul last iwimmin

inn; puds
.
thai "ii the intertidal zone on Indo With .111 H\.ll i .III

t: t' marinr I

attai k« salni'in and n I it ii tu.ilK i .,1 li-li and iui V ilu ii hi.. ml

J Minilar ^|-
occur in
stagnant trrshuatcr p>KiU This,
howeser. is a viltwatrr sp-
of oceanic plankton.

\IRN\I Pool IADPOL1 SHRIMP

LepiJuru
F:Tnopsidae f,i \( i \i < OPI POD
Tadpole shnmp< are ancient, honor
crostaceans of temporary Ireshw ater pools
Retaores of this Calitomian species hase
220 million rears of evolution ,m|Kirtant
changed little in
 SEED SHRIMPS
shrimps belong to the class Ostracoda.
The entire bodS ol a seed shrimp is enclosed
GIANT SWIMMING CRAWLING SEED
SEED SHRIMP SHRIMP
within a two valve hinged carapace, with (riijantocjpris sp. Cypris sp.
just the limbs poking through. It threatened, I : Cypridinidae F: Cyprididae

These small Most seed shrimps are tiny This widespread freshwat
the animal can shut itself inside.
Si
crustaceans with two-valved ' crustacean belongs to a
Z crusta< eans i raw! through vegetation in
carapaces; this is a large, deep-sea group of small, hard-shell
< marine and freshwater habitats; some use species with big eyes for huntin seed shrimps that crawl
their antennae to swim. bioluminescent prey. through detritus.

<
-
s. CRABS AND RELATIVES ANTARCTIC KRILL
Euphousia supcrha
F: Euphausiidae
The Malacostraca class is the most diverse crustacean group.
Swarms of these plankton-feeding
U The basic features are head, thorax, and an abdomen with
rustaceans are critical components ol
multiple limbs. Two large orders within this class include the Southern Ocean food chains that
the decapods, which have a carapace that curves around the support whales, seals, and seabirds.
C/5 fused head-thorax to contain a gill cavity, and the isopods
— (woodlice and relatives), which lack a carapace and are the
largest group of land-living crustaceans.
<
os
CO
—
H
OS
l.S 2.2cm
m I Ti.
RELICT OPOSSUM SHRIMP
l/i sjs

F:
rchitj
Mysidae
- translucent, feathery-legged opossum shrimps
> t.ii i \ brood pouch. Most live
their larvae in a

z COMMON in coastal waters, but this species is found in

FRESHWATER SHRIMP Ircshwatcrs in the Northern Hemisphere.

Gammarus pulex
F: Gammaridae

This northern European amphipod,

abundant in freshwater streams,
belongs to a family ol detritus-eating
freshwater shrimps. Related species
COMMON inhabit brackish waters
SANDHOPPER
Orchcstw qammarellus
F: Talitridae SPINY SKELETON
One
SHRIMP
of many amphipods
Caprella acanthifera
(sideways-flattened
*V f: Caprellidae
crustaceans), this European
is a
interridal sandhopper so — I

this
ike other skeleton
is a slender,
shrimps,
slow-moving,
called because can jump by
it
predatory amphipod with lew
Hipping its abdomen.
legs. It clings to seaweeds in
European rockpools.

COMMON WATER
SKATER
Asellus aquaticus
F: Aseflidae

A common European member

a Family of freshwater
woodlice relatives, this species
crawls among detritus in GIANT DEEPSEA
stagnant water. ISOPOD
Bathynomus giganteus
F: Cirolaniaae

A
r"
y \ tailjin used

for swimming
giant marine relative of
woodlice, this species crawls
Vfe£&&£ along ocean beds, scavenging
on dead animals and
segmented occasionally taking live prey.
exoskeleton

BLACK-HEADED COMMON PILL

WOODLOUSE WOODLOUSE
COMMON Porcellio spinicornis
ArmdJilliJium vulgare
SEA SLATER 1-: Porcellionidae
F: Armadillidiidae
Ligia oceanica I »lli n living alongside
Pill woodlice are
humans, especially in
characterized by their
A large coastal woodlouse, lime-rich habitats, this
ability to roll into a ball
this 1
lives distinctly marked woodlouse
when disturbed. This
above the is native to Europe but has
species is widespread
interudal /one. It feeds invaded North America.
across Eurasia and
on detritus.
introduced elsewhere.
 SING »PORl
BAMBOO
PR
IK. IK
WW
SHRIMP ^Y
Pet .\<n i \

K Penaeidac I mm a lamih ol nuvslh

I wkleh farmed, giant
his u imps,
Indo Pacific prawn belongs in a this in a blt<

group that does not hrvonl u> southeast \su that , ats

fertilized eggs, but releases them particles v aught an i^

. t!\ into th. Ian like hunt mi, h in lhis Inilo I' i's, l.i, k
H
, law ~ .111,1 li.i\. In n \, spun IT-
s.nk. I, ton« .in,l long, ttoui tnti nnti
PI UIK W Wll»K
.

DO
SHRIMP 90

lontodax rvlidae
Mantis shrimps ol »jrm marine
shallosss orv intelligent oikI lormidaole
s lhis lih!
o\l\ii>\ \l SOP MIKIMP
pk \\\s PanJalus montogui
smash
Pa/demon serratus 1 Pandal
the shells ol , rahs ami snails
i I'iI.i, 1110111,1.1,
Mali > "i ilns , old » ati 1

\ lai gi . common iall) impoi tan) m< ml., 1

\..i 1I1 \1l.1ni1, n|ii imp
ol a lannK ol sin mips u ill m.iii. Inn. s , hang! ml..
. .11 apai < . this spe< ies inhabits noi thrasl 1, males afti 1 1 * 16 months
\1l.mi1. ,...i,i,, frequenting the intei tidal cone t )tlu 1 IndiN iduali n main
mmbi male "i fi mal< throughout
ilu n lives

M'oi 1 1 I) 1 I 1 \M it SHRIMP
fjmenei 1 u< utdnh us
1 : I'.il.i, in. .in.l.i.

I his 1 .11 ibbi in . 1 usta< 1 an

lives in sea mi mom and
lik< man) othei reel
dwelling shrimps « Ii

km .111,1 parasiti
isitii

w III 1 1 CLAWED CRAYFISH

lust)
I \ In nl.n

t rayfish an small, 1 11

ll, slm.it. 1 11 l.ilm s ol 11 HI Ii lb

Juhhkt I Ins isa European 1 pccii ind

limh\ delira C OMMON St \KU1 I nly ( rayfish 11. in.. 1.. Bi 1

H»i SHRIMP
Saton marmoratus
I : I lippolytidai

\ member ol the hump I>.h k

shrimp Iannis, this Indo In ifii

not turnal
predatoi "I smaller animals
It turns red at night

CtlMMOS sllRIMP

Ihi* shallow -water cni

•ncrcialls t.~

European coasts. It habitual Is

hides in sand with on:
and antenr.

S< III PIUR.I) s| IPPI R IHHMIK M KK \ll I) SI IPPI l(

Parribacus antarcti I OHM IK

llandae •

s of spins lobsters, cla-w levs slipper

lobsters have llattcned, platelike antenna. ill bodii il ii

This nocturnal species h\e» on tropical 1111 rapi<ll

reefs with sands hotr . »

» CRABS
AND RELATIVES ROBBER CRAB
Birgus latro
F: Coenobitidae
The largest land-living arthropod
this hermit crab is a relative of
squat lobsters and inhabits
Indo- Pacific island forests,
eating coconuts using
massive pincers.
PINK SQUAT LOBSTER
Launea siagiam
F: Galatheidae

Manv tropical squat lobsters are

associated with specific reef
organisms. This tiny, hairy
Indonesian species lives on
Kestospongia vase sponges.

BLUE-STRIPED
SQUAT LOBSTER
Galathea strigosa
F: Galatheidae

Slender-clawed squat lobsters

J
4in/2cm unequal-sized claws
such as this European species are
used for signaling
decapods (ten-legged), but the last
leg pair is reduced, making them
ht-legped.

ANEMONE PORCELAIN CRAB

Petrolisthes ohshimai
F: Porcellanidae

Porcelain Crabs are tiny, eight-legged

decapods more closely related to
squat lobsters than true crabs. This
Indo-Pacific species lives in giant
Stichodactyla anemones.

/I8-'/2in/8-12i
s

INDO-PACIFIC
PEA CRAB
Pinnotheres sp.
F: Pinnotheridae

Tiny pea crabs complete their life

cycle on or in the bodies of other

marine invertebrates. This Philippine
species lives on cup corals.

RED REEF HERMIT CRAB

Paguristes cadenati
WHITE-SPOTTED ANEMONE HERMIT CRAB
F: Diogenidae HERMIT CRAB Dardanus pedunculatus
I lermit crabs inhabit discarded Dardanus megistos F! Diogenidae
snail shells that accommodate F: Diogenidae This hermit crab of Indo-Pacific reefs
their soft coiled abdomen. This This crustacean of the eastern Atlantic always carries aCalliactis anemone on
on Indo-Pacific and and Indo-Pacific coasts is a "left-handed" which shares its food and
its shell,

hermit crab, with an enlarged left claw. provides camouflaged protection.

 \ I l\ I I NW IM \\l\l.
111 III
i R \l?
V SM MMI\l.I

CRAB
i Poi tunitui
|<jiK1U I v , 1 his
I lu- In. I,. Pacini swimming crab
- saml\ ui nui.UK coastlines,
common at low •
\miIi juveniles entering the Intel inl.il
on rot i the
I ike us i. latives, n |n.
northeast \tljittiv
.<llu i tnvei n Ih .it.

I In -I iih u 1.1IK

Impoi t.mi I urop< .in

.in. m Idi "pli i n-i" ii

.111.1 .

l* than 20

j \I'\M SI SI'IDI It

( l< \U ,
I/. i. rot hetra kai n
i : in. H in. 1 1.

\\ ith Ii i
•
i
i. n. •
ii in i
ii,.

world u 'I" •

'i"
"I It oo "i - in

noi thwi st P ui. i

i
.

|
•

lives for up to 1 00 i

I'W \MI( IUltOI'l \\

UtltOW ( It \lt I Id \l MIW
It I

Stenorht m/m* debilis t it \n

I : In.H liiil.n n potamioi

inburrow* ,ml\ in th<- t iristmas \rrow 1 1. ili- .in small, i :

Potami
Man. Hu;< numkr- march
I in in annual stalk eyed, ~|nk\ I
\ iih lulu i nl -i

migration ti> thr "*a for spawnii spidci i r.il>" I In- I l.nniK ill I ill. im. iii i i. ili" Ii

ilw. . " "|n ml" nun Ii nl il" m n land

OK \N(,I
I 11)1)1 I It ( It \l!

I iddli
ii an
law

Rl I) s| \
(.MOM C K \B

lidac

as thi<
MITTEN CRAB
mdo-Pacih.
pah-
crah"
stalk
r

-
i<kll(T

.:« arc
jnning
I :
\

J
beach dss.
 .

INSECTS
Insects appeared on land more
first of variants based on three major body regions— PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
than 400 million years ago and today the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head, made ( CLASS INSECTA )
up of six fused segments, houses the brain and ORDERS
they account for more species than any 30

carries the major sensory organs: compound eyes, FAMILIES About 1,000
other class on the planet. SPECIES About ,000,000
secondary light-receptive organs called ocelli, and 1

Insects have evolved diverse lifestyles and the antennae. The mouthparts are modified
although most are terrestrial, there are also
numerous freshwater species but almost no
according to diet, allowing the sucking of liquids
or the chewing of solid foods.
DEBATF
HOW MANY SPECIES?
marine. They have a number of key features, such The thorax made up of three segments, each
is
t/3
as a small size, an efficient nervous system, high bearing a pair of legs. The posterior two thoracic The actual number of insect species
W
H reproductive rates, and — in many cases — the segments usually each bear a pair of wings. The likely to exist far exceeds the number
so far described, and many more are
< power of flight, which have led to their success. legs, which are each made up of a number of
discovered each year. Estimates hover
Insects include (among others) beetles, flies, segments, can be greatly modified to serve a
- around 2 million. However, research
- buttei flies, moths, ants, bees, and true bugs. Yet variety of functions from walking and running to
based on sampling in species-rich
H for all their diversity, insects are remarkably jumping, digging, or swimming. The abdomen, rain forests suggests that there could
Of similar. Evolution has modified the basic insect which is usually made up of segments, 1 1
be as many as 30 million species.
w anatomy many times over to produce a multitude contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
>
Z

S1LVERFISH
These primitive windless insects of the order
Thysanura have lengthy bodies that can be

^
covered with scales. The head has a pair of
long antennae and small eyes. The abdominal
segments have small
appendages (styles).

2 in/ 1 .2 cm

"
FIREBRAT
SILVERFISH Thermobia domestica
Lepisma saccharina F: Lepismatidae
F: Lepismatidae This insect is found
This common domestic worldwide and lives under
species can sometimes stones and in leaf litter.
be a nuisance in kitchens, Indoors, it prefers warm
where it feeds on tiny conditions and can be
scraps of dropped food a pest in bakeries.

MAYFLIES
Ephemeroptera are soft-bodied insects with slender legs and
two pairs of wings. The head has a pair of short antennae and
large, compound eyes. The end of die abdomen has two or
three long tail filaments. The life cycle is dominated by the
aquatic nymphal stages — the nonfeeding adults live for only MAYFLY
Ephemera danica
a few hours or days.
F: Ephemeridae

Breeding in rivers
and lakes with silty
bottoms, this large
mayfly is widespread
in Europe. Adults have
ong antennae and three
tail filaments.

POND OLIVE BLUE-WINGED OLIVE SIPHLONURUS LACUSTRIS

Cloeon dipterum Ephemerella ignita F: Siphlonuridae
F: Baetidae F: Ephemerellidae Very common
in upland lakes
A idespread European species,
\\
Adults of this northern European species in northern Europe, this summer
this mayfly breeds in a range of have three tail filaments. The males' rounded mayfly has two long tails and
habitats from ponds and ditches eyes have two parts, the larger upper portion greenish gray wings. The hind wings
to troughs and water butts. for spotting females. are small.
DA MS E L F LIES AN I) \/uiu mnsi 1 1 n
DRAGONFL1ES i

I
.
naotion puello
Coi " >:< 1> i. 1.

I
hi blu( and bUi ! in.ii ked mali i

These insects in the order ( Vlon.ua haw a distinctive .•I this \ \\ I

uropi i" ~|» i le« res)

long Kh1\ w uh a mobile head and large e\t s, gi> m^ in i|ui nt U on floating *, gi tation

ihkhI round vision rhe adults have two pairs

all
I email i .vU. > havi hlat k mai kings
Inn .hi gn - in~li . In w hi n
oi similarh sized wings and are fast Hying hunt.
the nymphs culture pre) underwater using theii
specialized mouthparts. Dragonfties are robust with
rounded beads, whereas damselflies are more slendei
«ith broader beads and wideh separated eyes

I \m
l\\ IN-SPOI II I) I'KIM 1 It \M\l I I \ll i \ti R \i i) DAMSI M LI
MMM I \ll hpithi\j prir. Lesta sponsa
:iJ.u/j[J I i ,
•ullllllil.lt i I . itidai
I t. oraulegastridae \ \\ Ittt -|Mt .1,1 \,>ltll Xllll'l It.lll Common wide band across urope
in i I

1 draponfh in found
hi> in the s, tht pi nut baskettail can be and \m.i. ibis damselfl) is found neai -iill
eaatern U^\ ami M'utlu teen patrolling ponds, lakes, > re< ks, orslovi moving, well vegetated watei
Canada, where it prefers lean v antl rivers from djwn unlil dusk
streams m mihhIoI habitat-.

I,

I 6( Ml

IM \ISSC I UMI Ml CO Ml I DAUM l< s\\ ii i ki\ I K CRUISI l<

Gomphui extei Inai longipes l/,/, irtin.i ulinoiensis

i i
pb i : \> shniaae i !
Ma nii,l ii

lb ing on warm sunn) daj - t i, i in i ing from Brazil I In- \,n ill Vmei i, .in •|» • ics

ami breeding in slow men ing, ti i M i,-,i, bust tts, iht , omi I patrols gravi IK ," n>, k\
I!\M)1 I) iiHitltb streams and mci-, ,I.H ii, i , .in bi found ova itn ami ana i ivei s, but i an also
1)1 MOISI 1 I I ihi> dragonfh is w idespn ad lakes and large ponds and has be si en Hying awaj From wati i

Calopten \ splendent in ill, lls\ .i steady, i

egulai High) patti I n al< ing iads "iti ks i ' .i,

}: Calopterygidae
Males "t damselnS from N \\
thiv lar^t- uropc ha\o I

mttalli. blue -green bodies and blue wine band*.

h-male* art- metallu green and lai k wing ma'

*irii] n-JJish
ji /,)>.-

i.R \i IM I \l I \ll M mil -I EGGI U DAMSI I II i BKOXI) -BODII 1) < II \SI l< II \ m i SKIMMER
Plji\<ncmi\ pcnnipei ihellultl depr- / ihelltilii mii •
ii
Htchooum there* t
/

f: Petalundae i . 1 Ox ll"l"l" i I Ibellulidai

A large dragonfly found in damp lbi> • mill 1 uropean «|« : iii ponds, stri imi

broad-leaded forests of the east coast i rial* in tht. hi i and pond I ! abdi n t In--

>rth America, this species breeds and r • ommon in ili,

in bo^gv area* and seeps. expanded and apt ,1, iv vellowish brown thwi tern USA
 .

STON EFLIES STICK AND LEAF E A RW IGS

Members ol the order Plecoptera arc soft,
INSECTS These slender, slightly flattened,

slender-bodied insects with a pair of thin These slow-moving herbivorous insects of the order scavenging insects belong to the order
tail filaments <m\ two pairs of wings. The Phasmatodea have stick- or leaflike bodies that may be smooth Dermaptera.They have short front wings

nvmplia! stages are aquatic or spiny. Many are well camouflaged to avoid predators. with large fan-shaped hind w in«s folded
beneath. The flexible abdomen ends in a
pair of multipurpose forceps.
TWO-STRIPED
STICK INSECT
Anisomorpha buprestoide.
F: Pnasmatidae
Found in the southern
USA, this species can eject
an acidic, defensive liquid
from glands in the thorax.
PERLA BIPUNCTATA
JUNGLE NYMPH
COMMON EARWIG
- F: Perlidae
STICK INSECT
Forficula durwulana
The males of this species, which favors stony F: Forficulidae
Heteropteryx Jilatata
streams upland regions, have much shorter This species can be found under bark and
< in

wings and can be half the size of the females.

F: Heteropterygidae
The female cares for her eggs
in leaf litter.
This impressive species is found in
and feeds the young nymphs.
Malaysia, females are flightless
ca
and green; males are smaller,
u winged, and brownish.
H

>
Z

ORCHID MANTIS
Hvmenopus coronatus
F: Hymenopodidae
'
With flower-mimicking color and
its

legs resembling petals, this southeast

Asian mantis is able to hide among
foliage and ambush small insects.
C KICK TS I A \ I)
GRASSHOPPERS
Orthoptera are mainh herbivorous,
Thi\ have two pairs >>t wings, although
some can tv short winged i>r wingless
The hind legs are often large and used
for jumping. I"he) sm^ In rubbing ( OMMON I II I I) i.K ISSHOPPI R Will l\t.ll>\ I Kl I \\ I I \ \lltll W t \\ I t lilt Kl I

their front « ings together >>r their HemiJeina > russ/Jem tphildt ih ....

Stenopi Imatidai
hitul livs on a « mo e.i.
i \ i Idai

I he common field grasshoppei is typicallx Nativi i.. \, .. Zealand, this nocturnal inseii I Ins central Mi it an spt . i. s is M ,

found on short. -I.in.l, lives in rotten wood and trci stumps It eats omnivorous si avt ngi i Its i

where it is most active on sunm da\s plant ni.iU'i i.il .is well .is small ins. . is daptation t< >
lilt in dai hitai

OIMKI ItH MM
I \.

•
nvmphs alt. i rain
stimulates this Mrican
m troni a s..|itar\ int.. a
It s«at ins in
billions, devastat

II U-KOI I l\t.
IKKKI I

i Grvllacridklac
K>und tn Australia, this

has relativeh Ions

antennae, uhuh max Ik-

up to three times the

length of the K

IHHIM t-KKKI I

I iir\llnlat

This nocturnal species mak

attractive chirpiiu ^tnalU
and North
trope.

I his i n. k. t is w idesprcad in southern

Europe, parts ol \lrua. an. I \sia an.l lives

on the ground under wood or debris

COCKROACHES
Members <>t the order Blattodca are scavt Hum ii. si buili
:

'I insi cts of thi ordei 1st iptt ra In.

mstxts. with a flattened oval body. The in colonii s with dill, n nl castt s: r< produi tivt s (thi 1
in

downward-pointing head is often large!) MADAGASCAN HISSING COCKROACH and queens), work rs, and soldiers. Workei enerall)

pronotum and mphaJorhinj portent pali and wingless^ reproductives havt wingsthal in hed
. aled In a shieldlike tin r<
l : Blaberidac
an usualK two pairs of wings I he tip ol the .ill. i
a iiiipti.il fight; and soldi* rs hav< largi hi ads and j.iw s.
I Ins lar,;. . w m^i- d worldwidl
abdomen ha> a pair .>t s, nsor) pn mgs "rnru. male has prominent bumps
I hi
SUM I I Kit \M \N I I KM I I I

inal. . .mil

I I, r in in. I.,.
thort terminal cerct :

Nativi to southi i n ( hina, I ..man.

and |apan, t Ins invasivi -p. i ii

now spread to other pai Is ol the

world, whi

\MI Kit \N
( 0< KROAt II
Pcrtplanctd '

l'\< II It l)\ MI'WOOII

DUSKi ( 'K KKOU II l : Blattitl I I It Ml I I

/
I

Small am: iund found ali

worldwidi It Ii-.

light brown pronotum introd .

l
wood
 —

a ADOLESCENT
The small, nonoverlapping
wing pads show that this
female is still a nymph
not yet sexually mature.
At the next molt, when it

sheds its skin, the nvmph wi

become an adult, acquiring
short, stubby wings and a
functional ovipositor. After
< UNDERSIDE mating, the abdomen will
The female's underside is
swell as the egsjs develop
dark green and, although
it has fewer spines than

the top surface, it is well

protected by the spiny legs.
JUNGLE NYMPH
STICK INSECT
Hci eropt erj \ di 1 at at a
1 his spe< ies is also known as the Malayan jungle nymph
\ emales are large, \\ ith bright gi een < i>lni ation >>n thru
upper surface and darkei green below rheaduh male is

iiuk h smallei , more slender, and darker in i olor, Both have

\\ ings, Inn the female i» Flightless N) mphs and adults reed on
the foliage >>t a range >>i different plants, in< hiding dui ian,
gua> .1. and mango Mature females \\ ith eggs * an be vei \

aggressive. II disturbed, the) make a loud hissing sound using

their short wings, and spla) theii strong, spin) hind legs in a
defensive posture, l! atta< ked, the) will kick out. ["his livel)

species has be< ome a popular pel worlds ide.

 TRUE BUGS GREENHOUSE
WHITEFLY 3
/. 6 in
AMERICAN
LUPIN APHID
Abundant and w idespread
aquatic habitats, members
Hemiptera range from minute, w
in terrestrial

of the order
and

ingless insects
Trialeurodes
Fl
vaporarwrum
Alcyrodidae
This small mothlike
isfound in temperate
bug
'3%./
~->

mm Macrosiphum
F: Aphididae
Vphids such as this North
American species can
albtjrons

qui. kk
\W to giant water bugs capable of catching fish and regions worldwide and infest plants because females
can be a serious pest can produce many offspring
C/3
frogs. The mouthparts are used for piercing and
of greenhouse crops. without fertilization.
H sucking up liquids such as plant sap, dissolved
u prey tissues, or blood. Many species are plant
pests and some transmit disease.

Z
INDIAN CICADA
c/3
Angamiana aetherea
F: Cicadidae
—
This cicada is found in

India. Vs with all cicadas,

< males produce loud songs
both tor courtship and 1 '4-1 Vi in

ca to signal aggression 5.S 4cm

u
H
a:
SPITTLE BUG FROGHOPPER
Aphrophora aim HIMALAYAN
> F: Aphrophoridae
Cecopis rulnerata
CICADA
pale area at
F: Cercopidae base 1
hmj innu
z
i
/
l\ cna repanda
Commonly occurring on The nymphs ol this
i Cicadidae
'•'.

a wide range of trees and conspicuously colored

shrubs across Europe,
km in i) in North India, this
this European species live
also found in parts ol
froghopper can vary in communally underground
>e< ies is
HORSE
appearance from pale to in a protective, frothy mass
China and Nepal, where it prefers CHESTNUT SCALE
dark brown. and leed on plant root sap.
Ipine, deciduous forests. Puhinana recalls
F: Coccidae
Although commonly
lound on the bark of
horse chestnut trees, this
I uropean scale insect will
also attack a range of
."{ other deciduous speeies.

large eyespol
THORN BUG
Umbonia crassicornis
PEANUT-HEADED BUG Membracidae
l :

/ ulgora latemaria
Found in Central and
F: Fulgoridae
LEAFHOPPER CICADELLA IIRID1S South America,
Ins bug is found in Central
Ledra aitnta F: Cicadellidae
I
almost the whole
F: Cicadellidae and South America and the bod) is concealed
Found feeding on grasses and
West Indies. The bulbous head under the enlarged,
Mottled coloration helps sedges in wet, boggy, or marshy
as once thought to glow thornlike pronotum.
this flat-bodied leafhopper areas in Europe and Asia, this
from northern Europe to leafhopper can also be found
blend with the lichen- near garden pone
covered bark of oak trees
in its habitat.
WART-HEADED BUG
Phrictus quinquepartitus
F: Fulgoridae

Also known
as the dragon-
headed bug, this speeies can
ASH PLANT LOUSE
be lound in Costa Rica,
Psj llopsts fraxtm
distinctive mark Panama, Colombia, and
F: Psyllidae
across forcivinqs parts of Bra/il.
Found commonly on ash trees,
the nymphs of this species cause
red, swollen galls to form at the

edges of leaves where they leed.

THISTLE LACE BUG

Tingis carJut
1-: fingidae
This bug occurs in western Europe anil

feeds on spear, musk, and marsh thistles

The body is covered in powdery wax.
 z
<
UlKOI'l W HORN l>\l\U>\
m
II \\\ 1 i ItllU M It \ltk BUG •X
rORTOISI BUG Mill I 1) BUG FLOW! R BUG Hi beiulat
\ia.lula. H
I v utelleridae i \
I

-
111. Hat l>.»l\ ,.| tin-
l'hi» \< i wide I his aura, m, I in.; ,
I his predatoi \ bug can In I uropean bug allow it
05
it ^ an round on a »id< undo tli. bai I. "I
limes Ik- a minor hawthorn ami occasionalh plants Despite sma
.an pierce
its

human
bin li ii. i -. whi i. it
>
it ikin i. . ds "ii i.
H
m
leofllke
hind /.;./>

mm Z
III I
• 1 : 1
1 .
FOOTED BUG
imcx lectularii lint. i flavolincata
c

i t
nlcidac i
Con "I. ii
m
I his \\ uli >pi . i.l -|>. i it - I i.uii.I in pai i
of Central
-
l.
.
-.I\ on
blood tli. "I in. I Si

humans ami oth< <

w.ii mi blooded mammals ma)

I m « In ingless, Matt. ii. .1

bugs an a. Iiv. all. i .l.u V. •i"i. . i n i

Hi

:
(cm Inn

I OMMON POND WATER BOATMAN io\i) BUG

sk. \l 1 l< Vertl •///*

GeTtii Lh t/.tf i. i
i
id ii

I : Gerridac its powi i lul. oai i

drab
Widespread and immediately ii .ii I. j- tin sw imming, tln~

is darts ab it inn.: allow n in In'!' n id and

ol water, the pond I. ..I nl detritus debris, whi
.kat. r local) i pn \ In iln ripples in i

ii sends nut

s UK I l< ItlK.

suit

(.1 \M W \ll K UIH. "Mill Ml \MIKI K ( <>m VION GRI I N < M'SII)
rum
I : i

pur jpprnjjy.
,'/

at hruthing nphon »
I
 -
v
Ranatra linearis Nepa anera
F: Nepidae F: Nepidae
Using its specialized, long This aquatic bug crawls about Found in ponds, lakes, canals, and
tront legs to catch prey, in the margins ol shallow ditches in Europe, this species is

including small fish, this pools to catch small prey. It capable of taking vertebrate prey
slender bug prefers deeper, breathes through a long such as tadpoles and small fish. The
well-vegetated pools. respiratory tai underside laces up as it swims.

PARASITIC LICE
These wingless insects of the order Phthiraptera are ectoparasites,
living on the bodies of birds and mammals. Their mouthparts are
modified for chewing skin fragments or sucking blood, and their
legs for gripping tightly to hair or feathers.

HUMAN CHICKEN
BODY LOUSE BODY LOUSE
Pediculus humanus humanus Menacanthus stramineus
HUMAN HEAD LOUSE F: Pediculidae F: Menoponidae GOAT LOUSE
PcJiculus humanus capitis This subspecies may ha\ e Found worldwide as an Damalima caprac
F: Pediculidae evolved from the head louse ectoparasite of chickens, F:Trichodectidae
This louse glues its eggs, after the invention of clothin infestations of this pale, Fountl worldwide on
i
called "nits," to head hair. to which it glues its e. flattened chewing louse can ;oats, this biting louse
C*
Infestation outbreaks are It transmits disease cause feather loss and inlection can also survive for
common among voung J a lew davs on sheep
hildren. A related spei but is not able to
i

attacks chimpanzees
ii

J breed on them.

fw
BA RK I ICE I HRIPS \ 11) I R I I I I s \ \ I)
AND BOOKL1C E Members ol the ordei I hysanoptera
DOBSON 1 I 11 s
28 i
Common on vegetation and in litter, ins< are tin) inse< ts, typically with two opn i.i li.i\. two paii sol ^ Ings, whit l> an
ol thi- order Psocoptera are small, squat, and pairs of narrow, hail Fringed wings held looiliki o\.i ilu bod) when the) an at r
soft bodied. 1 he head lu^ threadlike antennae 1 lu \ have large compound eyes and 1 1 -.i l lu aquatic larvae, which an predator)
and bulging eyes. 1 "he) cat mi< roflora and distint n\imouthpai t* (oi .mil li.ni abdominal gills, pupati 1

some species arc pests ol stored products pien in^ and suckii m soil, moss, i 'i i otting w ood z
FLOWER THRIP \s K\ <
s |'
i i
I

DOBSUNI
I I

I 1
m
I I 111 l|H. iirui •x
* in

I lowei ihi i|>. ,u. I'uund jII

i i irvdalidai —
I.I UmJ .an Ik p<
. mi. Ii
I ..mill in N..I ill \ni. i i. .1, llli m
m.ili ..| iln~ «ih . u - hoi 1. 1 1 lone
in.iiiililili . ii-« .1 1. .I . iniil'.ii .ui.l

liu

KOCOCl R ts//\ i./RRi>s t

s \ \ k 1 1 1 1 I
s
I urope and part.
•>ark Snakeflies of the ordci Raphidioptt i •> an
lous und on a w woodland inset ts « uli a long prothoi i\. i

raj'. .i.m.Jiiil
broad head, and two pairs of wings Vdults
and lai vae i at aphids and othei soft pre)

R \riiini i n < > / 1 / M 1)1 HI I 1

upo\im\ i iriRius I : Raphid Sl.l/li /uf.lM.I

I Si. ill, I.i,

h: I iposcelidi I ound in .I. i iduous hi

Th - . until i mi. woodlands in I K, l, mail ,,l thin n i.i.

<.. .lamp mkrohabitaU I uropt', this Mi.iki ll\ in ii . lays i mass ,! up i"
« uli oak .i\. x
and .an bo a pes* in hl>rar>. iimi.iIK tssot i.iii .1 il |i

•
granaries it uV humuti' trees, »ln re it i n> aphids vali i

LACE WINGS
AND RELATIV 1 S
Insects ot the order Neuroptera hav< conspicuous
eyes anil biting mouthparts. Ilu pairs ol net veined
wings art lu Kl rooflike over the bod) at rest ["he

larvae have sickle shaped mouthparts, which form

-.harp, sucking tuln - *

M i\;/s/m www k i Sl'OON-W |N(,I I)

l Mantis] LACEW IN(.

\emoptero rtnuato
I iki j miniature praying mantid,
\, moptei
i [i

ilu-, IuuihI in southern jml central

t mi >n in areas "I n
I urope, lives in lighth woi
<| i. llli. ill II
where n hunt, .null Hies I 1 1 1 . .

flowci s in woodland and

open grassland
<>w I I n
/ l^t•//t'lJl•l mjijri'niu.
I : \.i il i|iiii.l.u

i pre) in midair, thi-

(.Kl I \
n ill onl) i\\ 'in warm Minn
I \( I \\ |N(,
Ii ian !»• found in central and southern
|h anil part, ol \-ii
ipidai

I In. m ill, spread I uropi u

ind i- ommonl)
I'Hiii'l in di ' iduoua woodland

f I

irf*
(Ml ION
 —

BEETLES
Members ol the order Coleoptera — the largest
insect order range from minute' to very large
spec ies. \ distinguishing feature are the
toughened front wings, called elytra, which
meet down the body's midline and protect the
larger membranous hind wings. Beetles occupy
every aquatic d\\d terrestrial habitat, where
they are scavengers, herbivores, or predators.

A nocturnal hunter, this beetle

is common in many habitats,

including gardens. It is native to
Europe and parts ol Asia.

uu

<
09
u
h-
OS

>
Z

WOODWORM BEETLE JEWEL BEETLE SOLDIER BEETLE

Anobium punctatum Chrjsochroa chinensis Khagonj cha fulva
F: Anobiidae F: Buprestidae F: Cantharidae
Adapted to breeding in timber This metallic species is native A common on Flowers in
sight
VIOLIN BEETLE
Moimol) ce phyllodes
in buildings and furniture, to India and southeast Asia, tlu summer, tliis European
F: Carabidac
this species is now widespread where its larvae burrow into beetle can be found in meadows
and a serious pest. the wood ol deciduous trees. and woodland margins. The shape of this Southeast
Asian beetle allows it to
squeeze under bracket tungi
and tree bark, where it feeds
on insect larvae and snails.

11 ide, fiit elj tra

ANT BEETLE
Thanasimusjormicanus
F: Cleridae
8 111
Associated with coniferous
10mm
trees in Europe and northern
Asia, the larvae and adults of GREAT
LARDER BEETLE DIVING BEETLE CLICK BEETLE WHIRLIGIG
this beetle pre) on other BEETLE
Dermestes lardarius /^i tiscus marginalis Chalcolepidius limbatus
beetle lar\ac. Gyrinus murinus
¥'. Dermestidae F: Dytis< idae F: Elateridae
F: Gyrinidae
Found Europe and parts of
in This
us large Beetle
bei tie lives This beetle is lound in woodland

and grassland in the warmer

A common European species,
Asia, this beetle feeds on in weedy ponds and lakes
this beetle is a surface-
animal remains but also live in Europe and northern Asia. parts of South America. Its
dweller on ponds and lakes.
in buildings, where it eats It eats insects, frogs, new is, larvae are predators in rotten
It uses its paddle-shaped legs
stored produce. and small hsh. wood and soil.
to skim over the water.

