Felix Salazar Bloise •

Rafael Medina Ferro

Ana Bayon Rojo •
Francisco Gascon Latasa

Solved Problems
in Electromagnetics

Springer
Contents

1 A Mathematical Introduction 1

1.1 Coordinate Systems and Transformations 1

1.2 Differential Length, Area and Volume 4

1.3 Scalar and Vector Fields 5

1.4 Concept and Definition of Regions, Curves and Surfaces 6
1.5 Line, Surface and Volume Integrals. Circulation and Flux ....
9
1.6 Gradient 11

1.7 Curl 13
1.8 Divergence 14

1.9 Stokes's Theorem and Divergence Theorem 15

1.10 Normal Vector to a Surface 16

1.10.1 Vectorial or Parametric 16

1.10.2 Explicit 17

1.10.3 Implicit 17

1.11 Further Developments 19

1.12 Classification of Vector Fields 21

1.13 Obtaining the Scalar Potential 23

1.13.1 First Method 23
1.13.2 Second Method 24
1.13.3 Third Method* 25
1.14 Vectorial Field from the Vector Potential 26
1.14.1 First Method 26
1.14.2 Second Method 28
Solved Problems 29

Problems A 29

Problems B 51

2 Static Electric Field in Vacuum 67

2.1 Electric Charge 67
2.2 Coulomb's Law 68
2.3 Electric Field 70

xi
xii Contents

2.4 Electrostatic Potential 71

2.5 Flux of Electric Field. Gauss' Law 73
2.6 Electrostatic Equations 74
2.7 Electric Dipole 74
2.8 Conductors and Insulators 75
2.9 Biot-Savart-like Law in Electrostatics 76
Solved Problems 77
Problems A 77
Problems B 81
Problem C 106

3 Static Electric Field in Dielectrics 121

3.1 Polarization 121
3.2 Polarization Charges 123
3.3 The D Field 123
3.4 The Constitutive Equation 125
3.5 Boundary Conditions 127
3.6 Coefficients of Potential and Capacitance 128
3.7 Capacitors 129
Solved Problems 132
Problems A 132
Problems B 139
Problems C 156

4 Electric Current 165

4.1 Current Density. The Current 165
4.2 The Equation of Continuity 167
4.3 Direct Current 167
4.4 Ohm's Law 168

4.5 Ohm's Law in a Conducting Straight Wire. Resistance 169

4.6 Power Supplied by Electric Field. Joule's Law 171

4.7 Direct Current Generators 172

4.8 Direct Current Motors 174

4.9 Ohm's Law in Circuits 175

4.10 Direct Current Networks 177

4.10.1 Kirchhoff's Circuit Laws 177

4.10.2 Mesh Analysis 179

4.11 Passive Network Equivalence 179

4.11.1 Resistances in Series, Parallel, Triangle

and Star Associations 180
4.11.2 Resistance in a Conductor with Any Shape 182

4.12 Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems 184

Solved Problems 185

Problems A 185

Problems B 194
Problems C 206
Contents xiii

5 Magnetostatics 223
5.1 Differential Equation of the Magnetostatic Field 223
5.2 Integral Form of the Equations 225
5.3 Vector Potential 227
5.4 The Biot-Savart Law 229
5.5 Forces on Currents 230
5.6 Magnetic Dipole 231
5.7 Off-Axis Magnetic Field for Axisymmetric Systems 231
Solved Problems 234
Problems A 234
Problems B 266
Problems C 291

6 Static Magnetic Field in Presence of Matter 313

6.1 Magnetization 313
6.2 Magnetic Current Densities 314
6.3 The Magnetic Field H 315
6.4 The Ampere Law of the Magnetic Field H 317
6.5 Basic Kinds of Magnetic Materials 318
6.6 Description of the Magnetization Curve 319
6.7 Magnetic Circuits and Electromagnets 323
6.8 Operating Straight Line and Operating Point 326
6.9 The Permanent Magnet 328
6.10 The Demagnetizing Field 330
Solved Problems 332
Problems A 332
Problems B 350
Problems C 376

