P.

Nu: JEAS 201712-1014

Higher Institute of Science and Technology – Al khums

Researches of the 6th Scientific Conference 28/12/2017

ATP-EMTP Simulation of Transient in Mechanically

Switched Capacitor with Damping Network
Adel M. Handi, Mohamed R. Elarqaa, Haziah Abdul Hamid
a
Electrical Department, Science and Technology Institute
Al-khums, Libya
b
School of Electrical Engineering System
University of Malaysia Perlis
*Corresponding Author: adel_handi@yahoo.com

Abstract:
A Mechanically switched capacitor with damping network (MSCDN) has designed to assist the
dual function of reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering; a simple and low-speed
solution for voltage control and network stabilization under heavy load conditions. Transient
disturbances in power systems lead to damage key equipment, and have a great influence on system
reliability. Therefor, to avoid harmonic resonance problems and unwanted voltage transients in
MSCDN. Transient studies were depended on the system configurations and the switching
operation on circuit breakers witch used to connect the unit to power systems. In this work, the
transient waves were investigated by analytical calculation and ATP-EMTP simulation software.
The analytical calculation was conducted by using Laplace and Laplace inverse to obtain on the
correlation of current and voltage across all MSCDN’s components. Besides, the simulation also
used to predict of the voltage and current across all system components. The study was presented
the comparison between analytical and simulation results. The simulation was given transient’s
results as in that happen in the real system. The optimized parameters of each component were
addressed, the best closing time of circuit breaker to get low disturbances was 5 ms in the main
capacitor.
Index Terms—MSCDN, transient, ATP-EMTP and Mathcad software.
: ‫الملخص‬
‫( صمم ليدعم الوظيفة مزدوجة لمعوض الطاقة الفعلي ومرشح‬MSCDN) ‫المكثف ذو التبديل الميكانيكي مع شبكة التخميد‬
‫ تؤدي االضطرابات‬.‫ بعتبر حل بسيط وذو سرعة قليلة للتحكم في الجهد وتثبيت الشبكة تحت ظروف الحمل الثقيل‬.‫التوافقيات‬
‫ لتجنب مشاكل الرنين‬،‫ لذلك‬.‫ ويكون لها تأثير كبير على موثوقية النظام‬،‫العابرة في أنظمة الطاقة إلى تلف المعدات الرئيسية‬
‫ تعتمد دراسات الحاالت العابرة على‬.‫التوافقي وعابرة الجهد غير المرغوب فيها في المكثف ذو التبديل الميكانيكي مع شبكة التخميد‬
.‫تركيبات النظام وعملية القفل في القواطع الدائرة والمستخدمة لتوصيل الوحدة إلى أنظمة الطاقة‬
‫( تم إجراء الحساب‬ATP). ‫ ا لموجات العابرة تم دراستها عن طريق الحسابات الرياضية التحليلة وبرنامج المحاكاة‬،‫في هذا البحث‬
‫التحليلي باستخدام البالس و البالس العكسي للحصول على عالقات التيار والجهد عبر جميع مكونات المكثف ذو التبديل الميكانيكي‬
‫ وقدمت الدراسة مقارنة‬.‫ استخدم ت المحاكاة أيضا للتنبؤ بالجهد والتيار عبر جميع مكونات النظام‬،‫ إلى جانب ذلك‬.‫مع شبكة التخميد‬
‫ افضل القيم لكل مكون وضعت‬.‫ أعطيت المحاكاة نتائج الحاالت العابرة كما تحدث في النظام الحقيقي‬.‫بين النتائج التحليلية والمحاكاة‬
.‫ مللي ثانية في مكثف الرئيسي‬5 ‫ وكان أفضل وقت إغالق القاطع للحصول على حاالت عابرة منخفضة هو‬،‫في البحث‬

‫ ( و برنامج‬ATP ( ‫ برنامج المحاكاة‬, ‫ الحاالت العابرة‬, ‫ المكثف ذو التبديل الميكانيكي مع شبكة التخميد‬:‫الكلمات المفتاحية‬
.‫الماتكاد‬

