FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER II SESSION 2018/2019

BEKP 3653
POWER SYSTEMS AND HIGH VOLTAGE

SOLUTION FOR PER UNIT TUTORIAL

PREPARED BY:

STUDENT’S NAME STUDENT’S ID

MUHAMMAD NURAMIN BIN SAPARWAN B011610130
MUHAMMAD SYAMIL BIN ABDUL RAHMAN B011610091
WAN MUHAMAD IZZAD BIN RAZALI B011610149
MOHAMAD BADRUL AMIN BIN NOR AZMI B011610083
MUHAMAD ERFAN BIN KAMARUDIN B011610141
MOHD FITRI BIN MOHD NAIM B011610066
1. A balanced Y-connected voltage source with Eab = 4800 V is applied to a balanced
 load with Z = 3040 . The line impedance between the source and load is ZL =
185  for each phase. Calculate the per unit and actual current in phase a of the line
using Sbase3 = 10 kVA and Vbase(L) = 480V.

Source = Y- connected, 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 480∠0° V

Load = ∆- connected, 𝑍 = 𝑍∆ = 30∠40° 𝑉
Line = 𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 1∠85° Ω/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

Base value:
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,3𝜙 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝐿𝐿 = 480 𝑉
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 4802
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 23.04 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 10𝑘
Load:
∆- connected → Y- connected
𝑍∆ 30∠40°
𝑍𝑌 = = = 10∠40° Ω
3 3

Per Unit:
𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 1∠85°
𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.0434∠85° 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 23.04
𝑍𝑌 10∠40°
𝑍𝑌,𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.434∠40° 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 23.04
 𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝐿𝑁 √3
𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝜙,𝑝𝑢 = = = 1∠ − 30° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
√3
𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑝𝑢 1∠ − 30°
𝐼𝑝𝑢 = = = 2.147∠ − 73.78° 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑌,𝑝𝑢 + 𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑝𝑢 (0.0434∠85°) + (0.416∠40°)
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 10𝑘
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 12.03 𝑝𝑢
√3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 √3(480)
Actual current:
𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = (2.233∠ − 73.78°) × (12.03) = 28.03∠ − 73.93° 𝐴
2. A 400-MVA, 240-kV/24-kV, three-phase Y- transformer has an equivalent series
impedance of 1.2 + j6  per phase referred to the high-voltage side. The transformer
is supplying a three-phase load of 400-MVA, 0.8 power factor leading at a terminal
voltage of 24 kV (line to line) on its low-voltage side. Determine the line-to-line
voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the transformer in per unit and kV using rated
values as the base.

240𝑘
𝑉𝐿 = = 138.56 𝑘𝑉
√3
400𝑀∠36.87°
𝐼= = 962.25∠36.87° 𝐴
3(138.56𝑘)
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝐼𝑍
𝑉𝑆 = (138.56∠0°) + (962.25∠36.87°)(1.2 + 𝑗6)
𝑉𝑆 = 136.12𝑘∠2.24° 𝑉
𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 = √3(136.12𝑘∠2.24)
𝑉𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 235.77𝑘∠2.24° 𝑉
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 (240𝑘)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 144 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 400𝑀
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 1.2 + 𝑗6
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.04∠78.7° 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 144
𝑉𝐿 138.56 𝑘
𝑍𝐿 = = = 144∠ − 36.87° Ω
𝐼 962.25∠36.87°
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 400 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒,
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 240 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 240𝑘
𝑉𝐿𝑝𝑢 = = 240𝑘 = 1 𝑝𝑢 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
 𝑆𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑆 = ∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.8) = 1∠36.87° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑆 = 1 + (1∠36.87°)(0.04∠78.7°) = 0.9824∠2.24° 𝑝𝑢 = 0.9824∠2.24° × 240 𝑘
= 235.78∠2.24° 𝑘𝑉

𝑍𝐿 144∠ − 36.87°
𝑍𝐿,𝑝𝑢 = = = 1∠ − 36.87° pu
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 144

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 235.77𝑘∠2.24°
𝑉𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.98∠2.24° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 240𝑘
3. 40 MVA, 20 kV/400 kV, single-phase transformer has the following series impedances:
Z1 = 0.9 + j1.8  and Z2 = 128 + j288 
Using the transformer rating as base, determine the per unit impedance of the
transformer from the ohmic value referred to the low-voltage side. Compute the per
unit impedance using the ohmic value referred to the high-voltage side. Give your
comment on the both answers. Then, find the primary voltage when the transformer is
operating at full load 0.8 PF lagging.

