Self-energized Bidirectional Sensor Networks over

Hoyt Fading Channels under Hardware Impairments

Stefan Panic∗ , Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody∗ , and Sahil Garg†
∗ School of Computer Science and Robotics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University,Tomsk, Russia RUSSIA
† Electrical
Engineering Department, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
Email: {stefanpnc, nalin}@tpu.ru, and garg.sahil1990@gmail.com

Abstract—With the rapid emergence of the Internet of Things
(IoT) paradigm, the evolution of wireless senor networks (WSNs)
is expected to witness a major blow. However, the accelerated
upsurge of sensors in the future IoT networks will face significant
challenges due to their limited battery life capacity. Thus, it is
essential to devise efficient schemes to prolong the battery life
of the connected sensors in order to derive their full potential
in the future interconnected IoT networks. Towards this end,
different energy harvesting (EH) techniques relying on wide
array of sources namely solar, wind, thermal, coupled magnetic
resonances and radio frequency have been proposed in the
literature. Working in the similar direction, in this work, an
EH system based on time-switching has been proposed for
half-duplex bidirectional WSN with intermediate relay over a
Hoyt fading channel. For its extensive performance analysis,
exact closed-form expressions have been derived with respect
to outage probability (OP) and achievable throughput of the
system under the hardware impairment condition. Additionally,
asymptotic analysis of high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime
for these performance measures has also been provided. Further,
an approach for the symbol-error-rate (SER) analysis is also
presented in context of the observed system. In a nutshell,
the work provides a detailed analysis of the effects of various
parameters on the performances of energy harvesting applied in
wireless sensor networks over a Hoyt fading channel.
Index Terms—Hardware impairment, Half-duplex, Hoyt fad-
ing channels, Relay networks, Time-switching, and Wireless
energy harvesting.
I. INTRODUCTION
The future Internet of Things (IoT) tends to connect trillions
of devices, and thus wireless sensors are expected to play a
crucial role in such interconnected networks. Due to the large
scale implementation of such networks, battery replacement
will become a crucial issue for the massive number of wire-
less sensors. To efficiently address underlying sensor’s finite
lifetime problem in IoT, different techniques such as wire-
less power transfer-powered and energy harvesting-powered
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as promising
solutions [1]. Since WSNs are subjected to limited energy
storage at each mobile node, reduction of energy consumption
(extension of sensor node battery life) has evolved as a
mainstream research issue in WSNs.
Towards this direction, various energy harvesting (EH)
sources have been studied in the literature such as solar
[2], wind [3], thermal [4], coupled magnetic resonances [5],
etc. However, the most sought after technique in this regard
is obtaining radio frequency (RF) energy from the ambient
transmitter sources. Based on the principle that RF signals can
carry both energy and information at the same time, simulta-
neous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is an
interesting new area of research for WSNs that has attracted
increasing attention by both academia and industry [1], [6].
Some of the notable contributions made by the research
fraternity in this direction are illustrated as follows. In [7],
SWIPT receiver architecture designs based on time switching
(TS) and power splitting (PS) have been proposed; while
the performance analysis of these two EH protocols was
carried out in [8]. Modeling of hardware impairment in system
performance analysis has been observed often in the literature
[9], [10], [11]. In [12], performance analysis of time-switching
EH strategy that was applied for a half-duplex bidirectional
WSN with intermediate relay over a Rician fading channel
was derived. Performance analysis of EH based decode-and-
forward relaying in the presence of transceiver imperfections,
within Rayleigh fading environment was provided in [13].
Problem of characterization of the random nature of most
of the small-scale fading models for WSN communications,
can be reduced to the problem of characterization of complex
Gaussian random process. Hoyt propagation model is used
for modeling short- term signal variations arising from the
addition of scattered waves. This physical random process
can be described as a complex Gaussian RV where both
in-phase and in-quadrature components have zero mean and
different variances [14]. However, this model also serves as
a good representation for the scenario when the in-phase and
quadrature components are correlated [15]. Also it is well-
known that this model could be used for modeling propagation
conditions more severe than Rayleigh, and that can be reduced
to a special case of Rayleigh model by setting corresponding
values of model parameters.
Since Rayleigh model is the widely most used for the
