Muhammad Afif Irfan Bin Zakaria

2018400006

DISCUSSION:

From this experiment all the objectives was achieve successful which first to understand the differences
between ferrous and non-ferrous alloys from the metallurgical point of view. Then, to understand the phase
diagram of iron-carbon and non ferrous alloys systems that enables for heat treating and procedures in heat
treatment involved and describe the principal engineering properties and industrial application of ferrous and
non-ferrous alloys. Heat treatment of the alloy caused a moderate decreasing of the tensile strength and
hardness. Moreover, the heat-treated samples attained increased elongation as compared to that of the as-cast
alloy. With regard to the solutionizing duration, it could be observed that it contributed to the tensile strength
decrease and the elongation increase, presented results indicate that decreasing hardness due to softening of the
alloy.
For the all ferrous alloy that has been given with undergoing specific process. First specimen 1 (X17)
which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800'C. It then undergoes annealed
process which is furnace cooled to room temperature. Annealing is a term that often used to define heat treatment
process that produces some softening of the structure. True annealing involves heating the steel to austenite and
holding for some time to create stable structure. The structure is then cooled very slowly to room temperature.
This will produces a very soft structure, but also creates very large grains, which are seldom desirable because of
poor toughness. When Specimen 1 (X17) undergoes annealing process, it will produced ferrite and pearlite. The
white areas are a solid solution known as ferrite. The dark areas are actually a composite called pearlite.
Second for specimen 2 (X18) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at
800'C. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. Normalizing is as term of returning the
structure back to normal. The steel is heated until it just starts to form austenite, It is then cooled in air. This
moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine grains with uniform pearlite. When Specimen 2 (X18)
undergoes normalizing, it will produced fine pearlite with excess of ferrite or cementite. The resulting material is
soft and the degree of softness depends on the actual ambient conditions of cooling.
Third we identified specimen 3 (X19) which is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar. It then undergoes
spheroidizing which is furnace cooled from 870'C. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can
be classified as medium-carbon steel. When this type of carbon steel undergoes spheroidizing, it will developed
the spheroidite structure. Spheroidited steels have a maximum softness and ductility and easily machined or
deformed. From this process the carbon steels will produced ferrite, cementite and also bainite microstructure.
Last for ferrous alloy for specimen 4 (X20) which is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It the undergoes
spheroidizing which is furnace cooled from 970%. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can
be classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite field, the first phase to
form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions iron and at the eutectic composition pearlite
is formed from the remaining enriched austenite.

After all ferrous alloy specimen was identified. Students studied about non-ferrous alloys when
undergoing certain process. For the first specimen which is specimen 5 (X12) which is containing 58% Copper
(Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated to 800oC for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600oC
and then undergoes water quenched. Hardenability means the influenced for alloy composition on the ability of
steel alloy to transform to martensite for particular quenching treatment. After quenching, specimen 5 will form
microstructure of martensite.

After that specimen 6 (X13) which is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800oC
for 1 hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes hardenability just
like specimen 5. The microstructure of the grains of this specimen expands.

For the third specimen we identified the specimen 7 (X14) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4%
of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast. It then heated at 525o for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This
specimen undergoes age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation hardening
because the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.
 Lastly ,we understood the specimen 8 (X15) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu)
alloy, sand cast after it heated at 525oC for 16 hours. Then, it then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen
was reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Just like specimen 7, specimen 8 also undergoes age-hardening process.

CONCLUSION:
From the experiment that has been carried out, we are able to understand the differences between ferrous
and non-ferrous alloys from the metallurgical point of view. There are differences in the microstructure of the
materials. We are also able to understand the phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous systems that enables
for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Besides that, we are also able to describe the principle
engineering properties and industrial application of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys