let 32 ( 2018 )

0
9. Motion in a non
-

inertial frame ( Cf Nt E 1 Cp )

S± inertial frame
moving frame
:

Is
S :

#
•

F
p→
'

R
0

= R
F
F +

Y
Trafton in The moving frame
coordinates in
4
The inertial frame moving basis

Newton 's law says that ,

for The inertial p→
,

me = E ,

but what does This look like to a moving observer ?

Namely ,
We want to Know The time evolution of The

coordinates in The moving frame ra

,
.

( We did The same Thing in §G ,

but we
push it further .
)

Let as work it out .

if = Es + F .

Here
,

* = pasta + ra¥ "

Now use
Fta ) = w→× Fca
)

T instantaneousangular velocity of
'
the moving frame about origin 0
 '
90
⇒ it = Mafia + paw→×f→ca )

=
iaea 't w→xr→

One more dot :

Ee Et .

it =

ft ( pasta
'
+ exp )

't
=r;f→' at Fata is xp + w→xF
Yi Yi
w→קW paftastwxp

=
raft
'
+ ziexrafa 't in xp + W→xlw→xr→ )

Now define

iafta ' = I :
velocity measured in S#

'

iiaf
' "
= a : acceleration "

Then

it 8+28×5 w→xCw→xF's
'
= + + W→xr→
.
 9.30
ewton 's law is

mp÷=mCR÷tFs=F

⇒ mini = F- ME

'

⇒ ma→=E - mid -
2mw→xu→ -

muixcwxr 's -
Exp

-
fictitious forces

• Famous = -

2mw→xv→ :
Coriolis force

Nonvanishing if T.to .

Responsible for rotation of hurricanes

oh
f A k
↳ o

a tru
N .
hemisphere S . hemisphere

•
Eeentrifngal = -
MW→×lW→xr→ ) :
centrifugal force

d
W Fcentrifugal W→

P
Feentnfuga, ( plane formed by
w→
,
F)
-0 direction
of Feentrifuga, Norm : W→xlW→xP ) =

w2rsino=d

⇒ Fcentrifuga =
Mw2d

• -
mist :
force of acceleration felt in a lift

W•→xP if rotation is not constant

present only
• -
:
 9.40

Foucault 's pendulum

A direct proof That it is the earth that rotates ,

while The heavens are still .

at angular velocity r=£ef

of
Oscillates
✓

M
→
• The plane of orbit rotates clockwise
\ •
( anti -
clockwise ) in The northern
←

( southern ) hemisphere with angular

Velocity
Wearth as 0 0 : co latitude
,

Take moving frame S± aligned with local lines of longitude and latitude :

angular velocity of the earth

W→
w→y£±
:

'
0¥s E± W =
181 =
24.30%0 =
7×10-55
~ 10-4 g-
I

ry±
←

: east

Ee : South
•
Actually ,
we take The origin
,
of SI and be The
^
S to same
YI
# .

This figure is only for explaining

The orientation of S± relative

So R→=0
to E .
,
.

^ line of
XI longitude
 9.50

Here is our pendulum :

£ "
"
•
We suppress
I :

1.
•l→ a → k
q±→y^ E → E
→

# #
4 N , ,

R
•
R = radius of earth

~ 6000km =
6×10 'm ~ 107 m

0 feast
→

0
I :
South

^
-

: ← HE Howmet
I :
South

Newton 's law in The moving frame is

,
because I = of =
0
,

ma→= F -
2mw→xv→ -
mw→x( exp )

where

F =D tmg '

e. HE
) ,
HE
¥ ) :
Fhmetmmeonutsnginframe
.
 9.60

Writing out The Coriolis

components ,

MCI) -

NFFmjydtf.mg/+amwfasFxFtsmoz)
sinog

oooo ( aofxtsinoz )
+
mw2(µno(←Yx+sino⇒ )
c-
centrifugal
z .
motion

mgtsmwsinoytmatsniocaooxtsinoz )

.:
mnmnmnnnmnnm
mum

Let as estimate mm
:

mnE=Nas4
⇒ lmls Axynlmls
Vay @ )
-

,
(
lotmhz see
"
Vz -
101mg , q
~

lniom
Zn
BB BB
-

-
⇒ LEI -

az -
101mW
Antm

lwy.l~wvx.y~104st.lotmls~lo.am/s2
4045 ) ?lO7m~1Otm/s2
>

lw2x|K1w2zI~w2R
'
y
-

nthe other hand 10mW so all Terms be ignored

g- can
-
,
.
,

Furthermore ,
for lylkl ,

Naoya NG .