1
Adel M. Handi et al
Introduction
A mechanically switched capacitor with damping
network (MSCDN) is a version of mechanically switched
capacitor (MSC), which designed as C-type filter with
additional damping circuit. MSCDN provides essentially
voltage support without increasing existing system
harmonics. Normally, MSCDN can be represented in a
circuit form. MSCDN is a suitable reactive power
compensation system for HV energy transmission
networks [1]. Due to that, it is able to stabilize the voltage
and raises the transmission capacity to certify the
availability of reactive power for feeding in the injection
of reactive power at short notice [1]. The flexible
MSCDN system may eliminate any risk of a voltage
increase when required; where it supports high capacity
voltage levels and on the other hand, may be
disconnected from the grid at lower capacity.
A transient phenomenon is generally an obvious
appearance of an unexpected temporary change in the
system situations. This change in voltage or current
occurs over a short period of time. Transient phenomenon
is certain of 80% of all electrically-related interruption.
Effective damping equipment of transient voltage can
increase the life of electrical and electronic equipment.
The previous transient studies were focused on several
cases; namely switching surge analysis, shunt reactor &
capacitor switching, vacuum circuit breaker switching,
power-electronic device switching and more which can
be viewed in reference [2].
Energisation transient is a transient overvoltage
originating from connecting some parts of the power
system to a potential source which is incapable to store
energy. It is a power quality issue because it is one of the
most frequent system-switching operations. During
normal energisation of the filter banks, the fast-fronted
voltage and current waveforms may be generated which
lead to producing large rates-of-change in the voltage and
current, which consequently may expose the filter
components to hazardous voltage stresses. Generally,
when a capacitor bank is switched on to a supply, there is
a powerful current surge because, for the first instant, the
capacitor bank appears as a short circuit to the network.
In the MSCDN system, the disconnection of capacitor is
usually made at an instant corresponding to the minimum
current of the system. Then, followed by the current
interruption and the capacitor are charged to full system
voltage.
Generally, in the electrical operation, the voltage and
current system does not remain within specified limits;
due to changes in the load conditions and system
configuration caused by switching operations that affect
the system voltage and current. Thus, the voltage rises in
the opening or closing events of a switching which should
not exceed the rating limits of the network system
2
equipment. Problems with switching of small capacitive
and inductive currents can be controlled by switching
time. For normal conditions, controlled switching reduces
voltage and current transients to a minimum value. The
main goal of this study is to recognize and investigate the
single phase MSCDN at switching operations to control
and optimize voltage levels. The most important and
recent study in MSCDN transient was carried out by
Abdul Hamid, Harid [3], who studied transient stresses
during energization of an MSCDN in a 400 kV system
and the initial modelling validation was carried out
through analytical solutions using a single-phase
equivalent circuit and Laplace transforms for the
calculation of transient voltages and currents at all circuit
nodes. Their paper described simulation results for
transients occurring with corresponding ATP simulations
during energization of an MSCDN. As expected,
switching made at an unfavourable time generates
overvoltages at almost all circuit nodes, particularly at the
reactor and damping resistor, initiating their arrester
operations [3].
The more recent paper on MSCDN was presented by
Zimmer, Dragon [4], They have given a brief insight of
the basic design considerations for MSCDN including the
dimensioning of the basic components and the calculation
of operation voltages and currents using a simple
equivalent circuit diagram. They also discussed basic
switching phenomenon in MSCDN system which is
simulated using a MATLAB SimPowerSystems model.
There are some techniques to take control of transient
overvoltage and to limit overvoltage at remote locations.
One of the techniques is by employing some devices at
the utility’s switched capacitor bank as pre-insertion
resistors/inductors and MOV arresters [5], fixed inductors
[6], series inrush-current-limiting reactors [7]. The other
technique is by using smaller size banks instead of a
capacitor bank [7], and also avoiding the application of
capacitors at multi-voltage levels to eliminate the
possibilities of secondary resonance [8]. Another
approach is to control the time of switching the device by
closing it at the best possible time (when voltage across
the switch is zero) rather than altering the circuit
parameters. By taking into consideration the complexity
of the transient calculations (overvoltages and
overcurrents), it is suggested that the simulation is carried
out with Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic
Transient Program (ATP-EMTP) software, this software
is simple in use and has many options such as allow the
complete representation of all the electrical elements.
Dommel [9], [10] and [11] have explained the theory,
rules in modelling various components and expanded
capability of ATP tool in power system studies. There are
many studies done which have used ATP-EMTP as a
simulation tool for transient studies such as Abdul
Hamid, Harid [3] and Ali [12].
In this work, the main objective of this work is
studying the observed transient in MSCDN system. The
study presented an analytical procedure by using s-
Adel M. Handi et al