transmission particularly when there is no direct line-of-sight
(LOS) between the transmitter and the receiver, studying
wireless performance measures based on Hoyt model provides
significant generalization of all previous considered scenarios.
In [16], authors presented how performance metrics for Hoyt
fading can be approximated by leveraging well-known results
for Rayleigh fading.
A. Contributions
Key contributions of this work are summarized as follows:
• Rapidly converging closed-form expressions are derived
for the outage probability (OP) and achievable through-
put at each destination node with imperfect hardware in
Hoyt fading environment.
• We derive the closed-form expressions for the cumu-
lative distribution function (CDF) of the SNR at each
destination node. This result can be used in order to
derive the integral form of the symbol-error rate (SER)
at destination nodes.
• We also provide the asymptotic analysis and the approx-
imation of above mentioned performance criteria at high
SNR regime.
• The obtained results are analytically verified through
extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
B. Organization
The rest of paper is organized as follows: Section II
describes the system model and the employed EH protocol.
Section III and IV provide the detailed performance analysis
of the system, including exact analysis and asymptotic anal-
ysis. Further, the obtained numerical results are illustrated in
Section V, while conclusions are drawn in Section VI.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
A. System Model Description
Let us consider a bidirectional network consisting of two
sources and one relay as illustrated in Figure 1. It has been
assumed that each source transmit its data to the relay node in
different time slots to avoid interference from other sources.
Nevertheless, when analog coding is used, data could be
transmitted simultaneously to the relay node, which then
further forwards this noisy sum of two signals to the next
time slot. Since each node already knows one of the signals,
it can cancel its own part in the received signals and decode
the message sent by the other source. It is also assumed that
every terminal is with only one antenna and operates in half-
duplex mode.
Let S1 , S2 and R denote the first node, the second node
and the relay node, respectively. We denote the channel gain
between node Si and the relay R as gi , for i = 1, 2. Here,
both channels are assumed to be exposed to the influence of
Hoyt fading. Hardware impairment will be observed at both
source nodes (S1 and S2 ) and relay node R. Since direct
link between two nodes is not reliable for communication,
the communication between sources is assumed to undergo
through relay. Since, the relay obtains only the energy to
serve its own purpose, it needs to harvest the energy from
the source nodes before it forwards the information messages.
Additionally, it is also assumed that sources and the relay are
aware of the channel gains.
B. Energy Harvesting and Information Transfer Protocols
The EH protocol employed for the considered system is
presented at Figure 1. The transmission is divided into blocks
of length T which consist of three time slots. During the first
Fig. 1: The proposed system model.
time slot (time length of αT ) relay harvests energy from the
nodes S1 and S2 , while the other two remaining time slots
(each slot has same time length of (1 - α)T/2) are used for
information transferring. During the second time slot, S1 and
S2 simultaneously transmit to R while, during the third time
slot, R amplifies the signal received during the second time
slot and broadcasts it to S1 and S2 . Let us denote the average
power transmitted by each node S1 and S2 during the first
time slot by P , then the amount of the harvested energy at
node R after time αT can be expressed as [12]:
Er = (P |g1 |2 + P |g2 |2 )ηαT. (1)
Let s1 and s2 denote the information-bearing symbols trans-
mitted from S1 and S2 , respectively, and having the same
average power P , i.e., E(|si |2 ) = P . The received signal at
R during the second time slot is denoted using the following
equation.
2
X
yr = gi (si + ηi ) + nr , i = 1, 2, (2)
i=1
where ηi denotes the hardware distortion noise at Si with zero
mean and variance κ2 P , while nr denotes the additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) at R with zero mean and variance
σr2 . Additionally, the parameter κ is used for characterization
of the level of impairments of the channel.
During the second time slot, before re-transmission, R
amplifies the signal yr with an amplifying coefficient β. Thus,
the received signal yi at node Si at the third time slot can be
computed using the following equation.
yi = gi (βyr + ηr ) + ni , i = 1, 2, (3)
In the above equation, ηr denotes the distortion noise with
zero mean and variance κ2r Pr , while ni denotes the AWGN
at Si with zero mean and variance σi2 , for i = 1, 2.
Here, the law of energy conservation must be obeyed, so
the total energy that R can use to transmit must be equal to
the total energy that R receives during the first time slot, Er .
The average power of the signal transmitted by R during the
third time slot can be expressed as in [12]:
Er
= ψ P |g1 |2 + P |g2 |2 ,