SCREECH LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA IOUR-SPOTTED HISTER BEETLE MINOTAUR BEETLE

BEETLE F: Lampyridae Ulster quadrimaculdtus Typhoon typhoon
Hygrobia hermanni This beetle is found across Europe F: Histeridae f: Geotrupidae
F: Hygrobiidae and Asia,where it prefers rough Widespread across Europe, this beetle This speciesis found in sandy areas

This Eii i
it small invi grassland. The wingless female is found in dung and sometimes carrion, in western Europe and buries
nudd) ponds, known as the glow worm — emits a where it feeds on small insects sheep and rabbit droppings, on
if handled. greenish light to attract a mate. and their larvae. which the larvae teed, in burrows
 ) 4 mm
285

HfP

POWD1 KI'lM HI 1 III SI \I«>N III I III Ill IU III is III Ml I

Pi njila /i.t. u/.t

k : I m i S pi I I >t ll.tNt I.I.I,
i in
' I his •
mill all OWI lh< •i rhlnoo ros in. I,.

dr\ \..i tin i ii llrmisptv it in woodland i I, t .U

d and rr«L and grassland It Imii i. • tin . mi rotting Ii ml in i .mi I

t>l Mllall aniiiiaU ami tin It in.il. t i nil .il .iml South \ni.
t iding lltttl ll>l ill. i'u . d in ,1. GOLIATH HI M I I

'iaihui ..i. it i/t

i ( • i i'l.i.

M 1 W ING1 l> IW I I 1 I
I hit ,

fluid llvi v iii . quitni i.il \li i. .i. wli. it ill.

adults fci

iii mature
ami .i .Hand

M \(. HI MM /'// I \ 1/ US IM WON

I
s
F: l man
itral Vim i it a
• Hand this mcullii
- luthrrn ami central in the dung ol lar^t
> lop
herbivorous animals in
nainl> in -l.intl n\i\ pastun
i

POLLEN 1*1 I 111

fSi/ui iS.vf.

: at

I npr Iruit,
fl<'IJcn
Dl \ lis couil this wi»liTn I ui

HORSI
a* birth

dupUt it disturbed

i mu\ mm us

ma i

GOI I) itl I il I

<menteJ
 » BEETLES
286

s
H
U ANTLIKE BEETLE THICK-LEGGED FLOWER BLACK OIL BEETLE
[nthicus ftorahs BEETLE Meloe proscarabacus
F: Anthicidae OcJcmcra nobilis F: Meloidae
s
F: Oedemeridae
Found across Europe and parts ol Asia, This European beetle
z this small beetle lives in and around Often seen feeding on pollen at warm meadows,
is

heaths, and
found in

decaying vegetation, manure, and flowers in meadows, this beetle is coastal areas. The larvae develop
compost heaps. native to southwest Europe. Its larvae inside the nests of u iKI bees.
develop inside plant stems.

RED-SPOTTED
LONGHORN BEETLE
atocera rufomaculata
F: Cerambvcidae
Also known as the mango
borer or fig borer, this
tropical species can befound
throughout India and
Southeast Asia.

PHOSPHORUS JANSONI
F: Cerambycidae
Native to West Africa, the
larvae of this beetle burrow
into some economically
important species such as
the cola tree.

WALLACE'S
LONGHORN BEETLE
Cyriopalus wallacei
F: Cerambvcidae
This impressive beetle
can be found in the rain
forests of southeast Asia,
where its larvae bore into
certain trees.

D1CRONORHINA
DERBYANA
F: Cetoniidae
NEPTUNIDES POLYCHROUS This beetle is found in
F: Cetoniidae southern and eastern parts of
Native to East Africa, especially Tanzania, this Africa,where the larvae feed
etle exists in a number of color forms. The blue on decaying plant matter
form is considered to be a subspecies. and animal dung.
 m miii i i in mi in I i 1 I) I \l>\ IIIKI) M VI \ si'oi i \m BUG
/ ilioceru lihi In. in. .'. .//,h,i mpunctata
i v lii ysomi lii I I ., in. III. I.u i .... in. IN. I...

i.alK Irom I urop I his ladvbinl is native la I uropt and I Ins ,

... ..mi i in .i

this stt iking |>. si lias | .\ III. ..Mill, lull .. i.iss I in > i|>«- ,
m
• I ill. . <|i. . i.iIK ipi ii. . .iii.I pint . wh< i. it an. I is iii.u . slalillslu .1

W.ill.l «lli llll. ils ..ii aphidi in Not tli \ni. a

I I l. . I i.

X
>
-
m
i/>

i •im.i <•• '

Z
m
-
Ihis beetle devt
llllOMHll \ N \\ 1 I \ 1 I \l!i III M)t IIIKI) I \\ I M t I \\(> SI'OI I \l)i llllll)
flrui/im rufimanus Iphidecta obllu /'.i //../','f.i i Igti
stemmed > S itheasl
i i In vsomclidai i i .. . in. Hi. I.i. i .

parlu/uUrK I hjilan.l I iki

bis s|>. - attat k» field ind hii uropean -\^ livt on 1., in" ipi hi Ilvt on
mam attractive tropical spi
1 . ii I I . It 1
|

broad l» in . rops I In adults . ..ml. i v mi. Ii ai Ian h, in. and pint low ....I,
lhc\ in- sold lo .nil.
.

n tin |»ill«'ii ami t lit ii v\li. i. it l. . .1- .hi » ale Inst • I

unlii In on Fungi
luiitirl into tin - . ..ml. i aphidj Idi wa

< ihiiu in \ k i > nil iii

fl/.jp mm ronata
ii In i. .iii.l.i.

I Ins IlightlcS, ground In 1 1

l! "|" '< i< S is

usual!) .n i
rl and i an I"

Found m .I.u I. and damp plat a, when

it . .its .Ii . .nnij in ill. i

BAF1 IM W\l I \ II

I III • II' ON) 1/ l( «/S

I liis siiull weevil I. • .Is on
( I SDIDIPI n s/s
III. 1.11
whiti an. I . ii am « ild indigi

n tin
hi l|> tins 1 1. . tit sin . ivt
|iran I....I \..i tli Vmt 1 1. i

in tin ai id di -.lis alon

tit ol Ml it a

rolling 1 (.III Mil M( Kl I)

/ WEEVII
On i

ml South
I In- bectlt livt - in ill.

lain fort sis ..l Mill

It mils tin I. a., i.i tin
wilil Iruit
.Mill

III \( k \ IM \\l I \ II

I IIPIIOl IIS IIWI I

midai

• in Wi.|. ipr< a.l in I n

 SCOR PIONFLIES FLEAS
These predatory insects of the order Mecoptera Members of the order Siphonaptera, fleas

generally have elongate and cylindrical bodies. are laterally flattened, wingless, blood-

The large, narrow \\ ings nun be clear or sucking ectoparasites of mammals and
marked w ith spots or bands of dark color. some birds. Their heads have short, piercing

S( ime spe< u s are short \\ inged or completely mouthparts and pairs of simple lateral exes.

\\ Lngless, The heads, which have large eyes The hind lees are enlarged for jumping.
and threadlike antennae, are characteristically
extended downward in the form of a beak, COMMON CAT FLEA
at the end of which are biting mouthparts. SCORPIONFLY t tenocephalides felis
Panorpa communis
f: Pulicidae
F: Panorpidae
This species is very
SNOW SCORPIONFLY /a— /i 6 in Native lc> western Europe
common worldwide.
Boreus h\ cmalis 3-5 mm this insect lives in shady
Also found on dogs, it
Boreidae
l :
hedgerows and woodland
van Iced on the blood of
The adult of this small, margins and can often
several other animals,

<
windless European insect
can only be seen in autumn
seen resting on nettles
too — including humans.

as and winter. It lireeds

- among moss.
-
H
OS
u
TRUE FLIES
> True flies belong to the order Diptera, and are recognized
Z by a single pair of membranous front wings. The hind
wings are reduced, forming a pair of balancing organs
or halteres. Most flies are beneficial to humans as
pollinators, predators, and recyclers, but wild and
domestic animals and many people are affected by
fly-borne diseases. Some flies are also crop pests.

} mm

AGROMYZA
RONDENSIS
F: Agromyzidae
This small fly can be found al

over Europe. The larvae

make leaf mines in a wide
variety of grass species.

GIANT BLUE ST. MARK'S FLY

ROBBER FLY Bibio mara
F: Bombyliidae Blepharotes splendidissimus F: Bibionidae

This species is widespread in F: Asilidac This common, springtime

temperate regions of the I his large IK is tound in eastern European fly can sometimes
Northern Hemisphere. Adults Australia. It catches quite large be seen in great numbers,
are nectar-feeders and their prey on the wing and Hies with flying clumsily and mating on
arvae are parasites in bee nests. a distinctive buzzing sound. grass and low vegetation.

PLATYURA
MARGINATA
F: Mycetophilidae
Widespread throughout DASINEURA SISYMBRII CABBAGE ROOT FLY BUZZER MIDGE
rn Europe, it lives • F: Cccidomyiidae Delia sp. Chironomus plumosus
in wooded areas. The This tiny fly lays eggs on the F: Anthomviidae f: Chironomidae

larvae live inside rotting flower heads of field cress. A pale, This small European fly can be a serious This fly is found all across the Northern
I , where they eat spongy gall develops, inside pest of wild and cultivated brassicas Hemisphere. The larvae are called bloodworms
other small insects. which the larvae feed. such as cabbage, turnip, and rape. and live in muddy-bottomed ponds.
 POHIIOROIHRUS
SOBIUTATUS
y: Doltchopodic!
: uropcan >[x\u> can be
IouihI in damp habitats nnr
•:a\ in Minm
patch>

Icgmw
MOTH m
jlbipun.
FLESH
..j
FU
c jrnjru
f. Pjy< txxlxUr I
v • '
>_

This spread Id} distributed

tl\ >: through Europe anil Asia

a Ummoth. The larvae this nectar

breed in dark, wel places and liquids Irom rolling
such is drains, tree matt. >l<- la\s

holes, an live lar\ai

W( US H RRIK.IM ll\ KOIIIM llll l)s \( III \s

idle

This European II
l :
Platystomal

in the abdomen ol certain il this Papua Nem ( unman

bun; llv ha\i verj eh
I he bead i ipaule is t
•

killir .

h lorflc

I \KMi \KI) MUX. Itl III IKII || |

' alllphoi
i '
dliphi

I in I uropi and N.,mIi \n,.

mud
'Is in dead I
»
» TRUE FLIES

YELLOW DUNG FLY

Scathophaga stercoraria
F: Scathophagidae
his v< rv common fly is found
BANDED BROWN SEPSIS SR COMMON FRUIT FLY
I

main parts of the Northern Hemisphere,

HORSE FLY F: Sepsidac Drosopbilo melanogaster
in
Tabanus bromius These Hies are common and f: Drosophilidae
where n breeds in cattle and horse dung. The
F:Tabanidae
I. ii \m- Iced on the dung, while the adults prey widespread in a wide variety A common laboratory
Widespread in Europe and of habitats. The larvae animal, this widespread
on other insects attracted to the dung.
the Middle East, this IK develop in animal dung species has a distinctive dark
mainly attacks horses but will and rotting matter. patch on the abdomen and
feed on some other animals, breeds in rotting fruit.
including humans.

MARSH
SNIPE FLY
agio tringariu
F: Rhagionidae
This predators fl\ un
be found on low
vegetation growing on
damp scrubbv or boggy
round throughout FOREST FLY
much of Europe. Hippoboscti equina
F: Hippoboscidae
Occurring mainly in wooded
areas in Europe and parts of
Asia, this bloodsucking fly
attacks horses, deer, and
sometimes cattle.

MARMALADE LEUCOZONA DRONE FLY

HOVER FLY LEUCORUM Eristalis lenax
Episyrphus balteatus F: Syrphidae F: Syrphidae
F: Syrphidae This species from Europe This European fly, which
Very common in a variety can be found visiting flowers has been introduced to
of habitats including gardens, this in damp woodlands in the North America, is a mimic of
European fly feeds on pollen and spring and earl\ summer. Its the honey bee. The larvae
nectar. The larvae eat aphids. larvae prey on aphids. breed in stagnant water.

'/iin

1 .2 cm

PEN1CILEIDIA FUH IDA SYRPHUS RIBESII GAURO.UYDAS HEROS

F: Nycteribiidae F'. Syrphidae F: Mvdidae
Widespread in sub-Saharan The larvae of this nectar-feeding This South American insect,
Africa, this bloodsucking, flv are major predators ol aphids the world's largest flv, breeds in
wingless, ectoparasitic fly can across Europe. Its coloration the nests of leaf-cutter ants,
be found on a wide range mimics that of wasps and bees, where the young are thought to
of bat species. deterring predators. eat scarab beetle larvae.
 RODIN I HOI lit

l : i ', stl i>|j,

SN mi kii i ING in
Itus parasitk IK Iimmii Nmih \nurua Phcrbtllia . Inertlla
s. lotm
ltn larvae develop inskb the bodies ol i Idai

rodents niih as while looted m hn >|>. cici Found

li hi damp
low i Mid inn -I »

i.l |...l In ..I

\ I.l I |)( l.ll \.l. |H< \ .III

nails ..I ili. l.iniiK 1 1, lii i.l i.

Vl'l'l \l U.l.OI
R/ij s
I

ne/ij
/
t
t: It phrit —
V>rth \merica, this tl\ is an apple
hawthorn, plums,
wit also ar.j, L-

cherries, and other related Iruit '

H
/

loll "I

s\\ \NN Ml /•I \ lOI'll I II \l Wl/S d\n( i in

rsi rsi in Bi / / IK/)// / mpis tesscllata
tans l : Pantophthaln mpididai
i I

.la. I ound in ili« i .mil' treats ol Native to I uropc and \sla, iln- ll\

vfrica, this fh Rii .1 and I i uador, this . .in In l. .in. I iii mi idi
• ihat transmits the trvpanosome ,
li -.,|, In di w i, whi
u/ujr Kh/i
thai flow B .in ".lv in ' in mil nil" '

CADD1SFLIES
Closer* related to the- Lepidoptera, these slender,
rather mothlike insects ol tin order Trichoptera are
red with hairs. ni>t scales, ["he head ha-
long, threadlike antennae ami weak!) developed
mouthparts.The two pairs i>l wings are held tenl s M I \\l) PI PPI It \ll( l«)t \l)l)ls (.It I M It I I) SI IX. I

M lea mullipunitJM M./ls

er the K»l\ at rest. Caddisfl) larvae are aquatic 1 1 in

l I lydroptilidac ii .

Idai
and often construct species specific portable
I h^ small caddisfly is wi ind common I Ins I in. ipi in .
addisflt breeds in
shelters <>ut of small stones or plant fragments. k• and «low ivci In
in North America It has narrow wings and l.i i i I lai i u

i
i( li ponds and lakes
i

i leaf seel

DARK-SPOI II I) M IX.
Phil mus
I : l'liiln|ii.i iiiinl n

M \RBI II) SEDG1

• tuhcrnahs
F: I!

• addrdh Hies in th. . \. ninj and

breeds in nvcr* an<l streams. The aquatie
larvae weave a net to catch I
 MOTHS AND
BUTTERFLIES
Members of the order Lepidoptera are
overed v\ it H minute scales. They have

^f$
i

large compound eyes and a mouthpart called

a proboscis. Larvae, known as caterpillars, *
pupate, metamorphosing into their adult form
Most moths are nocturnal and rest with their
wings open; the majority of butterflies are
POLYPHEMUS MOTH
diurnal and rest with their wings closed. AMERICAN Anthcraea polyphenols
MOON MOTH F: Saturniidae
Actios luna Common and widespread
HERCULES MOTH F: Saturniidae in the USA and southern
Coscinocera hercuhs
C/3
This lime -green North American Canada, this moth has large
F: Saturniidae
w Found New Guinea and Australia, this
in
moth has distinctive long hind wing evespots on the wings, to
tails. The caterpillars feed on a range startle predators.
moth one ot the biggest in the world.
is
of deciduous trees.
Only the male has the long hind wing tails

02
u v 9 o^ /
H
OS
w •» o o f <3 O Q m
> 2'/4-3'/2in
z '•*

GIANT LEOPARD
I Mf'

MOTH
6-9 cm

OAK EGGAR LAPPET MOTH PINE-TREE LAPPET

Hjpercompe scriboma Lasiocampa quercus Gastropacha quercifolia Dendrolimus pini
F: Arctiidae h. Lasiocampidae F: Lasiocampidae F: I asiocampidae
The distribution of this striking moth Ranging trom Europe to North Found in Europe and Asia, the specific This moth is widespread in
extends from southeast Canada as far Africa, the caterpillars of this moth name of this large moth refers to its coniferous forests across Europe
south as Mexico. The caterpillars feed feed on the foliage o( bramble, oak, resting appearance, which resembles and Asia, where the caterpillars
on a variety of plants. heather, and other plants. a cluster ot dead oak leaves. feed on pine, spruce, and fir.

CASE-BEARING
CLOTHES MOTH
Tinea pelhoneHa
FlTineidae
Found western Europe and
in
parts ofNorth America, this
can cause serious damage to
woolen clothing and carpets.

AUSTRALIAN MAGPIE MOTH

Nyctemera arnica
F: Arctiidae

Widespread in Australia and also found

in New Zealand, the caterpillars of this
day-flying moth feed on plants such
as groundsel and ragwort.

GARDEN TIGER
Arena caja
F: Arctiidae

This unmistakable moth is

found across the Northern

Hemisphere. The hairy
caterpillars feed on a range of
ow-growing plants and shrubs

SNOUT MOTH SMALL MAGPIE

Vitessa suradeva Eurrhypara honulata
F: Pyralidae F: Pyralidae
This moth occurs in India, parts of Found hedgerows and waste
in
southeast Asia, and New Guinea. ground, the caterpillars of this very
The caterpillars feed in a web on common European species feed
. leaves of poisonous shrubs. on rolled nettle leaves.
I

\ IPOUR1 K MOTH Ml\ I l< M'OI I I 1)

GHOS1 nm » I M
l : 1 wnantrudac Stheoop maculatui
Sound across the
i : Hepiab'dae

[hern Hemisphere, the Ihi- urs in southern I In robust, whiti i atei pillai a

female ol thisuropean
I Canada and parts ol the USA. be I ot tins largeand distim

^^
. - has tun « in;;- and caterpillars mainh feed inside the Australian moth but row into

is unable to lis roots ol alder D the wood) tissue ol certain

spe< iesol thi a< »< ia tree

,'jr,v m
; 6cm

1 4
?
I \K(,I INil l< \l I) VRGEN1 \M) SAB1 I ( I IRA'S SA1 in MOTH
mclrj pjpilionjru Rheuwapura hastata Thalaina i lata
i"i ,. ometridae i Geome tr idai
I hi* moth occurs j. ross I urope I In common nami foi this striking!) patterned [I i pillai "i thi moth,
and the temperate parts ol Asia moth from thi Not thi rn Hi from wlni li iii i in iii i i i. i n and
I h< caterpillars feed main!) on tin In -i.ildk terms foi silvery whiti .iinllil.uk southi astern Vustj alls and
thi foliagi "I bin h In i
- noi thi in i.i m inia, li

,i. .I. i

Ml K MOTH I III II!

i Bomb
i
li Igin ,' ii thi

silk moth I

i aptivity, mi .i iln i ol white

mull
ll

i t'.ii,

\N III I I I'l IIN1I

NN \| l( H-N
I
MOI ll

onni MOTH Pteroph

iPterophoi
Brjhmaea wallichu ( Ol'l'l KN.
F: Brahmaeidae DYSPH NM \ irop

This Urge moth I

ma on dn grassland

from northern In
this
China and Japan. The
I

l°"f)
caterpillars cat the foliage
of ash, privet, and lilac
on In dgi bindwi »
 » MOTHS AND
BUTTERFLIES

REGENT SKIPPER GUAVA SKIPPER HORNET MOTH

Euschemon rafflesia PhociJes polybius Scsia apiformis
b'. \ lesperiidae F: Hesperiidae i : Sesiidae

rhis brightly colored spe< ies is native This species can be found from To deter predators, the adults oi this

to tropical and subtropical forests in southern Texas to as lar south as moth look very similar to hornets
w eastern Australia, where Argentina. The caterpillars feed but they are harmless. The
H it can be seen feeding at flowers. inside rolled-up guava leaves. caterpillars bore into the trunk and
< roots ol poplars and willows

—
H
a:
w
>
%l COMMON
Morpho
F:
MORPHO
Nymphalidae
This butterfly
in tropical lorests in
peleides

is widespread
Central
and South America Adults
Z Iced mi the juices ol
ELEPHANT HAWK MOTH VERDANT SPHINX rutting fruit.
Deilephila elpenor Euchloron megaera
F: Sphingidae f: Sphingidae
This pretty, pinkish hawk moth is This distinctive moth is widespread
widespread in the temperate parts throughout sub-Saharan Africa.! he
of Europe and Asia. The caterpillars caterpillars feed on the foliage of
feed on bedstraw and willowherb. creepers of the grape family.

SIX-SPOT BURNET LITTLE WOOD SATYR MONARCH BUTTERFLY

Zygaena filipendulae iu pi chia mela
i 1 1 Danuin plexippus
F: Zvgaenidae F: Nymphalidae i : Nymphalidae
Brightly colored and distasteful This woodland butterfly is lound \ well known migrant, this butterfly has
to birds, this day-flying moth can Irom southern Canada northern
to spread Irom the Americas In main other
be found in meadows and wooill.nnl Mexico. I lie caterpillars feed on parts nl the world. The caterpillars Iced
clearings across Europe. grasses in clearings close to water. on the milkweed plant.

QUEEN CRACKER WHITE ADMIRAL

Hamadryas arethusa Ladoga Camilla
F: Nymphalidae FlNymphalidae
The common name lor this This butterfly can be found
butterfly, found in forests across temperate Europe and
trom Mexico to Bolivia, Asia to Japan. The caterpillars
refers to the clicking noise feed on the toliage ol the
it makes when it flies. honeysuckle.

PURPLE EMPEROR INDIAN LEAF BUTTERFLY

Apatura iris Kallima inachus
F: Nymphalidae F: Nymphalidae

Found in woodland throughout Europe With undersides that resemble a brown

and Asia as far east as Japan, the male of leaf, this species is perfectly camouflaged
this butterfly is iridescent purple with its wings folded. It occurs
at rest

whereas the female is dull brown. from India to southern China.

 295

This colorful, ila\ -flying moth.

«ith iridescent demii
rum m 9 1 "^^Hl^^"
poisonous -hrul'- ol thi -pur>;t family.
1 K.I K
I'll KID
iTiiiactm red
/
"tag Burking Jjrk
Pici idai
hmJ »iry
i

v«^ 1 Ins c oh ii lul butterfly, whi( li

mimii unpalatab
foi protei lion from pn dad
« nil ipn ad and i ommon from
Mi icico to South \ n ••

nNWI I POM M \N

nphalidac
.ommon along
i and open ground Irom
.'hern Bra/il
Caterpillar* rat pa
111 \( k-\ I IM I) ( i EOPATH \

WHIM
()W| BUM Kin I
1 Ida*

mmon in i ounti ii

mphalidae .nli I ihi M' dili II r

partii u
The underside •
••

I. •!
South America. ha.» prtimincnt n»
.

to detrr predatori »hrn the butti

I

- haw" »
 » MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES
296

QUEEN
ALEXANDRA'S
BIRDWING
Ornuhoptera alexandrae
F: Papilionidae

Found only in
Southeast Papua New-
Guinea east of the Owen
Stanley Ranges, this
BIG GREASY BUTTERFLY ZEBRA endangered species,
Cressida cressida SWALLOWTAIL the largest butterfly
F: Papilionidae Eurytides marccllus in the world,
This species is found in grassland F: Papilionidae now
is protected.
and drier forests in Australia and Found in damp woodlands in eastern North
Papua New Guinea, where its America, this hutterflv has distinctive black and
pipevine loodplants grow. white markings. The caterpillars feed on pawpaw.

BLUE
TRIANGLE
Graphium sarpedon
F: Papilionidae
SCARCE SPANISH FESTOON
Common and widespread SWALLOWTAIL Zerynthia rumina
from India to China, Iphichdes podalirius F: Papilionidae
Papua New Guinea, and F: Papilionidae
This species lives in scrub, meadows, and
Australia, this butterfly Despite its name, this species is quite widespread rocky hillsides in southeast France, Spain,
on nectar and
feeds in Europe and across temperate Asia to China. Portugal, and parts of North Africa. The
drinks from puddles. The caterpillars feed on blackthorn. caterpillars feed on species of birthwort.
 xM \i I COPPER

( imon m 1 u
N \ ind \>ia jn
tar as I-»|Vin, tl

sail ah,. Ii found in Vn ih

\in- iterpillars

III III

111. IK IIRHWN II \l KM It I \K I II tROPS

n\v Ulim I \n I hi. If.'n.iiiJ.r /n.'fKinJ. /

Pjpi I I w a. in. la. i Lycai iii.I.i.

f. Papibonidae I Ins spe< UN ..in he found iii I Ihn fiat living butti ill.

1 his s|xs iea is « idespread in

- •» i uhlan. I. an.l in tropii al forests from Panama
1 he \>>uiis; woodland across urope ind I to noi tin i n South \in. 1 1. .i

caterpillars, «Ki».h resemble temperatt \.u rhc caterpillars I ml. iv know ii about n> lit.

binl droppings, feed on J i. . .1 .u night >'ii l>l.i. kthoi n . \. I. oi . .tit i pillai >

\aru-t\ .»( trees uul shruhs

tin
I

tDOMS nun SONOR \n nun

Philotcs sonorensts DUKl <)l BURGUNDY I Rl I n I \io
i. Ji ;: Lycai
I : I i iii.I.i.
Hamearls /i/. Ind
uropean species can lv butti 1 1 1 \ iv ii «u i. ti .1 i" i
Lyi " in. I. ii

lnund in khilk\ grassland, rock) washi and di >.n. Mis in I Ills Sp 1lll.ll I |H

«hi-R the caterpillars in. on I II I Ii. . ttl I

pillai v I. I .1 ii .i ii.. i
Irali .mil pn 1. s (low i

. \rtch 1 hi- male is -k\ iii .in. ui ' is slum crop .. i, wl fi ii "I plants, i ow slip

blue «hili tin female is brown. er" planta ind "ii grow
j

S AW F L I E S , \Y A S P S ,
STEM s \\\ i n
BEES, AND ANTS I Ins ilendi
( ephus nigrinui
l : i

i.
.

ill
phidai
1. 1. 1. k sawfl) is

Hymenoptera two pairs ol wings, joined

typicalh have widespn ad in vn sti i
n I uropi I he
in Highl In tin) hooks Vpart from sawflies, the) havt a I. ii vai nward iiuidi il« items
ui « ilil and Mini. . uln\ ii. ! grasses
"wasp waist" and Females have an ovipositor thai ma) sting.
Man) wasps are predator) or parasitic. Bees are vital
pollinators and ants p|» a role in main ecosysti ms

I : Sn

found aero
ii 1 1, mil phi n
I In fi mali 'Inlh
I.
p Into pint

i" i •

»
» SAW F L I E S , WASPS
BEES, AND ANTS

TORY M US SP.
FtTorymidae '/.
!
/jiin hdrj, JimpleJ
i 4 mm * boJ\ surface gives
This wasp uses her long ovipositor to dr
protection from stings
through gall tissue and lay eggs on the PTEROMALID CHALCID EUROPEAN '
? Vs 111

developing larvae inside. WASP WASP BEEWOLF 1.3 1.5 cm

Mesopolobus typoqrapht Lhalas sispes Philanthus trwncjulum
}' Pteromalidae F: Chalcididae F: Sphecidae
.3r%-~3r k
European and Asian This wasp is lound in Found in southern and
wasp is a hyperparasite; it is Europe and parts of Asia, central Europe and
a parasite on another wasp where it lives as a parasite North Africa, it makes a
that is itself a parasite on

the larvae ol hark beetles.

smoky
on the aquatic larvae of
large soldier flies.
nest in sandy areas
stocked with honey bees
as food for its larvae.
V
orange wing

V. 2'/4in
4 5 5.5cm

TARANTULA HAWK MAMMOTH WASP

Pepsis heros Scolia procer VELVET ANT
1-: Pompilidae F: Scoliidae Mutilla europaea
This large S. American Native to Borneo, Java, F: Mutillidae
wasp hunts for tarantulas, and Sumatra, this wasp This European species lives in sandy
which it parah paralyzes the larvae ol areas and rough grassland. The
and buries as food scarab beetles and lays its female is \\ ingless, and the larvae
eggs on them. eat the larvae of bumble bees.
 HORNI 1

1 1»-

mil
I and li.i- I-. .

inlroduci <

iirniinw vsp li pretei - woodland,

F! I iphiidae III llolli.u I

I hi wtngk -• -
iln- I uron
Iim in vin.lv art ji. urhi
th«- Lriji ol

i OW WON
\\ \M*

• i.l.i.

Native 1.. iln N,,i 1I1, 1 11

I lemisphere, tluv \>.iv|>

Js voung on
its

insects and maki s ..

nesl from hewed .

.1 hi'. 1 s

I \\\N \
MIMM, Itl I

(u/r«j
i \ndrenida<
Found in central I uropc,
u h spring be« makes .1

ndcrground 111 grassv MONI 1

ng j link mound 111 I

,\i ilu enti I/'m melli »Kl HID

Itl
1 Vpidac I

/ Ud/l
I hi »vi -1. 1 11 hi 11

1 :
\pi
important m|i pollinator, 1- now
.

pi |e« Iim I
found ""i Idv idi In th< « ild il
in • "I
nests
:

ui.l. domestii hivi -

resins l>

t.KI M
(. \un n 1 1 it

iti 1

p.j latipes
1 Vnthophoridac
Found all over southeast
\m.i. tin- large bei

excavates nesl ..nim - in

Thex- solitary, gTOund-m -

in, hes .11 wooden
beams and |x>vtv
WOOD \ni
<rn Hemisphere. The> line Formli .1 n(/.i

th< 'i 1 waterpi I-: I in 1111. i.l.i.

ahdomiiui Common tin I uropi .

tins jut I- .111 iiii|).n

nl iv in forests,
iiiv. 1 li
LEAF-CUTTER
foi mil .1, id from thi n ai "I its \NI
abdomen .iv .1 .1. I

P
F: Foi mil idai

Leal livi in
t . mi il ind Si.ntli

\\||l I. til.

. hcwi
.. ., I

s\\| \l Itl I \KWi \N|

// belli!
I : I • I.i.

urnpean bee makes r.

I

d or masor million indi

hairs that it colleen from certain plants

300
RIBBON WORMS BRYOZOANS
Marine worms of the phylum Nemertea are voracious These minute animals form coral-like colonies,
predators, seizing their prey with a proboscis and filter-feeding with microscopic tentacles and, in
s. swallowing it whole or sucking its fluids. turn, providing food for grazing invertebrates.

Ribbon worms are soft, slimy PHYLUM NEMERTFA )

Many bryozoans resemble PHYLUM BRYOZOA
( )
animals, cylindrical in shape CLASSES 2
coral, but are more advanced CLASSES 3

or somewhat flattened. Many ORDERS i animals than cnidarians. A ORDERS 4

Z move by
can also
gliding, but
swim. One
some FAMILIES
SPECIES
41

About 1,150 )
colony
individual
—— genetically a single
is made up of
FAMILIES
SPECIES
About 160

\huul 4, ISO

ca species, Lineus longissimus — the thousands of tiny bodies called

CO
bootlace worm — has been recorded growing to 100ft ( 30 m) zooids, each consisting of a retractable fan of tentacles surrounding
in length. Like others, it has a fragile body that is easily broken. the mouth. Microscopic, beating hairs on the tentacles waft particles
The proboscis of a ribbon worm is not part of its gut, but of food down to the mouth, which leads into a U-shaped gut. Waste
t/3 emerges from a sac on its head just above the mouth. In some exits via the anus in the body wall. Although a hand lens is needed to
_ species the proboscis has sharp spikes for gripping or piercing prey, see individual zooids, colonies assume a variety of forms, depending
-
< and even venom for immobilizing it. These well-armed species on species. Some are encrustations on rock or seaweed, others grow
prey on other invertebrates, such as crustaceans, bristle worms, into bristly thickets or fleshy lobes. Many are heavily calcified like
PQ and mollusks. Other ribbon worms feed on dead material. stony corals; others are soft.
n
H
—

PINK LACE BRYOZOAN LACY CRUST BRYOZOAN

loJictyum phoemccum Membrampora membranacea
F: Phidoloporidae ¥' Membraniporidae
Lace brvozoans — sometimes inaccurately The brvozoans known as sea mats grow
— form
called "lace corals" tall, rigid colonies. in encrusting lacy sheets. This species
This colorful species lives on coastlines forms fast-grow ing colonies on kelp
around southern and eastern Australia. fronds of the Northeast Atlantic.
LAMPSHELl S MOLLUSKS »
Lampshells look mt\ like bivalve mollusks, Mollusks are huge, highh diverse group, ranging from
a
but feed instead w ith tentacles. I he) blind filter-feeding bivalves cemented to ro< k, through
belong to a different, ver) ancient phylum. voraciously grazing snails and ^Iusjs, to lively, intelligent
oi tOpUS and stjuitl. z
rhe soft bodies
( flmU M MUM M>|| list \
<
m
I

of lampshells are l 1 \ss|s \ typical mollusk has a soft body carried CI WMN
1

50
enclosed w ithin a (>Kl>l K» on a large must ular fool and . a head that .mm us H
two-valved shell, ivnuiis
senses the woi U using eyes and tentat
I VMM IIS m
les,
MM lis l. M'l (Us 00
one valve larger rhe internal organs (viscera) are contained
50
than the other. m a visceral hump, which is covered b) a
>
The shell in either attached to tin seabed with fleshy mantle, fhis mantle overhangs the
a rubber) stalk or is cemented to rock. Hie
directl) hump, n
—
edge <>l the i ating a groove called
shell valves are positioned top and bottom around the the mantle i a\ it\, which is us ( d I. n

animal not around tin- sides, as in bivalve mollusks breathing In most sp ( > ies, this mantle also
I ike mollusks, lampshells have a Resh) mantle atta< bed si > rt 1 1
s substances used to make the shell,
to the inner surface oJ the shell, w hi< h en< loses a Most mollusks feed \\ ith a tongue < ailed a
mantle can it\. In the mantle cavit) th< re is a i ing ol radula. Coated in teeth made ol hum, < the
tentacles w ith mi< ros< opi< beating hairs thai di i\i
radulamoves forward and ba< kward
particles to a central mouth jusl hki the feeding through the mouth to rasp ,n food. Bivalves
structure in bryozoans. l.u k a radula. I In \ feed instead h\
The fossil record shows that lampshells wen- much siphoning partk les through their shells.

more common and demonstrated mu< h greater Most spe< ies trap parti( les ol food in the
chversit) m the warm, shallow seas "I tin Palaeozou mucus on their gills.
I ra .They began to decline dramatical!) during the time
of the dinosaurs perhaps because bivalve mollusks Willi \M> \M IIOU I I Sill I I S
were more successful. \ shell is not onh a refuge from predators,
it i s also protet tion from drying out. Some
rhese limpets havi grazed thi rock around
snails even have a trapdoor ( ailed an ill. in ban bul . annol reach thi green
1 1 >> \ •

operculum to seal the opening ol the shell. Jgi wing "ii top thi ow n sin Us, i
'I ii

I UROI'I \N I VMI'SUI 1 1

Icribrdtuhnj retusa [Tie shell is hardened with minerals

icellothyrididae
obtained from the diet .uu\ surrounding water li is coated in tough protein; and
hiuml from thi Northeasl Atlantic to
terrain an. ihi~ lamp-lull has smooth on the inside, to allow the body to slide in and out some groups have
shaped valves ami attaches to
vertical r.i L- u ith a -Imri -(all.
a lining ol mother ol pearl. Mam shell less mollusks defend themselves with
distasteful or poisonous < hemit aK, and advertise tins w nh striking < olors.
Most cephalopods tentacled mollusks, sm h as octopus and squid lack an
obvious shell. Members ol this group are entirel) predator) and have a horn) beak
for i lnw mn on Mesh. Their inuseular foot is modified into their ( 1 1.) r .ii lerisin

tent.n les, which are used for grasping and swimming

GEI I INC. OX i (,l N

Most mollusks are aquatic and so the) have ;mIIs for breathing, usuall) projei ;

into the mantle cavity and irrigati d b) a current ol water. In mosl land snails and
shi'js the mantle cavit) is filled with air and him ions i .
is a lung. Because mam
ir< shwater snails probabh evolved rom I this group, the) have a lung too, and
must lr< quentl) surfai i to breathe.

mgcJ.tmo PA< IMC I tMPSHl 1 I

tahrJ shell Taebratolia tro

An abundant
f. I. r.

lampihill of
rbralali

thi Northern
APLACOPHORANS
Pacific, this «hort-*talkr<l species has a Mon wormliki ill. in molluskliki .
tin ( OMMON
varubli smooth or nbbttl sfwll.
\plai opl ni. ill i ylindrit .il burro i.l isil NWORM
on 'I- tritus oi othi r nm rt< brati i
ill I lll-ll I'l.l.

