Chapter 31 Review Notes:​ ​Caitlyn​, ​Young-Bin​, ​Bianca​, ​Alex​, ​Lila

The Stalin Revolution, pp. 780 - 783 Chapter 31

1. Stalin’s Plan For Industry: What were the goals of Stalin’s series of Five-Year Plans?
a. Stalin wanted to turn the USSR into an ​industrial nation
b. He wanted to ​quintuple​ the output of electricity and ​double​ the heavy industry--
iron, steel, coal, and machinery-- in just ​5 years
2. Resistance to Collectivization: What was the collectivization program and describe the
resistance to the government plan.
a. Collectivization​ -- consolidating small private farms into vast collectives and
making the farmers work together in commonly owned fields
i. Each collective was expected to supply the government with a ​fixed
amount of food
ii. Was meant to bring peasants under government control ​once and for all
b. Kulak​ peasants were better-off than the poorer peasants and resisted in giving up
their property
i. Kulaks ​burned their own crops​ and ​smashed their own equipment
when soldiers came to force them into collectives
ii. Stalin ​arrested​ 8 million kulaks and ​executed​ many of them for their
resistance
3. The Terror: What was the purpose and who was the target of the NKVD terror in the
U.S.S.R.?
a. In order to​ prevent resistance or rebellion​, the NKVD was a secret police force
established by Stalin to create a climate of ​suspicion and fear
4. The Gulags: What was the short-term and long-term result of the use of the gulags?
a. Gulags​ -- Labor camps
b. Short-Term:
i. Millions of people were arrested without trial and sent to gulags​ as
“the government regularly made demands on people that they could not
meet, so everyone was guilty of breaking some regulation or other”
c. Long-Term:
i. A million people died every year​ of exposure or malnutrition
5. Support for Stalin’s Programs: Why did many citizens support the Stalin programs
despite brutal and harsh tactics?
a. With Stalin’s harsh tactics, ​new opportunities were available​ for citizens
i. Women entered careers
ii. People could rise into the upper ranks of the Communist Party

The Depression, pp. 783 - 785 Chapter 31

6. Global Depression: What actions were taken to protect U.S. industry, and how did other
countries respond?
a. Male workers replaced female worker because they “had to support their
families”.
b. The U.S. government imposed the Smoot-Hawley tariff, which was the highest
import tariff in American history.
c. Other countries responded by raising their own tariffs, which resulted in a 62%
decrease in world trade between 1929 and 1932.
 7. France & British Colonialism: How did the French and British use their colonies during
the depression?
a. They made their colonial empires purchase products from their countries rather
than other countries.
8. Political Repercussions of the Economic Crisis: What were the political repercussions of
the economic crisis for different countries?
a. People in capitalist countries called for government intervention in the economy.
b. Americans elected Franklin D. Roosevelt as president for his New Deal platform.
i. American, British, and French government intervened in their respectable
economies, but stayed democratic.
c. The U.S. and the Soviet Union came close to self-sufficiency.
d. Britain and France survived off their colonial empires.
e. Germany and Japan was taken over by radical politicians who took over the
economy and turned the country into a war machine.
9. Depression in Nonindustrial Regions: What was the impact of the depression on countries
the primarily relied on exports and tourism?
a. Southeast Asia couldn’t export rubber for cars, so their economy dropped.
b. Cuba’s prosperity dropped with the drop of American tourists who came to drink
during the Prohibition in America.
c. Latin America was filled with homelessness and unemployment.
Dictatorships/authoritarian control spread over some of the countries as a part of
an effort to control the economy.

The Rise of Fascism, pp. 785 - 788 Chapter 31

10. Intimidation and Propaganda: How did fascists use intimidation and propaganda to win
power and influence?
a. Took advantage of confused and desperate citizens by applying radical solutions
to the country’s problems
b. Glorified warfare and nationalism (particularly Mussolini in Italy)
c. Used violent methods to repress strikes, intimidate voters, and seize municipal
governments
d. Mussolini even threatened to march on Rome if he was not made Prime Minister
(and Italy’s timid government gave in)
e. When in government, Fascist leaders destroyed opposition, put other Fascist party
members into positions of power, jailed any rebels, and controlled education,
press, and other youth activities
f. Lowered living standards while reducing unemployment and provided public
services and security
g. Relied heavily on publicity with bombastic speeches, parades, news bulletins
praising their governing, and signs claiming that Mussolini is “always right!”
h. Mussolini used mass media to broadcast his message for a wide variety of people
through movies, billboards, radio news, and advertisements
i. Mussolini’s publicity tactics were used by Fascists around the globe including
Adolf Hitler
11. Hitler’s Ideology & Goals: What did Mein Kampf reveal about Hitler’s ideas and goals?
 a. Very radical and most people didn’t take notice until later because the ideas
seemed so far fetched and crazy
i. Germany should encompass all German-speaking people, even those who
didn’t live in the country
ii. He distigued Aryans as the “master race,” a degenerate “Alpine” race
(French and Italian), and an inferior race of Russians and European Slavs
who he believed were only fit to be slaves of the master race
iii. Blamed Jews for every problem in Germany, particularly after their defeat
in World War I
iv. Glorified violence and believed in Darwinism (“survival of the fittest”) as
a call for the “master race” to defeat and rule the inferior races through
warfare
b. Goals
i. Repeal the Treaty of Versailles
ii. Annex all German-speaking countries and conquer Poland and the USSR
iii. Eliminate all Jews from Europe
12. The German Economic Recovery: Describe Germany’s social and economic policies
after the NAZI takeover of the government.
a. Legally ended democracy in Germany
b. Put Nazis in charge of all government agencies, educational institutions, and
professional organizations
c. Banned all other political parties and threw their leaders in concentration camps
d. Deprived Jews of citizenship, rights, property, and professions; also they weren’t
allowed to marry “Aryans”
13. Italian and German Aggression: Record a timeline of Italian and German Aggression
before World War II?
a. 1933 - Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations
b. 1935 - Hitler announced that Germany was going to bolster its army, introduce
conscription and build an air force-- contrary to the Treaty of Versailles
c. 1935 - Italy invaded Ethiopia
d. 1936 - Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland on the borders of France and Belgium
and the countries just kinda protested a little
e. March 1938 - Germany invaded Austria and then Czechoslovakia, threatening to
go to war during the summer
f. September 1938 - During the Munich Conference Hitler met with leaders of
France, Britain and Italy who gave him everything he demanded without
consulting Czechoslovakia
14. Appeasement: What were the reasons countries followed a policy of appeasement in the
face of German and Italian aggression?
a. Deep-seated fear of war among all people who had lived through WWI
b. Fear of communism among conservative politicians-- at the time they were more
afraid of Stalin than of Hitler
c. Novelty of fascist tactics-- Chamberlain (prime minister of Britain) believed
Hitler would keep his word and only strive to fill the demands he set forth at the
Munich Conference
East Asia, 1931 - 1945, pp. 788 - 791 Chapter 31
15. The Japanese Invasion of Manchuria: How was the invasion of Manchuria evidence of
Japanese military power and foreign aggression.
a. The actions that Japan took on Manchuria showed that the Japanese had planned
an attack a good deal in advance, and they were able to completely take over the
provence in a matter of days. Japan’s actions were in direct violation of their
obligations under the Kellogg-Briand Pact, however despite this there was no real
consequence for their actions.
16. The Ideas of Mao: What influenced the ideas of Mao and what was his Mao’s strategy
during the Long March?
a. Mao employed guerilla warfare and secrecy to attack the nationalist army at their
weakest points, confusing them, and allowing the majority of the red army to
escape their encirclement by the Chinese nationalist army. Mao’s ideas were
heavily influenced by Kropotkin's concept of mutual aid.
17. Sino-Japanese War, 1937 – 1945: Describe the resistance to the Japanese invasion and
occupation.
a. Japan was far more prepared for combat, and as such achieved rapid advancement
against China’s inferior military forces. China, however did not surrender to
Japan, instead moving its capital and developing guerilla resistance tactics, much
like sun tzu. China then expelled Japan with the help of its allies.
18. Nanjing, 1937 - 1938: What took place at Nanjing and evaluate Chiang’s strategy to slow
the Japanese advance?
a. The events of Nanjing are commonly referred to as the rape of Nanking, as the
Japanese slaughtered over 300,000 surrendered chinese men, women and
children. China employed the best possible strategy, as Japan was unprepared for
a long term conflict, and the Chinese soldiers knew their terrain and environment
far better than the Japanese did.