Pr = (4)
(1 − α)T /2
2ηα
where coefficient ψ is expressed as: ψ = 1−α . In order to
ensure that the transmission power at R is Pr , the amplifying where γth = 22R - 1, and R denotes source transmission rate.
coefficient β can be chosen as in [12]:
s
Pr Theorem 1. (Outage probability-closed form expression).
β= , (5) The exact OP for node S1 of the proposed half-duplex
X1 P + X1 P κ + X2 P + X2 P κ2 + σr2
2
bidirectional WSN using time-switching EH strategy over a
where Xi = |gi |2 and denotes the square of channel gain Hoyt fading channel can be expressed as:
amplitude between Si and R. In this case, relay node R does
not need to estimate the hardware noise parameters as well
∞ 2k+1 ∞ X m X r   
as the individual channel gains gi , it only depends on symbol X XX m r γ˜th m am−r bp
power received during the 2nd time slot as evident from Eq. Pout1 = 1 −
r p k!l!m!Γ(k + 1)
k=0 m=0 l=0 r=0 p=0
(5). Because of the symmetry of nodes S1 and S2 , we can
(1+q 2 )2 bγ˜
 
observe only one node, and received signal y1 can be rewritten cr−p (1 − q24 )2k (1 − q14 )2l (1 + q12 ) exp − 4q22 Ω2 th
2
as:
Γ(l + 1)22k+2m+6l−3 (1 + q22 )4k−2m+3 q22m−3 q14l+1 Ω2l+2
1
γ1 = β|g1 |2 s1 + β|g1 |2 η1 + β|g1 ||g2 |s2 (6)   2l−2r+p+m+2
ζ1 2 p
+β|g1 ||g2 |η2 + β|g1 |nr + |g1 |nr + n1 . K(2l−2r+p+m+2) (2 ζ1 ζ2 ),
ζ2
This signal contains both messages s1 and s2 , but node S1 (12)
knows its own transmitted symbol s1 , so it can remove the (1+q22 )2 cγ˜
th (1+q22 )2 aγ˜
th (1+q12 )2
corresponding self-interference factor β|g1 |2 s1 from y1 . Now, where ζ1 = 4q22 Ω2
, ζ2 = 4q22 Ω2
+ 4q12 Ω1
.
SNR value for detection of the symbol s1 at S1 can be
expressed as in [12]: Proof of Theorem 1: See Appendix 1.
Remark 1. OP at node S2 can also be obtained by
β 2 |g1 |2 |g2 |2 P
γ1 = β 2 |g1 |4 P κ2 +β 2 |g1 |2 |g2 |2 P κ2 +β 2 |g1 |σr2 +|g1 |2 Pr κ2r +σ12
. (7) exchanging indices in Eq. (12).
σ2 σ2 B. Achievable Throughput
Using the fact that P1 r r ≈ 0, assuming that σ12 = σ22 = σr2 =
N0 , and taking into account Eq. (6), we obtain, as in [12]: Having the OP obtained from Theorem 1, the achievable
throughput of the observed system can be computed using the
X1 X2
γ1 = , (8) below mentioned equation
X1 X2 a + X12 a + X1 b + c
R
1+κ2r 1+κ2 τi = (1 − Pouti ) (1 − α), i = 1, 2. (13)
where a = κ2 + κ2r (1 + κ2 ), b = P/σr2 , c= ψP/σr2 . 2
C. SER Analysis
III. SYSTEM PERFORMANCES Let Fγi (x) be the CDF of γi , then SER at node Si can be
expressed as:
A. Outage probability √ Z √
ω θ ∞ exp(− θx)
Since the random variable (RV) Xi is Hoyt distributed for SERi = √ √ Fγi (x)dx, (14)
2 π 0 x
i = 1, 2, the probability density function (PDF) of Xi can be
found as [15]: where ω and θ are parameters that specify modulation format,
2
!  i.e., ω = 1, θ = 1 for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and ω
1 + qi2 (1 − qi2 ) Xi (1 − qi4 )Xi