MIDI \MI'sHII in tin jcdimi nt "I di aru 1 l» lai V .i

\ typl
|S\KII( III I
| )

nala shell, hut their clearh molluskan featun -

molli '.rili
mi In ii lil radula I In

A hrachioprjd •

d to in "|» nil i ..I

to whii Ii thi
shell to
mi
 .

302
BIVALVES
Highly specialized aquatic mollusks, threads, called a byssus. Others use a \\ ell-
Enrol MOLl list \

bivalves are instantly recognizable, developed muscular foot for burrowing into BIN NINlTj

s. with hinged shells that open up to muddy sediment. A few bivalves, such as scallops, ORDFRS 10

— swim freelv, using a method of jet propulsion. FAMILIES 105

access food and oxygen-rich water.
> Water is pumped in and out of bivalve shells
sl'l t lis About 8,000
-J
< Bivalves are identifed from their shells, which through tubes, called siphons. The water supplies
> consist of two plates, called valves, joined oxygen and food, which are collected as the
OQ together by a hinge. To protect against predators water passes over modified gills. Food particles
and the dangers of drying out, the shells clamp caught in the sticky mucus around the gills is
tightly shut by contracting powerful muscles, wafted toward the mouth by microscopic hairs.
5/3

- sealing most or all ol the body inside. Seashore

species are regularly exposed by receding tides. BIVALVES AND PEOPLE
< Mussels, clams, and oysters are important sources
Within the class there is a huge variation in size,
OS
CQ ranging from the tiny fingernail clam at about of food, and some oysters create fine quality pearls
uu Viin (6mm) to the giant clam, which can grow by coating a foreign object with layers of nacre.
H to 4'/2 ft (1 .4 m) across. Some bivalves attach to Bi i
lvalves are also useful indicators
r i j-
of
r
water quality l
I-.

-
A queen scallop claps
, ', ,. / r
the two valves oi
.,
shell together to accelerate away from
its
,
,

tin.-

— rocks and hard surfaces by a bundle of tough as many cannot sun Jnc high levels of pollution. unwelcome attention of a predator) starfish.

>
Z
OYSTERS AND COCK'S COMB
OYSTER
SCALLOPS Lopha cristagalh
1 : ( )streidae
The Ostreoida feed on tiny food particles ose relatives oi scallops,
filtered from the seawater. Many oyster main species of oysters
arc prized as tood and for
species live permanently submerged in
their pearls. This is an
coastal waters, fixed to the rock by the
lndo- Pacific species.
gland that produces byssus thread in
other bivalves. Scallops, by contrast,
can swim freely by clapping their
valves open and shut.

GREAT
SCALLOP EDIBLE OYSTER
Pcctcn maximus CAT'S TONGUE OYSTER Ostrea eJuhs
f: Pectinidae Spondylus linquafelis F: Ostreidae
addition to swimming I-: Spond) fldae
In freely, Formerly abundant in Europe, this
scallops have jet-propelled One ol a tamilv ol thorny oysters commercially important species is
escape responses. This commercial with a colorful mantle, the cat's no\\ over-fished in some areas. The
species inhabits fine sands of tongm oyster of the Pacific is species is inedible during summer
European coasts. 10-12cm named lor months when breeding.
its spiny exterior.

ARC CLAMS MARINE FAN MUSSELS

AND RELATIVES MUSSELS AN D R ELATI VES
Shells of these bivalves are closed by The Mvtiloida have distinctively shaped Members of the Pterioida include long-
two strong muscles, and hinge along a elongate, asymmetrical shells that hinged, winged oysters and T-shaped
straight line bearing a continuous series attach to rocks by byssus threads. Onlv hammer-oysters as well as fan mussels.
of teeth. Like their relatives, the one of their two shell-closing muscles is The group also contains commercially
Arcoida have a reduced foot and large well developed. important marine pearl oysters.
gills that help trap food particles.

NOAH'S ARK EUROPEAN BITTERSWEET

Irca noae Glycymeris glycymeris
l : Vrcidae F: Glycvmerididae COMMON MUSSEL FLAG FAN MUSSEL
Arc shells are square-edged, Dog shells are rounded relatives Mytilus edulis Atrina vexillum
hick-shelled bivalves. Noah's of arc shells. This Northeast F: Mytilidae F: Pinnidae
Ark is a byssus attached Atlantic species, fished in The most commercially important mussel in Europe, Fan mussels, such as this species trom
s on rocky Europe, has sweet flavor but
a is this long-lived species occurs in dense beds. It can western European coastlines, have triangular
' i n Atlantic. tough when overcooked tolerate the low salinity of estuarine waters. shells attached bv a byssus in solt sediment.
ER ESH WA 11 R COCKLES \ \ D
M LI S S E L S R I I \ 1 I \ 1 s
.0$
The Unionoida are the onl\ exclusiveh he largest ord< ol bivalves, tin \. rx roida nh ludt
I i .>
(. I< V I > I 1 DON \\
freshwater order ol bivalves. inn 1 In large range ol mat in* animals Most have slim i siphons /V'N.I \ * llllt.ll lli

lar\ae use their valves to clamp onto that are often fused togethei Som< . notabb tht > o< k k - i i
lonai idat

tish, forming cysts on the i^ ill fins and art agile, i apable ol bui low m^ ,,| even leaping « ith
weil last
feeding on blood or mix us befbi ^
theii foot Others are attached to rocks b> a bvssus 2
Inn row i s in sin i, iius i> .i

dropping ofl as juvenile mussels. iropii il In. 1. 1 I'.i, iii. pi

/I lilt \ Wllssl I m
^>/>,i
x
ImaKl.l
I :

H
I Ins Irrshwatei mussel is
m
am lioi, .1 In I)\smis tin, .ills. Inn
05
, .in .1. iai li and > raw I on .i ill nd< i

I K 1 M W I \ I I It I urop .in
3C

PI \ltl V1USSI I
watci s. n K.is ipn .i.l , |« w hi
s\\ \\ MUsM I
sNOUD It \/OK I I \ \\
doata sp I Mr. . It ill I ulae
I OMMON I Dlltl I
/ ii.i. w/kjim —
k: Unionklae I'll. ii i.l.i.
OBLONG \n /lint s
I Ol Kl I
I
i it

Bitterling iish la\ e^s in living cjuaht> pearls, this mussel lives
. rma edult K , oi shi N .
ii. li .- iliis Trapi nautn
freshwater mussels, such as this buried in vjiul mi ..Mavel 1 i il. III. Lie IIOI ill. Ml \tl.llill. v|u . il s. live i 1 1 .(.. i.l.i.

I he molhisL beneath last How Vliul hui io\\ ing io> Lies iii Inn lows, li i (ling HI' \n In 'i
~
irser\ tt>r tish lr\ ml. have shells wuh radiating i. jpii Ing through ill. n animal livi lied to

I ll>s I Ills 11.. | |||, .1st. | II iphon, Lin d ... I

by In n i l.i

\llanti< spet ics, often qui< kh using theii mum ulai Jb in ere vie*

TRU1 Wis \ CI \ l) Found in x.ist numbei s.

.In n disturb) .1 hi ii, .ill, , .ii il i nl. 1. 1.

BORING BIVALVES is fished

I
iii

lllo|>.
northei n

long siphoned bivalves in tlu ord< r Mvoida t\ pi< alb

burrow in mud or bore through wood or rot k In

piddocks tlu front ol tlu shell acts like a file to bore

burrows in soft Shipworms
ro,. k use their shell
\alu> to drill through timk
MINIUM I I I I IN WISI \lltll \N II I I IN
Tellina t.:Juiit.i nsls
I ! I. II i i. li l.i.

I III sll, 1 1 0| 1 1|| ^ I. III! '

li Mm .
ii. I, i
thi

i s 1 1 iabli iom . . .!
I tropi I
|
... i.

and is often i. .
.1 on pai tides in
loin lies draw n in through thi ii

cxti n.I.iI.I. I
ihi

COMMON PIDDOCK SOI I Mill II I \W

SI Kll'l IN
Fbola l/u jrt-rurM Il(» \l i OMB A I Mis 1) I I I I

t: PhoUdraae I Myidae:

PiIlU diont
I I

This vommon piddock ol the An edible dun with a thin l : \. nei idac
northeastern Allans shell, thi- North Atlantic I In sli, IU ,,i man)
Named lor the comb I ike spines on n> shell, ilns
lellllls, vui 11 .is this
phosphore-sccnt 4ml. like other lib abundant Venus i lam occurs on tropii al Vmcrit an coastlines
in muil'lv estuaries, where it
Indo
Ii.im di
in wood or Ja\ bur lent.

SHIP WORM
aaralis
edinidae

-V,m This highb m<«'

-n its ridged shell \ l
i.ep,

chalk-line<l burrows m timlxr. damaging ships

KIN(,| DOMNI
WATERING POTS Kl
(
I)

j//nr j crycina
( \l I ls| \ I)

in/a jmn
\

A N D RELATIVES Mam Venus

f:Vi

i lams are prized I Ins \

f:V
c nu i ind
t, ini luiln. New
The order Pholadonnoida includes clams >l

Iml
and tropical watering [> § < Iv
foi
kno.- lam. I

recognizable a> bivalves, watering pots

h\e encased in ehalk\ tubes, and draw

detritus and water into the tube through

a perforated plate at the anterior end.

PHIMPPIM u Ml KIN(, POl FLUTED Gl AN! ( I \M

Penicillin phihrpm
i '

lidae

This hi/aire Indo-Paohc watering p>.

-

lamilv named lor their wide, perfor

withtuh partialh.lv.
304
GASTROPODS
Gastropods are by far the largest class sea slugs. Gastropods originated in the oceans and PHYLUM MOLLUSC \

of mollusks. The word gastropod they still have their greatest diversity there; other CLASS GASTROPODA
species live in fresh water or on land. ORDERS
means "stomach-foot," because the :|

FAMILIES 409
animal appears to crawl on its belly.
TORSION ( SPECIES About 90,000

Most snails and slugs glide along a stream of slime The juvenile gastropod undergoes a process

H
on a single muscular foot, rasping at their food
with a radula, a tonguelike emery board. Most
whole of the body within
called torsion: the
the shell twists round 80 degrees, so that the
1
A COMMON TWIST
mmmm^
gastropods use their radula to rasp at vegetation, respiratory mantle cavity comes to lie above the
< algae, or the fine film of microbes that coat animal's head. This allows the vulnerable head to Sea snails were originally grouped
a together because their bodies twist
underwater rocks, but some are predatory. They withdraw into the safetv of the shell. In
J
marine
during development so that their gills
usually have a distinct head with well-developed snails, such as periwinkles and limpets, this bodv
C/5 face forward. But the ancestor of all

U sensory tentacles. Snails have a coiled or helical form persists into adulthood. Because of this,
snails probably had this feature, and
shell into which they can withdraw; slugs lost marine snails are described as prosobranchs,
now marine snails are split into groups
< their shells during the course of evolution. The meaning "forward gills". In sea slugs, however, based on other characteristics. Their
class also includes a number of animals that the body twists back again, and they are called exact relationships remain debatable.
OS
tu deviate from this basic plan, such as swimming opisthobranchs, or "hind gills".

-
> TRUE LIM PETS NERITES AND
Z Primitive algae-grazing limpets, the REL ATI V ES
Patellogastropoda have a slightly coiled A small but diverse group, Cycloneritimorpha
conical shell. Their powerful muscles known
are well in the fossil record. Thev include
clamp down firmly on intertidal marine, freshwater, and land-living forms, some
rocks, protecting them from with coiled shells, and a few like limpets. There
predators, desiccation, and waves. are also species with trapdoors to their shells.
BLEEDING
ZIGZAG NERITE TOOTH NERITE
COMMON LIMPET Neritina communis Nerita pcloronta
Patella vulgata F: Neritidae F: Neritidae
F: Pateliidae
An inhabitant ot Indo-Pacific Named lor the blood-red mark on
This species grazes algae from rocks on mangroves, its shell opening, this Caribbean
this is a highly
shores of the Northeast Atlantic at high variable species, with white, intertidal mollusk can survive out
tide, then returns to a depression in the
blac k, red, or yellow shells even of water for prolonged periods.
rock that matches the shape of its shell.
in the same population.

TOP SHELLS AND RELATIVES

The Vetigastropoda are marine gastropods that graze algae and microbes with a
brushlike radula. Their shells range from those of keyhole limpets, with the barest
suggestion of a spire, to the coiled globes and pyramids of top shells, which can
seal themselves inside using an operculum, or trapdoor.

GIANTTOP SHELL LISTER'S KEYHOLE LIMPET

8-12cm Tectus niloticus Dwdora listen CHECKERED TOP SHELL
F:Turbinidae F: Fissurellidae
Osthnus turbmatus
Manv top shells have a Keyhole limpets are close relatives of F:Trochidae
thick mother-of-pearl lining. abalones and top shells. Like others, Top shells have "spinning-top"
This large Indo-Pacific this western Atlantic species ejects
with a
shells that are closed
species is exploited to oxygen-depleted water circular operculum. This is a
make jewelry through its "keyhole." Mediterranean species.
\

shell shaped like

8-1 2 in
spinning top
20- 30 cm

banded REDABALONE
pattern Haliotis rufescens
F: Haliotidae

SILVER MOUTH Abalones have ear-

TURBAN SHELL shaped shells lined
Turbo argyrostomus with thick mother-of-
FlTurbinidae Dearl and punctuated with

Turban shells are close relatives holes for exhaling water.

of top shells, but have a This Northeast Pacific
calcified operculum. This is kelp-grazing species
2-2'. i/ 5-7 cm the largest.
an Indo-Pacific species. is
TOWER SHELLS PI K I \\ INKLES, W II I I K s
AND R ATI V E S L 1 \ \ 1) < 1 I \ I I \ I s

mudd) lu largest and most diversi order of marine snails, th< - icnogasti .
'i>.
i.i.i .H i

rbese tall spired snails typical!) live in oi I

sand] sediment. The) Reed on particles in the water

divided into three group Ptenoglossids wentletraps and violel ~-u.uU

that the) circulate through their mantle a\ it) he ( 1

.ii . free floating >'t swimming specialist predators ol cnidarians 1 ittori

Cerithioidea are round in marine, freshwater, and and includt periwinkles, cowries, and conches \\ helks

are slow moving and often .in.l theii relativt sart pn dators thai project a long siphon out through a 2
estuarine habitats. I"he)
,...\i in ilu nIu-II
group together in ver) large num :
-i

rui i mtis
GRI \i S< hi w Mil I I
\\ i \ I I i i u w
Tin " / pttonlum >. alan
I : lurritelUdac I I niton
\ -, dimrnts, tin-
\\< mil trapa |from tin
Indo front snail brloni up variou&h in i mill foi spiral ilali
known j> •
> IN
pn > "ii ii" mi>ne« and i orali
in. I li.m . utting |awa I In- Ii

KOIH.II i I Kl I II \MM l\DI \N .in Indo l'.i. ill. up,

Rh tpet WORM SHI I I

I uu.i VIOLET SN \n
\ ( .Tllhllvljl janthlna tanthi
lidac mtnlnldii
Ceriths i

C
|

ibundanl in »hallou watei nalli ll.i.ii mi tropli .» in

Ironical marine l anWviii unwound s rr» -.ln-11
pit ylni Il.i.iin.
il

["he)
>
sediments ike "thi-r-., IttM h to Milul inau i ill, often i. ii- i.. i. .ii. .i
I .

H
i

this tndo l'.i. embedding ihemsehrs in sp

bubbli iliii I-. • |' il" m buoyi .1 up
1 Ii. lop into Ui PC
Iu\>. soring!
•
to -olid nutcrul riGERCOWRII
i ypraea ttgrls
—

( om \\o\ IMNK ( OM II

PI KIW ISM I

II" •I,

IN..

i tidal

mi ||>
 » PERIWINKLES, WHELKS
AND RELATIVES
306

GIANT FROG SHELL

C/3 Tutufa bubo
pi F: Bursidae

Tropical marine frog shells

are warty. This Indo-Pacific
species eats bristleworms
using a proboscis, first

ZC -v. anesthetizing them TRUMPET TRITON

Charonia tritonis
POLI'S NECKLACE SHELL
Euspira pulchcllu
COMMON NORTHERN
WHELK
H with saliva.
f: Ranellidae F: Naticidae Buccinum unJutum
F: Buccinidae
Tropical intertidal tritons and European member
< rhis is a

a family of sand-burrow ing

ol
A large predator ol other mollusks
related frog and helmet shells arc
predators of other invertebrates. predators ol bivalves. Ne< kla( e and tube worms, this North Atlantic

This Indo-Pacific species eats the shells are named lor their snail also consumes carrion, and is a
aggressive crown ol thorns starfish. in. klacelike ribbons ol spawn. popular seafood.
t/5

tu

<
OS

—
H
OS
u
>
Z

PRICKLY PACIFIC DOG WHELK TEXTILE CONE

DRUPE \ucclhi lapillus Conus textile
Drupu nanus F: Muricidae F: Conidae
f: Muricidae This North Atlantic snail Cone shells use their radula
A member ol the dog belongs to a w helk family that to harpoon their prey and
whelk tamib, this snail li\es catch pre) h\ using the radula inje< t venom. Some, such as
on coral reels ol the to drill holes in the shells of this lndo-Pai ifit species, can
Inilo Pacific, where it preys barnacles and mollusks, helped be harmful to humans.
on bristle worms. l>\ secretions ol enzymes.

BANDED TULIP IMPERIAL HARP TENT OLIVE

Cinctura lilwm Harpa costata Oliva porphyria
F: Fasciolariidae F: Harpidae F: Olividae

This is a Caribbean coral- Harp snails are sand-living SUBULATE AUGER The largest of the oil
live snails.

dwelling snail related to predators of crabs, trapping Terebrj subulata this species from the Pacific

Buccinum wbelks. Sand-dwelling them with their broad foot and FlTerebridae coasts of Mexico and South
species with longer siphonal digesting them with saliva. This Typical of many augers, this Indo-Pacific species has a patterned shell. America has a colorful
canals are called spindle shells. is an Indian Ocean species. Augers burrow through surface layers ol sand to prey on worms. glossy shell.

FRESH WATER
GILLED SNAILS COMMON
The Architaenioojossa are the only order of Filled snails containing no marine RIVER SNAIL
Viviparus viviparus
species. Most live in freshwater, but some live on land. Apple snails have gills in
F:Viviparidae
the mantle cavity that can function as a lung, allowing them to survive periods
A European treshw ater
of drought. All species have an operculum for closing their shells. snail with gills, this is a

relative of the apple snails

CHANNELED and,like them, has a trapdoor

APPLE SNAIL (operculum) to close its shell.

Pomacea canaliculata
F: Ampullariidae
A typical apple snail, this
-1 '2 in/ 3—4 cm
tropical American species
has been introduced
elsewhere and has become
an invasive pest.

sensory
tentacles
s I A H ARES SWIMMING si \ s 1 IK, s

Sensor] water-tasting head ^talk-.. a common I hi ii\ mnosomata are also > ailed s< .1 angels, 1>> » aus< winal
!.> (Himmify
i()7
feature oi sea slugs, are so big in the largt sea hares they hav< evolved Baps from theii musculai foot and us<
that they resemble ears. 1 lu Vnaspidea have a them to fly through watei f"h< related sea butterflies 01
small interna] shell and, like sea ang< Is, can swim I In > osomata also haw flaps, but retain i'ragih -lu IU

W ith their tool Raps.

2
<
m
30

sI'Ol 11 1) M \ II \KI l OMWilN si \ W(.l 1

CD
. limacino PC
Clloi
S
1

>
ISW
Ilk..

urufx-in species gathers in lar^i breeding

this
\*
IMlll

pn
s.'ll tl.lllN|UI. Ill
H
I

ilriH'. mk when disturbed b\ pn

_;;,iu|>» IIhn cold watei species

Called tli> lultcrtlv 1/

vs "ii a 11 Lit .1 gastropod
m

TRUE SEA SLUGS >

I he Nudibranchia are the largest group ol s* .1 ^lu^-. /

NiuhbraiK'h means "naked gills" and I he fax 1

H
that these animals '
gills are exposed on their back,
rather than contained in a mantle cavitv. Main species
—
ha\e xihrant color patterns to advertise theii toxit it\

D
OPAI 1 si 1 m si \ si UG
SI \ SI UG II,}- 1 ISSll OTTtiS
.i.Tiv Jtri'mjrtjinjtj
1 1 1. . Ilnidai
I I lul.n
I hii Inti 1 tidal m <> 1

Indo I'.u ill. n, .1 -Ui^. In, v in

rowth thai ton
ll varies i
.1 thi ii |i llyn&h pn )
white U) pali yellow

\NN V'S SI \ SI IK.

t hromodorii annae
1 I hromodoi ididai external gllh
I ike othi 1 dugs,
this v.ii iable ipe< ics from the
western Pa< ifi( < >< can spe< ialia s

in Feeding on .!' n

MI(,\M s| \ slllt.
Oltenia tit

• rimiK. thi-

Hind
Europe, including the Mediterranean.

WRI \HI I NEON sl \ SI UG SI-WISH l)\N( I It

didai

muoi
 FRESH WATER AI R- shell opening
coiled s/u'//

JOS
BREATHING SNAILS to left

Snails of the order Basommatophora have their mantle cavity

developed as .1 King; unlike mosl other marine gastropods, they

must return to the water surface to breathe. Mainly herbivorous,
the) are common in alkaline or neutral, weed-choked, stagnant
or slow mo\ in'' freshwater.
EUROPEAN
GREAT POND SNAIL BLADDER SNAIL
Lymnaea stagnalis Physclla acuta
1 Hn F: I.vmnaeidae F: Phvsidae
Widespread throughout Most snails have shells that open to the
temperate parts ot the Northern right (when the opening faces the r. 1
' .. in

Hemisphere, this is a common observer), but the freshwater phvsid 3-3. 5cm
pond snail in still or slow- family have left-opening shells.
moving freshwater.

COMMON RIVER LIMPET

Am i lus //m tattlis GREAT RAMSHORN SNAIL
f: Planorbidae Planorbanus corneus
Not a true limpet, but a F: Planorbidae
limpetlike member ol the Ramshorn snails have Hat-coiled shells,
ramshorn snail family, this instead ol the spire shells typical
species is common in last- ot snails. Most — like this Eurasian
flowing European waters. species — occur in still freshwater.

LAND AIR-BREATHING
SNAILS AND SLUGS
The Stvlommatophora are land snails and slugs that breathe air
using a lung in their mantle cavity. They have eyes at the tips of GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL CUBAN LAND SNAIL
Achatina fulica Polymita picta
their tentacles. Many are hermaphrodite and have both male and
F: Achatinidae F: Cepolidae 4-8 in
female reproductive organs. Their courtship behavior This giant land snail from East This snail is only found in themountain 10-20cm
involves the exchange of spearlike darts before mating. Africa has been introduced to man) forests of Cuba. Its shells, which exist in
other warm parts ol the world, numerous colors, are prized bv collectors.
becoming an invasive pest.

sM/

BROWN GARDEN COMMON DOMED DISK SNAIL EUROPEAN

SNAIL SHELLED SLUG Discus patulus BLACK SLUG
Helix aspcrsa Testacella haliotidea F! Discidae Arion ater
F: Helicidae F:Testacellidae F:Arionidae
Discid snails make up a
This variably colored A typical member of tamily characterized by Black specimens of this
species with a wrinkled a family of slugs with certain primitive features European slug predominate
shellis widespread in small external shells, this and a flat, coiled shell. in the north, but other
European woods, European species preys This North American
is a individuals are orange.
hedgerows, dunes, on earthworms. woodland species. Although it eats plants, it

and gardens. also clears garden waste.

PACIFIC
BANANA SLUG
Ariohmax columbianus
F: Ariolimacidae
Named for itsvellow
color, the Pacific banana slug
lives in wet coniferous
forests on the western coast
of North America.

BROWN-LIPPED SNAIL
Widespread in central Ccpaea nemorahs
Europe on calcium-rich F: Helicidae ASHY-GREY
soils, this is the largest A close relative of the SLUG
snail ol theregion and is Roman snail, this western Limax cinereomger
bred locally for human European species has a F: Limacidae
consumption. highly variable shell color, Keel-back slugs have a small

and banding patterns internal shell. This large species of

lor camouflage in European woodland exists in a
different habitats. number of color varieties.
CEPHALOPODS {()')

Cephalopods arc agile hunters in the ilu gills and i- ilu n > xp< IK >1 through a shot t

molhisk ph\ lum. Their sophistic ated funnel Cephalopods can move ba< kward «|uu kK

nervous system enables them to hunt bj i xpelling watei through the funnel, to propel
themselvt - forwards Squid, cuttlefish, and som<
down Fast-moi ing prey.
>»i topus luw iin- on the sid< - ol the mantle, used
Cephalopods indude die most intelligent >>i all foropen watei swimming Most octopus spend
m
invertebrates. Main species signal their mood t lu 11 time on the sea flooi

using pigment containing struc cures in theii -km i ml\ ilu open ocean nautilus h.is .1 ( oiled shell, m
OS
called chromatophores. I he >. lass is organized In squid the shell is reduced to a pen liki strui ture
5C
In number ol arms, V|ukI and cuttlefish hav< tliat gives some internal suppoi t . in i uttlefish to

eight arm- used lor swimming, plus two longei a similar, calcified structure called a cuttleboni
retra< table arms, called tenta< les, \\ uli su< kers for Most sjn ,i, mi| o< topus have lost theii slu II
m
gripping prey. I h topus la< k tentac les, but have Cephalopods are last moving predators that
suckers on all eight ol their arms. 1 he i ephalopod use theii arms to grasp prey, and a parrotlike b< ak
mantle en< loses a >.a\ ity, « Iik h contains the gills, to despatc li it. Squid catch free swimming |>i i
—
wan
y,
\ North Pai ifii tu.ini m topua
—
lb obtain oxygen, cephalopods take in i « bile v uttlefish and octopus taL slower, bottom • I
js, i
t'niocl ink in
through the sides ol the mantle. It passes over i raw ling i rustai cans, sm h as i rabs. sell >l< l< li-, as n jets aw i\ I i i
el. dati X
>

\\ Mil' I \sll S(^llll)

KKOWH UB I
I llMMHN I HI II I I Ml \lls| K \l I \N (,l \\ I
1/ .
Nil

l. ill II I Hsll nahs ( III II I I ls|| i : M hiciai

: laiimanus Hilar Id jpjmj Reddish whip lash squid -m li

: idai Itllcnsh, this In ai i w uli broad

The Urge cuttlefish » wide- ranging Ilu largest known cuttlefish, this Mil'- in deep water, wa
throughout the Indo- Pacific region spawn on m animal inhabits waters "II the lui pn \ m uli us long
h » an abundant predator on coral i. nl

reefs, feeding on prawns and shrimp*. and s«,uth Mr beds anil i

Ml HKfs BIG! IN Kl I I

BOB1 Ml SQUID s^llll) ( OMMON sequin

I : I I : I l< Wis HORN s^illl)

Bobtail A pair ill> i trula
i

in d
'

and II thai

|>r'.r »
310
COMMON
Octopus
OCTOPUS
vulgaris
\\ hether it is from a lobster pot or hunting a scuttling crab,
extricating a lobster
tlu- common octopus is one of the most intelligent of all the invertebrates. This

sea living mollusk has excellent vision and eight grasping arms or tentacles which
arc also used for crawling. The octopus can change color in an instant, and it can
squeeze through very narrow crevices. Its horny beak can bite into prey, whose
st altered shell fragments frequently litter the sand around its lair. But in spite of its

versatility, the common octopus is shortdived. Upon hatching, an infant octopus

enters the oceanic plankton with half a million of its siblings, before descending to
the seabed two months later. If it is not eaten, it takes little
_ more than a year to mature and spawn its own SIZE Tentacle span 5-9 3/* ft
(1 .5-3 m)
u offspring before dying. The common octopus
HABITAT Rocky coastal waters
DISTRIBUTION Widespread in
is widespread in tropical and warm tropical and warm temperate waters
c/3 temperate oceanic waters, and may DIET Crustaceans, shelled mollusks
u consist of several similar species.
H
<
pi
-
w

> JJeshv mantle encloses a cavity

Z that contains vital organs,
including gills for breathing

> INTELLIGENT
MOLLUSK
An octopus is an a^ile
predator with an advanced
nervous system. Two-thirds
of its neurons are located in
its arms, which operate with

a remarkable degree of

independence from its brain.

Experiments show that it also
has considerable problem-
solving intelligence, and
excellent long- and short-
term memories.
 . UMHKMIM
1 he n topus iv .v cephalopod, whit K literalh mi .mv
'head-looted " It-
eight mobile ai m> radiate from
the underside ol the head, where the mouth can
n at tlu center
• III \K
+'M pi
I In-

.
.l.ii.
,., topus
.1 ol ci usta<
la .1

i ans,
i iu other pre) Its

law - .hi .i pai rotliki

I., .lk l\ III. Il I- i|
m
,

i, i.. pi n. ii it.

^ ill.

,i . i .il.
i. lugh
. 'i Ii
.

il
ii apai

x
.-

m
t/i

• SKIN
I lii -kin i ontains sp< . ial

i ells . alii >l . In omatophi in -

' IUWI I . DIM N \M> CLOSI 1> I hcs« . ontain pigrni nt tli.it

i )n one vuli <>t thi- mantle, just behind tin i an , hange tlu oi to|niv'v

head, iv a runnel, which the m topus us* - Coloi to blend in u nil itv

in thru ways to expel water after ^ilK I mii roundings oi to signal •

SIH Kl It

extracted oxvgen; to rapidh discbargi water itv mood il angi \ oi afraid, Each i has two series ol mi. I -
i

a* jet propulsion lor a qui< k g« tawa\ ami .

I Ii. v, givi lli. ". tOpUS in . s. i II. ill

to v»|inrt a confusing cloud oi ink at the .'i ip, .ill. m hi" hi tiati ill.

enerm In tori tl. v. .i In .ii. .in I coral rcefi « nli

. asi l hi mh ki i s alsi i havi

receptors thai i nal ill tl '• •) n ix

ti . tasti w liii it i ti .ii. Inn"

with J hor
upcJ pupil

tin can
i/ijry. ire, JnJ
ihjpc for cami

long, mm. ulai at

ina ova th

. lipid;
 —

» C E P H A L OPOD S

512

VAMPIRE
SQUID WINGED ARGONAUT
Vantpyroteuthis injernalis DUMBO OCTOPUS Argonauta hians
FlVampyroteuthidae Grimpoteuthis plena F: Argonautidae
I
his deep-sea cephalopod — with F: Grimpoteuthidae Argonauts — also known as paper
characteristic s seemingly intermediate Named for its earlike fins used in nautiluses — are octopus relatives.
b<tween squid and octopus has fins — swimming, this cephalopod lives at Females produce paper-thin egg cases
NORTH PACIFIC
projecting fromits mantle and light- depths of 10-1 3,000ft 3-4,000 m), that resemble shells. This species is
(
GIANT OCTOPUS
u producing organs covering the body. preying on other invertebrates. distributed widely around the world.
Entcroctopus dofleini
F: Octopodidae
Perhaps the largest of all
5/3 octopuses, this animal is
W surprisingly short-lived.
H Females are diligent caretakers
< ot their huge brood:

pg
u
H PACIFIC LONG- CARIBBEAN REEF
ARMED OCTOPUS OCTOPUS
OS
Octopus sp. Octopus briareus COMMON OCTOPUS
F: Octopodidae F: Octopodidae
Octopus vulgaris
> One of several octopuses with An octopus of the western
F: Octopodidae

z especially long arms, adults of Atlantic and Caribbean, this

Globally widespread in tropical and

this species frequent sandy coral-dwelling species often

warm temperate waters, this octopus

lagoons, but translucent typically has a warty body and two rows
traps its prey by spreading its

juveniles live amon webbed arms oi suckers on its arms.

like a net.
oceanic plankton

ATLANTIC OCTOPUS
Octopus sp.
F: Octopodidae
DNA analysis has revealed a
number of similar octopus
species, including this one,
that are related to the
common octopus, revealing
hidden biodiversity.

MIMIC
OCTOPUS
Thaumoctopus mimicus
F: Octopodidae

any octopuses can change

or, but this Asian species

can change shape too

even disguising itself to

look like other marine

animals such as sponges,
corals, and jellyfish.

black and blue ring

markings warn that
this is a highly
venomous species
CHITONS
Flattened, rock-hugging chitons are tentac les, although the shell itsell - ontains * ells

among the most primitive ol mollusks. that enable them to react to light llw plates an
Most are grazers ol algae and tni< robe fringed bj the edge ol the mantle, known as t In

girdle ("he mantle forms a flesh) ->kn t around tin

films, and occur in coastal waters.
chiton. This overhangs grooves running down each
A chitons shell, popularh know n as .1 "coat ol side, which hannel water, delivering oxygen to
<

mail" shell, is made up ol eight interlcx km-.; plates gills that project into th< grooves llu radula,
that arc sufficienth Flexible to allow the animal to oi rasping tongue, is i oated with minute teeth
bend when gliding over uneven rocks or even to reinforced with iron and silica, so chitons can
roll up w hen disturbed. Chitons have n^ eyes or gi aze on the toughest en< i usting alga<

m uuu n CHI ion i GREEN CHITON W I M 1NDI \N 1)1 l Kl I) l III ION

Chiton i/JjuiUi III//1 I Ml ION /., /hi.>. hlton comptut
i v. bitonidac I ( thoplcura granulata 1 |si linm Int. mill. »

\ \an.il>U olored hiton,

i i hitomdae Ischnochlton hitons hav< a
'.her chitons, the sKt-ll . i >

plaits oi thi* Caribbean this jp> I Inv spil>\ It inged Cm ibbean spin) oi n »l)

molhtsl coastlim s ol New Zealand ami chiton i an '

I lus i\ .i i minium
cntircb of a chalks mineral lasniania ami. like most i hi tons, to Mill, ami van live high up intei tidal spec ies ol

aragonite uioht in tin imcrtul.il tone ui ~ii i n I'.i. ilu shon s

eight plated
thttl

(illMHOOl
( IIIION
Crypt elleri HKISII I) I II \IKi
nthochitonidac t IIIION t III KIN
In line ihitnn lamib ilia i iliatj ( haetopleura papilla
the Ik sh\ girdle I : Mi ip.iliiil.n i : Im Iimik hitonidai I INI I) ( IIIION
overlaps the . hain mail . •! Inr u- promtni nt \ brisd) girdled species with
llll... Illliilll.l.ll
plate* In ihiv North hair\ girdle, this i hiton "I brown striped i li.iinin.iil
I I

the thi i
'
it Ni.rth plates, tin hair) i liitim is I Ins bright!) colon 'I i hiton •» i ui on
•
.hitiin. it forms \mci dmes found found I" mi N,.i i
ista, when >< m i

h In n Fi ding on red < i» i

u

TUSK SHELLS I IIKOI'I \N I IISK

111. nl.ilnrl.ii
Curiou>, mud-shoveling tusk shells live rHYLUM MOLI OI Dl nt.ilinl.i

in marine sediments and have a tubular ( 1 \ss si Will l|''l|l\

ill. .1 t

curved shell open at both ends and — OHDIKs

1 WIN lis
Atl.iiitn is « nli |.n id h

unlike the shell of any other mollusk. s|-| ( II s

I. mini in '

Tusk shells an- common, hut an ran K seen be< ause

thc\ usualK occur far offshore, with the widi
'
the hollow uisk buried in mud. I In

eyeless head and toot reach deeper into the sediment, probing lor food with th< ir ti ntai l<

Kl Mil II Ml DISK
like structures called captacula, and tasting th<- mud with ( hemical d< I V\ h< n food is

II''
found small invertebrates or detritus thetentacl it to the mouth, where it is
o: I)i

und up h\ the radula. a rasping tongue typu .1 ol mollusks. Tusk shells la< k gills; th<

animal's fleshy mantle encloses a water-filled "I- 1

thatrunsthi length

ofthe shell. When levels of oxygen run low, tl dsquirtsthe

"'
stale water out through the top end ol the shell. I
314
ECHINODERMS
Echinoderms include an astonishing The water circulates through tubes that run through PHYLUM
( ECHINODERMATA ]

the animal and forced into tiny soft projections

array of sea creatures, ranging from is CLASSES 5

near the surface, called tube feet, that can move ORDERS
filter-feeding feather stars to grazing
il

~ back and forth and stick to surfaces. In feather FAMILIES 147

urchins and predatory starfish. SPECIES About 7,00(1
stars these tube feet point upward on the feathery
This is the only large invertebrate phylum arms, capturing particles oi tood, which are
entirel) restricted to saltwater. Echinoderms are then moved toward the central mouth. In other
sluggish, slow-moving inhabitants of the seafloor echinoderms thousands of downward-pointing
y
ami most have a bodv form built around a five-
j
tube feet are used in locomotion — together they
part radial symmetry. Echinoderm means "spiny- pull the animal over sediment and rock.
skinned" — a reference to the hard, calcified
structures, called ossicles, that make up the DEFENSE
internal skeleton of these animals. In starfish The tough prickly skin ot most echinoderms
t/3

these are spaced out within the soft tissue so that offers good protection from potential predators,

the animal is reasonably flexible, but in urchins but these animals deiend themselves in other
< they are fused together to form a solid internal ways too. ManyJ urchins are covered with
J
2£
shell. In sea cucumbers the ossicles are so minute formidable spines, too; some can inflict serious
and sparsely distributed — or even absent wounds in humans. Many have tiny pincerlike

a:
altogether — that the entire animal is soft-bodied. projections, sometimes venomous, that can

UJ
remove cluttering debris as well as deter
> HYDRAULIC FEET potential predators. Soft-bodied sea cucumbers
Z Echinoderms are the only animals with a water rely instead on noxious chemicals to protect
transport system. Seawateris drawn into the themselves —and are often brightly colored as a
The tiny tube feet on which echinoderms
center of the bodv through a perforated, sievelike warning. As a last resort, some sea cucumbers can move around the seabed art- seen here on
plate, usually on the upper surface of the body. even spew out sticky tangles or eject their gut. a crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster plana.

FEATHER STARS
A leather star carries five basic filter-feeding arms, which in some species
branch into a dense cluster. A mouth
and anus point upward from the center
oi the star. Some members of the class Crinoidea crawl alona on mo\ Lug
fingerlike roots. Others, known as sea lilies, are attached by a stalk.

PRETTY FEATHER STAR

Cenometra emendalrix
F: Colobometridae

The arms of a feather star

are fringed with smaller
branches called pinnules
that catch particles of
food more effectively.
In this tropical Pacific
species they are white.

RID
FEATHER STAR
Himeromctra robustipinna
GOLDIN FEATHER STAR YELLOW FEATHER STAR F: Himerometridae
Davidaster rubiginosus Oxycomamhus bennctti This leather star inhabits
F: Comasteridae I : t 'omasteridae tropical Indo-Pacific coasta
I ike man) crinoids, this common \\ aters, clinging to corals and
i
ii Pa< iln species filter feeds most sponges. The pale clingfish
i
sly at night and when lives among its arms, probably
urrents an- strange i lor protei tion Irom predators.
URCHINS \ \ I)
RELATIVES
Sea urchins, which belong to the class I . hinoidea,
gave their name to the whole phylum, ["he hard
ossicles ol -»n urchin are plates that interlock to
form a shell called a test I Ik animal's spines help

in locomotion and defense he mouth generalh 1

INDO PA< II Ii s \M> l>oi I \K II \\l>l I) SI \ MIU IllN HI II IIIU IllN

(aces downward and the ami- upward with / 1 binoil ji i. IliTl'IM ,/.l I.I./'.

rows ol tube feet running between the two I. Ill.llul.li nil Ill.lll.l.ll

I IllN I 11 V Kill .'I . I lir shot tri *pin< v •'! ilnv Indo I'.i. in, I IllN III. I' I

van. .! an nils i nl a group Inn ,ii. |..iiululK ii. il iii. hiiu

II v, 11.1111, .1 foi IIOUS 1 .iiilin.il hvli i \| ill) ii wnli [one hollow «pim v Ii i

their fattened i hitli i inn .1 [« .1 . I.ll.

I IKI IIIU IllN

•
HUM
I I . hinothui

, lliivMiniiwli.illl.illn.lt> I'.uili. species

..I v-nnK lagoons his

flexible foi ihl
a shell Mil'

in. Inn I" . nli l

Il . .in .1. Ii\. i a |i.nnliil Mm:;

M VIII \'s IIIU HIN

I IM III I IIIU IllN
r: I , binomctridac

h«
..IhiI.ii in. hui iximmoi
cha
on northeast Xtlantk coasts has
It In
a \aiijl.K .

. i.ill\ kelp.

PURP1 I IIIU HIN SI \ col \K)

Strong} purpurjtus
i / . hinocardium cordatum
l
v ntrotidac I : 1 1. vi n,

An inluliit.ini ol t!u undi rwater 1 1. ,ni in. Iimv, vn. Ii .iv iluv global!)

w idespread spe< ies, are deti nu> I. cding

ih \iiirriu, ihiv burrowers that l.n k the obi ious i

urihin iv often u- svmmetn ol other un Iimv

inh.

S \ A CUC 1 1 M K E R S
ucumbers arc vutt tubular animals,
with amouth surrounded b\ aril si \ M'l'l I C IK IIMItl l<

collecting tentacles at one end, and

> 1 1 low si \ i uc umki it I '
ii inii.ii nil.n
an anuv. at the other. Some Holothuroidea l./Ui t o K . nliiii i

•hovel or burrow in sediments using their iiln.irnil.il highh poisonous, reel dwelling
tentacles; others um rows "I tul» f< , hinoderm I* longs to a famil) ol thi< k imlii > v I Inv v|n i ii v has

crawl ailing the seabed. skinni yellow

ii
v. man\ an n knobblj projci tions. % .ii i.ihli IhmIv coloi

<K 1 1 1 MIDvl \
tlKUMBIR \ I KMIIOKM s| \ ( IK UMBI R
m, i, ul. ii, i

l.n
•thunidai

but
-ibutcd from the
rn Indian I

slam
I Mill

r:
I IK IIMHI K
II olothuna i-Ju/i.
si

Holothui
\ (

ilanl in
<Sb [hi Indo

Ii ,
I'.n Ilii

if lies pramk grip

r. float *
jH $Bfc.
(.1 \NI . \l IIOKM \
s| \ ( I K IIMIll l<

I'HII Kit HI Dl isll Dl I P si VI in UMBI l<

lino
l I Ipjcl

ltd
 a '

BRITTLE STARS SHORT-SPINED

BRITTLE STAR
Ophioderma sp.
rhese animals are named for the fact that their long, Ophiodermatidae
316 F:
thin,sometimes branching, arms easily break off. A brittle star of western
There is one opening to the gul in the central disk — Atlantic coastal waters, this
species lives in submerged
dow nward-facing mouth. Some )phiuroidea use their(

grass beds, where it prevs

arms to trap food partk les; others are predatory. on other invertebrates,
such as shrimp.

COMMON BRITTLE STAR

Ophiothrix fragilis GORGON'S HEAD
F: Ophiotrichidae BRITTLE STAR
This northeast Atlantic brittle BLACK dorgonocephalus caputmedusae
star — often found in dense BRITTLE STAR F: Gorgonocephalidae

populations — has spiny arms,

Ophiocoma nigra
F: Ophiocomidae
This species, named for its

some of which it holds up coiled, snakelike branching arms,

to trap food particles. This large brittle star of ommon around European
European waters can either S^_J
S\s~J coasts. Larger animals are found
filter feed on particles or r~ in places of strong current,
*-^v£''Q!&2
scavenge on detritus. It can •/~
s
'"
<*§fljBk~
— w here thev can collect
common on rocky coasts aT^YS in. in food
w ith strong currents.
V
Z STARFISH
DP Like most other echinoderms, starfish crawl on the
tu
seabed using their rows of tube feet. These run along
H grooves in the starfish's arms. Most species of Asteroidea
ft
u are five-armed, but a few have more than five arms, and
> some are virtually spherical in shape. Manv prey on
Z other slow-moving invertebrates; others scavenge or feed
on detritus. Although their skins are studded with hard
ossicles, starfish are sufficientlv flexible to catch prev.

MOSAIC STARFISH
Plectaster decanus
F: 1 a hinasteridae
number of other
Like a
members of its family, this
triking species of southwest
Pacific rockv coasts varies
greatlv in color.

WARTY STARFISH
Echinaster callosus
F: Echinasteridae

Belonging to a family of stiff-bodied

starfishes with conical arms, this
western Pacific species is unusual
for its pink and white warts.

BLOOD HENRY STARFISH OCHER STARFISH COMMON STARFISH ICON STARFISH

Henricia oculata Pisaster ochraceus Asterias rubens Iconastcr lonqiwanus
F: Echinasteridae F: Asteriidae F: Asteriidae F: Goniasteridae
I Ins North American Pacific relative of the This common northeast Atlantic predator Manv echinoderms develop from
the common Atlantic starfish — like others of its of other invertebrates is unusual among planktonic larvae, but this Indo-
— hunts invertebrates. It is an echinoderms in tolerating estuarine conditions. Pacific starfish lacks a larval stage.
important predator ol mussels. It often occurs in huge local populations. It produces large volkv eggs.

u
 KNOI1I1I 1 ( IIMIM.'S
si MM I si i I'l \l I I) SI \l'l ISM
t . timing! \eofcrdina i umlngl
i l
i
i
idai i
i
Iphidia u i i'l."

I Lis 1 .1 \ll inaki ii mii 'I itai fi h ha%*<

iMIll.ll jll.ll' I "II ill' II ll|'|M i

ihlili -In i' i.iIU

bottomi "I tropl

.Hi'! ifil

RIlil'IMR.I s| \R||s|| (,K \MII \ll I) s| \KI |s|| [NDO-PAt II U < USHIOM si \K
jrjnulatus Kl I) ( IISIIIOS si \l<

|
lilt illui
'

Poraniii
From the cuihion *ur fimil A guru I

ofruht< loppi 'I

Indian '

ull\ li with ihoi

'thcr
and d'
'
rrutu
~icn ailulr

SM \i i ( iisiiios si \k
(,()()n| FOOl •>! \KIISM
Li

.1 '.ii

v
318 CHORDATES
Less than three percent of animal species are chordates, yet
they include the largest, fastest, and most intelligent animals
alive today. Most chordates have skeletons made of bone,
<
but their defining feature is a rodlike structure called a
—
notochord the evolutionary forerunner of the spine.

The earliest known chordates were times less than a blue whale, which is

small, streamlined animals, with the largest chordate, and the biggest
1/3

bodies just a few inches long. Living animal that has ever lived.
< over 550 million years ago, they had no
hard parts, except for a stiff but flexible LIFESTYLES
z cartilaginous notochord. The Some of the simplest chordates, such as
< do not have skeletons, and
notochord ran the length of their sea squirts,
bodies, creating a framework for their spend their adult lives fastened in one
muscles to pull against. Today's place. But they are an exception.
chordates have all inherited this Chordates generally — and vertebrates
feature, and a small number keep it in particular — are often fast-moving
throughout life. However, in the vast animals, with rapid reactions, well-
majority of chordates — from fish and developed nervous systems, and sizable TUNICATES
The subphylumTunicata contains about 3,000 species. Larval
amphibians to reptiles, birds, and brains. Birds and mammals use energy tunicates have a notochord, and resemble tadpoles. The adults

mammals — the notochord is present from food to keep their bodies at a are filter feeders, the most common type being sea squirts.

only in the early embryo. As the constant optimum temperature. AMPHIBIANS

embryo develops, the notochord Chordates vary in breeding techniques Numbering over 6,000 species, amphibians include frogs and
toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians. Most start their
disappears, replaced by an internal and way they raise their young.
in the lives as aquatic larvae, but as adults thev take up life on land.

skeleton made of cartilage or bone. Apart from mammals, most vertebrates

These animals are known as spawn or lay eggs, although species
vertebrates, from the column of bearing young exist in almost every
live

vertebrae that makes up their spines. vertebrate group apart from birds.
Unlike shells or body cases, bony The number of offspring produced is
work on an amazing
skeletons directly related to the amount of
spectrum of scales. The smallest parental care. Some fish produce
vertebrate, a freshwater fish called millions of eggs, and play no part in
Paedocypris progenetica, is less than V& in raising their young, whereas mammals
(1 cm) long and weighs several billion and birds have much smaller families.

CHORDATE HAGFISHES
LOBE-FINNED
FISHES
TREE
CARTILAGINOUS REPTILES
TUNICATES FISHES AND BIRDS

CHORDATES (vertebrates)

I
» continuedfrom
invertebrates

LANCELETS RAY-FINNED MAMMALS

FISHES
Tunicates, lancelets, and hagfishes
fore the vertebrates. Thi
ugh hagfishes
JAWLESS FISHES AMPHIBIANS
I \\L I I I IS II \(.l IMI1 S I ISM
Small marine animal- with slender bodies and a noto< hord .
el like, seabed scavenge) - In li ing ti 1 subph) lum
thi Fish wen thi earliest animals to cvolvi vertebral rheyan
^h«>ut life, lancelets live half buried in th« seabed Craniata, « hit h includes all animals w ith -kuIN Unlike . lassifii J in si vi ral dirfi 1 lassi •. n 1 1. •
ting thi ii vj I

rhtri are ?0 spot ies in the -uhplnluni C» phalm hordata othei craniatcs, th« 60 species of hagfish lack a bai kboni evolutionary past Ovei 10,000 livii in known

KIIMIlls BIRDS \\ wni \i s

With ncarb s.ixxi spec* -. reptiles inhabit < \i r\ continent Birds are the onh living animals that havt feathers, rhen Readih identified b\ theii fur, mammals an thi onlj

on Earth, with the exception ol \ntarctica Unlike birds iund 10,000 species of birds Mlofthcsi lay 1 chordatcs that raise their youni Ik rhen an about
and numnuU, th*\ are mid -blinded, and covered ii and mam show highly developed parental can 1

km IV* 11 111.11111n.1l mii 1 11 B,

jr
320 FISH
Fish are the most diverse chordates and can be found in all types
—
of watery habitat from tiny freshwater pools to the deep ocean.
Almost without exception, they breathe using feathery gills to
absorb oxygen from the water, and almost all swim using fins.

PHYLUM CHORDATA
Fish are not a natural, single group but are in fact four
J/5

-J
r
CLASSES PETROMYZONTIDA classes of vertebrate chordates, of which the familiar
< CHONDR1CHTHYES
ray-finned (bony) fishes are by far the most populous.
ACTINOPTERYGII
5 SARCOPTERYGII The majority of fishes are cold-blooded so their body
_ ».

ORDERS 63
temperature matches that of the surrounding water.
FAMILIES 538
A few top predators, such as white sharks, can
SPECIES 31,254
maintain a flow of warm blood to the brain, eyes, and
main muscles, which allows them to hunt actively
even in very cold water. Most fishes are protected by
scales or bony plates embedded in the skin. In fast

swimmers these are lightweight, and provide

streamlining as well as protection from abrasion and
disease. Although a few fishes slither or shuffle over
the seabed, most swim using fins. With the notable
exception of rays, the tail ttn usually provides the
main propulsive force. Paired pectoral and pelvic fins

(on the sides and underside respectively) provide

stability and maneuverability, helped by up to three
dorsal fins on the fish's upper side and one or two anal
Overlapping scales
a bicolor parrotfish,
cover the body
forming a flexible
i

fins. Fishes avoid collisions — especially when in large

laver that protects against injury.
schools — by using special sensory organs that detect
the vibrations made as they or other animals move
through the water. Most fishes have a row of these
organs running along both sides of the body, called
the lateral line. While they also use the senses of
hearing, touch, sight, taste, and smell found in other
chordates, only fishes have a lateral line system.

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
The four classes offish have very different ways of
reproducing. Most ray-finned fishes, and some
lobe-finned fishes, have external fertilization and
Predatory sharks lunge into a huge
school of sardines, which swim ever
shed masses of eggs and sperm directly into the water
closer together for protection. compensate
to for the huge numbers that are eaten
or die before they can develop into juvenile fishes.
In contrast, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and
chimaeras) have internal fertilization and produce eggs
or young at an advanced developmental stage. This
requires a high input of energy — only a few young
are produced at one time, but these have a good
chance of survival. The eggs of lamprey (jawless
fishes) hatch into larvae that live and feed for many
months before undergoing metamorphosis into the
adult form.

The huge mouth of a male gold-specs BRIGHT SPECTACLE >

jawfish provides an unlikely nest for its The fabulous colors of the Banggai cardinalfish, seen here
eggs. He will not feed during incubation. sheltering among giant anemones, attract aquarium owners.
 I isll GROUPS
I lu foui i lasst s show fundamental
<lilk i. n, > v. , spi .ulk m sk< I. h\ l<

and also mam

.'ills, Inii similai ities
in bod) form rt quii ed to lun< ion i

in .in aqual i> i*n\ ii onmi n\

| \\\ I I SS I I sill s

\K I II U. INDUS

r fii i
 m

JAWLESS FISHES
Unlike all other vertebrates, jawless feed on detritus. After about three years the larvae PHYLUM CHORD
fishes have no biting jaws, although of the anadromous species change into adults and [ CLASS PETROMYZON riDA
swim out to sea, where thev feed for several years. ORDERS
they do have teeth. This ancient group
1

s
_ The freshwater species remain in rivers and lakes. FAMILIES 3 )
has only a few living representatives. SPECIES 38 )

Instead of jaws, lampreys have a circular sucker UNWELCOME PARASITES

disk at the end of the snout with concentric rows Lampreys are notorious for feeding parasiticallv i)f-MAi h i^ammmm
S.
of rasping teeth. A row of seven small, circular on larger fish when they are adult. Clinging on ARE LAMPREYS AND
s
gill openings runs along each side of the body just with its sucker mouth, a lamprey grinds its way HAGFISHES RELATED?
behind the eyes. Their skin is smooth with no through its victim's skin, eating both flesh and
Soft mud in the ocean depths is home
scales and they have either one or two separate blood. They can be a nuisance to fishermen
to slimy scavengers called hagfishes.
dorsal fins on the back near the tail. Lampreys because they damage and kill fish in nets and fish
have a cranium — a skull without jaws — but it is farms. However, most lampreys are not totally
These too are jawless,
with no bony skeleton, But unlike
eel-like fishes

made of cartilage. They lack a bony skeleton and reliant on sucking blood but also eat invertebrates.
X lampreys, they have an underslung,
have only a partially formed vertebral column. A In freshwater there are some completely slitlike mouth, only vestigial eyes, and
flexible rod — the notochord — supports the body. nonparasitic species. These reproduce up to six eggs develop directly into miniature

months after undergoing metamorphosis from adults. Traditionally hagfishes and

DIFFERING LIFECYCLES the larval to the adult form but the adults do not lampreys were classed together as

Lampreys live in temperate coastal waters and feed. The sucker mouth is also useful when the fish Cyclostomata, separate from jawed

freshwaters worldwide. All species breed in are swimming upstream against die current — they
vertebrates; this was the "cyclostome

hypothesis." But detailed morphological

freshwater. The
anadromous
coastal species are use it to cling onto rocks so thev can have a rest.
fish —
that is, like salmon, they swim up rivers Three fossil lamprey species dating from the
comparisons led

with the jawed vertebrates.

lampreys to be
The
allied

latest
into freshwater to spawn, after which they die. late Carboniferous period have been found molecular studies, however, are
The eggs hatch into wormlike, burrowing larvae, in the USA, and one of these appears to be very supporting the cyclostome hypothesis.
known as ammocoetes. These live in mud and similar to living lampreys.

LAMPREYS SEA LAMPREY

Petromyzon mannus
Jaw less fishes in the order Petromyzontiformes have a F'. Petromyzontidae

suckerlike mouth armed with concentric arcs of small, sharp Salmon in the North Atlantic
teeth. The gills open through a row of seven circular openings sometimes fall prey to this
parasitic fish, which latches
on each side behind the eyes. All lampreys spawn in temperate
onto its victim and scrapes
rivers and streams, but some live in
out its flesh.
coastal waters.

FAR EASTERN
BROOK LAMPREY
Lethcnteron reissneri
F: Petromvzontidae EUROPEAN RIVER LAMPREY
This dark brown lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis
F: Petromvzontidae
Irom the northwest Pacific
region is common in rivers Although able to live out at sea, this
and streams in Japan. lamprey usually remains in estuaries
in thenortheast Atlantic and
northwest Mediterranean.

gill openings

BROOK LAMPREY
l
Lampetra planeri
: Petromyzontidae
•

^ ir*i »ihiBal^itofc«j
Larvae and adults of this
common northern Eun
lamprey live in streams and
< )nce metamorphosis PACIFIC LAMPREY ui/ 1 iipers to

has taken place, the adults Lampetra tridentata thmJUnment

stop feeding and devote all F: Petromyzontidae
energy to spawning,
30 in/76 cm
their Some populations of this lamprey are
land-locked in lakes. Those in the oi an m.)\
•

:k blood and flesh from sperm ,\ hales.

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES
These have a skeleton of pliable
fishes entire!) in rivers Open watei cartilaginous fishes
PHYI u\t
cartilage rather than the hard bone an continuall) ontht mov< because, unlike bom , I Vss

found in most other vertebrate groups. fish, the) »l«> not have a gas filled swim bladdei to ORDI Us
maintain neutral buoyan< and then fore sink ii
I I Mil IIS
Most are predators nn ith a< ute senses. j

Sl'll IIS
the) si,»p sw imming I he ^ hale shark and otht i

Sharks, rays, and chimaeras are all cartilaginous surface living species hav« alarg< <>il\ livei to
fishes although chimaeras have distin< t anatomic al prevent this Predatoi y sharks are well known foi

differences from the other two groups, In their amazing abilit) to smell blood and homi in <>n

chimaeras, tlu- upper jaw is (used to the braincase wounded iish and mammals. Cai tilaginous fishes
>
70
and cannot be moved independently. I he) also also have the abilit) to det« > t the weak ele< ti i> .il

have teeth that grow continuously. In contrast, surround living creatures and while
fields thai
sharks and rays regular!) K>m their hard enamel not unique n> them, tins m ns. is developed to
covered teeth hut replace them from extra rows an extraordinary extent in ihis group
lying Bat behind the active teeth a hara< teristu
i
z
that lulpsmake sharks some <>t the most formidable 111 PRODIK I ION
predators on Earth, rhesltinofall thre< groups \ll v artilaginous fishes man and have intei nal
J
sharks, rays, and chimaeras is prote< ted In fertilization. Chimaeras and some sharks and rays
toothlike scales called dermal dentit les. la) eggs, each protected In a tough egg apsule <

and ( ommonl) know n as .1 "met maid's pui se /

s| ARCHING I OR PR1 1 lowever, most sharks and skates give birth n>
X
I

m
I he ocean is home to most cartilaginous tislu s well developed live young that are nourished
ami while most rays live >>n the seabed, the largei in the uterus b) egg \<>lk or l>\ a pla< ental
predator) shark species roam in open water. I he connection n> the mother. Unlike mammals, the
\ white shark, I ircharodon carchartas,
bullshark and over 100 other spe< i< s < an enter young are independent from birth and neither sin >w sili. . niiiMiu.il l\ developing rowi ol
estuaries and swim up rivers and a few liv< parent takes am interest in dun offspring. teeth dial maki II iu< Ii .1 Ii ai » imi pn datoi

CHIMAERAS SIX- AND

\|so known as rabbitfishes because "I their
4'.
Im
It SEVEN-GI1 I

fused platelike teeth, the Chimaeriformes are

I'M
SPOOKI ISH
II Ii I

S 1 1 A K K S
a small order ol cartilaginous tishes w ith Rhim\'himjcrj pacifica
W most
Kile si i.i 1 Is s have fivi pail s ol n\\ I slits,
Rhinoi himaeridae
about J4 species. K strong, venomous spine 1 :

himaera
1 In is! 1 il 1 In ordei Hexanchiformes havi eithei
I hi- long, conical snoul "I tin- ,
in front of the lirst •>! two dorsal tins |iro\ ides
.. nil in sensor) pores that di six 1 11 seven pairs. Vlso know n .is 1 ow and Ii

protectioa in their deepwater hahitat. ilrual In nl us pi.

thi 1 Ii Ills \
sharks, the) hav< .1 singh dorsal fin on thi bai k

near 1 he tail. I he six know n speciei livi

mainh in deep w ati 1

KM I I s 1 FRILLED SHARK
( /iimjiv.i
1 1 hi in doicl u h d

Om)
'

in tli- '

pectoralfim flap Atlant brilliant whiu teeth thai ma] am <

for fwimming aixl u-jn h fur |niil

 DOC, 1 I SH SHARKS CARPET SHARKS
A \ D K ILAT1VES The 33 or so sharks of the Orectolobi formes have two dorsal fins, one anal
324 fin,and sensory barbels hanging down from With the exception the nostrils.
A large and varied order, the Squaliformes contains at least JO species and !

of the whale shark, they live quietly on the seabed, feeding on fish and
UK ludes gulper, lantern, sleeper, rough, and kitefin sharks. These all have
invertebrates.
two dorsal (ba< ki fins and no anal fin. All species so far
.1 bear live young.

PIKED DOGFISH
Squalus acanthias
f: Squalidae

c Occurring worldwide intemperate w .iters this once abundant shark is now

endang( red. iving in an age of 100, it grows and breeds v< i\ slowl)
z
I

LARGETOOTH
COOKIECUTTER
SHARK
histius plutodus
< F: Dalatiidae

u In the- western Atlantic and

northwest Pacific, dolphins
and large fish sutler attacks VELVET BELLY LANTERN SHARK
from this shark, which bites Etmopterus spma\
anil twists out plugs ol flesh, f: Etmopteridae
hence its name. The lantern shark lives in the deep eastern Atlantic. It has
tinv lii;ht organs mi its belly, which help in finding a mate.
EPAULETTE CATSHARK
Hemiscyllium ocellatum
1 : I lemiscvlliidae

The bolilh marked epaulette shark clambers among coral on its fins.

I his small shark has a long tail and lues in the South Pacific.

GREENLAND SHARK
Somniosus microcephalus * TASSELLED
F: Somniosidae WOBBEGONG
One of only a lew sharks that live in Arctic Eucrossorhinus dasypogon
F: Orectolobidae
waters, the Greenland shark often
scavenges for drowned land animals. With its fringe of skin
tassels, llattencd body, and
camouflage pattern, this
southwest Pacific coral reel
resident is hard to spot.

NURSE SHARK
Ginglymostoma arratum
F: Ginglvmostomatidae

ANGULAR ROUGHSHARK l'.\ da) this shark lies hidden in

Oxynotus centrina rock crevices, emerging at night
F: Oxvnotidae to hunt in the warm coastal
this shark has two sail-like dorsal fins and rough skin. It lives waters ol the Atlantic and
in the eastern Atlantic at depths of at least 530ft ( 100m) eastern Pacific.

SAWSH A R KS BULLHEAD
Saw sharks have a Hat head with gills on SHARKS
the sides and a rostrum, a long snout edged
The Heterodontiformes are small bottom-livin
\\ ith teeth like a saw. Two long sensory sharks with paddlelike pectoral fins. They have
barbels hang from the rostrum and help two
a blunt, sloping head, crushing teeth, and
find buried food. Most of the nine species dorsal (back) fins each preceded by a sharp spine
ol Pristiophoriformes live in the tropics.

5' -It

1.7m

i
M\(,\()SISAVVSHARK
Pristiophorus cirratus
F: Pristiophoridae
PORT JACKSON SHARK
i hern Heterodontus portusjacksoni
F: I leterodontidae
I
[sing its paddlelike front fins, this shark craw Is over the
seabed oil southern Australia in search of sea urchins to eat
 s\\|t
dnJ
l>|\ II

Mil
\ \ ( , 1 1 s 1 1 \ K k s
s.|,iatini,la,
I

I lattencd from top to bottom, ang< Uli.uk- l>.i\ on th<^ gill slits sides
tli,
ofthcii largi head rhis distinguishes th< Squatiniformes from th<
>. si \1U11t .

la this well camoutlaj similarly shaped rays, which hav, gills underneath llu ordei contains
\u-\ one family, \\ In, li has m» mbei - Vngclsharks use tneii lai gi I I

11J1 with lignlii

p. loral llu- to real up and ambush |>i
, <

X
GROUND SHARKS
1 1,, i, .in in,. i, than ! ! - -|>< ciesof < m> harl l<" mes, making tln-

id, largest and most diverst order of sharks Most an lai predatoi >t >
although thi small yet numerous cat sharks an als eluded in th< TO

ordei \ll Ii.im two dorsal tins and oni anal fin H
r
>

c
III III Sll \KK
fdlli .i

ii ,ii , harhinidai
/
sn, amlini dandclcganl b va»l
X
l» iw, . ii I, , cling and I
—
Mori' arc I ihcr aharl

WHIM IP Kl sll
I I I \KK
Triaenodon obesus
i in, li.H I

I Ins is pi i haps il" mosl i om

i
.i ii,, Indian and I in». It

limits fish .ii

'
in In nzii ,]

sll \KK
harhinus /iTu/mumi,
ii,
I Ii. tail whitt H|"|» 'I I" si di

III! <ll tills

wan,!'
In ihipwrci k survivi

IK. K I Sll \KK HIM I sn VRK

iet
i , harhinidai i Can harhinid u

N.uii, whii I.mI, with ( In, ol li, -in l ii' --1 'I. ii.
,1 foi its rtript t, Ii

nything ton pn datot inl

tronii vorldwidi
and .ilsu s« mis up 1

I blunt
» GROUND SHARKS

The 1 5 species ot shark in this order are

larc<e with cylindrical bodies and conical
heads. The Lamniformes are efficient
hunters and many of them can maintain
SAND TIGER SHARK GOBLIN SHARK
a high body temperature, allowing them Carcharias taurus Mitsukurina owstoni
to sustain speed in cold waters. F: Odontaspididae F: Mitsukurinidae

The menacing, daggerlike teeth of this large This shark has jaws that shoot torward to grab hsh. Living in the
mackerel shark belie its docile nature. It lives dark depths of the Atlantic, Pacific, and western Indian oceans,
in warm coastal waters. it detects prey using its flat, electrosensitive, bill-like snout.

pointi
snout
SHORTFIN MAKO
hunts oxyrinchus
F: Lamnidae
MEGAMOUTH SHARK Capable of reaching 20 mph
Mcgachasma pelagios ( 35 kph), the shortfin make
F: Megachasmidae is the fastest ot all sharks. It

Nut discovered until 1976, this large shark is a range is worldwide except
filter feeder, gulping plankton and tiny shrimp for polar waters.
\\ ith its huge mouth. There are few records,
but it probably lives throughout the tropics.

WHITE SHARK
Carcharodon carcharias
F: Lamnidae THRESHER SHARK
One of the best-known ocean Alopias vulpinus
the white shark, or the large pectoralJin F: Alopiidae

1. It Found worldwide, the thresher shark

has a tail as lon<? as its body, which
it lashes to herd and stun fishes.
Sk ATI S AND R \l S
In this order ol fishes, a Rat, disk-shaped bod) and winglike
pectoral fins joined to the bead are adaptations for bottom
living.However, some members >! tlu order Rajiformi -

fret swimming. \ long, thin tail belps them keep their balance

when swimming, ["he tail is sometimes armed w ith stm^ .»

i OMMOM M1M.K \>

Ill III -SPO'l II l> I MUIINH U K II U 111 III SK \l I

\1s\JIk1ji RIBBON \n I i< \1 I . An. if. i Dtpturus btttii

Whil. « in I K.i|i.l.i. |idai

the tropics, the range >>l thi^ I his 1 uropi .in i i\ is proti < li • ' from I In largi si I uropi .in i.i\, ill. Iilui ikati

diterraDean - hi the predators b> the row of distinctivi upon iiinln.iii i Msli anil »< .il" ,1 m*, i li bi

inu> northern Europe, where Indian ' I'aalu il«» . ui ved spines \\ uli \\ Idc bases I
b> n- Ion

n li\i s ins sediment. lomous spit lll.ll I llll> iln«ll 111 |>1| k .lllil Mil, liii.l. I

\ll Will (.1111 \KIIMI

Rhinohitos lemiQir,
F: Rhinobatidae

Unu«Lul for ra\*. this species ha^ •.mall

tail

!or molla»k> an<!

SAWFISHES ELECTRIC RAYS

s%» \| I HUH II

Tht-M large modified ra\s ha\i a tuu^h. bladelike SAWI ISH I In m ings "I t In ibrpediniformes
•rijfj ;n organs thai produi
^nout, arnuil «ith regular-sized teeth on both •
i i.il i i i

Superficially, th< PristifoniM - resemble sawsharks, 1 1. 1 in< n\ to stun pn \ and di* oui

but like raw thv % ha\< gills on their underside predators I hi si rays havi acin ulai

disk shap 'I l""l\ ni'l i thii k tail

thai <-nil» in ,i fan I ike tip

v tRBI 1 1) 1 1 k mil R u

1 1„
 BLUE-SPOTTED
nx
RIBBONTAIL RAY
Taen lura 7 mma
I

SIZE 28-35 in (70 90cm), including tail

Stingrays arc notorious for the painful wounds they can inflict with
HABITAT Sandy patches in coral reefs
their barbed tail, which can, in exceptional circumstances, be lethal. DISTRIBUTION Indian Ocean, W. Pacific
However, the tropical blue-spotted ribbontail ray, like other stingrays, DIET Mollusks, crabs, shrimps, worms
uses its sting just to defend itself. Much of its time is spent resting
motionless on sandy patches among coral, hidden under overhangs. < MOUTH
y
( )ln n only its blue-edged tail gives it away to divers — if disturbed, it
The mouth is on

w ill swim away, Happing its two winglike pectoral fins. The best time
to see one is on a rising tide when the stingrays swim inshore to feed
< on invertebrates in shallow water.

< PELVIC FINS >

In this female tin

urogenital opening
is visible between
the pelvic tins on the
X underside. After mating,
C/5
females produce up
to seven live young
following a few months'
to a year's gestation.
< GILL SLITS
Alter passing over
the gills, water leaves
the bod) through five
pairs ol gill slits on
the underside.

v TOP HOLE < BACK SPINES

Oxygen-rich water is drawn in This species has
over the gills through two spiracles relatively smooth skin,
on top of the head behind the eyes. but has two parallel
Their elevated position helps rows ol tiny spines
prevent sand from getting in.
running down its back,
as well as other
I scattered spines.

A ARMEDTAIL
spiracle The tail is armed with one or two sharp, barbed
behind eye spines that cause physical wounds and inject
venom if the rav is attacked or stepped on.

barbed tail

*<•»
^ -

ili.
'
V 1111)1)1
lniii

blm
. most of
spotti
\ SPOTS
il

'I i
n lal

ibbontail
iw v,

i.i\ i.ii i K bui ii s itsi II in

sand, ii K mi., insti ad I

• Magi colors \ I thou h

In I'lii .
its l.lu. spots bi ' al i

:l fin
|| Inn M In n - i.

ibo i
in iln shiftin

utnli hi -I .1 shallow coral reel

mouth

•
I III I I II' sll)l
I he nn >ut h. nostrils, ami .nil --lit

ar« allon the undcrsidi hi Am I

is plain whiti withnoblui s|>nt*

tin- sulr iv usuall\ hi'lclt n
IU)
RAY-FINNED FISHES
These bony, with a hard,
fishes arc ice-shelves of Antarctica and from the depths of
calcified skeleton. Their fins are the ocean to shallow desert pools. Herbivores,
carnivores, and scavengers are all well represented
supported by a fan of jointed rods
— in the group and its members exhibit many FAMILIES 482
- called rays, made of bone or cartilage. SPECIES (Hi
ingenious hunting and defense strategies, as ,11.

J*.
Raj -finned lish are able to swim with far greater well as cooperation between species.
precision than cartilaginous fish. Using their
highh mobile and versatile fins, they can execute SAFETY IN NUMBERS
maneuvers such as hovering, braking, and even Most ray-finned fish shed eggs and sperm into the
z some
sw Lmming backward. The fins themselves can be water and fertilization is external. In cases,
z
delicate and flexible or strong and spiny and they fewer eggs are laid and parental care is provided.
often have important secondary uses, such as in For example, jawfish and some cichlids protect
defense, display, and camouflage. their eggs and young in their mouths, while
<
DC
With the exception of bottom-living species, sticklebacks and many wrasses build nests of weed
most ray-finned fish have a buoyancy aid in the and debris. Some species protect their eggs with
form of a gas-filled swim bladder. This allows them such vigor that even scuba divers are warned off.
to maintain their position at a certain depth and to Most species, however, lay eggs in vast numbers.
C/2

rise or fall by adjusting the pressure of the gas. The millions oi floating eggs and fish larvae are an
important food source for other aquatic creatures,
MYRIAD ADAPTATIONS but those that survive drift and disperse the species.
The great majority of fish are ray-finned and the Populations of fish reproducing way are less
in this

group is hugely diverse — ranging from tiny gobies vulnerable to overfishing because numbers can
to the gigantic ocean sunfish. Species have evolved recover when fishing stops, but even stocks of such
A pair of bluecheek butterflvfishes
to inhabit every conceivable aquatic niche from prolific breeders as Atlantic cod will eventuallv
swim in unison
(Chdctodon semilarvatus)
tropical coral reefs to the waters beneath the succumb if intense levels of fishing are continued. as the\ patrol their patch of coral reef.

STURGEONS AND RELATIVES

Among the members of the order Acipenseriformes, only the sturgeon
AMERICAN PADDLEFISH
family includes marine species. The
and some fin supports are skull
PolyoJon spathuld
made of hard bone, but most of the remaining skeleton is made of F: Polvodontidae

pliable cartilage. As in sharks, which these fishes resemble, tin- Inhabiting North American wetlands,
asymmetrical with this species has a long, paddlelike upper
tail is a longer upper lobe.
jaw. It is one ot the few freshwater
fishes that feed by straining plankton.

EUROPEAN
STURGEON
li ipenser stuno
F: Acipenseridae

Heavily protected with rows

of bony plates, this critical Iv

endangered species, once prized for sensitive barbels

its caviar, inhabits coastal waters, help locate prey
but swims into rivers to breed.

TVtfMhT
GARS TARPONS AND
Fishes in the order Lepisosteiformes are primitive, TEN POUNDERS
freshwater predators in North America, with long,
The order Elopiformes is small and its members are
cylindrical bodies, protected by heavy, close-fitting silvery with only one dorsal fin and a forked tail. They TARPON
scales. Their long jaws have needlelike teeth.
resemble giant herring. They have special throat bones Megalops atlanticus
F: Megalopidae
(gular plates). Although these are marine fishes, some
Found along Atlantic coasts, the tarpon
species also swim up estuaries and rivers.
sometimes enters rivers. In stagnant
water, it gulps air from the surtace using
LADYFISH its swim bladder as a primitive lung.
6 ft LONGNOSEGAR Elops saurus
Lepisosteus osseus F: Elopidae
F: Lepisosteidae
The ladvfish moves in large
I illed predator, this long, thin fish h schools, close to the western
i

h iti ': Iden bj ves Atlantic shores. When alarmed, it

forward to capture its prey. skips over the water's surface

 BONY TON GUES
AND R L A T V F S t 1

\^ their name suggests, ilu- ti^lu - ol the ordei

Osteoglossiformes have mam sharp teeth on

the tongue and rool oi tlu mouth, which lu-l|>

them seize and ln>UI pre) I hese fishes live in

freshwater, mainh in the tropic s I he group has i|. imn.l i.

t
man> fishes with umunu.i1 shapes Vmtli \i, .

iw.iu i lith li^

X
Iiiin lii -

1
1 » it lungi forward I" i .iK li
|
ii< \

I i i ni kNTNOSI i ISH l l(.\\ S KMI I I IMI

I lnt.il.i . /m.i/.i 73
I Mmin\ I Nutopli i nl. ii
>
1 tiiN \h it an h»h finds Us «a\ I l|K kll Hid I ,
lllllll|i|i.l> ki .1

in iti tmukv » jii i habitat b\ IkIi III. I III in il

'
ii.al MJllllli ul \*l» In -.1.1:1 in i<

pulses Its

. s tin imi. i
• Z
z
/I UK \ WOK \\
Ills gp!Ub» (ii inn
I Mm,.
rhe VnguUliformes have long, thin, snakeliki bodies w nli smooth I Iik 1 1 1 j >i i .J, ImlilK
1

skin, m which the an cither absenl or deeph embedded

scales he fins I

X
an often limited to one long fin runing do« n the back, around the t.iil
, I.I.I, liki U . ili la ' .ii
—
ami aK mi' the IhIK els an found in marine and freshwater habitats
I
Inn-

JIW I I Mt)K U I I I

Huraena Itntiqinosa
I : Mm ii

Inhahitini: coral reefs in thi

hythmicalh
ith for k >|

s|>()| ||I)(.\RD1N I I I

Het KIKIiON I I I

f '•
'
I ()N(.I Kill Rhinomut ltd

S nget
I Mm ii mil. ii

With uVir tills hi I

i
ngl "Mr Jim ml< rlbl bla< I- « Ith yellow
-
burr n like plants, i~ and iii.iiiik
ii Into bi ighl blui mail
in rhii 1 1 1 ..I iln North Ml.iniu i

ilisturiVtl "•I I" i

finds an idea
'
anil Mi
I. mali i, mini in tin Indian and
hi mir in shipwn
i ii I'.n iin .

to I

*'
+ m
K | ^ H \M)I l> sN \KI 1 1

S|n ndl
I IIKdl'l

i
Will
tilla

CIom-Iv resembling a

I the Indian an.

bv predati.r -and burrow « lor small

SWALLOWERS
\ N I) GUI IM Rs
PI I it \\ GUI PI K I I I

Living in the <i

belonging tod i i

fmorpeh
then modified fan

ind then
 FISH AND RELATIVES SARDINES AND RELATIVES
two exceptions, including the milkfish itself, This predominantly marine order includes many commercially
Ml Willi onlv
irynchiformes live in freshwater. They have a pair important species. The Clupeiformes are silvery, with loose scales,

of peh ic Ims that are set well back on the belly. one dorsal Hn, a forked tail, and a keel-shaped belly. Most live in large
schools and are preyed on by sharks, tuna, and other large fishes.

PERUVIAN ANCHOVETA
Engraulis ringens
F: Engraulidae

This tiny plankton-cater lives in enormous

schools along the western coast ot South
America, where it is a major source ol food
for humans, pelicans, and larger fishes.

MILKFISH
Chanos chanos
¥'. Chanidae

1 his last swimmer has a large

linked tail- Feeding solely on peh it jm
plankton, farmed
it is
BEAKED SALMON ALLIS SHAD }3in ATLANTIC HERRING
n 51 mtheast Asia. Gonorynchus grcyi llosa alosa
83cm t lupea harengus
F: Gonorynchidae F: Clupeidae F: Clupeidae

Native to Australia and In spring, adults ol this species This silver-scaled hsh lives in larue
New Zealand, this Hsh lives migrate from the sea into I uropean schools, gathering plankton. Distinct
near the seabed and dives rixers to spaw n. sometimes local races exist in the northeast
under sand it threatened. su imming \m long distant es. Atlantic and the North Sea.

CARP AND RELATIVES

This is one of the largest freshwater fish orders, with over 3,000
species worldwide. The Cvpriniformes have the standard "fish
shape," with a single dorsal tin. They typically have large scales.
The teeth are in the throat instead of the jaws. Many are familiar
aquarium fishes, including loaches,
minnows, and carp.

CLOWN LOACH
Chromobotia macracanthus
F: Cohitidae
Native to wetlands in southeast Asia
this loach is a bottom-feeder. It has
sharp spines bv its eyes, whi< h it

uses to defend itself.

BITTERLING GRASS CARP GOLDFISH

RhoJeus amarus CtenopharvngoJon idclld Carassius aurjtus
F: Cyprinidae F: Cvprinidae F: Cyprinidae
This European fish lays its eggs A on aquatic plants.
native ot Asia, this species feeds Originally native to central Asia and China, the
inside the mantle ca\ it) i ij
large, For this reason, it has been introduced in Europe and been introduced all over the
goldfish has
mussel, where they "row and silver) si ales the LISA to keep drainage channels clear ofwei ds. world and there are now manv varieties.
hatch before the Irv swim awav.

COMMON CARP
C vprinus carpio

protrusible F: Cyprinidae
mouth With its mouth that
can be thrust out and
sensorv barbels, a carp
finds lood by "tubbing 6 cm ZEBRAFISH
throuah the bottom BrachyJanio rcrw
mud. Now introduced F: Cvprinidae

worldwide, it was This active spaw ns frequently and

little fish

originally from China is common inponds and lakes in South

and central Europe. Asia. It is bred in aquaria and laboratories.
CH A R AC N 1 S \ \ I) KM ATI \ I S
mi

i
\n VNTETRA
» ii.n .1. i.l.i.
miw

These freshwater fishes an mostly carnivores, with well developed in ill

\\ Itili ill. a.. i iii.il i. M ni ..I tin

X-. well .in normal dorsal fin, most also have a small, fatt\ adipose fin
.1 i
t. ii. i has
Nil. 1IIIS, Its vai urn
near the tail. Ol the IS families in the ordei Chara( ifoi mes, III

, .|\, jl.i.iU .111.1 Iv I. In

tin- piranhas are the most notorious predat

7:
>

1(1 I) I'lK \MI \

. nirui naiu '• 1 1

p; Chai . Idai

Native to South \iin 1 1. in '

tins livli usuall) . ii "' rrlcl

.111.1 ll-ll« N, ,||||

kill I. ii .'i mammals « llh the ii

1. 1/.. I -I i.il p tei 'Ii

K I \ 1 K
ii Mini itish lOM.SNOIII DIM II MODUS
tela K.I Kl isll
I

HyJrot ynus ittatui i

Distil hodus lusosso
pelei i<Ij<'
i i
'

lonl idai
Th:- S Jlh
lm i Mestidai
ol ii- |iu mil. i i' lalivi s,
Nativi to \ln. .in ivei s, tln-
\nurKan h>h ha> a ilwp l*«lv
i

ilns iv I. Inl hi 'i h Ii

muslo |ir. iIjI'.i has fanglike i. . ill and . an .i

i"
.

shape, «ith powerful i"

lives in | '

to accelerate rapidh eat ii~lu a hall a- long as its

that alUn* it

CATHSHES
The prcdorninanil) freshwater catfishes
hav«. a long IhhI\ an<l mam mouth
barbels. There i- a sharp spun in trout IK, K SIK)\ NOSI
MKII'I Dill ( UIIMI I I I

of the .lor^al ami pectoral tinv Most ( \l I isll

- in thi order Siluriformes I in .

i m
I : I'mi. Im.Ii.I.i.
have a small a<lirx>-< tin on thi- u ,, ,, il marini >|m . ies form
j
I Ii. long I'.hI" Is "I this South \mm i Ii hi fish
near the tail. ball shaped schools for protection. Solitar) adults
•
In l|i it find food as II hum >
di
themselves v» ith theit venomous fin ip
I

Mil \IIIMI
Si/urus glanii
I
v lUr iclae

lr..m
hash .

(.1 \SS( \ll IMI

BROWN Kill I III M»
I
 SALMON AND SOCKEYE SALMON
Oncorhynchus ncrka

m RELATIVES From
F: Salmonidae

the North Pacific , this fish

This order ol marine and freshwater moves up rivers into Asian and

fishes also includes mam anadromous North American lakes t< > spau n.
At this time, both sexes turn
members (mo\ ing from sea to fresh
red and the male's jaw
s. water to breed). Powerful predators, develops a hook.
— the Salmoniformes have a large tail,

a single dorsal fin, .mil a much

smaller adipose fin.

Q
—
Z
Z
_
CISCO ARCTIC CHAR RAINBOW TROUT
Coregonus artedi Sahchnw, dlpinus Oncorhynchus miA-;s\
Salmonidae
< F: Salmonidae F: F: Salmonidae

2C Widespread in North American lakes and Clean, cold water is a must lor this tish. Although native to North America, this hsh
large rivers, this Ksh forms schools that Some individuals live in high-altitude lakes has been introduced into Ireshw aters tor
feed on plankton and invertebrates. while others migrate from sea to river. lood and sport throughout the world.

C/i

PIKES AND
RELATIVES
Found in cool frcshwaters across the Northern
Hemisphere, the Esociformes are fast and agile.
The dorsal and anal fins are set far back, near
the tail, to give these predatory fishes an
instant forward thrust.

MUD MINNOW
Umbra krameri
F: Umbridae

The European mud minnow is now rare, as the

small ditches and canals of its home — the Danube
and Dncistcr river systems — disappear.

LIZARDFISHES AND RELATIVES LANTERNFISHES

This diverse order of marine fishes inhabits shallow coastal waters as well as tin elongated
AND RELATIVES
deep sea. The Aulopiformes have large mouths, with many small teeth, and can pectoral fins
Lanternfishes are small, slim fishes with
catch large prey. They have a single dorsal fin and a much smaller adipose fin.
many photophores (light organs) that

help them communicate in their deep,

dark ocean habitat. Members of the
order Mvctophiformes, these species
have large eves and many migrate
toward the surface at night to feed.

SPOTTED LANTERNFISH
BOMBAY DUCK FEELER FISH Myctophum punctatum
Harpadon nehereus Bathypterois longifiln F: Mvctophidae
F: Synodontidae F: Ipnopidae Living in the depths of the Atlantic,
ason in the Indo-Pacific, This globally distributed fish perche this lanternfish uses its impressive array
111 r near river deltas above the deep, muddy ocean floor, and uses elongated of light-emitting organs, or photophores,
.bed down. its filament-like pectoral fins to catch food. pelvicjjns to signal to others.
DRAGON] SHI
WD RE1 \
I

T I V I
S
s

A majorit) al these deep-sea fishes have photophores to help

them hunt, hide, and find mates Most members >>t the ordei
Stomiiformes are fearsome looking predators, wuh lai

teeth and sometimes a long chin bai

SLOANt'S
\ ll'l Kl ISH

i Stomiidac
SORIHIKNMOI'lll.lll llll>M|\« 5 • riperfish lu- long,
I/..
hat proO inli 1. 1 nuptvi hitlae
I Monnnlji when i^ mouth isdoa I In silvei \, thin both • •! this ii^li

K>unvl glohalK in temperate, tropical, and subli li u^. . mil helps camouflage and ln>l. it from
•>, thi- ti>h uses a beam ol red btohimim -
light in tlu il. ptli* .'l tropical predatoi s It is round in temperati
light, which u> shrimp tropit al, and sublropit .il tvatci -

K N I 111 ISHES
Knifefishes havt flattened, eel-likt bodies, and a singli long anal fin,
which the) u^. to movi bat kward and forward lu electrit eel is I

atypical, with a long, round bod) h< Gymnotiformes livt infresh I

w ,ii> .iin .in produce electrical impulses,

i 1 1

B \M)I I) KMI I I ISH

l. II \|N I'll Kl Kl I
Li- rapo
niga lilt IKK I I I
i '
. tidai

i I • In- Electrophorus tin trit us i

iund in murk] - 1 tland In

When hunting, thiN North American imnotidai

.
i
. i
J and Si ".Hi Vmi
pike makes delicate movements with rhis largi South \merican fish can produ this fisl clcctrii

electrit shock of up to 600 volts enough .mi. niv, whii h

h ith lightning speed. to kill other ii-li and stun a hum its -HI I. -HI"

SMELTS AND RELATIVES QARF1SHES AND RELATIVES

Smelts resemble small, -\\m salmon and. like them, most The 18 members ol this marini • >i <U i . called I ampriformes, an
•in raj
haw an adipose hn on the hai k near the tail Some "t the i olourful tish« is nl iln open ocean, thi adults having crimson fin
i

t
tamcrifbrmea haw a distant ti\i smell. I hi European In man) spe< h s, tin rays "I the dorsal fin i >ct< nd as l"n^ stn am
smelt -melU like lrv-»h cucumber. Mosl fishes in this ord< ran ocean wanderers that an rarely seen

li \ K K 111 I I OARFISH
Opmhoprpaus soleatus Rcfliilci:u\ fllcsnc
/ / )
uisthoprix •
I :
R

Living in aemidai • l~h< longest l*>n\ ti-h in tin- world, |tl\ I Nil I

rldwide, thi-. thi» n

I I I.I

fish ha> tubular eyes that mat.

point upward 1
.1. subtropii

help itmake full uv irldwide

<it th. available light

OPAH
/ atnprt
i : I ampi Kl...

t veil in
•

dae
Found in cold Arctic and nearbv v. at

that are a crucial food source for mam srabird«. its abundi
scarcity determines the breeding success of these bmi
 ANGI. ERFISHES COD AND
336
AND RELATIVES RELATIVES
Tlu- $00 or --!» I ophiiformes include The Gadiformcs include many important marine commercial species.
some ol tlu- most bizarre ol a 1 1 marine Most have two or three soft dorsal fins on their hack and mam have a
fishes. A modified fin ra\ on top ol the chin barbel. Grenadiers live in deep water and have a lono thin tail.
head acts as a fishing lure (bioluminescent Sin
!0cm
in deep water species), which attracts
pit toward the fishes' cavernous mouths.
\
RED-LIPPED
BATFISH
Ogcocephalus darwini
F: Ogcocephalidae
COIEINFISH The oddly shaped
Chaunax endea\ sun liatHsh props itsell up
Ilium. k idae
I : i
on its paired pet toral
v i i
iffinfishes 1 i
«.
- <m and pelvic tins and
z muddy seabeds in the shuffles around in
southwest Pacific, scan li "I liic nl.

waiting lor small fish

ATLANTIC COD chin hurhel .

GuJus moihua
>- to slia\ w illi in reach.
F: Gadidai
( Iverfishing has reduced the average weight of
ANGLER Atlantic cod to 241b k») from a historical
( 1 1

Lophius piscatorius maximum weight of over 2001b (90kg).

!•: 1 ophiidae

X A fringe of seaweed-shaped Haps

C/3
around its mouth helps disguise
this northeast Atlantic
angler. It can strike
with lightning speed.

ALASKA POLLOCK
Theiagia chalcogramma
I'. Gadidae

1 he lack of a chin barbel and a protruding lower

FANFIN ANGLER jaw help distinguish this fish from cod. Ii lives
C aulophryne jordani
in i old Arctic waters.
¥'• Caulophrvnidae

In the dark ocean depths it is

difficult to find a mate. Ono

successful, the tiny male
fanfin angler latches onto
WARTY FROGEISH
. Imcmuini/N mac ulatus
the female permanently.
F: Antcnnarinlac

I In well-camouflaged wart) frogfish

i lambers over coral reefs using colorful
iis limblike pectoral fins.
SHORE ROCKLING tail fin n ith
Gaidropsarus mediterranean rounded edge
1
F: Lotidae

* .
Equipped with three sensor) mouth barbels
this eel like rockling searches out food

in northeast Atlantic rock pools.

r* ^ 20 cr

SARGASSUMFISH
i BURBOT
Histrio histrio
Lota lota
F: Antennariidae
F: Lotidae
While most frogfish live on Unlike most of itsburbot lives in
relatives, the
the seabed, this one hides freshwater. It is found
deep lakes and rivers
in
among rafts of floating
across the Northern Hemisphere.
Sargassum seaweed, which it

i losi K resembles.

I PACIFIC GRENADIER
I Coryphaenoides acrolepis
F: Macrouridae

A long scaly tail and

bulbous head give this
abundant deepw ater cod
relative its alternative
name of Pacific rat-tail.
C LI S K E E L S GR 1 }

Most members ol the order Ophidiiformes live in M 11 I 1 I I

s
the ocean and are long, slim, eel-like fishes lu\ 1
mullets .in
ha\f thin peh k fins and long dorsal and anal fins, silvei \ sti iped fisl

which in man) species join onto the tail tin u llli tWO W uli l\

sepai ated doi -.il fins;

the first has shai p

spines, tlu m, ond has
I'l VKl IIMI soft rays Members ol the

l aia|M.lai
Mugilifoi mes ju disti ibuted
I
i
Mu( ilidai
worldwide r he\ are vegetarian,
rhe aduh pearifish fin ber, Harbors, . ituai li s,and coastal ivali 1- In il>. noi 7>
entering tail hr-t through thi ami- - feeding >>n fine ilgat and >l> u itus \il.mn. U haunli "i tin- mullet, whli
.in .ill lik. I

>
lU'CS III 111 hooli

TOADHSIII s
AND RELATIVES
Ibadfishes arc broad, squat ti-ln - with
a wide mouth and eyes on top <>! the
head Thc\ have two dorsal tin-, the
tir-t short ami -pin\ and tin second i. OK \l PI UNI IN
long and soft. \lan\ species ol the rOADI ISH MlllMIIPM \\
pill -r/cnJiJu-
Batrachoidiformes, especially tin
K Batracnoididae l : H. in. ii hoidii
midshipmen, art known tor the The rare coral toadfuh i- onl\ found on I iving "ii ih. rot k\ jhon - along il"

remarkable "a\ the) use their around onl\ one i-lanil nil (li- i~i ol Noi ih Vim .i. tin- n
i ii

>\\im Madders to produce sound. lt hides under mr.il arid in breathe .nr when th.

SILVER SIDES NEEDLEFISHES

\ \ I) REI ATI Y ES \ \ 1) KM \ I I \ I S

These small, slim -il\cr\ h-ht •- often live in lariv -i hools. here an ovet
I With long, thin, rodlike bodies and i Kt< nd< 'I beakliki jaws, thi i

Athcrinilormc-. oeiunng both in marine ami freshwater hahtat- Mosl i silv< i\ 1 -In - are well i amouflagi d in thi op n o< i an I lying fishi a \\ m li

. tin-, the first ol which ha- flexible spines, ami a single anal fin. their large, paired pectoral (sidi iandpelvi< (belly) fins also belong to
tin- onli i. tin Hi loniformes

I IIKl \l)l is
it MNBOWI IMI
Iruihcrmj wtrneti

(, \KI IMI

I I.

n ih.

Ml \MI(
FLYINGFISH
C M IIORNI \ t.RIIMON
Levrathes ttnun
t'
\thennopsidae
awiiing grunion rut-
stranded when it deposit* its egg!
in -and on the li

high spring ti<!

 KILLIFISHES SQUIRRELFISHES
338
AND RELATIVES AND RELATIVES
M< ist members of the Cyprinodontiformes are small freshwater fishes These marine fishes, in the order Beryciformes, are deep-bodied with large

w w it!i a single dorsal fin

are pe rhaps the best known
and a large tail.

because they produce

Of the ten families, the guppies
live young and are
scales, a forked tail,
red color.
fin spines. Most are nocturnal and are often
and sharp
The red end of the light spectrum is the first to be absorbed by
a

popular aquarium fish. water. This makes them appear black below a certain depth.

CROWN
y SQUIRRELFISH
,
Sargocentron diadem a
F: Holocentridae

This is a tvpn a]
n squirrclhsh and one ot
many similar species found
in tropical waters. Bv dav
it hides in crevices.
2*4 in/7cm

AMIET'S LYRETAIL
tail important hundulopanchax atnicti
>- PINEAPPLEFISH
in display ¥'. Nothobranchiidae
< This small colorful fish lives in rain forest streams
Llcidopus qlonatnaris
F: Monocentridae
in Cameroon, Africa. There are many other
Few predators would attack this spiny
similar species, known collectively as killifishes.
Gsh, which has an armor of thick scales.
FOUR-EYED FISH Its color warns that it is unpalatable.
Anableps anableps
F: Anablepidae
C/5
The bulging eves of this South
American fish are divided so
that it can see clearly both
above and below water.

The 42 species belonging to

the order Zeiformes are all

marine, deep-bodied, but

thin fishes with long dorsal
and anal fins. Dories have
protrusible jaws they can —
be shot out to capture prev.
They feed on Viewed face on, this ultrathin
a wide range
fish is hard to see and can
k and strike its prey
T*

STICKLEBACKS VND s I V MOTHS CI \ G I I Ism s

Most sticklebacks inhabit ami slow -moving freshwater, but some \ \ 1)
do seamoths. 1
-till

he Gasterosteiformes have along, thin, stiff

live in

bod) protected b\
the
bom
s< .1 .1-

KM \ I I \ I
s
scutes (plates) along tin- sides and sharp spines along the back
1 an small,
lingfish< - usuall) tnai lm ,

bottom dwelling hsh« - Most <>l thi

Gobi* sot ii"i niv s |in\si ss .1 mi, L, 1

foi no 'I

linn iliiu J |i, K ii (ins w ii li w lui li ilu \

, ling t. • 1 •> k »•
rhcir eyes an ct high on
I Km tin In .ul
.

.111.I 1 hi \ li.n 1 mi. dot ^.il 1 1 1

X
./ /in

1I1KII-MMMI)
STICKLEBACK
l >
( IIWI \t \lt \ I I IM.I ISM
This httlv hOi i» w SI wioili / epoJoaastei , andolil
md vKillim .
I
i . !
. . .

thern Hemisphi 11 I \ s||.|||,,U , ,|| lli,

•
lleilik, 11 k-. 1I1, 'I" ist \1l.1ni1, . iluv lull, liil,

imolh is llal jiul '

is , \|„,n, ,1 t,, ttron
-
can l.iK

limflapt
pnmJt
Trumpet! i*ki«

'
that
 SW AMPEELS TRIGGER FISHES
AND RELATIVES PUFFERFISHES,
340
pica! mil subtropical freshwater fishes have an eel-like body
AND RELATIVES
and no peh. ic Imv Other fins are often reduced as well. A tew of the This diverse group of marine and freshwater fishes includes the huge
Synbranchiformes survive in brackish water such as mangrove swamps. ocean sunfish and the poisonous pufferfish. Instead of normal teeth,
the Tetraodontiformes have fused tooth plates or just a few large-
FIRE EEL
Mastacembeha erythrotaenia teeth. Their scales are modified to form protective spines or plates.
F: Mastacembelidae
Living in flooded lowland plains and
slow rivers in southeast Asia, this edible
spiny eel eats insect larvae and worms
CLOWN
TRIGGERFISH
alistoides conspiLtllum
MARBLED SWAMPEEL F: Balistidae
S) nhranchus marmoratus
This brightly colored coral-
f: Synbranchidae
reef fish can wedge it self in a
Able to breathe air if necessary, this
i iv\ u e In erec ting its dorsal
almost finless fish lives in small bodies
spines, which lock i

of water in Central and South America

FLATFISHES
Pleuronectiformes start normal juveniles with a
life as

left and a right side grow the body becomes

but as they
ilattened and they lie on the seabed. The underneath eye
migrates round to join the other on the upper side.

EUROPEAN PLAICE
Pleuronectes platessa
F: Pleuronectidac
This important North
Atlantic commercial flatfish

lies camouflaged on the sea

bed with its right side
uppermost. It emerges
at night to teed.

ATLANTIC HALIBUT
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
f: Pleuronectidae

One of the largest flatfish, the Atlant SPOTTED

on its lilt side w ith both
halibut lies BOXFISH
eves on the upward-facing right side Osttacion meleag
\ : ( )stra< iidae

Encased in a rigid box

of fused bonv plates, and
with poisonous skin, this
Indo-Pacific reel li-.li is Kit
well alone by predators.

COMMON . top is the left

SOLE side oj the psh

Solea solea
F: Soleidae

Although sole can live to

30 years old, most do not WHITE-SPOTTED PUFFER

survive this long because Arothron hispiJus
thev are a valuable F:Tetraodontidae
commercial fish The neurotoxin contained within
the skin and organs of this hsh can
easilv kfll a human and deters
natural predators.

right e\
20in/50cm
moved to top

ofthejish

TURBOT
Psetla maxima
F: Scophthalmidae LONG-SPINE PORCUPINEFISH
The ability to alter its color Diodon holocanthus
to match the seabed all F: Diodontidae
turbot to escape predators' Found in all tropical seas, this spiny fish can suck in
attention the 3 'A ft w ater to inflate its body and turn itself into a pnekh
lm ball — a very effective deterrent against predators.

^Wr
 _-* st OR PI ON 1 I s II I S
\ \ I) KM \ I I \ I s

Mosth bottom living and rnarint ii^Ih - in this lai ,

ordt i
havt a large -|>mi head with a uniqut strul I
)

across t hi Ju . L Most Scoi pai ni formes havt sharp,

viiii times vi nomous spines in
tli. ii .In i v.i | ims .mil man) ai

HMl amoutlagi t-
MIMK l ll l
. .
\ |>«. 1

X
Pjta .'.
"Unix
i Monacanlhidae
mimk hUti-h a avoided l>\

73
predators s\t VI IM \l I I)
lllll GURN \iu>
>Mi- thi -jil.llnl |>ulliTtish, S( ORPIONI IMI >
Nil Wonn/ii/ii
\\huh ha- toxic tU-h S I
ll \ I I

in la.
Walking "i. i
tin m il>« .1 .mi iln
ilcd l>\ -kin lL|i-
run II. 'lllll l.l\- .'II . .1. ll ..I It- |l. . I.U.ll
on llii head jn.l it- al>ilil\ t..

nti-h
i.ii.I . .in prohi z
I.. i In. I. It n Invei Irln •
z
—
k ^ HI I) I l()\l IMI
i] yolliom
-' .-^/ i ji.ii in. I...

—Ji '-;-:•/' In -ii Ipcd . t iliii - i\.n ii pi. .l.iiin - thai this
-
I

coral reel ti-li hu venomous dorsal Kn up

X.lult- arc leu while and ma\ have white spout —
.Ml til. 11 -111. - /

I UMPSU( M H I'.K. It MK \l (III I isll

opterus lumpui . mi.
i ... lopti idai i i Conn |.l I...