The Second World War, pp. 792 - 798 Chapter 31

19. The Wehrmacht Strategy: What was the German strategy in World War II and how was
fighting different than World War I?
a. The Germans developed a new form of fighting called Blitzkrieg or Lightning
War. They rushed into enemy controlled territory before the enemy had time to
prepare for their arrival. It was hugely effective, and allowed for the rapid
expansion of the third Reich. The fighting was very different from WW1 as it was
focused on speed not prolonged trench warfare
20. Poland to Stalingrad: What was the German goal in attacking the Soviet Union in 1941?
a. The German goal was to gain oil and resources that russia possesed, along with
breaking the soviet moral and lines. The German onslaught was initially effective,
yet they were unprepared for winter, and were ultimately defeated
21. Conflict in North Africa: Describe the course of events during the fighting in North
Africa.
a. The battle in North Africa was mainly a push for control of the Suez canal, which
allowed access to the middle eastern oil and resources. Italy moved first, attacking
 Ethiopia, and remained a large factor in the war, up to their surrender, yet the
main attacks were focused on the canal and the oil resources to be gained.
22. Strategy in the Pacific: What was the strategy in the Pacific against Japan and how did
the use of nuclear hasten the end of the conflict?
a. The strategy the US employed was called ‘island hopping.’ In which the US
jumped from Island to Island rooting out all Japanese forces from each Island.
The Japanese fought to the last man, and the US lost a huge amount of troops to
the Japanese extremists. As such, when the sheer power of the nuclear bomb was
revealed, Japan had no choice but to surrender, or be decimated.
23. The Collapse of the Guomindang: What factors enabled the Chinese communist forces to
defeat the Guomindang?
a. Incompetent officials that were disliked by the people.
b. Going to war with the Communists caused the delay of economic reconstruction,
thus the nationalists lost the support of the people.
c. Few soldiers volunteered for the Nationalists, and were instead drafted against
their will.
d. The Nationalist army was poorly led
e. Communist propaganda incensed the people against the Nationalists.

The Character of Warfare, pp. 798 - 803 Chapter 31

24. An Enormous Toll: List the estimated population loss of different countries during World
War II.
a. 60 million deaths, 6-8 times the deaths in WWI, and over half were civilian
victims
i. Soviet Union- 20-25 million people
ii. China- 15 million people
iii. Poland- 6 million people
iv. German- 4 million people
v. Japanese- 2 million people
vi. Great Britain- 400,000 people
vii. US- 300,000 people
25. Attack On Civilians: Describe the impact of World War II on the civilian population.
a. Many of the victims were innocent civilians killed by massacres, famines, or
bombs.
b. To escape inner turmoil and external warfare, many refugees fled and never
returned, mixing new ethnic populations.
c. Minorities were labeled as enemies.
26. Technology Matters: How did technology affect the course of events in World War II?
a. Chemists found ways to make synthetic rubber, radar was perfected on the
defensive side, enemy codes were broken and secret military communication was
deciphered by cryptanalysts, life saving antibiotics were developed for infections
and wounds.
b. Aircraft development in the US introduced fast and maneuverable planes, heavy
bombers. In Japan, light, fast and agile fighter planes were developed. Germans
introduced jet fighters, low flying buzz bombs, and V-2 missiles.
 c. Albert Einstein warned Roosevelt with the concept of a dangerous atomic
weapon. America invented the first two atomic bombs.
27. Final Solution Plus: Who were the victims of the NAZI war on the civilian population?
a. The Holocaust first deprived Jews in Germany of their right to citizenship, and
then after Nazis gained control, Jewish people were forced into ghettos, and left to
starve. The Nazis carried out Hitler’s “final solution” by constructing huge
extermination camps, and systematically killing Jewish people and other
minorities. The holocaust claimed 6 million Jewish lives.
28. The Burden of Knowledge: Oops, now that you know about this you can’t deny it or
pretend that you don’t know about it. What will you do now?