SCIENCE 8 REVIEWER (PHYSICS)

A. Forces and Motion

 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Terms:
- Magnitude
- Direction
- Point of Application
- Line of Action
 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
1. Law of Inertia – A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity unless acted upon by an
external net or unbalanced force.
2. Law of Acceleration – The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

FORMULAS/CONVERSIONS

Acceleration =
Fnet = ma 1 Newton (N) = 1 kg/ms2
a=

The books fall to the ground at the same rate (acceleration) even if they differ in mass. Since they were released from
the same height at the same time, they will reach the ground at the same time. This acceleration, known as
acceleration due to gravity, is the same for all objects on earth and is equal to 9.8 m/s2.

In the case of circular motion, the whirling object accelerates not due
to the change in its speed but to the change in the direction of its ve
-locity. The object accelerates inwards (centripetal) thereby covering
a circular path.

3. Law of Interaction – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Action-Reaction Forces Both Balanced Forces

Two forces have the same line of Two forces act along the
Two forces are equal in size.
action. same line.

Action acts on one object, while Two forces are opposite to

Two forces act upon the
the reaction acts on another each other in terms of
same object.
object. direction.

B. Work and Energy

Work is done. Work is not done.

If the object you push moves a distance in the
direction towards which you are pushing it.
If the force you exert does not make the object
move.
If the force you exerted does not make the
object move in the same direction as the force
you exerted.
 Calculating Work

F = force applied W = Fd
d = displacement of the object unit of work = unit of force x unit of displacement
W = work done unit of work = (N)(m) = Nm or joules (J)

1. Kinetic Energy – energy of a moving object (energy of motion)

KE = mv2

2. Potential Energy – energy gained or lost by an object/stored energy

PE = mgh

3. Power – the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy

P= = 1 watt =

 Work is a way of transferring energy.

 When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains
energy.
 The energy of an object enables it to do work.

C. Heat and Temperature

1. Heat – is a form of energy
– heat transfers from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower
temperature
– can be transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation
– “energy in transit”
2. Temperature – a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
– does not depend on the mass of the object
3. Thermal Energy – energy that is contained in an object due to the motion of its particles
4. Thermal Expansion – effect of heat transfer; tendency of matter to change its shape,
area, and volume in response to a change in temperature
5. Phase Change – may occur when heat is added to or taken out from an object

 Amount of heat transferred depends not only on the temperature of the material. It also
depends on the mass or amount of material. Objects with greater mass have more thermal
energy and can transfer more heat.

6. Heat Capacity – amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one unit mass of
a given material by one Celsius degree; specific heat capacity (c) calorie

c = specific heat capacity

m = mass H = mc∆T
∆T = Final Temp. – Initial Temp.
= Tf – Ti
 D. Electricity
1. Circuit – any arrangement of a source of energy (e.g. battery), connecting wires, and a
load (e.g. bulb)
2. Current – a measure of the number of electrical charges passing through a cross-section of
a conductor in a given time; direction of current is from positive terminal of the energy
source to the negative terminal; symbol (I); unit = ampere (A); measured by an ammeter
3. Voltage – provides the energy that moves the charges in the circuitd; symbol (V); unit = volts
(V); measured by a voltmeter
4. Resistance – hindrance to the movement of electric charges or current; symbol (R); unit =
ohms
5. Short Circuit – when the circuit offers little to no resistance to the flow of charges. The current
exceeds the wire’s current rating, an overload of the circuit occurs.
6. Series Circuit – the loads are connected to form a single pathway for electrical charges to
pass
7. Parallel Circuit – the loads are connected to form branches, each of which provides a
separate path for current

 Current is directly proportional to voltage but inversely proportional to resistance.

E. Sound
1. Sound – needs a medium to propagate; mechanical wave
– characterized as longitudinal waves; travel parallel to the motion of the particles
2. Longitudinal Waves – composed of compressions and rarefactions
– the distance between two successive compression or rarefactions in
a longitudinal wave equals the wavelength
– the frequency is the number of compressions passing by a certain
point in (1) second
– the period of the longitudinal wave is the reciprocal of its frequency
(T = )
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VELOCITY OF A WAVE

v=fλ v=
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SPEED OF SOUND
 directly affected by the temperature of the medium;
 the hotter the medium, the faster the sound travels.
⁄
v = 331 ⁄ + 0.6 (T)
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 PROPERTIES OF SOUND
1. Reflection of Sound – the turning back of a wave as it hits a barrier

– Echo is an example of a reflected sound.

– Reverberation refers to multiple reflections or echoes in a certain place.

Examples:
 In Theaters and Movie Houses
 SONAR
 Bathroom Singing

2. Refraction of Sound – described as the change in speed of sound; “bending” of sound waves

Examples:
 Concerts
 Orchestra

F. Light – exhibits dual nature (particle and wave)

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REFRACTION OF LIGHT
 Refraction is the bending of light (change in speed) when it travels from one medium to
another of different optical densities.
 The sluggishness of the atoms of a medium to maintain the absorbed energy before reemitting
it is called optical density.
 An indicator of the optical density of a material is the index of refraction.
 Dispersion is a special kind of refraction which provided us colors of light.

n= =
Light is classified as an electromagnetic wave:
– located between the spectrum of infrared and ultraviolet;
– does not need a medium in order to propagate;
– fastest in a vacuum (approx. 3 x 108 m/s)
Frequency determines the color of light.
Darkness is the absence of light.
Black is the absence of color.
Red has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency and has the least energy.
Violet has the shortest wave length, highest frequency and has the most energy.