domain and time-domain for all components of single-

phase MSCDN and compared it with ATP-EMTP
simulation. Furthermore, to investigate, simulate and
compare the affects of energizing transient stresses
produced at all single phase MSCDN components. For
validation purposes, the simulation of the MSCDN circuit
was done to compare with the analytical calculation in
single phase case; where these analytical calculations
conducted by MathCAD program. The voltages and
currents profile of each MSCDN components were
illustrate. The sample of simulation procedures by ATP-
EMTP program was presented, which help users to
understand simulation procedures.
I. METHODOLGY
The proposed methodology of this research is presented
in Fig. 1 for MSCDN system. The transient in single
phase-MSCDN was studied by mean of analytical
calculation which is performed by MathCAD program,
then the comparing with ATP-EMTP simulation results.
The analytical computation of transient stresses imposed
on MSCDN components during routine switching.
Subsequently, ATP-EMTP simulation of MSCDN in the
same initial conditions of analytical calculation was
investigated for the purpose of modelling validation.
Figure 2. Proposed System Topology [13].
As a rule, in insulation coordination overvoltages and
impulse voltages are defined in terms of peak value
(referred to earth). It is also convenient to consider the
system voltage phase-to-earth peak value: that is, √2/√3 =
0.816 times the usual rms phase-to-phase voltage. The
rms phase-to-phase voltage = 400 kV. The calculated
voltage amplitude of 400 kV is equal to On the
other hand, MSCDN can be as single phase regarding to
AC source type. The frequency is fixed to 50 Hz which
can changed by simulation options. The surge arresters of
MSCDN system is metal oxide type. The characterization
of these arresters was taken from datasheet of [13]. The
surge arresters are installed to protect power system
equipments as filter reactor and damping resistor in
MSCDN from transient overvoltages.

TABLE 1. The impedances of system components in s-domain [13].

Components Value s-domain
Main capacitor, C1 4.54 µF

Auxiliary capacitor, C2 35.81 µF

Damped resistor, R 474.07 Ω 474.07

Filter reactor, L 282.94 mH (282.94 × 10-3) s
Resistor arrester, Sa 115 MΩ 115 × 106
300kV
Reactor arrester, La 2 mH (2 × 10-3) s
Resistor arrester, Sb 77 MΩ 77 × 106
200 kV
Reactor arrester, Lb 3 mH (3 × 10-3) s
Impedance, Zsc 2 Ω + j (2πf 2+0.0637 s
(63.7×10-3 H))
Impedance, Zsg 150 Ω 150

The MathCAD program [14] is used to simplify

Figure 1. Flowchart of research steps.
The supply network in this work (as shown in Fig. 2)
consists of a source voltage behind short circuit and surge
impedances. As well, there are two surge arresters which
were installed to MSCDN circuit, one on damped
resistance R side, and the other on filter rector L side.
MSCDN consist on main shunt capacitor C1, connected
to damping network (An auxiliary capacitor (C2),
damped resistor (R) and filter reactor (L). Fig. 2 shows
the whole system arrangement and its components values
were presented in Table 1.
3
complicated mathematical equations which were found
from finding the equivalent impedances, voltage and
currents of MSCDN circuit. The analytical calculation is
used to model the equivalent circuit of MSCDN system
(Fig. 3). The analytical calculations can be divided into a
calculation based on t-domain differential equations, and
calculation based on s-domain complex frequency
domain circuit models [15, 16].
The analytical calculations for the computation of
currents and voltages of the circuit components was
achieved and implemented in Mathcad using the Laplace
transform method [14]. The analytical calculation which
is considered a DC voltage source as zero initial
conditions was used to estimate the transient overvoltages
Adel M. Handi et al
of MSCDN; this means that the voltage source was
represented with DC source voltage in system circuit. The
DC source voltage gives a constant application of the
highest transient voltage event [13]. The voltage
amplitude of DC source is equal to the peak voltage of a
400 kV system. Furthermore, in analytical calculations,
the installed surge arresters are parallel to damped
resistor (R) and the filter reactor (L) is represented by
lumped resistances. These lumped resistances are
specified based on the leakage current flows through the
arrester at a continuously-applied power frequency
voltage. In this study, the analytical calculation identified
voltages and currents waveforms of all elements in the
MSCDN circuit; this calculation allows simplification
using the Laplace transformation of the impedances of
each component; i.e., these impedances were expressed in
terms s-domain as shown in Table 1.
Figure 3. Single-phase MSCDN circuit for analytical studies.
The following equation represents the peak DC voltage in
the s-domain:
(1)
The MSCDN circuit was first simplified based on
Kirchhoff's circuit laws; where these reductions were
done regarding to series or parallel connection of
MSCDN components. The results from these simplified
calculations were lead to determine the total impedance
of the circuit [17] and then this lead to determine current
and voltage equation. The impedances of surge arrester is
equivalent to arrester resistance (Sa or Sb) connected
series with inductor (La or Lb). Then, found the ZeqL
impedance is equivalent to the impedance of reactor (L)
and parallel connected its surge arrester (Sa), on other
side, the impedance ZeqR represents resulted impedance of
parallel connection between the damping resistor (R) and
its surge arrester (Sb). After doing this simplification, the
resulted circuit was shown in Fig. 4. The circuit in Fig. 4
is an advance reduced by joining the two parallel
impedances of C2-ZeqL and ZeqR. The resultant impedance
was combined in series with the main capacitor (C1) of
MSCDN.
Then, by combining these impedances in series together,
the total out (load-side) impedance, which also
equivalents to the total impedance of the MSCDN, is
finally represented as:
( )
4
(2)
( )
Vout
Figure 4. Simplified MSCDN circuit for analytical calculations.
Similar procedure was done for the total in (source-
side) impedance; where it can be obtained from a parallel
combination of the short circuit and surge impedances.
The equivalent impedance of the source-side is presented
as:
(3)
As a result, the final simplified circuit consists of a
voltage source (Vin) in series with the equivalent source-
side impedance (Zin) and the equivalent load-side
impedance (Zout). According to voltage divider method,
the load-side (out) voltage can be determined as in
Equation (4):
( ) (4)
As in MSCDN circuit, the currents or voltages
equations in time-domain can be obtained using inverse
Laplace transformation, which is basically used for
plotting the currents or voltage waveforms. Based on the
reduced circuit which shown in Fig. 3, the current of
main capacitor (IC1) is the same current flow through the
equivalent impedance which represents the parallel
combination of the C2-ZeqL and ZeqR. Thus, the resulted
voltage is equal to the damping resistor voltage (VR), and
is represented in s-domain and time domain.
Consequently, the resistor current is determined by
dividing the voltage of resistor by the resistance of
474.07 Ω. The voltage of filter reactor can be obtained
from voltage of equivalent impedance which is obtained
from the combination of reactor and its arrester (ZeqL). In
addition, the filter reactor current was obtained by
dividing the resulted voltage with its impedance of
282.94 mH. After representing and calculating the
voltage and current of each MSCDN components in time
domain expressions based on equivalent impedances and
simplification using MathCAD program, these
expressions were plotted and compared with the resulted
voltage and current waveforms which was obtained from
ATP-EMTP simulation of MSCDN at the same initial
conditions.
Adel M. Handi et al
Furthermore, the transient study was investigated in
single phase MSCDN system by simulation using ATP
software. The energisation cases during single phase-
MSCDN were conducted for specified periods by setting
the opening time of switch at 1 second as well as the
closing time at 0, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 ms. In this work, the
voltage and current transient of main and damped
network components were plotted for various closing
time. Besides, the ideal and worst voltages and currents
of each components were identified. The closing time of
switch were changed each run and then from resulted
plots, the maximum overvoltages and overcurrents were
observed.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The responses of the main capacitor current and voltage
are plotted in Fig. 5a. The resulted waveform shows that
the maximum value of the capacitor current is about 950
A at 1.1 ms. The peak of the capacitor voltage can be
calculated from Equation or from waveform in Fig. 5 and
is found to be about 468.75 kV (1.44 p.u) at 3.25 ms.
Besides, the frequency of oscillation can be determined
from Fig. 5, and is found to be approximately 131 Hz.
Similar to the main capacitor, the voltage and current
values of the auxiliary capacitor are plotted in Fig. 5b.
The resulted waveform showed that the maximum value
of the auxiliary capacitor current is about 809.5 A at 1.6
ms. The peak of the capacitor voltage can be calculated
from waveform in Fig. 6 and it is found to be about 52.3
kV (0.16 p.u) at 3.65 ms. The frequency of oscillation can
be determined from Fig. 5b, and is found to be around
133.3 Hz.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. The voltage and current response using equivalent circuit and
Laplace transform method for (a) Main capacitor and (b) Auxiliary
capacitor.
5
The response of voltage and current values of the
damping resistor are presented in Fig. 6a by plotted
resulted equations, the highest magnitude of the resistor
current reached approximately 523 A. The resistor
voltage has a magnitude of 248 kV (0.76 p.u). According
to equations, the oscillation frequency is calculated to be
around 142.5 Hz. The response plots of the filter reactor
voltage and current are shown in Fig. 6b. The filter
reactor voltage has a magnitude of approximately 248 kV
(0.76 p.u) and the oscillating at a frequency of 140.6 Hz.
The amplitude of the current that flows through the filter
reactor is approximately 809 A. The current magnitudes
of the surge arrester at filter reactor-side as well as at
damping resistor-side were relatively small and were
found about 216 and 322 A respectively. As seen, the
magnitude voltages were high, where surge arresters are
used to absorb the overvoltage and protection purposes.
Finally, the comparisons of resulted voltage and current
waveforms in each components of MSCDN were
conducted through two ways. The plotted graphs from
analytical computation using MathCAD program
(MathCAD 14, 2007) were compared with the resulted
responses from ATP-EMTP program at the same initial
conditions. The analytical calculation was presented the
transient response as equations and graphs; but, ATP-
EMTP simulation presented only graphs. The voltage and
current waveform in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 which resulted
from analytical calculation and Fig. 7 from ATP-EMTP
simulation program had the same waveforms and the
calculated magnitudes of voltage peaks, current peaks,
and oscillating at a frequency are same for the main
capacitor, auxiliary capacitor, damping resistor, filter
reactor, filter reactor-side and damping resistor-side surge
arresters.
(a)
(b)
Adel M. Handi et al