¥) ~

N .

⇒ O=N -

mg
⇒ Namg .
 9.70

2¥
motion

six
X.
y

Mk Nsinrfascf 2mW cost matwoocasoxtsinoz )

{
=
-

+
ya +

Dmnnn 20mm 3 mm

mij
= -

n estimate C
ignoring m ) :

Nsimysinot2mwfzEEtosinIEttn@nw2YmWe.ca
104 104 m/s2
1
keep
,
4 ~
WV
,ey
~ .

1 ~ :

2
,
@ ~
WZA ~
(10-4) ? 1 ~
158 m/s2 :
drop
'
3 ~
w2R ~
(154) ? 107 ~
10 mW
'

keep

5 ~

wwz
~
104 .
lot ~ 155 m/s2 :
drop
Also ,

Nsinnwooamgsinyascf m
I. lsin4as$~mR2x
£=¥
= .

'

Nsinnlimloamgsinysincf
~mn2y I.
lsinysino = m .

So The x. of motion
yeqs
are
, .

D 3

gi six zwzig
{ ij
=
-

+ +

.
Ny
= - -

where

wztwaso , Xo =
02¥ cousin
;
.

...

•
The R2Xo term can be absorbed by X→X -

xo

( This corresponds to shift in tilting due to The

centrifugal force ) For l=1Om , Xo ~ 3cm

 9.80

Understanding This shift ,

jc six +
2wzj
{
= -

iy

±R
.

= -

siy
-

zwzk

If we define § =

Xtiy ,

is = -

R2§ Ziwz {

Approximate solution

This differential equation can be solved by setting § x eat .

Then we have

×2 = -

R2 -

Ziwzi X

12 + 2wzX -

R2 =
0

X = -

wz ± N WE + R2 a -

Wz

I ⇒ wz

The last approximation is justified because

R =
FT ~
FIT ~
1st
, Wz
~
W ~ 10-451 .

So
,
The general solution is

At
Aeitwz Beit worst
+ -

§ = +
 9.90

can be written as

§ =

xtiy
=
Eiwtisot )

Bent
Aeirt
,

where

§ .
=
+

is The solution without The influence of the earth 's rotation .

This
So
,
§ =

xtiy rotates about Z

µg_
t
( the local vertical ) with a rate
y

wz
0¥
=
W earth

x
Colatitude

•
Northern hemisphere ⇒ 0<-0 <
tz ,
as a > 0

⇒ clockwise

0<0
anticlockwise
It
Southern
•
hemisphere ⇒ < 0 It
,
as

•
Rotation is maximal at The north and South Poles ,

not at the equator .

One of The greatest proofs of the earth 's rotation

•

( Foucault ,
1851 ) .

END OF LECTURES

End leet 32 ( zols )

 @
Estimate of various Terms

In The first approximation The pendulum

z ,
→

The standard pendulum

l y
is oscillating just as .

If oscillation is small ,
i. e. 141<4 Then
,
x
,
y
•
a)
•
-7
4 a aas At +

A
where a a are constant while
, ,

r=jI .

The above is The oscillation in the angle 4 .

The distance along the K directions is

,
y

amplitude
lot a laws ( htt a) ~
e a = A :

along x
, y
The velocity along x is
, y

lit larsincrttx ) lar As

key
= a
-
~ =

The acceleration is

a
,ey=
a
-

lartimcrttx
last
AN
lip ) ~ =

⇒ AR AN
Vay ax
~ ~

, y
.
 9.110

The motion along Z is smaller as We can see from The

figure .
In equation ,

Z a l ( 1 -

cosy ) a
ly 2/2

E
alai ~
l .

a. an ~
ALI

E a
lciptyii ) ~
law ~
Ahf

down by AEK
1

⇒ vz
~
Any , az ~

Afd =

Compared to
Vxy , Axy

For example if
,

Foucault 's original pendulum

l~ 10 m ,
A ~ 1 m
in Pantheon ,
Paris :
l ~
67 m

then , using g~ 10 m/s2 ,

or =

off ~
1st

An mls
Vxy
~ ~
1

AN m/s2
Axy 1
~
~

vz ~
ALI ~
10
'
Mls

Atf
'
Az ~ ~
10 m/s2