7 Methods for Solving Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Problems ...

419
7.1 The Laplace Equation 419
7.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 422
7.3 Green's Function Method 425
7.4 Method of Images 428
7.5 Application of Complex Analysis to Electromagnetism 431
7.5.1 Transforming Boundary Conditions 432
7.5.2 Conformal Mapping 433
7.5.3 Some Conformal Transformations 434
7.5.4 Complex Potential 436
7.6 Numerical Techniques 441
7.6.1 The Finite Difference Method 441
7.6.2 Other Important Techniques 445
Solved Problems 448
Problems C 448
xiv Contents

8 Electromagnetic Induction 511

8.1 Electromotive Force 511
8.2 Faraday's law 512
8.3 Motional Electromotive Force 515
8.4 The General Law of Electromagnetic Induction 518
8.5 Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance 519
8.5.1 Self-inductance 519
8.5.2 Mutual Inductance 520
8.6 Voltage Between Two Points 523
Solved Problems 524
Problems A 524
Problems B 533
Problems C 550

9 Energy of the Electromagnetic Field 567

9.1 The Electrostatic Energy of Charges 567
9.2 The Energy of a Capacitor 568
9.3 The Electrostatic Energy of Distributed Charges 569
9.4 Relationship Between Force and Electrostatic Energy 569
9.5 Magnetostatic Energy of Quasi-stationary Currents 570

9.6 Generalization 571

9.7 Magnetic Energy in a Hysteresis Loop 572

Solved Problems 573

Problems A 573
Problems B 578

Problems C 584

10 Maxwell's Equations 599

10.1 Generalization of Ampere's Law 599

10.2 Maxwell's Equations for a Point 600

10.3 Maxwell's Equations for a Domain 600

10.4 Scalar Potential 601

10.5 Surface of Discontinuity 602

Solved Problems 604

Problems A 604

Problems B 614

Problems C 618

11 Motion of Charged Particles in Electromagnetic Fields 627

11.1 Lorentz Force 627

11.2 Trajectory of a Charge in a Homogeneous Electric Field 628

11.3 Trajectory of a Charge in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field. . . .
629
11.4 Hall Effect 631
Contents xv

11.5 Trajectory of a Charge in Simultaneous, Homogeneous

and Constant, Magnetic and Electric Fields 632
11.6 The Mass Spectrometer 633
11.7 The Cyclotron 634
11.8 The Betatron 635
11.9 Relativistic Correction 636
11.10 A Relativistic Particle in an Electromagnetic Field 637
11.11 Charge in a Homogeneous Electric Field 637
11.12 Charge in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field 640
Solved Problems 641
Problems A 641
Problems B 652
Problems C 659

12 Electromagnetic Waves 667

12.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Wave Equation 667
12.2 Plane and Spherical Waves 668
12.3 Harmonic Plane Waves in Unbounded Dielectrics 670
12.4 Polarization 672
12.5 Intensity and Poynting Vector 674
12.6 Introduction to Fourier Analysis 676
Solved Problems 677
Problems A 677
Problems B 685
Problems C 699

13 Reflection and Refraction 715

13.1 Laws of Reflection and Refraction 715
13.2 The Fresnel Coefficients 716
13.3 Reflected and Transmitted Energy 718
Solved Problems 719
Problems A 719
Problems B 730
Problems C 740

14 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 749

14.1 Concept of Anisotropy 749
14.2 Susceptibility and Permittivity Tensors Definition 751
14.3 Maxwell's Equations in
Anisotropic
an Linear Medium
Free of Charges and Currents 753
14.4 Electromagnetic Waves in Uniaxial Dielectrics 755
14.5 Propagation of the Energy 759
14.6 Geometrical Interpretation 761
14.7 Electromagnetic Waves in Biaxial Crystals 762
xvi Contents

14.8 Crystal Classification 764

14.9 Retarders 766
Solved Problems 767
Problems A 767
Problems B 771
Problems C 778

Appendix A: Matlab Programs 787

Appendix B: Electric and Magnetic Properties of Several Materials ...

791

Bibliography 795

Index 799