\ strong -in Icci on die bell) allows this \boul i quat u I

rotund Noi ill \tl.um. ti-li ti l- oil, nlil. I

.in l

wave battered rocks and guat Russia

imj/l mouth hj\

. ;/> to

( k I \n SUNFISH
NN
-~*».NS^.
V
roo/j
I-: Mobdac
. in -unh-h : r/'*
st ol ill b«>n

and can weigh S.t'~

it LONGSPINI I) Mill I HI \D MOM I IMI

Taurului huhjli\

• i-ul K ilillit ult in

-|H>t till- Ml ll

tropical n el ii-li

from it- venomou

Kill I Ml M)

lit |N(. GURN \ltl)

Hft

ill i ll
RED LIONFISH
Pterois volitans
SIZE 15 in (38 cm) in length
The red lionfish is a night hunter, patrolling tropical coral
HABITAT Coral and rock reels
.iihI rock\ reefs in the western Pacific in search of small DISTRIBUTION Pacific Ocean,
fish and crustaceans. It corrals its prey against the reel by introduced intoW Atlantic

spreading out its \\ ide pectoral fins — one on each side of its
DIET Fish and t rustac cans

body- before snapping up the prey with lightning speed. V

Sometimes it stalks its prev out in the open, relying on stealth
and a final quick rush, similar to a lion hunting on an African
plain. Protected by venomous spines, it will often face a diver or
potential predator head-on if approached. One male may collect
> VIBRANT WARNING
a small harem of females and will charge other males that stray The contrasting striped pattern of

too close. When ready male displays to the

to spawn, the the red lionfish acts as a warning to
predators that the hsh is venomous
female, circling around her before they swim up toward
and they should sta) away. )n (

the surface to shed eg^s and sperm into the water. After land, stinging wasps use a similar
a few days the eggs hatch into planktonic larvae that drift in method to avoid being eaten.

the plankton for about a month before settling on the seabed.

< MENACING PREDATOR

1 >usk is a prime hunting time lor this
fish. It has large eves to help it see in
the dim light, an acute sense- of smell,
ami llesh\ "whiskers" around its mouth

^ XV a VARIED STRIPES
flic striped pattern differs
among indi\ [duals, and
becomes much obvious
less

inbreeding males, which

can he \ei\ dark.

< PECTORAL FINS

The soft rays of the pectoral
fins are joined together
lor part of their length by
a fine membrane, which
is marked with circular
splotches of color.
VENOMOUS SPINES >
Sharp spines in this fish's
fleshy "whiskers"
dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins may help disguise
can he used to inject venom the fish's large,
that causes extreme pain open mouth u hen
in humans, but is rarely approaching prey
fatal. The spines are

purch defensive. < TAIL UP

Lionfish normally hang
I
slighth head down and
tail pounce
up, readv to
on passing prey. The tail
helps the hsh maintain
this position, rather than
to swim fast.
fins spread .'in /n//i
when the honfish
ambusha pn i
 PERCH AND
344
RELATIVES
With 156 families and nearly
j
10,000 species, the Perciformes
form the largest and most diverse
vertebrate order. At first si^ht,

there seems little to connect

some of these fishes, but they 6Kin
16 cm
all have a similar anatomy. Most BLUE-SPOTTED 55 in

have both spines and soft rays in

SEABREAM 90 cm
LONGFIN SPADEFISH FOURSPOT BUTTERFLYFISH Tagius caeruleostictus
their dorsal and anal fins. The Platax teira ChactoJon quadrimai ulatus Sparidae
1 :

pelvic fins are set well forward, V-I phippidae F: Chaetodontidae Found in the eastern
close to the pectoral fins. Living on coral reefs in the Manv different species of Atlantic, this is a tvpical
Indo-Pacific, this flattened species butterflvtishes are found on coral seabream with a steep head
patrols in small groups, feeding nits around the world. This hsli profile, forked tail, and
on algae and invertebrates. is in the western Pacific. Inn" dorsal fin.

REDBANDFISH
Ccpola macrophthalma
F: Cepoudae
I i\ ing in vertical mud
mrrows in the northeast
Atlantic, the nil bandfish
liiiK i.n passing plankton.

OCHRE-STRIPED CARDINALFISH
Apogon compressus RED MULLET
F: Apogonidae Mullus surmuletus
This coral-reef resident of the western F: Mullidae
Pacific is a small, nocturnal species with two Common in the Mediterranean and northeast
dorsal fins and large eyes. The male Atlantic, this species detects buried prey w ith its
incubates the eggs in his mouth. mobile barbels. It is a relative of the tropical goatfish

GREEN SUNFISH BANDED ARCHERFISH

Lepomis cyanellus Toxorcs iaculatrix
F: Ccntrarchidae FlToxotidac
Well known North America, this
in Living mainly in brackish mangrove estuaries in
large species is one of the most southeast Asia, Australia, and the western I'.n ifii .

common fishes in lakes and rivers. it catches insects from overhanging branches |>\

shooting a jet of water from its mouth.

juvenile has brown

body with black-edged
white spots

BLUEFISH
Pomatomus saltatrix
F: Pomatomidae

This widespread, voracious, and

aggressive predator roams tropica
and subtropical oceans in schools
that herd and attack smaller fish.

HARLEQUIN SWEETLIPS
Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides
F: Haemulidae
EUROPEAN PERCH
YELLOWHEAD JAWFISH Perca fiuviatilis
The adult harlequin sv.
Opistognathus aurifrons F: Percidae
am with black spots. F: Opistognathidae Native to Europe and Asia, this widespread,
>r and movement
After the female of this Caribbean predatory (reshwater fish has been introduced
fish has laid her eggs, the male as a sport fish for anglers in Australia and
broods them in his mouth. elsewhere, where it has become a pest.
 ito\ \! \N(.I IIIMI
Pvtfoplites Jiacanthm
i Pomacanthidai
I
hi si i iking i oloi s
.45
,.i thi iii-li

.111,1 ..i .<il>, i coral red

lishi ition
.in,l i mum, .limn
Ix iw, , m ip< , les

I MPEROR \M.ll FISH

rVnu- jm/niN "

i : rVMnacanlhtdae
I hi- - the Indo I'

Juveniles ami .ululi- hau different patterns, which

ts juveniles from territorial ooj a, lull- .

lOin

sll\ l it \\<>(>\\
\M \/(»N I I \l I IMI UIIK
Kl ISII i. m lus arccnteus
us polyacanthus Polyprion amerlt anus i Mi mi ida< tylidai

w entridac i Polvprionidai ;
Indo Pai iii

With n- large mouth ami habit <•! Young wreckfish livi a nomadii lift am
lik> a dead leaf, tin- South
drifting lurfaci drifting debris, whili the adult brai l-i-li wati i i stui ,

\merican freshwater predatoi can shipwrecks, caves, and rocky areai Ini where it sw im In

quick)) cngull unsuspecting pre) found throughout thi world's oceans

i[ nape

"N
• x

si \ GOl Dll UKOWN Ml VGRI

P\i-uJjmhu\ squatnipinnh
I Si i i. iniil. i, I Si i.i, ni'l.i,

I In- small ti-li gathei - plankton from mily known as dri

llll- ll-li ill. Hill,
the waters near steep oral lill- -

i > |,

.mil ledges I In mail - d< i, nd and Mi diti i

with
,i nan m ol fema I, HI, I -,iur, |W llll III. hi, I, I

HIIMI'HU K I.IUHII'IK
Ire/ii

t Si rranidac
j
\( K KMI I I IMI
upers, thi
Equt nut
,ni
p: Sciaci
rule to mali- a> it malut
(,i \n I CROUPI K •
i On
Epinephelus lai tropii il westi i n \tl.iniii
usual!)
ihapi 'I li-li li I, i|" and
i
oloi |'i

In, i «

i,K\i FISH
IOMMON HI 111 NlRII'l
III I

vn UPPER
Lulijnm kj-wirj
f. I utiar

This fast-swimming snapper I

schools in coral reefs during the

das. dispersing at nigl I
 1

» P I R C H AND stout tail u nli

R I I AT V I I S convex fin

346
20 cm
SMALL SANDEEL
Ammodj tes tobianus
F: Ammodwidae
r
— Ihis small sdvcr\ species is a
vital food source tor seabirds.
It is found in large schools in
s
shallow sandy bays of the
northeast Atlantic Ocean.

Q WOLF-FISH LESSER WEEVERFISH

Anaihichas lupus
_ F: Anarhichadidae
Ecbiichthys vipera
FtTracninid.ic
/ mouth and strong teeth enable
\ largi This venomous northeast Atlantic lish lies
this North Atlantic spei ies to tackle buried in the sand and can intlict a painful sting
hard-shelled invertebrates. from its spiny, black, first dorsal tin.

>-
BLACK SWALLOWER
t hiasmodon niqer
< 16ia blue coloration l : Chiasmodontidae
40 cm in male Found in deep tropical and
SUDtrOpic al waters, w here foi id

is sc ar< e, this lish, with its huge

X mouth and distendahlc stonuu h,
10 in
1
j ! Ill
can tackle pre) larger than itsell

CUCKOO
WRASSE
Labrus nmim HARLEQUINTUSKFISH CLEANER WRASSE 5 '-''»

F: Labridae 14 cm
t hoerodon fast iatus Labroidcs dimidiatus
Males of this species are blue and f: Labridae F: Labridae
orange, while females are pink. Some I Ins member ol the w rass, lamily from This tun wrasse forms a mutualistic
females change color and sex, and the western uses protruding
I'.u ilu its relationship with other reel fishes. It cleans
become male. It is found in the northeast canine like teeth to move stones in its and eats parasites oil these fishes at specially
Atlantic and Mediterranean. search lor invertebrate pre) set up "cleaner stations" on the reef.

DOLPHINFISH
ANTARCTIC TOOTH FISH MAORI COD t or\ phacna hippurus 7 It

Corvphaenidae 2.1
Dtssosticbus mawsoni Paranotothenia magellanica F:
F: Nototheninl.il F: Nototheniidae I his last predator ol the open ocean can
Like many Southern Ocean fishes, this species grows Found as far north .is New Zealand and reach a speed of 37mph (60kph). It is

slowly, eventually reaching a large size. Its blood \rg< ntina, thisSouthern Ocean species found worldwide in warm waters.
contains natural antifreeze, which helps is commercially important as food.
it survive icv waters.

SHARKSUCKER
3' .it
Echencis naucrates
F: Echeneidae Im
I his species has a ridged sucker on top o
its head that allows it to cling onto large
fishes, dolphins, and turtles. It benefits

r from scraps as its host feeds.

p5 r7-j
LONGNOSE HAWKFISH \ pattern provides
Sin camouflage
( >\i cirrhites typus
13 cm
F: Cirrhitidae

I his Indo-Pacific species stays well

camouflaged among sea fans and blai I orals, i

where it preys on small invertebrates.

BIGEYE TREVALLY
Caranx sexfasciatus
F: Carangidae

Built for speed, this predator

hunts other fishes at night over
reels in the Indian and Pacific
oceans Juveniles live inshore
and may enter estuaries
 Id in i HROMIS s| IU.I \\ I \l \|(IK
I/in. nils
I I'.. in 111 Illl lil.li i i . i. . mi
I.. mi. 1 111 tin iropii ,il w. >ii 1 I hi most common mi mix i ul

..nun. <ii |i»hr« tin iUiiim llikli family, lllia 1)1

X
!- It lais it> . •.:.•-'* through ,li ||M ll, -in .11 l.

llx ill. \ll.inti. < >, . ..n

CLOWN
\\l WDM I ISH
imphi.

the tropical
In. in.
iii \n \ t HIPOK \i J
firomn mloHcus eduarJianus I/, /.in.., hromh . hip
i i ,. lih. 1 1. i i .

—
I Iiin common suhspi ciesol \li u in .i.l ..nil ii

laki s is .i lex .ill\ impol .ml soun c t ili, rock) short »of I ak< M llaw i
In

.
ilc broods about \h i. i < >thi i hi ;

imil)

• m In i mouth i.l, mi, Ui iilhi i i

OKI. HID DOI IHlUk

jni
:.|j.

* IRISHWATIK
ith overhangs
*•"< \\(,l I I ISII

i ,. |.
I

il . I. llll.l. H III.

CONVK I i H III ID its .Ii . itci all)

Itlvt
Iniiiiir/jnu nigrojasciata
i i

.1 tli.
Vit n i in i - and streams,
'til
, n introdui cd 1 1st whi i

is a |x.ti ntul pcsl compi ! and space

COMMON ^1 \K(. \/l K

Kathetosiomo I t.UWI I

t-: Uran- is Pholis gunnellus

Pholidai
Found around southern Australia, th<- common l :

•
in vuid with just I. .mi. I ,
.Is in tin \"i ili \tl, tins

Itl \( KIIN l( I IISM lik. Iish with n l» ii ii slippi -.

and mouth i,
. . i
I
•

( hacnocephulus occratus lid ' ili from pn dati

i Chann ;
.'

\ natural antitr. . /, in the blood humj

vjjj/ir/iif ..I tins Soutl

it to sun in at tempi
low

Ml III I I Kit \M \N
PARROTFISH t.KI I N IIIIMI'III \l)
PARROI ISH I

Hum

»
 FIREFISH TT7T-
Nemateleotris magnified 9 U11
F: Microdesmidae
Hovering above its coral reef burrow, this fish
gathers plankton from the water and darts
SPOTTED CTENOPOMA back into safety if it senses danger.
Ctenopoma acutirostre
F: Anabantidae elongated first
Q This tropical freshwater fish is found in
BUTTERFLY BLENNY ray on dorsal fin
_ the Congo basin of Africa. It often stalk:
Blennius ocellaris
Z its prey with its head held down. F: Blenniidae

z Like many of its relatives, this fish of

the northeast Atlantic lives on the sea
bed and guards its eggs, which are
>-
often laid in an empty shell.

<
broad tail Jin

X
c/3

SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH

Betta splendens
F: Osphronemidae
The original range of this Asian freshwater fish
is unclear, but it has been bred for centuries for
its fighting ability, particularly strong in males.

MANDARINFISH
POWDERBLUE SURGEONFISH Synchiropus splendidus
Acanthurus leucosternon F: Callionvmidae
F: Acanthuridae Native to the Pacific, this is

I his Indian Ocean fish has a sharp bladelike ATLANTIC SAILFISH one of the most colorful of all
structure hidden on either side of its tail Istiophorus albicans tropical reef fish. Its vivid colors
base, with which it can slash its K Istiophoridae warn predators of its foul taste.
opponent if attacked. This ocean predator uses its upper torpedo- projecting
jaw, which extends as a long spear, shaped body lower jaw
to slash into schools of fishes
and stun them.

GREAT BARRACUDA
Sphyraena barracuda
F: Sphyraenidae
Found globally in tropical and subtropical
waters, this solitary predator stalks its prev
and then accelerates rapidly as it strikes
V

3'/iin
ATLANTIC MACKEREL BUMBLEBEE FISH 9cm SAND GOBY
Scomber scombrus Brachygobius doriae Pomatoschistus minuti<JS
F: Scombridae F: Gobiidae F: Gobiidae
Living in large schools in the North Found in southeast Asia, this This fish is common in sandy inshore areas
Atlantic, this fish feeds voraciously on bottom-dwelling goby is tolerant of the northeast Atlantic. During breeding, males
small fishes and plankton. Its streamlined of brackish water and lives in develop a spot at the rear of the first dorsal fin.
body makes high-set,
it a fast swimmer. estuaries and mangroves.
bulbous eyes
NORTHERN BLUEFINTUNA
Thunnus thynnus ATLANTIC MUDSKIPPER
IOin Periophthalmus barbarus
F: Scombridae long tail
25 cm F.' Gobiidae
Found globally, this tuna is one of the
As long as it stays moist, this
t valuable comn
mudskipper can stav out of
predator, it
water tor hours by absorbing
mall fishes.
oxygen through its skin.
LOBE-FINNED FISHES
Considered to be the an< estors of land \ st v ond species was omul I in Indont sian waters I'm LUM • M< IRIMI N

vertebrates, lobe-finned tislu-s have tin> in 1998 I lu i<" mation ol the bat kbone From l l 1 \">s I'll KW. II j

the notochord incomplete and the tail fin has a ilKIU II

that resemble primitive limbs, w ith

is
.1
Will
extra middle lobt linn scales art II -
1 <
harat teristit
flesh) base preceding the fin membrane. t

SI'll IIS N

heav> bom plates and the) art not long distanct

X
I ike the r.n finned fishes, these are bon) fishes with a swimmers Unlike tht egg- laying lungfish,

hard skeleton but their fins have a different su ucture coelacanths beai live young becaust tht eggs hatch DEBATE 3-VLMM
[he tm membrane is supported >>n a must ular lobe internal)) Gestation may bt as long as threi years, 1 ISH ON I AND
thai projects out from me bod) and is strong enough longei than an) othei vertebrate, and this makes DC
While n 1 thai
u> let some of these tish shuffle along on their paired their survival precarious if individuals continut
land in b
pectoral and pelvic fins. Bones and cartilage inside to be 1 aught in the nets of deep-sea u aw lers
iisiiiike anoestoi In the sea, finding thai
the lobes prc« uli' attac hment lor must Ies, I hen ai
Recent woik /
more difficult,

man) tussil groups ol lobe finned fishes but living BRI \l lllNt. ou Ol W \ R 1 l l

tnthsand /
representatives are confined to the marine Mthough iin'si ol their fossil .mi estoi s livt d
obe finned 1 more
elacanthsand the freshwater lungfish. in ilu hi 1.111, modern lungfishes are limited to , related to tetrapods (foui limbed

freshwater habitats in South America, Africa, and in. ues such as mammals) than

Ml can to somt extent breathe toothei tish groups such

\ LIVING I OSSII Australia. air via ai

Coelacanths are not turnal and a connection to the swim bladdt 1 useful wht n Modem classifications group iobe-
-~
iinned fishes with tetrapods In Uk
secretive, rhe first modern pools dn out seasonally. Somt species can survivt /
group in Socoelacanth8
k specimen was discovered in buried in mud man) months and would ait
for
ancestors ol tetrapods
•
'

1938 until then ord) fossil 1 1 kepi pt rmanentl) submerged in watt r, while
but a side branch m 2002 a fossil

spet ies over 65 million years others still rel) mainl) on gills for breathing.
1 bthys, was
old win- known rhe historit find 1 heir shape and the fat t that the larvai ol some found in China It appeals to show close
belonged to a spt 1 ies li\ing in deep spet ies have external gills l< 'I > ai I) zoologists links between lungfishes and tetrapods.

hkL auas in the western Indian ( K. an. to believe that lungfishes were amphibians.

A F R 1 C A N 1.UN G \ 1 S H I S COFLACANTHS
All lour species <>t \frican lungfishes haw a long bod) ami I lu two primitive fishi s from
threadlike pectoral ami pelvk ims. collective!) called paired tin noli i Coelat anthifoi nu -

hi 1 epidosirenifornies breathe through a pair .>l lungs

;
have limblike flesh) bast s on th< ii

derived from their swim bl.ulili pet fral aiul peh it fins, and lai

l>. m\ st alt s ( 'tin i iii< mbers ol

their group hav< bt i n i xtint i for

..\ ( i
ii") million yt ars In lift . th< si
INDOM SI \N ( Ol I \( \N I II

fish an .1 mi tallit blui vt ith pale

I ; I atlmi
spuiN, Inn the oloi nli - "ii ill nil
\Ms| \|RK \S I UM.Ilsll i l.
Moli i
iiI.ii studii have -fi< >\s n this l

ricru* jnr., "i'Ii .

altl, in phyiii - 1 1 v ilmllai

When the lakes in which it it, thu h Ii

lunghsh surmes h\ burling itself in mud,

forming a r "r

\llsTR \ 1 I \ \
LUNGFISH
Thesingl ler Ceratodontiformes
ha* a lona body, 1 iddle-like paired
tins, ami a tapering tail. It un brcathi through its

lun^s for ^hi.rt periods, but iannot sun

habitat dries <>ut.

( Ol I \< \N|||

\tlsiR\i |\\ LUNGFISH

l in deep pools n
lunghsh can survive in st t gn <

ping air into it« swim Madder

350
AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates that thrive in freshwater
habitats. Some spend their whole lives in water; others just require
s.

V water to breed. On land, they must find damp places because their
< skin is permeable and does not protect them from drying out.
CQ

I'll MUM The three orders of living amphibians are thought to

t 1 \ss share a common ancestor, but their origins are still

OIUMRS uncertain. There is a huge gap in the fossil record

< FAMILIES
between the first land animals to evolve from fish—

C/5
SPECIES About 6,670
the tetrapods, some 375 million years ago and a —
froglike creature that lived 230 million years ago.

< Amphibians have a unique and complex life cycle

and occupy very different ecological niches at different

stages of their lives. Their eggs hatch into larvae -

z
called tadpoles in frogs and toads — that live in water,
often in very high densities, and feed on algae and
other plant material. As larvae, they grow rapidly
and then undergo a complete change of form-
Large numbers oi male and female metamorphosis — to become land-living adults. As
Costa Riean golden toads gathered in a
adults, all amphibians are carnivores, most feeding on
pool to mate. The spceies is now extinct.
insects and other small invertebrates. They typically
lead secretive and solitary lives, except when they
return to ponds and streams to breed. Amphibians
thus require two very different habitats during their
lives: water and land. During metamorphosis, they
undergo a wide variety of anatomical and physiological
changes — from aquatic creatures that swim with tails

and breathe through lulls, to terrestrial animals that

A female of the North American move with four limbs and breathe through lungs.
Jefferson's salamander attaches a mass of
eggs to a submerged twig in early spring.
DIVERSE PARENTAL CARE
Some amphibians produce huge numbers of eggs
that are left to lend for themselves, so that only a very
lit *m&jA
£»•* — few will survive. Many others have evolved various
mmfy++ Ev^^ ^
ISr•••> e
^ forms of parental care. This is generally associated
gesr"
£a& '
Tl—-~*
< 1 &
with the production of far fewer offspring, so that
». \t'
^H^ **^F* reproductive success achieved by caring for a
^b^-^ is

manageable number of young, rather than by

In this species of poison frog,
Ranitomeya reticulata, parents carry
producing as many eggs as possible. Parental care
tadpoles from one small pool to another takes many forms, including defending eggs or larvae
against predators, feeding tadpoles with unfertilized

E eggs, and carrying tadpoles from one place to

OUR BIGGEST CHALLENGE? another. In some species, such as the midwife toads
and some poison frogs, parental care is the duty of
A third of the world's amphibians face
extinction in the near future and this
the father. In many salamanders and caecilians, the

poses a huge conservation challenge. mother is the sole protector of the young. In a few
This danger of extinction is largely due frog species, mother and father establish a durable
to the destruction and pollution of pair bond and share parental duties.
freshwater habitats, but amphibians are

also threatened by the global spread of

the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by

READY TO HATCH >
skin. Tadpoles ol theTanzanian Mitchell's reed frog wriggle
within their egg membranes, just prior to hatching.
 \ MI'llllU \ N GROUPS
llu ilu > . . 'i .1. i
s havi \ 1 1 \ utni rent
bi id) i> 'i mis thi i.ulK ss |Vo

and toads, ili< i ai i ilians, m ni< li

1 1 •.. nihil ( .11 iliw . ii

ins, and the
h .u .lliki salamandi i s and n. u is

I -ROCS \ \i> fOADS

 —

1 ROGS AND TOADS

powerful hind limbs tucked
\N iih have main. Not all anurans jump, however. PHYLUM CHORI
under its body, a wide mouth, and Main have hind limbs adapted for other kinds CLASS VMIMIIHIA

of locomotion, including swimming, burrowing, DKIll It ANURA

protruding eyes, the typical frog has a ]

climbing, and, in a few species, gliding through IAMI1 II S 38 )

unique and unmistakable body shape. ( SPECIES
< the air. Most frogs and toads live in damp habitats,
: ["he name <>l tin- order <>l frogs and toads, Anura < lose to the- pools and streams in which they breed,
means "animals \\ ithout a tail." As adults, all other but there are several species adapted to
The greatest diversity of anurans
life in very
debate -mmm
amphibians have tails, but in the anurans, the tail arid areas. is
FROG OR TOAD
2 found
gradually disappears during metamorphosis from in the tropics, particularly in rain forests.
< The distinction between frogs and
tlu- larval to the adult stage ol the life cycle. The Many are active by day, while others are nocturnal.
r.
"toads" is biologically meaningless and
S larvae, known as tadpoles, feed chiefly on plant Some species are cleverly camouflaged; in contrast,
the two words are used differently in
materia] and have a spherical body that contains the others are brightly colored, advertising that they
different parts of the world. In Europe
long, coiled gut required by such a diet. The adults, are poisonous or unpleasant to taste.
and North America, for example, the
in contrast, are totally carnivorous, feeding on a term "toad" refers to species in the
\\ ide range of insects and other invertebrates, with COURTSHIP AND BREEDING family Bufonidae, but this includes the
y.
Larger species also taking small reptiles and Anurans differ from other amphibians in having a South American harlequin frogs. In
Z voice and very good hearing. Males of most species
mammals, as well as other frogs. general, toads have rough skins, are
< slow-moving, and often burrow
call to attract females,making sounds characteristic in the

ground, whereas frogs are smooth-

INGENIOUS ADAPTATIONS of their species. In all but a very few species,
skinned, agile, and fast-moving, and
Frogs and toads catch their prey by ambush, most fertilization is external, the male shedding sperm
spend much of their time in water.
spectacularly by jumping. In many frogs and onto the eggs as they emerge from the female's
A group of smooth-skinned, aquatic
toads, the hind limbs are modified for jumping, body. To do this, the male clasps the female from
much
< being much longer than the forelimbs and very above — a position known as amplexus.The
frogs native to

once known as clawed toads, but are

of Africa were

muscular. Jumping is also an effective method of duration of amplexus varies between species now called clawed frogs.

escaping from predators, of which frogs and toads from a few minutes to several days.

M ID WIFE TOADS SQUEAKERS

Males ol the Alytidae, a small family of terrestrial frogs,
AND RELATIVES
call at night to attract females. When mating, the male The Arthroleptidae are a large, diverse family of
attaches fertilized eggs to his back. He carries them frogs occurring across sub-Saharan Africa — in
until thev arc ready to hatch, when he releases the forest, woodland, and grassland, some at high
tadpoles into water. Occasionally, a male may carry altitudes. Its members range from tiny
egg strings from more than one female. "squeakers," named for their high-pitched
call, to large tree frogs.

WEST AFRICAN
RIO BENITO SCREECHING FROG
LONG-FINGERED Arthroleptis
FROG poccilonotus
C ardioglossa qmcilis The female of this
An inhabitant ol Lowland small species lays large
forest, this frog breeds eggs in soil ea\ ilu's.

in streams. Males call The male is noted

from m.irln slopes. for his loud call.

I
^
WEST CAMEROON
Mlliwiii rOAD FOREST TREE FROG AFRICAN TREE FROG
tetricam / eptopelis nordequatorialis / eptopelis modestus

Found h of mainland Europe; tin midwife this large tree frog lives in montane grasslands This speeies is found near streams in

I has a plump bod) and powi ilul fon limbl ofWesI \lu. ,i Males females neai water when
call to forests ol West and Central Africa.
ada; bides in a burrow 1>\ da) breeding, and eggs are deposited in ponds or marshes. Females are larger than males
GLASS FROGS i

riru/dilom
uii/i

Found m Central and South \merica, fn

thetanuK Centrolenidae are know n ^ "glass I l\\o\ (.1 \\ I (.1 \ss I ROG
S.i. Iuk, inn. i W.t
-"
because mam spct its have transparent
I In ^ .iiImi. ,il frog liv< - in w.i >. gi i

nLiu on the underside, through which then m n streams li lias dai i. gn n I"

internal organs are visible. > lalblt through H-- skin

03

W III I I Sl'OI II I)
i <u nit w FROG
s.i. haiamia albomai ulata
II I lM MM VWs GI \sn IKOt. I In-. »pe« ics is found in I Ml It \l I) (.1 \SS I lt(l(.

wn i low land fori sts, and / spadarano prosoblepon

. Irrntorul, UMno iilU bn t da m ai >iii ams Mali - Males of thin arboreal frog an tiercel} territorial,
, ml lt»vir territory ami In mu.i linul. » . .ill to li malea from low di f< nding thi li spat i In calling, and occaa .ill\

I'hc tenvakrs lj\ iv;> .-li I. Hit I cm vegetation n« arb) fighting in .i t whili Idi dovi n
i i
^ I
p

CERATOPHRYIDAI 'horn'al
HORN!
(>H\
I)
\l I

FROG
These v>uth \merican horned frogs have ven large heads and wide ( i raiophn . ornata

nHHitliN that enable them to eat animals inarK as large as themselves. \ vorat inns predatoi living
asslands in \i gentina;
Thes are "mi ami wait" predators, remaining -till and
tins ipci ics bi . . ds -iti< i hcas \

well camouflaged before their pre) i. mi, in u mporai \ poi ill

comes w ithtn ran, and diti In -

M
CRANWI is HORNI I I) FROG
wide mouth ( eratophn i . ranwelli
Spending mui li ol m- liii underground, i l>i-~

»it. i In .n \ i .mi t ati

.mil la} us ggs in poola

BUDG1 l l's I ROG

Lepidobatra* hus lae\ n
I Ins In. .j 1 1. is ,i flattened body, a wtdt mouth, and
li spi mis .li \ pei mils in .1,11, oon l» low
nd.emei g to I I afti i
rain

PAINTED FROGS ROBBER FROGS in

ifined to fcurope and northwest I ound in North. Central, and South Aim ru a, the ( raugastoridae produt i

Africa, the l)is. hat develop direct!) into small adults, without a tadpole it

at ni^ht trom burrows, which the\ build m.i\ be deposited on tin ground or in vegetation.
b\ il i \ Ur-X In some species, the Main s|x i us show parental .in ol ( 1 1
«

atS^
female ialls in 'twhwwt t" a malt s i all.

I'MMI I) IKOt.
qlcmui pi

The fuinl.
it» rumr from its lll/INM Ks ROBBI l< FROG BROAD-HI \l)l I) K \IN FROG ISI \ BON1 I \ KOUHI K hum,
ilu
1

null i ii|. In ll .
hidi i to tin humid fort rti •! ( i ntral
I. nu Jl'l in in -i burrow lis '!.i\ and \ni,

up to I ihr ground w! litti i found in nil' plantation and pa

 TRUL-. TOADS RAUCOUS TOAD
Amietophrynus rangcri
Common in southern
ributed worldwide, the family Bufonidae is
Africa, this thickset toad
and diverse. Its members are characterized by horizontal breeds in dams and ponds.
shortened forelimbs, hind limbs thai are used for pupil Maks produce rasping
mm walking or hopping, dry warty skin, and parotoid
glands behind the eyes. However, this family also
includes the more slender and long-limbed
harlequin toads of South America. 4';
2 in

5 1 1 .5 cm

green blotches
on hack
MALAYAN
TREE TOAD
Pedostibes hosii
Found in eastern Asia, this toad
is unusual in living a largely

arboreal life. It has adhesive

pads on its toes that
nable it to climb trees.

GREEN TOAD
Pseudepidalea i iridis

\ native of sandy habitats,

this colorful toad
in Europe and western
Asia. It emerges Irom
its burrow in spring to
breed in ponds.
is Found
NATTERJACK
Epidalca calamitd
Compared with other true
toads, this species has
short legs and runs like a
mouse. Occurring across
Europe, it breeds from
spring to summer.

CERATOBATRACHIDAE BOMBI N ATQR DA E I

Found in Southeast Asia, China, and several Pacific These small aquatic toads are found in Europe and
islands, frogs of this family produce large eggs that Asia. They have flattened bodies and many are brightly prominent eves

hatch directly into small frogs. In many species, the colored. Fire-bellied toads are active by day, but the
tips of the fingers and toes are enlarged. dull colored barbourulas from the Philippines and
Borneo are nocturnal.

FIJI GROUND FROG

Platymantis vitianus
hriahl red
1 he populations of this species
unJer^iJe
on several oi the Fijian Islands have
been wiped out following the
introduction of mongooses.

ORIENTAL
FIRE-BELLIEDTOAD
ombina orientalis

Found
China and Korea, this small,
in

bright green squat frog can produce a toxic skin secretion.

coloration If attacked, it displays its bright belly colors.

RAIN FROGS I

3-5
1
* 2 in

cm
SOLOMON ISLANDS Members of the family
HORNED FROG DESERT RAIN FROG

1 CeratobatTuchus
guenthcri
This species has
snout and hornlike
projections above
a pointed

its
Brevicipitidae are found in
eastern and southern Africa.
During mating, the much
smaller male is glued onto
Breviccps macrops
Living away from
standing water, this
burrowing frog lives and
breeds among Namibian
eyes. It hides among a female's back by a special sand dunes, occasionally
id leaves. skin secretion. moistened by sea fog.
 \ \KI Mil I II MM I (UIIN IOM)
lli onui i.iiiiii

\mi ku \\ IOAD
. anus
.ii.

.
1 1

..I.. i .in.
oxta Ku.
.ii ii
i.

.<

liven
spot
li.iv m\
ii

ii.
.

ill

ii
li.'iii

.in.l

mi. .mix
I'

\.u i.ihi.

.in.l
W
Found in eastri n
Not ill \llll 1 I.J, lll|N (lUtl
i
i> .|iuli sal ial>l. in coloi
1
| Hi. . ding ,., , hi x in pundi >
1 >\li, i> malm product
^^ loin; ii illino i alls

-c

X
03

fur
>

IKIIWDO IOM)
(.111 \\ \\ si lll-.l ii >l HIM) I'W \\\ \\l \N GOI Dl N IOM) Tl
Living il Int. i in Uelopus barbotinl
ural dm v>uili Vmcrica, tin-
I Ihn small i . ..I. I 1 1. Guyana has
ii 1 1
a
hriutl rH-atUtl lita.l l.i* •
bn cdi tin.
llattrncd bod)
llll \. II III
Ii

I. 'I. j| Nil. .III1N

'•I' ' ll« HI

now
|

I'.
I

. Mm.
iH. I

i
In 1\

in ili.
\ I

u
Mil

il.l
Il III. IS
o

>
z
'.HIM. D
H
O
>
-
D
/
8 ( \M IOM)
( . K I I N Rlini, II. i in. ii in, i

IUROI-1 \N COMMON IOM) I I IMBING IKO(. r^% c )n. ..t il.. n.ii l.l s

Incihus w ,| t toad i'h

Found thrvHighout I ur>'i mral ami South \l ' III '-|ll I II S W.IS
I .a. this nocturnal toad llll. "III. . ll III \l|s||.|||.|.

with male* outnumbering the much lund climbing I

i in now a scriou
•out thru to one amoi I'M tin i .ii ii i
nativi i\ ilillil.

CYC L C) R A MPH1 D A F ELEUTHLRODACTYLIDAE

This family, tumid in South \merk a, in< ludes [nis group ol 1 1 >
^>
~- . whost eggs develop directly into
Dar\\ frog ami a Dumber ol spe< u s that
in's Is, is liiuml throughout the southern US, the
have coloration ami hornlike projet tions Caribbean, and northern South America Somi species
that enable them t<> mimi< the that an extreme!) small havi reduced numbers ol
appearance ol dead leaves digits, .me I
|
ii i
"In. i \. i \ small numbi rs > <\

vi inn I inn S , hiK i in,

fmra
Kx*

I'lll Kit) Kit \\

( 0(,)UI
ElcutheroJai i\ lus i oqui
Nativi in I'm i in Ki« ii,

ihiv Ii n urn

from ii - inn pan i all

othei mil. v and the

"qui"

( \KI I I \ Koiiiii It FROG

DARWIN'S IKiX.
Rhir . ill and vi •

Fount!
form of p i

egg to froglct m |ii|iliMn all) in tri

 CANE TOAD
Rhinella marina
One of the largest toads in the world, the
cane toad is a hardy creature with a huge
appetite. Also known as the marine toad,
< it is mainly a resident of dry environments,
c sc rub, and savanna. It commonly lives around
human settlements and is often seen under
streetlights, waiting for insects to fall. The
z female is larger than the male, and the largest
< females can lay more than 20,000 eggs in a

single clutch. Males attract females with SIZE 4-9' 2 in (10-24 cm)
o a slow, low-pitched trill. They have few HABITAT Nonforested habitats
DISTRIBUTION Central and South
enemies because at all stages of their life cycle
America; introduced to Australia
they are distasteful or toxic to potential and elsewhere
predators. In Australia they have become a DIET Terrestrial invertebrates

t/3
major pest —
they are poisonous to native and

z domestic animals, injurious to humans, and

breed so prolifically as to be out of control.

