1.

4 Directly-Coupled versus Indirectly-Coupled Wind-Pumping Systems:

Directly-coupled wind turbines need to be located directly over the pump

unfortunately; the borehole or other water source is frequently sheltered from
the wind by trees or buildings or is located in a sheltered valley or depression.
Experience with commercialization has confirmed that many opportunities for
applying wind pumps are compromised or even lost due to difficulties in siting
the wind turbine. Where used, the directly coupled, traditional farm-type water-
pumping windmill has proved reliable, but its high solidity makes the balding and
supporting structure relatively heavy and expensive, and its matching with the
usual simple positive displacement pump is poor. With an indirect coupling, the
wind turbine can be located some distance (Horizontally) from the pump. The
wind velocity can be considerably Higher on local raised or high ground, or
even.in nearly land which is less sheltered than that at the pump location.
fig.(1.7) shows the way in which the generator and pump can each be located or
best operating conditions.
Since the power in the wind varies as the cube the wind speed, the benefits from
separating a wind turbine from its pump can be significant. A further advantage is
that the percentage of the time the wind will exceed the cut-in velocity will be
greater, reducing storage requirements (and costs). Finally the air-flow at an
exposed location is generally less turbulent and therefore the fatigue life of key
components is likely to be improved. It is hence useful to consider methods of
indirect coupling.

1.5 Wind Electric Pump Systems:

Over the past decade a large number of types wind-driven-electric generator units
have been developed. A particular feature is the increase in power rating of
commercially available units. Whereas direct-coupled wind pumps have rotor
diameters Limited to approx. 5m, those in commercially available wind-electric
units range lip to and beyond 20m. Few of these so far have been applied to water
pumping or irrigation. When an electrically coupled wind turbine pump system
using available components is developed, it is obviously the job of the designer to
select those components that will be well matched and will give a system which
satisfies the output requirements at minimum cost and with adequate reliability,
subject to the types of local maintenance skills and spares likely to be available.
The author concluded that the systems where economically comparable, the
electrical transmission system having the disadvantage of high initial cost and the
diesel engine the disadvantage of dependency on unpredictable oil prices. Electric
pumping for deep well pumping, irrigation and agriculture would therefore appear
For the self-excited 4 poles, 50HZ, 415 V induction generator driven by wind turbine
R=2.5m, Kg=22, 𝜌 = 1.23 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , as shown in Fig.2.
The 𝐶𝑝 − λ curve of the wind turbine is shown in fig.3.
Calculate the following:
The capacitive reactance 𝑋𝑐 and the magnetizing reactance 𝑋𝑚𝑔 at 𝑤𝑔 = 0.8 𝑝. 𝑢,
𝑉𝜔 = 3 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 generator terminal voltage 𝑉𝑡 = 1 𝑝. 𝑢, generator slip 𝑆𝑔 = −0.006
and the generator current 𝐼𝑔 = 1 − 𝑗1.7.
𝑉𝑡 = 1 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑆𝑔 = −0.006
𝐼𝑔 = 1 − 𝑗1.7
𝐼𝑐 is the imaginary part of generator current
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑗1.7
𝑍𝑐 = 𝑉𝑡 /𝐼𝑐 = 1/j1.7 = -j0.588
ω = 𝜔𝑔 /(1 − 𝑆𝑔 ) = 0.8/(1-(-0.006))= 0.795
1 𝑋𝑐
𝑍𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 = −𝑗
𝑗( ⁄𝜔𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 )∗𝜔𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜔

𝑍𝑐 = -j0.588 p.u
𝑋𝑐
= 0.588
𝜔
𝑋𝑐 = 0.588(0.795) = 0.467 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑋𝑐 = 1/𝜔𝐶
1
𝐶= = 1/(0.795)(0.467) = 2.7 f
𝜔 . 𝑋𝑐

𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑋𝑐 = 0.467 𝑝. 𝑢
Mark(√ ) or ( X ) for the following sentences:

1. The generator speed at which voltage build up occurs is not affected by

excitation capacitor ( ).
2. At low magnetizing current where the magnetizing curve is practically linear,
small decrease of capacitance can result in collapse of the voltage. ( )
3. The buildup voltage of self-excited induction generator is independent on the
residual rotor magnetism. ( )
4. If capacitance is decreased after excitation has occurred, there is a minimum
value of capacitance below which the machine loses excitation. ( )
5. At higher wind speed, the no-load voltage can be dangerously high. ( )
6. The main advantage of wind electric scheme of self-excited induction
generator is the absence of self excitation at low speed. ( )
7. Operation with fixed (a single value) is not feasible. ( )
8. The main advantage of controlling the capacitor bank is keeping the
voltage/frequency constant during variation of wind speeds. ( )
9.
Variation of generator voltage against generator speed at different capacitor values
𝐶3 > 𝐶2 > 𝐶1 ( )

10.

Variation of generator voltage against capacitor current at different capacitor values

𝐶1 > 𝐶2 > 𝐶3 ( )
 Build up voltage of self excited induction generator

Wind rotor torque ( 𝑇𝑡𝑢𝑟 ) versus angular generator speed ( 𝜔𝑔 )

Mark(√ ) or ( X ) for the following sentences:

1. Ten mega watts can be obtained from one wind turbine. ( )

2. The maximum turbine torque is corresponding to maximum turbine power.

( )

3. One of the major disadvantages of wind turbine is the noise due to rotation of
the blades. ( )

4. The maximum power coefficient can be obtained for wind turbines is 0.56. ( )

5. The cut-out speed of one Mega wind turbine is about 25 m/sec. ( )

6. The life time of the turbine is 20 years. ( )

7. The starting torque of the wind turbine is equal to zero at very low generator
speed. ( )

8. At big wind speed, the performance of the starting is better. ( )