fXi (Xi ) = exp − I0 , = 1, θ = 2 for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). Based
2qi Ω̄i 4qi2 Ω̄i 4qi2 Ω̄i on previous equation, SER analysis for observed case can be
(9) carried out.
where Ωi denotes the channel average SNR value, I0 (x) is the
D. Optimal Time-Switching Factor
zero-th order modified Bessel function of the first kind [17],
and 0 ≤ qi ≤ 1 is the desired signal Hoyt fading parameter. Trade-off between the amount of time allocated for EH and
The cumulative density function (CDF) of the RV Xi (i = the duration of the transmission in the considered protocol,
1, 2) can be derived as: must be performed in a way that, as higher as possible avail-

(1+q 2 )2 X
 able transmission power should be obtained, while keeping
(1−qi4 )2k qi3−2m Xim exp − 4qi Ω i
P∞ P2k+1 i i at the same time the transmission rate as high as possible.
FXi (Xi ) = 1 − k=0 m=0 Γ(k+1)k!1+qi2 )4k−2m+3 m!22k+2m−3 Ωm .
i In other words, the task is to determine an optimal time-
(10)
switching factor α∗ that provides the best throughput per-
OP of this system is defined as the probability that the end-
formance. An efficient approach for performing such a task
to-end SNR falls below a desired threshold, γth , and can be
would be solving dτdα i (α)
= 0. However, Eq. (13) is written
expressed as:
in the form of infinite series and modified Bessel function of
Pout1 = Fγ1 (γth ) = Pr (γ1 < γth ) = (11) second kind, and it is hard to provide a closed-form solution
for this case. Alternative approach is applying an iterative
 
X1 X2
= Pr < γth , algorithm for obtaining this solution numerically. In literature
X1 X2 + aX12 + bX1 + c
Golden section search algorithm [18]- [19] has been exten- TABLE I: Observed values of system parameters
sively used for optimal time switching factor determination
[12]. Symbol Parameter Names Values
λ Energy harvesting efficiency 0.7
IV. A SYMPTOTIC A NALYSIS
Ω1 Mean of g12 0.5
In order to provide full insights into the impact of hardware Ω2 Mean of g22 0.5
impairments on the network performance and to verify the q1 = q2 fading severity parameter 0.5,0.8
correctness of the exact analysis, asymptotic analysis for the P/N0 Source-power-to-noise ratio 0-50 dB
high SNR regime should be carried out. κ = κr Hardware impairment levels 0, 0.1, 0.2
A. Outage probability R Source transmission rate 1.5 bps/Hz
As the P/N0 obtains very high values, the SNR in Eq. (8)
is asymptotically equal to:
X2
γ1∞ =
1,0
, (15)
a(X1 + X2 ) 0,9

and, similarly: 0,8

X1
γ2∞ = . (16) 0,7

a(X1 + X2 )

Outage probability
0,6

Theorem 2. (Outage probability-Asymptotic form).

0,5
The asymptotic OP for node S1 of the proposed half-duplex
bidirectional WSN using time-switching EH strategy over a 0,4
Analysis perfect hardware q
1
= q
2
= 0.5

Hoyt fading channel can be provided as: 0,3

Asymptotic perfect hardware q

Analysis 0.1 q
1
= q
2
= 0.5
1
= q
2
= 0.5

Asymptotic 0.1 q = q = 0.5

1 2

0,2 Analysis 0.2 q = q = 0.5

1 2

Asymptotic 0.2 q = q = 0.5

1 2

X∞ X ∞ 2k+1
X (1 − q 4 )2k (1 − q 4 )2l (1 − q1 )2 0,1 Analysis perfect hardware q
1
= q
2
= 0.8

2 1
=1−
Asymptotic perfect hardware q = q = 0.8

Pout1 1 2

k=0 l=0 m=0

k!l!m!Γ(k + 1)Γ(l + 1)q22m−3 0,0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

 m
aγth −(m+2l+2) P/N
0
[dB]

