Kiruna, Sweden

Increasing outputs at LKAB

iron ore mines
Mining of the 1900 Nivå m
1910
Kirunavaara orebody 1910 0
1920
1920
Ore beneficiation plant
1930
1930
1940
1940 142
1950
1950
1960
1960 230
Railway to Narvik port
275
1965
1965
320
1970
1970

420
1980
1980

540

1990
1990

Skip hoisting
2000
2000 Sea level 740
775

2005
2005 Ore buffer
Skip hoisting pockets

Exploration drift 1045 m Main haulage level

1045
1060 m
Crusher
1175

1365 m New haulage level

1365
Crusher

Mining of the Kirunavaara orebody over the last century.

Optimum
techniques
For more than 40 years, the miners
of LKAB in the far north of Sweden
have been working to get as close
as possible to the optimum un-
derground mining technique. At
Kiruna, in what is the world's larg-
est underground iron ore opera-
tion, many milestones have been
reached and passed. Now another
is on the horizon as the mine takes
new steps to go deeper and ex-
pand. Sister mine Malmberget is
also expanding output, albeit on
a lesser scale. Key to both is a
collaboration with Atlas Copco
that is providing specialized drill-
ing equipment together with the
means of maintenance.
Continuous quest
The Swedish state-owned mining com-
pany LKAB is on a continuous quest
for the most favourable balance possible
in the relationship between ore recov-
ery, waste dilution, overall costs and
productivity. Much of the development
work done here has been carried out in
close cooperation with equipment sup-
pliers, including Atlas Copco.
LKAB's relationship with Atlas Copco
began in the early 1960s, with mecha-
nized drilling equipment which was the
predecessor of today’s automated long-
hole production drilling system.
In 1997, Atlas Copco supplied LKAB
with four Simba W469 drill rigs equip-
ped with a PLC control system. This
technology is now being successively
upgraded with the latest generation
of rigs equipped with a PC-based Rig
Control System RCS, the Simba W6 C
fitted with LKAB's Wassara W100 in-
the-hole hammer.
LKAB operates two large mines
north of the Arctic Circle, where its
Kiruna and Malmberget mines together
supply about 4% of the iron ore require-
ments of the world’s steel industry. With
no sign of a slow down in demand, the
company has ambitious plans for the
future. These include new main haulage
levels at both mines, which this year
alone will require the development of
some 40 km of new drifts.
The modern Simba production drill-
ing rigs have made a clear difference in

underground mining methods 59

 Kiruna, Sweden
Simba W6 C drilling upholes at Kiruna mine.
LKAB performance, increasing output
by 40%. In 2007, Kiruna will extract
around 27 million t of crude ore, with a
plan to increase to 30 million t in 2009.
Malmberget’s plan is less ambitious, but
significant, in moving production up
Setting up a Simba W6 C for production drilling.
60 underground mining methods
from its 2007 base of 16 million t to 17
million t in 2012.
Optimizing ore recovery
The Kiruna orebody is a single large
slice of magnetite about 4 km-long and
80 m-wide, extending to a depth of 2 km
with a dip of around 60 degrees. Sub-
level caving is used, drilling upward fans
of 115 mm-diameter holes. The method
lends itself to a high degree of automa-
tion, resulting in high productivity.
LKAB is constantly striving to mini-
mize ore losses and waste dilution,
seeking the best combination to achieve
optimum results.
Under investigation are: analysis of
the positive effects of accurate drilling
on ore recovery rates, waste dilution and
fragmentation; the impact of alternative
drill fan configurations and hole burdens
on mucking and operating costs; and
the optimum distance between levels.
All agree on one thing: straight, ac-
curate holes which reach their preplan-
ned target points are vital, because hole
deviation has a negative impact on all
aspects of the production operation.
Thanks to the improving ability to
drill straight holes, LKAB has been
able to gradually increase the spacing
between the sublevels from 12 m in the
mid-60s using compressed air-pow-
ered, tophammer rock drills, to today's
30 m using water powered ITH ham-
mers. This has resulted in controlled
levels of ore losses and waste dilution.
However, the mine wants to raise the
bar even higher, believing there is still
much more that can be done to increase
efficiency, productivity and overall
economy.
Increasing outputs
From their control rooms, the LKAB ope-
rators run several drill rigs out in the pro-
duction areas via remote control. The
fans are drilled forwards, 10 degrees off
vertical, generally with a burden of 3 m,
although a 3.5 m burden is used in some
parts of the Malmberget mine. Pumped
emulsion and Nonel detonators are the
standard explosives.
Kiruna mine is aiming to achieve one
million metres of production drilling in
2007. Malmberget, on the other hand, is
going for 0.6 million metres. But both
will need to increase their capacity in
order to maintain and increase the buffer
between production drilling and loading.
It was in 2005 that LKAB took the
decision to install three Simba W6 C
units which are modified versions of the
Simba L6 C. Two of these are designed
for optimized production drilling at
Kiruna Mine with the Wassara water
hammer.
The third, a Simba W6 C Slot, was
redesigned for optimized up-hole slot
drilling in the Malmberget mine. This
rig has the ability to drill production
holes around the slot, with the added
benefit of drilling parallel rings from the
same set-up with a burden of 500 mm.
The criteria from LKAB were high
productivity, efficiency and accuracy.
The rigs in the Kiruna mine will have
to drill 60 m-long holes in order to meet
future targets.
Such long holes have to be very
straight, and with the new rigs LKAB
has high expectations for both produc-
tion rates and precision, with the flex-
ibility of being able to run the rigs
manually as well as automatically. The
Wassara hammer has the advantage that
it does not leak oil into the environment.