-
NIGHT HUNTER >
Protected by their poisonous
a. skin and unatraid of predators,
cane toads emerge at night from
their daytime hiding places to
hop about in search of prey.

dark hell)

markings

short legs have

A PALE BELLY powerful muscles

for jumping
The cane and throat are
toad's belly
relatively smooth, and mostly pale in
color. Toads have permeable skin and
must hide by day to conserve water.

PEST CONTROL
The cane toad gets its name from
Australia, where it was introduced into

Queensland in 1935 to control insect

pests on sugar cane farms. The toads

flourished in Australia, feasting on

native fauna and building up much

denser populations than in their native

habitat. Still spreading at an alarming

* u *+
rate, they now occur throughout eastern
and northern Australia, and are likely to

migrate further. Scientists are working

their numbers and

ipansion.
 557

. IKIIMM I \l litis
I iki most um.Iv, cam toadshavi lai

proti uding i \> s I In \ havt >. > v giiml cvi

enabling them to detect small, moving objects
and tolungi accurately at thcli Insect pre)

in/i used to
Klit- /V.I .'/ >IMI M.V
tndi »i// /n inside k

,/ifiM/ u distended

»hen he produces his /.miJ

in// like nurin,/ i.i//

(.1 \M) >

I lu enoi mous pan 't' tid

glands located on each sid< <>l

the head s< i ret< .1 |»>u. r lul

toxin that is distasteful to some

predatoi s and lethal i" most

I \l< •

reh on their hearing

to identify potential
enemi. s. At night, it 1*

> spe< iall\ important lor

Females, >\ ho also l"i it<

male b\ their calls.

<4<

I HON I IOOI
In the breedii
males develop >lark, hnrn\
nuptial pad* on their first
liable

them tn 1 lasp females

hrmb during mating.

\\ium\f. •

.. bbing
A
 C RY P T C I
POISON-DART FROGS
358
FOREST FROGS Called poison or poison-dart frogs, the Dendrobatidae
are noted for their bright coloration. This warns
Found South and Central America, this
in
predators that the skin of these frogs contains
small famil) of frogs, the Aromobatidae, is
FT (losel) related to poison-dart frogs, l>ut does
powerful toxins, which are derived from their insect
Most are food. These frogs are found in the forests of Central
s. 1 1. >t produ< e toxic skin sec retions.
and South America. They are active by day.
a 1 1 \ pti( all) colored.
<
slender
white stripe on
:-
dark brim

Q MIMIC POISON FROG

2 Kanitomeya imitator
< Found in Peru, this frog is

variable in color and is similar

in appearance to at least three
other trog spec ies.

\
IV, l'4in
? 4.5cm
t/2

Z GOLDEN POISON FROG

LOVELY
< ** POISON-DART FROG Ph\ llobates terribilis
""
BRILLIANT-THIGHED POISON FROG Phjllobates lugubris I'ossibb the most toxic
u3
Allobates femoral is This poisonous frog found in
is of all poison-dart lings.
The male of this South American species guards leaf litter of lowland forests from this terrestrial spe< ies
X the egos laid by the female in leal nests. Later, Nicaragua to Panama. The male occurs inlowland
cu he carries the tadpoles to water on his back. cares for the epgs and tadpoles. forests of Colombia.

2
<
MARSUPIAL
FROGS <

Found in South and Central America,

the Hemiphractidae carry their eggs on
their back, where they hatch directly into
froglets. Some also carry the eggs in a
pouch, hence the name "marsupial frogs."

RAIN FORESTROCKET FROG THREE-STRIPED POISON FROG

Sih erstoneia potator Ameerega trivittata

HORNED 1 his hog is found in Costa Rica I his South American trog calls by
MARSUPIAL FROG and Panama. Its tadpoles have an dav, especially after rain. It la\s its
Gastrolhcca upward-tilting mouth, which helps eggs in leal litter and is common
comma them feed from the water surface. near human settlements.
The female of this
canopy-dwelling
Central and South
American species lays REED AND FOULASSI BANANA FROG 1-1 'A in

L
large eggs that develop in
a punch on her hack.
SEDGE FROGS Found
Afrixalus paradorsalis
in West Africa, this frog
2.5 -3.5cm

lays its eggs in a folded leaf above

Also called African tree frogs, this large family, the
water. The male attracts females
Hyperoliidae, includes many agile climbers that gather with a clicklike call
in trees, bushes, or reeds near water to find mates and
lay eggs. Some of the species are brightly colored, prominent eyes

with marked differences between the sexes.

red patch
on leg

2 '4-2 '/i in
5. 5-6. 5cm

RED-LEGGED KASSINA
Kassina maculata
SUMACO HORNHl) TREEFROG This is an aquatic East African
Hemiphraaus proboscideus frog w ith adhesive discs on

nd in Colombia, its on
toes. Its eggs, laid

•male submerged vegetation, hatch

into large tadpoles.
 l.KI IN \\|> M U K
POISON DAR1 l ROG

(hi \ I

111 Ml

M I I t>\\ III \|)| I)

POISON I ROG
hound hi mi lull vi> m I ING POISON I ROG
nl inn lln i n South Vn tin lorius
ili^ frog ili i ivrs hn skin lliis South \iiii in .in i|n,iii i- .piii. i.in.ilil, in
It • mi llu nih mil in m i \

HI nhil li il I. .
• VMM VK lllli (|| fl I.I 1

MM VMIU VI K POISON I ROG Kill \1 Vl)l IK V POISON I K<»(.

AJclphobates galactonotus \dtlphobates quinqua Htatui
I iving in li al Inii i in Brazilian fon ita, I in lli.i/il and Peru, tl

till- frOg .1111.1 .111.1 tadpole* to H.iiii filled holes, when thi fcmali
KM
I

Mil vw ki Ipoln to « il 'li, m with mil. I till/. .1

POISON FROG
pumilic
Th«- i.

thi v

« ad
tht m with unlii I

KKV/II Mil
t.K VMII VK POISON I ROG
POISON I ROG [delphobati
( lophaga granulifera I III-- p MIL I III

I ln~ ipc< ies ii Found in Brazil I In mail "l thi

!<i. .i .mil Panama ladpoli unlii i.Ih.iIK
in l"i tin mall, wati > t » 1 1 « 'I

In . li. .1. • I li. i...l|i.

unit rtili/j

SMI us ki FROG U \
i I I)
\ S I R \ I I \
//i/viv/iui lubcnhr
.11 In llu i

I j
GROUND FROGS
pom I In Limnodynastidai Found in Vustralia and New
1 ii i in.i. mi luili man) ' rn strial and burro
rwo recently < xtini i sp< i ii - uniqui K bn tocli 'I

tin n i ggs in ili* stomal li.

uui ii vMit v
ki 1 1) i m i'.

BROW N STRIPI l) M VKMI ROG I

nil
 TREE FROGS brown
un Tin' Hylidae are a large famil) \\ idespread uppcrpdri-' n
dark patches
ah

worldwide. They are especially well represented

in the Nevi World. These frogs have long, slender

limbs and adhesive discs on their lingers and toes.

Most are arboreal and nocturnal. Many gather
to breed in noisj choruses.

PARADOX FROG
Pseudis paradoxa
This aquatic Irog is so named
because its tadpoles are lour times
longer than the adult. It is found
in South America and Trinidad.
SPRING PEEPER
Pseudacris crucifer
Found in moist woodland in the

SPLENDID LEAF FROG RUFOUS-EYED STREAM FROG eastern US and Canada, the spring
t ruziohj Id calcarifer Ducllmanoh\ la rufioculis peeper's distinctive high-pitched

This Irog occurs in Central and northern Found in forests of Costa Rica, this frog call indicates that spring

South America and lives high up in trees. breeds in fast-flowing streams. Its is underway.
It glidesfrom one tree to another, using tadpoles have modified mouths with

t/2
its extended webbed feet as parachutes. which they attach themselves to ro< ks.

z
<
MM
CQ

X
a.

<

COPE'S BROWN TREEFROG BOULENGER'S SNOUTED TREE FROG CUBANTREEFROG EUROPEAN TREEFROG
Ecnomiohyla miliaria Scinax boulengeri Osteopilus septentrionalis Hyla arborea
This large Central American tree frog has Found in Central America and Colombia, this Irog breeds Native to Cuba, the Cayman Islands, Males of this European tree Irog
fringes oi skin on the limbs that may enable in temporary pools created after rain. Males return night and the Bahamas, this tree Irog has gather in spring, calling in loud
it to glide from one tree to another. after night to the same calling perch to attract mates. been introduced to Florida, where choruses to attract lemales.
it prevs on native frogs, reducing Mating pairs descend to lay
their population. eggs in nearby ponds.

LEMUR FROG MANAUS SLENDER-

RED-EYED TREE FROG Agalychnis lemur LEGGED TREEFROG
Agalychnis callidryas This Central American Osteoccphalus taurinus
An excellent climber, this tree frog is nocturnal, This arboreal frog
mates in trees
tree frog sleeping on the underside lives in South American
overhanging water. It lays its of leaves during the day. forests. It mates after

eggs on leaves and, upon hatching, It lavs its eggs on rain, and lays its eggs on
the tadpoles fall into the water. leaves over water. the surface of pools.
 nM \1IHI VOID
I HI I FROG \ I W /I \ 1 \ N I) LEI U PER DAI I
psophus murwephtilus
Found in Centra] ami south
1 ROGS I In i.tniiK is ..ui|h.s, ni small group ol South
i 1 1 .i
\(,\
America ami rrinidad, tl I liiv family, tin I ciopt Imatidat and Central American frogs ["hest frogs an activt
breeds in pools It is jialr yellow. at night .mil most I) dw< II on the ground
In v OmpOSI il >'l foUl -|H v U v ill he I

b\ da\, ami red brown bv night

thai .ui .ill 1 onfined tn Vw best kiw iw n s|u . ii v o| tin fa mil) I i ui|u i hi. i,

/i .il.uul I hi \ .hi > harac terin 'I

IN till I llll. .11 .1 Ii 00
l>\ extra vei tebree and, unlikt mosl
s, ilu \ kii k tlu ii legs altei rtatelv
when swimming I In \ livt in humid
Ion sts .mil .ui not tin rial ll.lfll liblll

-\ 4

UIMK \l I \\ I OKOM \\l)l I

i.KI I N IRI I FROG M \\ /I \1 \\l) I ROG

/ eioptimc ./ f . he\ i i list. \it \ i ROG
Found in nortl Found onl) in New Zealand's North bland, / not ttomopi puftu/i
itralia ami tins terresu ial frog l.n - n> . ggs undi iin ni;' in iting, ili. I< mali ofthl i •
no tl \mt i Ii i

N< w Guinea, this It is critically endanger) a, as a result prodiit csa secretion thai th< mail » hipi
limber is
. ol habitat loss and dis. ... fi iam in it hi w Kit h thi •
• in laid
Found Iom to i

human habitations

MANTELLAS
1 ound <miI\ on the islands "I Madagast ai an
Mayott* . tin Manti Uidat are ai tive b\ day.
Man) are brighth colored, warning
predators <>! powerful toxins in th< ir

skin. Most spe< ies are threat* n< d

M'INVHl \I)II)
IKI I IK()(, In the Ions id habitat and bj tin
-

international pet trade.

\ati\. t.i Mexico ami
Central America, thi-

ll*. e> in bromeliaiU

And
banana plont>, laving il
in water tilled cavil

MWMhlKIIIROt. W III II -I 1
1*1*1 I) KKK.II l-l N I I) IK()( ELEGAN1 M \l>\«. \st \\ FROG
Smilisca phjeota Boophn alhiluhns Spinomantii eli
at night in humid I In- l\ in \n Inhabitant ol roi I

il and IU in "Iin Ii h ddtudi i, •

s< mth Amenta it Il has lulb webbed hind thi trc< Iin. It breed
eggs m small p •

iin
W^ " aS^ ~
MIC UK \S sllOM I
- %i \I)\(.\S( W r\i\ II I)

III \IM I) IKII IKOf, (,oi DENMANTELLA MANTELI \

Triprwn pctauttu
An inhabitant of lowland
fore-' and
Centra;
I hi
 N AR ROW MOUTHED MEGOPH RY IDAE hornlike

362
I ROCS Found across Asia, this is a small family of
projections
on ej elids

frogs whose body shape and color patterns

s oi the large and diverse family Microhylidae
enable them to be camouflaged among
are found in the Americas, Asia, Australia, and
leaves. They walk rather than jump,
\h u a.Most are ground dwelling and some live
and most are ground Hying.
in burrows. Most have stout hind legs, short snouts,
and plump, often teardrop-shaped, bodies.

PAINTED TOAD
Kaloula pulchra
Widespread in Asia, this

species has adapted well to

human settlements. It prote< t

itself with a noxious, sticky

skin secretion.

TOMATO FROG
Dvscophus antongihi BLACK-SPOTTED
Native to Madagascar, this NARROW-MOUTHED EROG
frog stays buried in soil by day, Kalophrynus pleurostigma
emerging to feed at night. A This frog from the Philippines protects
sticky skin secretion protects itself by producing a stic k\ se< n lion.

it against predators. It breeds in small pools alter rain.

PARSLEY FROGS
Made up ol onl\ three species, the
family Pelodytidae is confined to
Europe and the Caucasus. Named
for the green markings on their
skin, parsley frogs breed alter rain,
laying their eggs in broad strips.

EASTERN NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD GIANT STUMP- TOED FROG COMMON PARSLEY FROG
Gastrophryne carolinensis Stumpfpa grandis Pelodytes punctatui
Found in the southeastern US, this burrowing 1 his small terrestrial frog is When ilimbing smooth, vertical surfaces,
toad breeds in water bodies of all sizes. The found in leal litter in high-altitude this European boo uses its underside as a
male's call sounds like a bleating lamb. forests in Madagascar. sucker. Both sixes mil during breeding.

TONGUELESS FROGS claws medjor SPADEFOOT

These aquatic frogs are well adapted to life in
tearing food
TOADS
water: they have flattened bodies, fully webbed A small family found in Eurasia and North
hind feet, and eyes that protrude upward, Africa, the Pelobatidae are characterized by
enabling them to see above the surface. As horny projections on their hind teet. They
their common name suggests, the Pipidae lack use them to burrow into the ground, where
tongues. They feed on a wide range of prey thev wait for rain.
and scavenge on dead animals.

FRASER'S
CLAWED FROG
X
Kenopus fraseri

found in West mu\ centra] Africa, this wholb

aquatic frog thrives in human-altered habitats
and is harvested by people for food.

DWARF SURINAM TOAD COMMON SPADEFOOT TOAD

Pipa parva Pelobates fuscus

In this wholly aquatic species found I ound in Europe and Asia, this species is

in Venezuela and Colombia, the eggs variable in color. It has a plump body,
develop on the female's back. which it inflates when attacked.
P CROG

are
I

rhis diverse famil) ol frogs

Vfrica, \sia,
ground
and several
living, hut are
l OS
is
S 1

round
Pacific islands.
found
P
at

kk>^.
i
\

M
I

si
PUDDI

Found
S

MM..
\\ \KI

hi
I

i
I

him and
I
N'S
koi,
fllilfll'lltll

tlii^

S III
L
u,\

water. Main la} then eggs in water and l»«,U m .ii Ion si

ha\i free li\ ing tadpok -

1M)I \\
mil FROG RAJAMALH
I

W \KI I Ki H.
X
tigerinus -
I Kin large . voracious Found onb, v l OMMON SM I II RING MUM.
from southern I .inkj. tin- lr»hj li»i / uphlj I'm i \anophl)
- .luring liu- W i.l. «nn id in -"nil Ula,
n tic nulc ha> in»
lliln
/
I 4ii>l ilu \\ aqualii frog In noli .1 Ibi «- ilillll) to
a partKul.il l\ I.hi.KjII plantations .m.l gardi n~ ol' « iii i

TRIM I ROG S i.i H I \l

ii.i
II

i/.'/i.ii/i
I in ii. 50

know n .in true frogs, iln> large lamiK i* found in most parts I Ii. .Mil III I H

i >l the world. Most ol the Ranidae havt \>< <"<. rful hind limbs till \\. I \li i, .in |

that enable them t>> jump athleticalh on land and to swim 1. 1 1 iii i. III. ityli .
iii powi ilul

.J wi !>l>. .1 1. . i rnaki ii

powerfull) in water. Hiej typicalh breed in carh spring,

Mill
\\ it h mam Ln m^ their eggs i ommunalh Z
D
-:
Ziinj /.

I Dllll I I KOI.
Vntd
h\brul between the
widespread I uropi an /'.

. an. I other more I.kjI

water.

hlach spou on
jrrni to Pfuwr)
WOOD I Ri)i.
f\v/i
/ Ithobates ti Ivatit «
I hi onlj \ni' i ii in frog found noi ill

..l ilu Vrctic Circle, it breed in u l\

i. i, mporai )
pools frei "I h~li

I'll KI 1(1 I I KOI.

/ ill,

Ii '.I \.il ill \lll'

llll» ll

\MI III! \N
I IIKOI'I \N Kin i FROG
COM WON I koi,
 PHRYNOBATRACHIDAE ORNATE FROGS
This family of small, terrestrial
AND GRASS FROGS
miaquatic frogs is confined Found in open country in Africa, Madagascar, and
to sub-Saharan Africa. Most breed the Seychelles, the Ptvchadenidae include many
throughout the year, laying their brightly colored frogs. Streamlined bodies and

r.
eggs in water. They reach strong hind legs make them prcxligious jumpers.
maturity in five months.
Q
< I'. 2>. in

C MASCARENE 4. 5-7 cm
H GOLDEN PUDDLE FROG RIDGED FROG
Phrynobatrachus auritus Pi 1 1 hadena mascareniensis
Q This frog is SO named because Common on agricultural land,
Z il breeds in very small pools. A this frog has Ions; legs and a pointed
< ground-dwelling species, it is snout. It breeds in puddles, wheel
found in central African rain forests. ruts, and ditches.

o
n
AFRO-ASIAN TREE FROGS shin) green
coloration

The Rhacophoridae range across Africa and much

of Asia, and are mostly arboreal frogs. The family
1/5 includes flying frogs that glide from tree to
z tree. Many lay their eggs in foam nests,
< where the eggs and tadpoles stay
protected against predators.
-

eu
SOUTHERN
WHIPPING FROG
< Polypedates longinasus
Endangered by the loss of much
of its habitat, this arboreal frog
occurs in Sri Lanka's remaining
patches oi rain hurst

MOSSY FROG
AFRICAN FOAM-NEST TREE FROG Theloderma corticale WALLACE'S FLYING FROG longjully
Chiromantis rufescens The warty skinand green color of Rhacophorus nigropalmatus webbedJore-
Found in the forests of West and Central this Vietnamese frog camouflages it This arboreal species Irom the rain forests and bindjeet
Africa, this Irog lays its eggs in a foam nest against moss. It t urls into a ball of Southeast Asia has webbed feet that
attached to a branch overhanging water. when threatened. enable it to glide between trees.

PYXICEPH A LI DA E
olive-green bod)
Inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa, this family varies in size from huge
o J o with dark markings
bullfrogs to typical pond frogs and tiny moss frogs. Most lay eggs
in water, although some small species lay eggs on land.
All eggs hatch into tadpoles.

AFRICAN BULLFROG
PyxicephaJus adspersus
Males of this large African species aggressivel)
defend their eggs and tadpoles. They dig channels
in soil to help the tadpoles reach open water.

powerful
limb*
Ml XI C
BURROWING
\ N
TO \ I) W I \ll \N
STRABOM AM I DA I

BURROW INC W.ni\ small frogs nativt to South Ktw i

it •> and the
*<>s
["he only member famih
ol the
rOAD Caribbean make up this famih ["hey an all direct
Rnin>y>nn i

Rhinophrynidae, the burrowing toad developers then Is no tadpoli stagi ind thi
I hit ununualh duped
specializes in digging in m>iI and eating 1041I upends moi hatches straight into a miniatun adult
ants. It has a long, thin tongue that it ||n lift bui l"»

Ntuk^ out ol it-> narrow mouth mum), . mi

il'tei i am to bri . .1 I i\t(i\ ROBBI it I not.
in temporal \ |>....U I\ mmim.imim . ewilnus
•v
I luting in li i! I'U. i l>\

Hi .nil.. i. J In i,
X
VM ERIC AN thiS Mll.lll

humid I""
li.".' In ll'llll'l III

DB

SPAD1 OOT
I.Hi'l i

I
!
\li" I I. a

>
TOA DS
in
rhis famih consists ol toads that li\i on
ilr\ Land and sta) inactive underground
IIKI. 'Ill KDIllll
tor long periods, 1 he v aphiopodidae ' I

I ROC
It

emerge after ram to breed in temporal > Prtstlmantli « ruentui >

pools, rhese ma) evaporate quickly, so I lus mii.iII, 1. 1 ii sii i.il frog m
the tadpoles develop ven rapidly. round in i . in i il .in.l N'.uil

\ln. I il .i. I.n- its

crevices on Uti ti unk>

>
Z
PYGJVn it mm it'H. /
IM \INv M'\DI lt)t) t Dill lis SPADI FOOl Prlsttmantli rideni
Si aphiopus . out hit I .inn. I in ili. (on i i

inil plains nl \nrtli I Ins \"i ill \nu 1 1. .in frog Ii\> s ill nii.il in. I s..uili \.

\nui , but rows In il.n is, spending mut li ol ih mm tin- inn ii". iin nal I

. il ill laigi underground It emerges at night i" nd lays

numlxTN after hcii! rain feed and, aftci In.iw rain, to breed li .I Iin. 1

CAECILIANS
CaecUians are Ions-bodied, limbless termites, and other inset ts. Others live in water I'm 1 11 m C MOItllM \

amphibians with little or no tail. and resemblt eels, rareh moving onto th< land, I I \!! \MI'IIIIII\

Ring-shaped folds (annuli) in the skin rhese hav< afinontht tail. With onh rudimentar) f OKIII It

i \i s, all reh mi smell to find food and mat< s. \

iji\e them a segmented appearance.
pair ol retrat tabh tentat les l» tween tin eyes and
All caecilians live in the tropics. Iin \ \ar\ in It ngth the nostrils transmit chemical signals to the nose.
from 43/4in (12 cm) to 5 A ft (1.6m). Most live l
In all ! art 1I1. uis, iin eggs are fertilized internally.
underground, burrow ing in ->«>tt soil, using tin 11 Soi m species la) > ggs, l>ut in others the il;l! s are

pointed, bom hiad a-> a shovel. ["he) merge at 1 retained insidi tin female s body. Th< young
ni^ht, especiall) after ram. tofet <l on earthworms, i iin rgi i it lu r .1- gilled larvai or as small adults.

K HTM VOI 3
I) \ I CA Y C I L I 1 DA E
Found in Asia, these ijh ilian^ lav eggs in soil near water. Most species in this family an burrowcrs Found
I'llltl'l I ( \lt II I \S
Ft-maU-o remain \\ ith their clutc hi-, defending them until in most tropic al n gions ol the world, tin \
•

Gyi
the larsai- ha\</ made- thiir \\a\ to opm water. ith in length, somi grow ing to ovi 1

i 1I1. in from < 1 11i1.1l \ini 1 ic .1

(1.5m). In somi th< eggs hatch into Ian li!i ~ in .1 « mIi rangi "I habitau I hi i

hati li in-i'li thi

in others thi larvai develop inside the fcmali

Mill I \() I \l I II I W ( ONGO < \H II I \s si 1 Mil it ( \ I ( III \s

Ich-

Found in a
I

jgs 00
but its Ur
366
SALAMANDERS AND NEWTS
Unlike their fellow amphibians, the the most important sense used in finding food and PHYLUM CHORDATA
frogs, salamanders and newts normally in social interactions. Most species, especially the CLASS wirnimx
terrestrial ones, are nocturnal, hiding under a log ( ORDLR \UDATA
have slender, lizardlike bodies, long l )

- or rock during the day. FAMILIES 10 )

tails, and four legs similar in size.
( SPECIES 585 I

_ Vw is and salamanders, also known as urodeles, REPRODUCTION

Z are generally found in damp habitats and are In the majority of species, the eggs are fertilized

Q largely confined to the northern hemisphere. inside the female. Males, however, do not have
Z They are numerous in the Americas, ranging from a penis but package sperm in capsules called
< Canada to northern South America. They vary spermatophores which are passed to the female
considerably in size, from species over 3% ft (1 m) during mating. In many species sperm transfer
_ in length, to tiny creatures about Hin (2 cm) long. is preceded by elaborate courtship in which the

Q male induces the female to cooperate with him.

Z AMPHIBIOUS LIFESTYLES She may, of course, reject his advances. In many
< Some species, notably the newts, spend part of newts, males develop dorsal crests and bright
their life in water, part on land. Some salamander colors in the breeding season.
species live their entire lives in water, while Many species lay their eggs in water. When
< others are wholly terrestrial. Most have smooth, the larvae hatch, they have long, slender bodies,
moist skin through which they breathe to a deep, finlike tails, and large, feathery external

greater or lesser extent. gills. The larvae are carnivorous, feeding on tiny
1/3
The salamanders of one familv, the plethodontids, water creatures. The exceptions to this rule are
z
have no lungs and breathe entirely through their the wholly terrestrial species of salamander.
<
skin and the roof of their mouths. Urodeles have These lay their eggs on land and the larval stage
as A male alpine newt snitts a female
relatively small heads, compared with frogs and iscompleted within the egg, which hatches to before courting her. Odor helps to identify
toads; they also have smaller eyes, smell being produce a miniature adult. the gender and species of potential partners.

SIRENS NEWTS AND EUROPEAN

The wholly aquatic salamanders of the family
SALAMANDERS
Sirenidae are found in the southern LIS and Mexico. The Salamandridae are small- and medium-sized
They retain larval features in the adult stage and salamanders and newts found in North America,
resemble eels. They Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Eggs are fertilized
have external gills and inside the female, with sperm being transferred
no hind limbs. from the male in a spermatophore
(sperm capsule) during an
elaborate courtship.

GREATER orange poison

SIREN glands
Siren lacertmj
This species with tiny
brelimbs and a finlike tail inhabits
shallow nvers, lakes, and ponds in the
southeastern US and northeastern Mexico.

TORRENT SALAMANDERS
Confined to the extreme northwestern US, the
Rhyacotritonidae are a small family of four species.
These stocky, semiaquatic salamanders lay their
eggs on rocks under water and have aquatic larvae.

COLUMBIA TORRENT SALAMANDER SHARP-RIBBED SALAMANDER

Rhyacolriton kezeri Pleurodeles wahl
of < )regon and Washington, This large Spanish and Moroccan species has
Intensive a unique mode ot defense. When grasped, it

isiderabry pushes out the sharp tips of its rihs through its skin.
 i(>7

J
WW1M M\\ I

This new t >|«i4. mu. •

irrd hvIK warn* pottntial pr

that thv glaixl* in its skin • >in

ttklkil SMOOTH
n i
M w
ulgaris
I

I
no p. and
small
'

'n^ .iiiiiiIiiIii.iii In. cdj in

-
ill tin I. in. ili

Hi'

M \Klil I I) M \\ I

Triiui

I ound . i In. \

inwoodland
in spring, aivl <li-- matn It cnti 10 14cm
 LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS
lining over 390 species, the Plethodontidae are the
36S
largest salamander family. Members of this family have no
lunos luitbreathe through their mouth and skin. Except for
six I uropean species, all live in North, Central, and South
America, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats and feeding
mainly on small invertebrates.

MISSISSIPPI SLIMY SALAMANDER

PIctbodon mississippi
4'/i-8'/2in Found in hardwood forests, this terrestrial salamander A terrestrial species, this salamander hides
11.5-21 cm protects itself from predators by producing a sticky under hark by day and hunts lor insects
skin secretion. It lays its eggs on land. and other prey in foliage after dark.

GIANT SALAMANDERS HELLBENDER

Cryptobranchus ollegamensis

The Cryptobranchidae are three large, wholly aquatic species one each from — This North American species has
a flattened head that helps it dig
North America, Japan, and China. They feed on a wide variety of prey, from
a burrow under rocks, where
worms to small mammals. The family includes the world's largest salamander— the males guard the eggs.
the Chinese giant salamander, which is about 6ft (1.8 m) long. It has very wrinkled skin.

^ flattened
body

JAPANESE
GIANT SALAMANDER
Andrias japonicus
This aquatic species is threatened
by degradation of its habitat. Some
males, called "den masters," delend
legs burrows in which females lav eggs.
 MOI 1

SAI \ \l \ \ 1)1 R s
*(/>
fhese large creatures mosth 1 1 v •.
in
burrows and emerge to foragt In night
lh. Vmbystomatidae contain species,
KM WDIR
\
SPRING n VI
all found in North Vmerica Some species,
VXOLOTI
\n a^ili mountain streams
inhabitant ol notabl) the Mexk an axolotl, are aquatit .i- adults tin iirunum
and springs, thi\ colorful salamamkM in most and retain lai \.il Features, sut li as 1 xt< 1
nal gills
\duli ixulotla 11. v> 1 li aw 1I1.

commonh found hiding under a In and aggrt ssivt spt jes «>l the
foui large
u.ii, 1 .iii.l 1, ,, ml. 1, ,, "C
I
<
g« nus N.lljlll.lll.l. I I. II V.l. , ,N III. ill, II

Dicamptodon, Found in \\. stt n N01 1I1 \m< SB

1 1 it a, .1. . |. l.llU .111.1 ll .llll, I V

\v. re formerly classified as .1 separate famil) 1 \i. 1 n.il glllt

os

>
Z
(a
brotid I

llll/l Mil, ill .'|.',

ITA1 I \\ l. \\ I s\l \\\ \M)| K

>
uih and springs in the
thrrn Itab. thi- salamandei I K.I It

S\l \\1 \\|)| It

I
'/nun
\ ihii I - 1 .l.iii.ii.l. 1 >
Found il hi iui 1 h Z
..1 \.,i 1I1 \n -
N|„ , I. ,
,

—
s|n 111 to pi wds i"
mati ni'l I....

> I I. Ill

>
INN \l IN \ n \l \\1 \\|)| K
M VRB1 s\l KM WDI z
•
II 1 I) It
-
uV skinned, North \merican lm/n stoma opa< um
vdamandir has a plump tail, \\huh in I In. short tailed, -.t... k\ salamandi

lurnm and z
at the ha^< It «.i\> - its tail at in lall lays it. eggs in dried up ponds —
• n a drti nsivc |»iNtim that till with rain in wintci

H
( \l IIOKM \ (,l W I

S \l \\1 WDI It

Di nsatus
1 In In
g
mi 11. il

n null 11 llll 1 il. 11. .1 l,\

mjrhlcJ <.ol<<raliL'n
loss and di 1 idal I n.
6 I'm h .i i L ibil it I lu pccii
17 10cm
il stagi

FOUR-TOED SAI KM Win l<

HcmiJj^n hum
il Njlamand. r. th<
-.:;.'

adult
jlum
M LI DPU PP1 S I
A M PH U M AS 1

is a markid narrowing
it the larvae grow in
at l\
\\at< r There \ \ D RELATIVE < >i i in 1 ing in , astern North Vmerica,
tail

I of the six species in the Proteidai an

i\i 1 In \iii|iliiiiiiinl.i. .11 . .1 t . 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ .il 1 In , 1

found in North Vmerica; the sixth one tin larg • li, ,11- aqual it salamandi rs wil li

V S I \ I " I c cavi living olm lives in Europ Members .il I1L1 bodies and im limbs Fcmali
1

S A L A M ANDFRS <il

thi
this l.unilv

1 r ,11 lu It
ii

life, \\ nli
tain tin larval

long, slendi
form into
1 bodit s,
guard
\iii|>liiilin.i^
1 :'

, .111
in a

--ill
nest on land
\iu ill OUghl l>\

Ground SO ^iall mcdhim-sized spet s

to i< external gills, and small •
I
m ing mi, 1 mud and form in
nrm the Hynobiidae. The) are confined to I In '.
feed mi urn inv,

Via. m it h Norm IhuikI in mountain streams. mollusks, fish, snakes, and

Tht-% la\ thtir cog., in pnnd-nr stn am*, and small amphibi
th«tr lar\ar ha\r external gills. Some
species ha\. daws to grasp r<* kv

MUDPUPPi IK IUI D
1 UROPI w Ol M
I I

IMPHIUM
I I

\ in im.,,,
Oil \ s\| \M WDI K mud puppy. \mphlun am
'
lui Junni .,, I. 1. H ill.

painful
I, n< Mali - bn ml 1 tvhili
compt rnalb ha» «
 REPTILES
Reptiles are a sophisticated, diverse, and successful group of
ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. Although commonly
J-
associated with hot, dry environments, they are found in a wide
range of habitats and climates around the world.
H
The first reptiles evolved from amphibians more
PHYLUM CHORDATA
DC ( CLASS RUTH 1 A _)
than 295 million years ago. They are the ancestors
ORDERS 4 not only of modern-day reptiles hut also of mammals
FAMILIES 60 )
(/J
and birds. During the Mesozoic Era, reptiles such
SPECIES M.Din 7,700
as dinosaurs, aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs,

and aerial pterosaurs dominated Earth. Reptile

groups that still exist today evolved in this period
z and survived the mass extinction event that killed
< oft the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
All reptiles share certain characteristics, such as scaly
skin and behavioral thermoregulation — using outside
sources to maintain a constant bodv temperature, by
basking in the sun, for example. But the various groups
exhibit obvious differences. Turtles and tortoises are
Reptile scales are a protective layer ol
protected by a unique, heavily armored shell. Lizards,
skin with overlapping patches thickened
with keratin and sometimes bone. crocodilians, and tuataras have four limbs and long tails.

Many squamates, or scaled reptiles — lizards, snakes,

and amphisbaenians — have evolved limbless forms.

Hot desert ecosystems are typically dominated by
lizards and snakes, but reptiles of all types are found
in all habitats in the tropics and subtropics. Fewer
species are found in cooler temperate climates.
Within each ecosystem reptiles are important both as

predators and as prey. Most arc carnivores, feeding

The shelled egg allows reptiles to on a wide range of other animals. A few large lizards
reproduce out of water. The outer layer
and tortoises are exclusively herbivores, but many
protects the embryo from dehydration.
species are opportunistic omnivores.

BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL

Some species are solitary whereas others are highly
social. Although sluggish and inactive when cool, once
their preferred body temperature is reached by basking
or pressing against a warm rock, thev can be very active.
Reproductive behavior can be complex, with males

Crocodiles can walk with their body

actively defending territories and courting females.
raised well off the ground, whereas Although some squamates give birth to live young, in
turtles manage only a sprawling 2ait.
most cases the male reptile fertilizes the female, who

f^^1 then lays eggs in an underground nest. All reptiles are

independent and self-feeding Irom birth, although some
crocodilians give parental care for two or more years.

Reptiles are exploited by humans for their skin or

*^ mKI as food. This, along with habitat loss, pollution, and -. %
l^*Si climate change, threatens the survival of many species.

.
' <>
* •
Reptiles modify their behavii SEA TURTLE IN ITS ELEMENT >
emperature.They bask in ["he green turtle may appear primitive but, with efficient
in to absorb heat energy. Hipper'- md a flattened shell, is well adapted to its aquatic life.
 Kl I' I II I t.KOlll's
B\ iIk Mesozok Era, reptiles had
divei sified I
ui t L s and croc* idilians
had divei gi d earl> on, and latei th<
squamates li/.ai ds, snak< s, and

amphisbai nians ai
\ru ared >i

M
IUK II s \ \|> I

fORTOISlS

» \72
fUATARAS

» m
LIZARDS

» ;so
\ MI'MIMl \l \l \\S

»'i«S7
£3& SNAKES

» i
l
)()

i
RO< ODILES WD
ULIGATORS

Pan^ »!()()
>^

&£

V
1

V< -
372
TURTLES AND TORTOISES
With their bony shell, stout limbs, forelimbs into flippers. Although they need to CHORDATA
and toothless, beaklike mouth, turtles breathe air, many turtles are tolerant of low oxygen CLASS REPTIL1A
levels and can remain submerged for hours. Turtles (IRI)I R STUDINES
s and tortoises have changed little from 11

— have a slow metabolism and are generally long lived. FAMILIES 14

species that lived 200 million years ago. SPECIES ?00
Some species are carnivores, others herbivores,

The order includes sea turtles, freshwater turtles, but most turtles are omnivorous. Animal prey is

and terrestrial tortoises. Some extinct turtles were either slow moving or ambushed as the turtle lies

gigantic, but most modern ones are more modestly hidden. Food is broken up by the "beak," a sharp,

sized.The exceptions are the large sea turtles and a keratinous jaw covering.
lew terrestrial tortoises inhabiting isolated islands.

Z NESTING AND BREEDING

< PROTECTION AND LOCOMOTION Turtles do not defend territories, but they can

r. A turtle's shell is formed of numerous tused bones, have extensive home ranges and may develop social

overlaid by scutes. The domed upperpart is known hierarchies. Otherwise turtles often congregate

as the carapace and the lower part, die plastron. on river banks or lakesides to bask or nest.
0* Scutes are horny plates and new ones form beneath Both in water and on land, males of some species
the old ones each year. The degree of protection engage in elaborate courtship of temales before
provided by the shell varies between species and copulation. Fertilization is internal and the females

is much reduced in some aquatic turtles. Not all lay shelled eggs, like those of other reptiles and
C/3

W species can retract the head into the shell —

some birds. These are spherical or elongated, with rigid
-9 tuck their head along one shoulder under the or flexible shells. Clutches are laid in nests dug up
edge of the shell. by the female in terrestrial sites. Nearly all marine
H
- Tortoises are slow animals, but some sea species come to land only to nest. In many species,
A green sea turtle hntchling enters
tu turtles can reach speeds of 1 9 mph (30kph) when but not all, the gender of the hatchlings depends
the sea. Many of itsbreeding beaches are
OS
swimming, as a result of the modification of their on incubation temperature. protected, but it remains endangered.

AUSTROA M ER IC AN AFRICAN
SIDE-NECKED 34 cm
SIDE-NECKED
TURTLES MACQUARIE
TURTLE TURTLES
Emj Jurd macquarii
From South America and Australasia, the Chelidae Most of the Pelomedusidae are carnivorous
Widely distributed
include carnivorous and omnivorous species. Their
through the Murray River
and occupy freshwater habitats. When
characteristically long neck cannot be retracted, so basin ol Australia, this threatened, they can hide their head and
it is turned sideways under the edge of the shell. species cats amphibians, neck beneath the edge of the shell. Found
fishes, and algae. Males
They lay elongated eggs with leathery shells. throughout Africa and Madagascar, they
arc smaller than temales.
survive dry conditions by burying
themselves in mud.

ronn carapace

REIMANN'S 30in
SNAKE-NECKED TURTLE 75 cm
Chelodina reimanni COMMON SNAKE-NECKED TURTLE
I In Irom Ncvy Guinea cats
turtle Chelodina longicollis
crustaceans and mollusks. When scalloped A shy freshwater turtle of Australia, this species
threatened, it tucks its large head carapace inr/) has a long neck, which enables it to raise its
under the side of its carapace. keel (central ridge) head out of water and capture prey.

20 in M ATA M ATA
50 cm C he I us fimbriatus

This South American turtle uses its

unusual appearance as camouflage

when ambushing prey,which it Sin
>* sucks into its mouth. 20 cm

AFRICAN HELMETEDTURTLE
Pclomcdusa subruja
Widespread in sub-Saharan Africa,
this carnivorous turtle is highly
social and often hunts in packs
to bring down large prey.

-'
 BIG-HEADED
1 Hi sole

endangered >|k\
member >>l

ies from
It
forest
1

streams
forages in shallow streams,
U R
the Platvsternidae, ilu big headed tut
in
I

South and South

1 I

bottom walking
i U
ast
i- an
Vsia
AMERICAN
RIVER
Closel) related to Vfricansidt
I

Podo< nemidida< jh found in tropical South Vmerica, except on< In

U R
s
I
|

necked
|)
I
|

S
turtles,
NECKED
most species of th( famil)
LI7(

rather than •>« immins Madagascai rhest an herbivorous turtles found in various frcshwatei
habitats I In \ cannol retract theii necks into thcii shells
•x
- m
KID III \l>ll' •v

r
BIG HI \l>l I) \\\ \/l>\ Kl\ I l( H
IIIKIII IIIKIII
non /'.'./.•. nemh
acephalum tnthrocephala m
I lnv small, v.u nivorous tui tl> I his six . loh Found in
lux .1 iLilli'llttl IhhI\, ,iun swamps >'l the Ki.
li, .ill « nli povvei I ii m ol ilu \i

jaws, and a long i.nl Immii "i South \"n i ii .i

7:
s \ \ PPI \ (i T U RT 1 1 s H
—
Native to North and Central \meri< a, these large, aquatic turtles ,»i v noted foi
—
their aggression. I he Chekdridae havt rough shells and .1 powerful head, with
hea\ \. crushing jaws. I hej arc efliw u\i predators, ambushing .1 variet) ol animals, >
but tlu\ also cat plants.

( OMMON SN VPPING
1 ill; 1 1 I

/>. dra rpi nttna

/1

H
c

\ robusl mi tic, it 1 ifti n I"

hi win foi pre) lull I'm ii 'I in

I It occupii ii . sliw.ii. 1

habital fii im easli 1 n Ni 11 1I1 —

America a I th s Ei uai li 11

Mill

111 1 and
sharp, 1

mi/1

\l I K. VTOR
s\ VPPING 1 1 IK 1 1

Wacroci
Om of thi in 1
1 fn
tui tli in 1

woi in shap J lun 01 gui

il In s m wail

SOFTSH11.1. TURTLES
I Tiilga
Trit-M.- North Vmerica, vfrica
atjuatK predators inhabit freshwater habitats in
and south* rn \sia. The shells of tin Trionychidat are flattened and covered
with kathvr\ skin rathrr than keratinous •* utes. The> range in size from
IOin(25cm)to Itilmnn >hi-ll. l< 1

I \MIR\ SPIN1 Mil IMIII I IMH IN FLAP Mil I I 1 1) 1 1 IK 1 1 I ( IIIM si SOI I sin 1 I I I) I ill'. 1 I I

and *|:jj' wl -K .I tlii.

 1

PIG-NOSED TURTLE AMERICAN

The onh species
MUD AND
374
is an omnivore.
in the family
Its
Carettochelyidae, this turtle
carapace lacks hard scutes, but is still rigid. MUSK TURTLES
snout is adapted for breathing air while submerged.
Its
These turtles from the New World
emit a strong scent when threatened.
SI The Kinosternidae tend to walk along 5in MISSISSIPPI MUDTURTLE
— PIG-NOSED RIVER 13cm Ktnosternon subrubrum
TURTLE the bottom of lakes and rivers, rather
s An omnivore, this freshwater
rettochelys insculpta than swim, and are opportunistic
turtle feeds on the bottom of
found
O I

m New
Ins nocturnal turtle is
omnivores. They lay elongated, slow, shallow watercourses
- Guinea and northern
hard-shelled eggs. in the southeastern US.
Australia, Like sea turtles, it lias

(i hi limbs modified as flippers

C for aquatic flight.
-
COMMON MUSK TURTLE
Q Sternothcrus odontitis
Z This freshwater turtle from (.astern
28
< 70 cm
in
North America is an omnivore.
When threatened, it not only exudes
on
a nauseating musk, but also bites.
HI
_l
H
ai LEATHER BACK '
leathery carapace
with set
: en kech

H
SEA TURTLE LEATHERBACK
SEA TURTLE
5 It

There is only one species in the Dermochelyidae. I 5

Dermochelys coriacea
This turtle is capable of maintaining an elevated Feeding mainly on jellyfish, this
t/3
oceaiiR sea turtle is the world's
— body temperature, which allows it to swim in
largest turtle. It has a worldwide
cold waters. The shell has no scutes; the leathery distribution that includes
skin covers a layer of insulating oily tissue. subarctic waters.

clan less flippers

-

SEA TURTLES
Sea turtles occur throughout the world's oceans,
mainly in coastal waters. They are highly adapter
to the marine environment, with streamlined
bodies and broad, paddlelike limbs
The Cheloniidae come to land
to nest on beaches.
Most species in
this family are

endangered.

prominent eyes'

vertebral heel and beak

in younger
turtles

LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE pale coloration

Caretta caretta on underside
This carnivorous species occurs in coastal waters
worldwide but undertakes long migrations between
feeding and nesting ground:

almond-shaped
eyes

OLIVE RIDLEY
SEA TURTLE HAWKSBILL
Lepidochelys olivacea SEA TURTLE
GREEN SEA TURTLE A species of mainly Eretmochclys tmbricata
Chelonia mydas tropical, shallow coastal This turtle uses its horny
This is the only sea turtle known to bask waters, this turtle jaws to forage tor mollusks and
on land, ft is found in temperate and tropical eats a wide range of other prey. It is found in tropical

in cans worldwide and is a strict herbivore. invertebrates and algae. oceans throughout the world.
POND TURTLES I MM M \l> I UK I I
1

hica
1 hese turtles range from being lulK aquatic I 111* \..| th •
II > III -

to full\ terrestrial. Most ol them are Found in iii fn ^hw iti i

habitats with abundant 575
ii males .". almost
North Amerk a,
I
.

but one
spec ies in this famih
twice J
comes from urope. Diet varies between
I

species, although mam are herbivon s

III

rhe mvdidae are often brighth colored

1 $* fl « 33

ami intricately marked. ^k m

"0

AjV " 4

m
y
putt*
* lines on
neck and head
H
C
S \ I I \\ \ I I II I I UK \l'l\
-
i win —
i : i
.. .Inn n il spedi 1
1|
—
l>racl I il in

North America It ha n
d in
Kin-i \kii>m iniR i I I lOW-ltl I I II I) M 11)1 It
|aw adapti d I
>
Iln-kv
Ttachemyi scripta scripta i

Z
uiil\ Named
herbivorous ami i- common in tin when
for its

disturbed, this turtle ol

habit <>l sliding into watei
tin southern
D
Usability! habitats has allowed it Un in ,i diurnal omniv H
to K itilishvd in I uro|H an.

7:
-

—
/

I'MMU) IIIK1I I t \lt()l l\ \ HON UK I I I I

piaa Terrapene i jrohno

huted in North America, Males ol tin- North American
iter turtU - have evolved highh curved
during summer. Uunns; winter, claws ih.it help grip tin- Female's
•id under « domed shell while nuiino
OKN \l I KO\ IUKI I I

10, Terrapent oi nata

strong , bii . used I his i- an omnivorous, terrestrial turtle
I \"i tli \ It digs burrow n

to csi .i|n cxtremi heat or i old

SPOT II I) IUKI I I t lilt Kl \ IUKI I I

Clemrrn « jutuij Deirochelys reticulaha

Idi-ntihabJi thi- -mall turtle Thi-. >.h\ turtU ul swamps in
•n aquatic invertebrates and plant- North \mci WOOD IIIKII I

in the mar-r and other

ih |>r< \
I IIKOI'I \N POND IIIKII I

inn s orbit ularis I Iii turtle i

i
i

Widcspn .id in I urope, tin- 1- .i highh hi noi thi i

,
|u on logl or mi k-, lull
r.ipidK dn. - into the « d.ili, .
togi tin i d

i LORIDA Kl dm n I until i Kl l» I'.l I I II I) IUKI I I

KI ENDING'S I IIKM I

:j blanJir: irlli ii US,

Durin
csp«
 ALDABRA
™
376
GIANT TORTOISE
Aldabrachelys gigantea
The last remaining species of giant tortoise on islands in the Indian

( )cean, the Aldabra aiant tortoise can weigh over 660 Hi ( 300kg).
Although resident on three islets of the Aldabra atoll, over 90 percent
of the tortoises live on Grande-Terre —
the largest islet by far—
despite' the scarcity ol water and inadequate supply of vegetation.
Poor conditions there have inhibited the growth of individual tortoises,
and many do not reach sexual maturity. However, they are highly
social, more so than the larger tortoises on other islets. Males are
SIZE 4ft (1.2 m)
larger than females, but courtship is a gentle affair. Their eggs are HABITAT Grass) areas
buried underground, and hatch in the rainy season. The whole DISTRIBUTION Aldabra, Indian Ocean
population is vulnerable to natural disasters and rising sea levels. DIET Vegetation

< HORNY BEAK

The tortoise's large mouth
i ontains no teeth. It i tits

vegetation with its sharp,

hoi in beak, takes it into
the mouth with its tongue,
and swallow S it w hole.

< EAR
Tortoises have no
external ear Hap;
so the eardrum is

situated in a hollow

< EYE
The eve is relatively large
and has a well-develope<
eyelid. Tortoises can see
in color, particularly in
the red and yellow parts
ol the spectrum; this

>robably helps them fine

colorful fruit.

horny scales
cover the front
and hind limbs

lunJ limbs are

elephantine, with
strong clans

a FORELEG < TAIL

The front limbs are cylindrical in The giant tortoise has
shape, and longer than the hind a short and can tuck
tail,
limb t to one side under the
the wck of the carapace.
Males have longer tails

than females.
 -

upptr >hcll tho*

 PO \ I) A N D R I V I- R TORTOISES
578
TURTI I s Found in the Americas, Africa, and

I, 111 ill, ( )l<! and New Worlds, the Geoi mydidae

southern Eurasia, members of the family
Testudinidae < an r< a< h greal sizes. They
are freshwater And terrestrial unties, ranging in adult
50cm). They var) have solid domed shells into which the)
shell length from 5 to !0in(14
( an retract their heads. Fully terrestrial,
in their dietary preferen( es from being herbivorous to
— tortoist s are haracterized by elephantine
carnivorous. Mam exhibil sexual dimorphism, with (

s limbs. 1'hev lay hard shelled eggs. DESERT TORTOISE

.in [argei than males. Gophcrus agassizii
This tortoise lives in small
<,,
BROWN burrows in deserts ol southwi stern
LAND TURTLE North Vmerica, M.unK vegetarian,
Rhino* lemmj ii sometimes preys on animals.
annulata
A herbivorous
tortoise, this sp. i ic

lives in tropii .il fori sfc

of ( i
mi. 'I
''<<>' i ica. It

is mainly a< tivi in thi

morning and after rains.

ELONGATED TORTOISE
Indole ni,l' elongate
I omul in tropii al s,,iiiln ast Vsia, this

tortoise rats 1 1 nit and i ai rion. Ii hi Ii in

moist leal litti i w hen the weathi i is . i i y.

(.OLDEN COIN TURTLE

( uora trifasciata
I I, i
arnivorous turtle from southern China Itsnami
di i ives from its valui in th< illegal w ildlife market. Its

i i
in traditional medicine threatens ns survival.

pronounced
spinal keel SI KRAI ED HINGE-BACK
rORTOISE
Kinixys erosa
l In i in i
iiiiniM, rous species found in

su,nn|is in tropii il Wi st \h ii a I tldi i

tortoises develop hingi s in the rear

ol their carapaces.

28 in
70 cm

RED-FOOTED TORTOISE RADIATED TORTOISE

( helonoidis carbonaria I troche!) s radiata

Although know ii to eat i an ion, this toi i<>is, is Restricted to southern Madagascar, this
Yl I I OW-MARGINA I 1 .1) BOX UK I I II mainh vegi tat ian Ii is found in a variety ol habitats endangered species eats maink plants and
( uora flavomarginaca is a< li\e during the earl} part ol the di\.

An omnivore ol hina's rue paddies,

(

this spei us avoids deep watei an

pi nds hours basking on land. INDIAN STARRED
TORTOISE
Geochclone clegans
hound in dry areas of
India and Sn I anka,
this herbivorous species
mates and breeds in

the monsoon season.

ASIAN LEAF TURII I

lemys deniata BLACK-BREASTED LEAI TURTLE

imnivorous turtle ,, oemj da spenglei i

and in slow-moving \n ii ded mountains in

ia. It lnna, this turtle eats sma

i
In .lies and fruit. Its i at apai i

tangulat .keeled, and spike

 PAN< \ki rORTOISI

Fouml in i thi%

r*M UK k\ an as
l| S llllul'ltv

ll> llal slia|H

allows il to hl»K- in > ia> ks

\i I)\hk \ i.i \\ i mini mm

I/.;

K. ~n u i. .1 to ill. V Idaho! atoll In iln

i. \i IPAGOS rORTOISI hivon
Indian ' li i in, i In- lai gi hi i i- ahh
I helonoiJa elephantopw
to .li ink through il -u ilv
t >nc ol the woi Id'* Urges! tortoiM -.

ihis iiiainK vegetarian species li.iv

I I subs i
Jill. i. Hi islands
111 till G<UpagOS ail llljli I a

III KM \ Ws iokioisi
Tc$i

I liis herbivorous spe< lea Inhah

coastal Italy and southern Franci Ithibei
dui in" ili. ci ild w Inti i

si i I'i'i S rORTOISI
Testt '-In

\ herbivon fri im thi

ill \ ill ! |l|ll -

pccii
ili. daytimi hi '
!

In shi lii i Ing in burrows,

TUATARAS
Superficially liken lizard, Ne^ Zealand's Tuatara- are \cr\ long lived, hut an vulnerable to

tuatara belongs to a far more ancient introdua <l ground predators. Inhabiting i oastal

order of reptiles. closest relatives forests, the) art active at low bod) temperatures
Its
and i mi rgt from th< ir burrow- al nighl to hunl for
became extinct 100 million years ago.
invertebrati -. and l>inl-' i ggs and i hit ks. Males are
Thi' tuatara ha> main anatomical features that set it territorial and nesting is ( niniiniii.il I ggs taki up
apart from lizards. Most striking an it- vw dg< shaped form and an m< ubated
to lour years to for I 1 to Id

"teeth" aitualb serrations "I the jawbone. mouth- before Liu hing. In< ubation
The upper jaw ha> a double row that tit-
^^ temperature determine - the
over a single row on tin lower jaw.

TUATAR \

< )tten portrayed a- "li\ in^ t'.--il-."

the- Sphenodoptklac are modem
representatives ol reptile- that
•vith dinosaur- I

primitive spec* mdonhron

orl-hore i-larvi- Zealand.
 ——

380
LIZARDS
Typically, lizards have four legs and a defense mechanisms depend on agility,
PHYLUM CHORDATA
long, thin but there are also many
tail, camouflage, and bluff. Many species are able i CLASS REPTILIA
to shed their tail to distract the attention of ORDER SQUAMATA
legless species. They have scaly skin ( )

predators as they escape. The tail grows back. 1 FAMILIES (LIZARDS) 27

J
and firm jaw articulation. f SPECIES 4,560 )
pi In some families of lizard, the skin can change
< All lizards are ectothermic, obtaining heat color. This ability can be used for camouflage
N
energy from the environment. Although seen
as predominately tropical or desert animals, they
or for sexual or social signaling. Unusually,
many lizards the pineal gland on the top of the
in
YMwegm
SQUAMATA: AN
have a global distribution; lizards are found from head acts as a light-sensitive "third eye." ALL-INCLUSIVE ORDER
C/3
beyond the Arctic Circle in Europe to the tip of
— Traditionally, lizards and snakes were
- South America. Highly adaptable, they occupy VARIED LIFESTYLES
considered two distinct groups, but
a wide range ot terrestrial habitats with many Although some species are solitary, many lizards
modern genetic research makes it clear
- being arboreal or rock dwelling. Many legless have complex social structures, with the males
that they are not. Primitive squamates
species are adapted for burrowing, a few lizards maintaining their territories through visual
(scaled reptiles) were lizardlike animals
as from trees, and others are
are effective gliders signals. Many species lay eggs in underground that arose in the mid-Jurassic. Available
semiaquatic, including a marine species on nests, while others retain the eggs in the oviduct evidence suggests that snakes evolved
the Galapagos Islands. until hatching.There are also truly viviparous from lizards during the mid-Cretaceous.

species, in which the mother provides nutrition By this time various families of lizards

STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL via a placenta. Males have paired hemipenes had branched off on their own

Lizards range in length from about Vi in 1 5 cm) sexual organs used for internal fertilization
evolutionary course. Some lizard
( .

families are thus closer to snakes

to 9 3/+ ft (3 m) in the case of the Komodo dragon, although some species are parthenogenetic,
than they are to other lizards. Of living
but the majority are between 4 and 1 2 in (10- with females reproducing without the
lizards, the monitors are thought to be
30cm). Although most are carnivores, around participation of a male. Some lizards tend those most closely related to snakes.
two percent of species are primarily herbivorous. their eggs during incubation but very few-
Many lizards are prey for other carnivores. Their exhibit any maternal care of the hatchlings.

CHAMELEONS 3'/«in
to
Restricted to the Old World, the members of the 8 cm
family Chamaeleonidae have long limbs with grasping
feet and a prehensile tail for gripping branches — an
adaptation tor life in trees. Their eyes are capable of
moving independently in any direction to locate
insects or small vertebrates. They catch their prey BEARDED PYGMY-CHAMELEON
w ith a long, sticky tongue that shoots out from the Rieppclcon brevicaudatus
This unusual, small chameleon is from
mouth. Their ability to change color is for display
East Africa. Drab coloration and patterning
and camouflage. Many species are threatened along its body allow it to resemble a dead leal
with extinction.

MEDITERRANEAN
CHAMELEON
Lhamaeleo chamaeleon "'^F^ JACKSON'S
This chameleon spends its CHAMELEON
time in bushes searching C hamaeleo jacksonii
lor insects. It is found in This diurnal, arboreal species is tound in East
North Africa and around Africa. The male is identifiable by the three
the Mediterranean. horns on its snout, which are for display.

grasping,
four-toed jeet

PANTHER
CHAMELEON
Furcifer parjalis
GIANT SPINY CHAMELEON found only in dry lorests VEILED CHAMELEON
Furcifer verrucosus C hamaeleo cahptratus
in Madagascar, this lizard
•
native of the humid. hunts insects in trees by This species is from the southern coast ol the

stealth. Males are Arabian Peninsula. Males have a large casque

highly territorial. on the head, while females have a smaller one.
CHISEL-TEETH 1 1 / \ K I) S
Common in \frica, southern \aa, and \ustralasia, the small lizards *"»-
ol the (ami]} Agamidae \\ hk h al-o uk ludes tK ing lizards and
water dragons are the c >kl World equivalents
\llM RALIANWATI R nit VGON
ol the iguanas Spines,
Physignathus lesueurii
Baps, and «.ri-stN often adorn the heads and backs ol these lizards, which la> I lu largest wain dragon in Vustralia, this
soft shelled eggs. Males are hrighth colored while tlu females are dullei species lives hesldi vi.ii>! into which it dives
tu escape predators Vdults eat inverleh
and small v. i tebrates

a*:* y -

\ \KI V It I I

(. \KDIN I 1/ \Kl)

diurnal 1i/j
l)K \(.ON
luund hunting insects in tn r/n signalhus cot in< Inus
jr.'uiul human habiutmn It
\ powt i lul *\\ ilium i, llilv I

. iii watei "!w i

long, launillj
in rivei siili trees in - In i n Vsia
flatttneJ tail used
in mimmlng
Mild II \l Hit \\ M \SI 11,1111 \
' ' •
I mil
hra Jintrmj In h ll .i > i
1
'

il ii

\in tli \li n i li ir, - ii L'lublil

I'RU Kl l\ \N 1

III III ,1, I, lis,

nihosaura , rtii igtra
Phis slow moving lizard from Vsia
i him . t* while pert bed on a

hramh. Males use tin long spines on

thi ir in i k \\ Inn fighting each other.

-.ipeJ teeth ,>n

( I \ I K \l I'l \KI)I I) l)l< \(,()\

I ound in ii nl woodland in Vustrali

li/.ml has a I" ard i il spini - It la\

in .in underground nest

GRI I N-Sl Kll'l I) I Kl I l)l< \(,o\

lap i i

lu in lizard is From I I

e fori of I na tvl I

liiim insccl It la mall clutches

"I five I" CVCI

V
•V I tn frill

1 1(11 111)11/ \l(l)

C hlamydoiaurui I

( <nnii
nixalUnil i

1)1 SI Kl \(, \M \

I HI! Tiapelut nun.

rial, diurnal lizard
tnll and "i
182
PANTHER CHAMELEON
Furcifer pardalis
This large chameleon is endemic to Madagascar, off the east coast of southern Africa,
and has also been introduced to Mauritius and Reunion. This species lives in trees

in humid scrubland, and its feet are so well adapted for grasping branches that it is

difficult for the lizard to walk across a flat surface. Active during the day, it moves slowly
through the branches to hunt its insect food by stealth. When it spots its next meal,
the chameleon focuses on its victim with both eyes, then shoots out
its long tongue to

grasp the insect and pull it back into mouth. The chameleon's uncanny ability
its large SIZE 16-22 (40-56 cm)
in
HABITAT Treesin humid scrub
to change color is an indicator of mood and social status only, and is not used for
DISTRIBUTION Madagascar
camouflage. When faced with a rival, it rapidly inflates its body and changes color, DIET Arthropods, crustaceans
putting on a display of dominance that is usually enough to decide a dispute.

a ridge of protective
 EY1 S •

K)\(.lll
LlnicjiuK, chameleons
-

I lu tongue is ven li mg
^Lx;i
ari able to move iJv h eye
and is in i .1 In 'in ilu mouth
independent]) ol tin other
spi .1 In- allow
\S\
ii i I
s
With eyes pointing in

different directions, thi

unsuspi i ting prey fn n
chameleon >an look >>ut tor
aw .l\

predators while also

scan hm^ lor any
Chameleons do
m
-a
not ha\i- Liiv
H

. 1 1 w\ 1 1) 1 1 1

• SKIN COLOR I In i li.iiiu Icon tin an

he striking skin colors are aused b\ cells called lawi d, and angi into
1 > ai i -I
N
chromatophores, which contain a variety ol pigments of two and thn
"l'

of the
>
and reflectors lh>- cells' size and dispersion ol pigments ti ii I

fi ii 'i

change with the chameleons mood, often i|uukb and I Ins enables ilu animal
dramatically, a> a signal to potential rivals and mati to rip any branch ti hll
/

IAII •

Lifi ip in ilu ino h in. nl. .i |i .i

i
asii i In ilu . li.iiiu I. . m's pr< hi nsili

tail Ii at ts as .i iilili limb, « apping

i

1. 1. in. In S tO In l|> W llll . Illnl in

v UNDI RSID1
I lii v . li.im. I. ..n u.iv photograph) .1

li a 'J.inv i.ilil. from below,

I III \ I. Ill k, ll I Ml, ll.lM III W.ilk

do,
llll II ll I I .Hi SplaVl .|

» iJc I
Jll

therr
 tfc

(i EC KOS ^•"

Widel) distributed in the tropics and subtropi< s,

m *s
384
number over 1,000
the G< kkonidae spec ies in
n
100
and
g< nera. I

for their ability to

hc\ are noted foi nino ver\ vocal
climb smooth surfac es.
IB V*=(*
Mam la\ hard-shelled eggs, while others la\
WESTERN BANDED GECKO 4% in KUHL'S FLYING GECKO Sin
soft shelled eggs. Siimi spe< '
ies are \ iviparous. Coleonyx variegatus 12 cm Vtychozoon kuhh 20cm
I Ins terrestrial gecko hunts invertebrates This gecko's webbed toes and skin Haps help
in the deserts • > I the western US. Unlike break Us tall as it parachutes from trees in
many geckos, it has moveable eyelids. the rain forests of Southeast Asia

*
*

RING-TAILED GECKO ASIAN SPINY GECKO MEDITERRANEAN GECKO

C yrtodactylus louisiadensis Hemidactylus brookii Hemidactylus turcicus
I nunc I in New Guinea, this large, nocturna This gecko lives in close proximity to humans. ( )ften betrayed by its mew ing cry, this small
gei ko leeds aggressively on invertebrates Native to northern India, it now also occurs in European gecko is common in houses, where
and small frogs tound on the ground. Hong Kong, Shanghai, and the Philippines. it hunts insects attracted to lights.

IGUANAS 1
MARINE IGUANA
mblyrhynchus cristatus
Largely confined to the Americas, the Iguanidae Native to the Galapagos
Islands, this aquatic li/ard is
number nearly 30 species in 8 genera. They are
well adapted to leeding on
(Incise in color. Most are diurnal, carnivorous underwater algae. Nasal
predators, although larger species are glands help remove salt.

herbivorous. They all lay eggs.

dorsal crest
GREEN IGUANA
Iguana iguana
Widespread in Central and
South America, this large iguana
is herbivorous. Males defend
their territory by vigorously
nodding their heads to
isplay dominance.

^'Jsn-fM
 M ETED
Nine species of arboreal lizards from Central and
South America constitute the famil) Coj vtophanidae
rhf\ are doserj related to the iguanas \ll spe< i« s

hau- well developed head «. rests I ong L-^s and

tails allow these li/ards u> run at high
speeds u> evade predators

COIOK \l)() HI SI HI
1R1M.I -IOI I)1/ \KI)
I

Restricted to North ami Central America, thi PhrynosomatJdae are .1

Cm, j notata
diverse tanuK ol lizards that prefer arid em ironments and hum ins, , is
1 losabli nostrils and eat Raps, overiappin
jaws, and interlocking eyelids help prote< ilus 1
Iht-\ ari- general!) small, tlull colored, and spun
desert living species as it burrows in sani
Most la) eggs, but those living at high
altitudes an- \ i\ iparous. g

1)1 SI Rl HORN! I) IZARD I

(.Rl I s SPIN! IGU \N \ Phiynosoma platj rhinos

u mjljchr
I his lizard "I N01 th In* 1 ii an di u 1 1-
This diurnal, arbon al li/ani from il) eats ants ned l"»l\
lis tl.it t <

Ct-ntral America has stitt. i..

in ad iptab'on i" maximizi heal
JiMng it a spins app»-aram< absorption while basking in thi sun

AN 1 E S FLAP-FOOTED
Most anoV - come from around thi Caribbean \ diverse ^roup, LIZARDS
the PoKchrotidae ari- typical]) small, arboreal, and inse< tivorous.
All lizards ol tins group havi elongated bodies,
Although often green or brown, the) change skin color
no from limbs, and mui h n du< ed hind limbs.
according to mood and environment. Both s, \, 5
Restricted to Australasia, the $6 species in the I R \SI RS 1)1 I M \
aggrc>si\iK defend their territor
Famil) Pygopodidai hunl insects b) burrowing / 1| fin I
'nt.cn

01 on tin surfai 1 I In \ art related t" ecko Nil 1

nhabil pii ind

and la) s( ,h shelli <l 1
I
Ii

is well adapted to i

1I1. Mil blai

KN1GH1 INOLE

The largest anolc, this ipc, ii

restricted to Cuba. Adhosno pads on

nablr it ti th walls
( \KOI IS
\\<»l I

;ncniii ( OMMON
s< \n 1001 BURTON'S SNAKE-LIZARD
I l.l is

Australia, thii lizard ha an

'righib 1 diurnal pri
ihroat fan in. Ii 11 1
'.1, mini, wholi
 S K I N K S
Distributed worldw ide, the Sc incidae are

a diverse group of 1,400 species. While

mam air a< tiv< diurnal predators, several
others atv nocturnal, limbless, burrowing
lizards. I In \ use c hemical as well as visual
communication. Although typically
0\ parous, many species are viviparous.
HRESKINK
< bright coloration
Lepidothj ns jcmandi
on flanks
s This insectivorous skink is native to
humid, forested areas West Atriea.
of
Its attractive coloration makes it a
popular lizard to keep in captivity.
\ weak legs

Hi
FIVE-LINED SKINK
-J
Plestiodon fasciatus PERCIVAL'S LANCE SKINK
^- This North American skink Acontws percivali

H coils around its eggs to protect This legless African skink burrow

Ou them during incubation. It through leaf litter to hunt its

woodland and feeds

prefers invertebrate prev. It gives birth
UJ
>n pround-living insects. to up to three live young.

WALL AND
SAND LIZARDS
Lizards of the family Lacertidae are found in a wide
variety of habitats throughout the Old World. They are
active predators and have complex social systems, with
males defending their territory. Almost all species lay
eggs. These lizards typically have large heads.

^-15^^*3*^-
VIVIPAROUS LIZARD
Zootoca vivipara
Found throughout Europe and up to 9,900ft
(3,000 m) in the Alps, this ground-dwelling lizard lives
in a variety of habitats. It gives birth to live young.

GRAN CANARIA
GIANT LIZARD
Gallotia stehlim
This large species is restricted to
the shrubland of Grand Canary Island
It is diurnal and herbivorous.

WHIPTAILS AND
RACERUNNERS
These fast-running American lizards occupy a range of habitats
Smaller species of the Teiidae are insectivorous but larger ones
are carnivorous. All 120 species are oviparous, although many
whiptails are all-female and reproduce parthenogenetically,
laying viable, fertile eggs without mating.

long tail used

in defense

REDTEGU
Tupinambis rufescens
This large species of the arid
regions in central South America is

nger,
 •Cv
"
py

.
hi in

ponj
unouit
till
i

muui
SMNK
i.
\m nt\
I'UNGUI

I. 1
(i

lilui
, .1 |)> llv
I)
L587

thla \ustralian slunk is .i

.Inn n.il omnivon ii

|X .11 » In, ,
73
m
"0

N
>
73

\ 1 I t)
1 I / UDS
1 here are J2 species >>| plated lizards
All are from sub Saharan