Γ(m + 2l + 2) 1−aγ th
ξ2
.
(1 + q22 )4k−2m+3 22k+2m+6l−3 x¯2 m x¯1 2l+2 q14l+1
Fig. 2: Outage probability versus P/N0 .
(17)

Proof of Theorem 2: See Appendix 2.
Remark 2. The outage probability at node S1 can also be
obtained by exchanging indices in Eq. (17).
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In order to validate the correctness of the derived rapidly
converging closed-form OP expressions, Monte Carlo sim-
ulations have been carried out. The hardware impairment
parameters are chosen as κ = κr = 0.1, while a case of
ideal hardware impairment (κ = κr = 0) is also observed. The
channel gains are considered as Hoyt fading with Ω1 = Ω2 =
0.5 and with the Hoyt q fading severity parameters spanning
from 0.5 to 0.8 for both channels. All the other observed
parameters values for the energy harvesting efficiency, source
transmission rate and source-power-to-noise ratio are provided
in Table I.
Figs. 2 and 3 show the effect of SNR on the OP and
throughput of the proposed system, respectively. For simu-
lation, a case of α = 0.5 has been considered, when the
EH time and the duration of transmission are balanced. It
can be seen from the figures that OP and throughput values
obtained by using derived closed-form expressions excellently
match with the corresponding values obtained by Monte Carlo
simulations.
From Figs. 2 and 3 it is clearly visible that OP values
decreases, while throughput values increases as κ varies from
0 to 0.2. Additionally, it is also visible that for high SNR
values, the OP and throughput values tend to approach the
corresponding asymptotic values obtained from analysis, in a
manner that lower the value of κ, the faster asymptotic values
will be reached. Figures also depict how change in fading
severity over the links (q parameter values change from 0.8
to 0.5) significantly deteriorates system performances.
The effect of hardware impairment level on the OP and
the achievable throughput is observed more closely in Figs. 4
and 5, for single SNR value of 20 dB and fixed transmission
rate value. Three scenarios have been observed, i.e., i) when
the EH duration is dominant, ii) when there is a balance
between EH and information transmission, and iii) when the
information transmission duration is dominant (α = 0.2, 0.5,
0.8).
Again, it is validated that values obtained by using derived
closed-form expressions excellently match with the corre-
sponding values obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. From
Figs. 4 and 5, it is evident that the achievable throughput
values decrease while the OP values increase significantly
with the increase of the impairment level κ. Also OP tends to
reduce at higher time-switching factor, since higher amount
 0,4 0,5

Analysis perfect hardware q = q = 0.8

1 2
Analysis with = 0.2 q = q = 0.5
1 2
Asymptotic perfect hardware q = q = 0.8
1 2

Analysis perfect hardware q = q = 0.5 Analysis with = 0.5 q = q = 0.5

1 2 1 2

Asymptotic perfect hardware q = q = 0.5 0,4

1 2
Analysis with = 0.8 q = q = 0.5
1 2
Analysis 0.1 q = q = 0.5
0,3 1 2

Analysis with = 0.2 q = q = 0.8

Asymptotic 0.1 q = q = 0.5 1 2
1 2

(Bit/s/Hz)
(Bit/s/Hz)

Analysis 0.2 q = q = 0.5

1 2

Asymptotic 0.2 q = q = 0.5

1 2 0,3

Throughput
Throughput

0,2

0,2

0,1
0,1

0,0
0,0
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

P/N [dB] r
0

Fig. 3: Achievable throughput versus P/N0 . Fig. 5: Achievable throughput versus κ.

lays the foundation for efficient SER evaluation and optimal

1,0
time-switching factor determination. Above all, the effects
of various parameters on the system performance have been
discussed in detail in the proposed work.
0,8
Outage probability

0,6
APPENDIX 1

Analysis with = 0.2 q = q = 0.5

1 2 Let us here provide proof of Theorem 1. Without loss of
0,4 Analysis with = 0.5 q = q = 0.5
1 2
generality, we can consider the node S1 only. From Eq. (14),
Analysis with = 0.8 q = q = 0.5