Figure 6. The voltage and current response using equivalent circuit and Figure 7. Voltage and current response of MSCDN components using
Laplace transform method for (a) Damping resistor and (b) Filter ATP-EMTP simulation program: (a) Main capacitor (b) Auxiliary
reactor. capacitor (c) Damping resistor (d) Filter reactor.

The same results means when substitute any time in
any equations was got voltage or current values which
were same values form ATP-EMTP’s graphs (read values
from figure or get from software). These results indicated
to that solving procedure of MSCDN’s circuit via ATP-
EMTP simulation software was similar to analytical
procedure. The comparison of voltage and current
responses obtained from the two calculation procedures
(analytical and simulation) has produced satisfactory
results, which indicates the satisfactory representation of
the model. It was found that the analytical approach gives
a better understanding of the whole interrupting process
and gives a clear explanation of such complicated shapes
of transient voltages. However, ATP/EMTP simulation
gives more complete results considering all boundary
conditions automatically. More importantly, chance to
make a mistake when putting in the input variables is also
much smaller when using ATP/EMTP program.
The aim of the obtaining simulated voltage and current
responses is to study the transient behavior of the
MSCDN components during energisation operation
(switch on). The voltage and current responses of each
MSCDN components were plotted and analyzed at
different closing times of the switch (i.e., 0, 3, 5, 7.5 and
10 ms). This is to find the ideal and worst cases during
energisation operation. The overvoltages as well as rising
shapes are the most important factors to identify the worst
Fig. 8 presents the voltage and current responses of
main capacitor of single-phase MSCDN during
energisation operation recorded at various closing time of
the switch at 0, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 ms. The overvoltage and
overcurrent values of all MSCDN components were
found from ATP-EMTP simulation program and
compared by plotting in Fig. 9. The maximum
overvoltages were in the main capacitor, especially at
zero closing time of the switch.
The worst case is considered based on the highest
overvoltages and raising shape of voltage and current
waveforms, which they extracted and concluded as in
Fig. 8 as an example for the main capacitor and Fig. 9 for
each MSCDN components. The resulting worst and ideal
cases of energisation transient across the main capacitor
were at zero and 5 ms of closing time of the switch
respectively as shown in Fig. 10 for voltage and current
responses. Note that the waveforms generated in the
worst switching cases are represented by the red line,
while the green line represents waveforms obtained for
the ideal switching cases. It can be seen that the highest
magnitude of the generated voltage in Fig. 10 is 382.57
kV (1.1 p.u). The oscillation frequency is calculated at
approximately 58 Hz. The waveform of ideal-cases of
energisation transient slightly differs from the original
sinusoidal waveform as shown in Fig. 10.
400

and ideal cases. The other factors are rising time, [kV]
250
oscillation frequency and steady state or settling time.
100