Groups of ore passes
16
11
Development of 1365 m haulage level at Kiruna.
For each of the Simba W6 C rigs
LKAB has set targets of 80,000 drill-
metres/year. Since October 2006, the
two drill rigs at Kiruna have achieved
65,000 and just over 70,000 drillme-
tres/year respectively, with an average
monthly performance of 10,000 drill-
metres.
Alternative configurations
The rigs drill alternative configurations
with holes 15-58 m long. The fans are
spaced at three metre intervals, and any
deviation of more than 2% might cause
the fans to overlap. The average pene-
tration rate is 0.65 m/min over the entire
hole, which can be compared to top-
hammer drilling where the penetration
The Wassara W 100 hammer on the Simba W6 gives good penetration and, as it is water-powered, does not release any oil into the air.
underground mining methods 61
34
29
25
20
rate drops with hole depth, and the risk
of deviation increases.
All of the rigs have drill tube maga-
zines which are sufficient for drilling the
required hole lengths, thereby eliminat-
ing the need for manual addition of tu-
bes. They are also equipped with a
PC-based Rig Control System (RCS)
specially designed for ITH applications.
The new water pump system reduces
water spillage and lowers the overall
cost. The pump pressure control has
been modified to optimize hammer
efficiency.
With increased automation and re-
duced manning there is a growing need
for remote surveillance. Atlas Copco's
Rig Remote Access (RRA) interface
allows the user to connect the drill rig
Kiruna, Sweden
43
38
1048 m
to an existing network system via LAN
or WLAN. RRA is used for remote su-
pervision when drilling unmanned in full
fan automation, as well as for transfer-
ring drill plans and log files and hand-
ling messages from the rigs' control
systems.
If manual operation is preferred, the
rig cabin offers a good working environ-
ment with vibration damping and noise
insulation.
The LKAB rigs are working with
ABC Total, the highest level of auto-
mation, facilitating drilling a full fan in
automatic mode with only some initial
steps needed from the operator. Within
the ABC Total package, there is also
the possibility to drill manually or with
one-hole automatics if preferred. The
 Kiruna, Sweden

Alternative drilling configurations under consideration by LKAB.

automatic systems also enable the rigs to better fit in with LKAB schedules. problems. As a result Atlas Copco is
to run unmanned during shift changes, Another was to move the service centre seen by LKAB as safe and reliable.
lunch breaks and night shifts. for the team of 18 service and mainte-
nance staff from underground to sur- Acknowledgements
Service agreements face.
LKAB confirms that the improve- Atlas Copco is grateful to the manage-
Both LKAB mines have full service ments have had the desired effect, with ments of Kiruna and Malmberget mines
agreements with Atlas Copco, who pro- more consistent maintenance. Regular for their assistance in the production of
vide continuous preventive maintenance meetings, spontaneous as well as planned, this article.
for their fleet of 20 rigs. Under the terms ensure a more structured approach to
of the agreement, Atlas Copco runs a
thorough check on each rig at the rate of All on the same team: From the left, Robert Wetterborn, Construction Supervisor, Mining Dept. at LKAB, Patrik
one per week. The agreement, which is Kansa, Atlas Copco Service Manager and Roger Lärkmo, Production Manager, Production Drilling at LKAB.
based on the number of metres drilled,
also includes the supply of all spare
parts. Only genuine Atlas Copco parts
are used on contract maintenance, guar-
anteeing longer service life and greater
availability.
The availability target is 92%, and
penalties are payable on underper-
formance, with bonuses awarded if the
targets are exceeded. LKAB is pleased
with the agreements and the way they
have been designed, feeling they can
let go of the maintenance responsibility
and concentrate on drilling.
Many changes have been introduced
to ensure communication between mine
and manufacturer on a regular basis,
resulting in a mutual approach to prob-
lem solving with a focus on proactive
and preventive maintenance.
One of the most important changes
was to reorganize the service intervals

62 underground mining methods