Analysis with = 0.2 q = q = 0.8

1 2

we can fix X1 at some value x1 and compute the probability

1 2

using Eq. (11) in terms of x1 . Then, we take the average of

0,2
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 the obtained function with respect to the distribution of X1
r to obtain OP. Using this approach, Eq. (11) can be rewritten
as:
Z ∞
γth x21 a + γth x1 b + γth c
 
Fig. 4: Outage probability versus κ. FX2 fx1 (x1 )dx. (18)
0 x1 − γth x1 a
γth γ x2 a+γ x b+γ c
of power is used for data transmission. However, influence Let us denote γ˜th = 1−aγ , then th 1x1 −γthth x11 a th
 th
of parameter α values change on the achievable throughput reduces to γ˜th x1 a + xc1 + b . By applying the binomial
values is more complex, since it can be seen from Fig. 5, that formula (x + y)m =
Pm m

m−n n
x y , using Eq.
n=0 n
the throughput performance is improved when α increases (1+q22 )2 cγ˜th
from 0.2 to 0.5, while they deteriorate when α increases from (3.471.9) from [17], and introducing ζ1 = 4q 2 Ω2
,
2
(1+q22 )2 aγ˜ (1+q12 )2
0.5 to 0.8. Significant influence of fading severity change is ζ2 = 4q22 Ω2
th
+ 4q12 Ω1
, we obtain:
visible from the figures.
∞ 2k+1 ∞ X m X r   
VI. CONCLUSIONS X XX m r γ˜th m am−r bp
Pout1 = 1 −
In this work, a detailed performance analysis of a half- r p k!l!m!Γ(k + 1)
k=0 m=0 l=0 r=0 p=0
duplex bidirectional sensor network has been carried out; (1+q 2 )2 bγ˜
 
cr−p (1 − q24 )2k (1 − q14 )2l (1 + q12 ) exp − 4q22 Ω2 th
wherein the relay node is equipped with time-switching 2

based EH protocol over Hoyt fading channels. In addition to Γ(l + 1)22k+2m+6l−3 (1 + q22 )4k−2m+3 q22m−3 q14l+1 Ω2l+2
1
consideration a general Hoyt propagation scenario, the work   2l−2r+p+m+2
ζ1 2 p
takes in account hardware impairments at source and relay × K(2l−2r+p+m+2) (2 ζ1 ζ2 ),
nodes. Further, exact and asymptotic closed form expressions ζ2
for the OP and achievable throughput have been derived where Kv (x) is the th-order modied Bessel function of the
and verified using Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed second kind.
 APPENDIX 2 [16] J. M. Romero-Jerez and F. J. Lopez-Martinez, “A new framework
for the performance analysis of wireless communications under hoyt
The asymptotic OP at node S1 can be expressed as: (Nakagami-q) Fading,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
  vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 1693–1702, 2017.
∞ ∞ X1 [17] D. Zwillinger, V. Moll, I. S. Gradshteyn, and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of
Pout = P r(γ 1 < γth ) = P r < aγth =
1
X1 + X2 integrals, series, and products, 8th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Academic
Z ∞   press, 2015.
aγth x1 [18] T. Q. Duong, T. T. Duy, M. Matthaiou, T. Tsiftsis, and G. K. Karagian-
FX2 fX1 (x1 )dx1 . (19)
0 1 − aγth nidis, “Cognitive cooperative networks in dual-hop asymmetric fading
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X∞ X ∞ 2k+1
X (1 − q 4 )2k (1 − q 4 )2l (1 − q1 )2
2 1
Pout1 = 1 −
k=0 l=0 m=0
k!l!m!Γ(k + 1)Γ(l + 1)q22m−3
 m
aγth −(m+2l+2)
Γ(m + 2l + 2) 1−aγ th
ξ2
× ,
(1 + q22 )4k−2m+3 22k+2m+6l−3 x¯2 m x¯1 2l+2 q14l+1
where Γ(x) denotes the gamma function. The asymptotic
throughput can be obtained by substituting expression into
the formula for the throughput.
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