-50

-200

-350

-500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 [ms] 40
noname3.pl4: v:XX0009-XX0001
noname33m.pl4: v:XX0009-XX0001
noname35ms.pl4: v:XX0009-XX0001
noname375ms.pl4: v:XX0009-XX0001
noname310m.pl4: v:XX0009-XX0001

1200
[A]
800

400

-400

-800

-1200
0 9 18 27 36 [ms] 45
noname3.pl4: c:XX0009-XX0001
noname33m.pl4: c:XX0009-XX0001
noname35ms.pl4: c:XX0009-XX0001
noname375ms.pl4: c:XX0009-XX0001
noname310m.pl4: c:XX0009-XX0001

6
Adel M. Handi et al

Figure 8. The voltage (up) and current (down) waveforms across main specified level [18, 19]. The simulation results were
capacitor registered at various closing times. investigated to study and simulate the voltage and current
response across filter reactor, as well as to identify the
The current response as shown in Fig. 10, the worst-cases ideal and worst closing time of switch.
of energisation transient has the magnitude overcurrent
about 1049 A. This is the highest value at zero closing
time of the switch compared to the other times across Main Capacitor
main capacitor of MSCDN. The ideal case with lowest
current was at 3 ms, but this waveform has more
disturbances than the waveform at 5 ms with small
difference in values, so, the ideal case considered is at 5
ms closing time of the switch. In addition, for damping
resistor, the ideal switching case has the current flowing
through of about 100 A. This value has greatly increased
to 518 A in the worst switching case as shown in Fig. 10.

Damping Capacitor Damping Resistor

Filter Reactor Main Capacitor

400

300 Damping Resistor

200

100
M…
F…
0 D…

0 3
D…

5 7.5 10

Damping Resistor Damping Capacitor

Filter Reactor Main Capacitor

400

300 Filter Reactor

200
M
100 a…
Fil
t…
0 D
a…

0 D
3 a…
5
7.5
10

Figure 9. Overvoltage (up) and overcurrent (down) values of MSCDN

components registered at various closing time.

Furthermore, Fig. 10 presents the ideal and worst of

voltage and current responses occurring across the filter
reactor during the energisation of MSCDN. The voltage
responses presented in Fig. 10 which showd that the
reactor voltage is kept well below the rated value when
the energisation was made at an ideal time.
However, if the MSCDN is energized at the worst time
instant during the cycles, the resulting voltage has the
highest magnitude of 245.5 kV at zero close time. More
importantly, the generated transient manifests itself in the
form of a voltage spike and persists for a short period of
nanoseconds. The highest current generated at worst case
is 941 A when set closing time of switch at 10 ms, the
ideal current was 530 A at closing time of switch is 5 ms.
Generally, to avoid the external and internal deterioration
of the filter reactor, the voltage stress should be fixed at a
7
Figure 10. Ideal and worst case of single-phase voltage (left) current
(right) responses in the components of MSCDN.
On the other hand, the controlled switching of circuit
breakers is done by changing the closing and opening
times of the switch so as to exanimate and to reduce
switching transients. In the energisation studies, the
maximum overvoltage transient was 382.566 kV at zero
closing time. The voltage and current waveforms across
each MSCDN components (main capacitor, auxiliary
capacitor, damping resistor, filter reactor and both surge
arresters) were presented and analyzed based on the
significant factor as overvoltage, overcurrent peaks,
peaks time and oscillation frequency. The finding results
compared with the rated values (1 p.u = 326.6 kV,
Adel M. Handi et al

Frequency = 50 Hz). The results of synchronous [4] Zimmer, H.; Dragon J.; and Hanson J. Basic design
energisation show that energisation of MSCDN at considerations for a mechanically switched capacitor with
random closing time of the switch produced the transients damping network (MSCDN) within a high-voltage-grid. in
at almost all components. As a result of the switching 15th European Conference Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE). 2013.
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the MSCDN components that experience the maximal Banks and their Impact on Power Quality. IEEE
overvoltage. The interesting results for single phase (ideal Transactions on Industry Applications, 1996. 32, 714-719.
and worst cases) were addressed below. Where, the ideal [6] Duran-Gomez, J.L. and Enjeti P.N. A new approach to
closing time of switch across main capacitor was at 5 ms. mitigate nuisance tripping of PWM ASDs due to utility
capacitor switching transients (CSTs). IEEE Transactions
Ideal Worst Ideal Worst on Power Electronics, 2002. 17, 799 - 806.
Case Case Case Case [7] Cipcigan, L.; Chindris M.; Rull J.; Rusu A.; Sumper A.;
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