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 40 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 20 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 400 𝑘𝑉

𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 (20𝑘)2
𝑍𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 10 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 40𝑀
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 (400𝑘)2
𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 4k Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 40𝑀
𝑍1 𝑍2
𝑍𝑒𝑞,𝑝𝑢 = +
𝑍𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
0.9 + 𝑗1.8 128 + 𝑗288
𝑍𝑒𝑞,𝑝𝑢 = + = 0.122 + 𝑗0.252
10 4000
20 2
𝑍𝑒𝑞,𝑝 = 0.9 + 𝑗1.8 + (128 + 𝑗288) ( ) = 1.22 + 𝑗2.52 Ω
400
1.22 + 𝑗2.52
= = 0.122 + 𝑗0.252 pu
10
 400 2
𝑍𝑒𝑞,𝑠 = (0.9 + 𝑗1.8) ( ) + (128 + 𝑗288) = 488 + 𝑗1008 Ω
20
488 + 𝑗1008
= = 0.122 + 𝑗0.252 pu
4000
Pu impedance is the same either referring to primary or secondary
𝐼𝑝𝑢 = 1∠ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 1∠ − 36.87° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢
𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢
𝑉1,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝐼𝑝𝑢 + 𝑉𝑝𝑢
𝑉1,𝑝𝑢 = (0.122 + 𝑗0.252)(1∠ − 36.87 °) + 1
𝑉1,𝑝𝑢 = 1.255∠5.87° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉1,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1.255∠13.87° × 20𝑘 = 25.1𝑘∠13.87° 𝑉
𝑉1,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1.255∠13.87° × 400𝑘 = 502𝑘∠13.79° 𝑉
4. A three-phase, Y-connected, 75 MVA, 27 kV synchronous generator has a
synchronous reactance of 9  per phase. Using rated MVA and voltage as base
values, determine the per unit reactance. Find the generated emf line-to-line using per
unit system given the machine delivering power at 0.85 power factor lagging at (a)
rated terminal voltage, and (b) 33 kV.

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 75 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 27 𝑘𝑉
a) Rated terminal voltage
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 (27𝑘)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 9.72 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 75𝑀
𝑗𝑋 𝑗9
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝑗0.9259 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 9.72
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢
𝑆𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑆 = ∠ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.85) = 1∠ − 31.79° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑝𝑢
𝐸𝑔(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 1 + (1∠ − 31.79°)( 𝑗0.9259) = 1.723∠25.46° 𝑝𝑢
= 1.683∠27.88° × 27 k = 45.44∠27.88° kV

b) 33kV
33
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑢 = 27 = 1.22𝑝𝑢 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 1 𝑝𝑢
1
𝐼𝑆 = ∠ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.85) = 0.818∠ − 31.79° 𝑝𝑢
1.22
𝐸𝑔(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 1.22 + (0.818∠ − 31.79°)( 𝑗0.9259) = 1.723∠25.46° 𝑝𝑢
= 1.74∠21.66° × 27 k = 47.1∠21.66° kV

27𝑘 2
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = 0.9259 × ( ) = 0.6198 𝑝𝑢
33𝑘
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ 75𝑀∠ − 31.79°
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 2.272𝑘∠ − 31.79° 𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 33𝑘
𝐸𝑔 = 33𝑘 + (2.272𝑘∠ − 31.79°)( 𝑗0.6198)
𝐸𝑔 = 33.763𝑘∠2.03° 𝑉
5. Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in Figure 1 showing
all impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for
generator. The three-phase power and line-line ratings are given below.
G1 : 90 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X = 16%
T2 : 80 MVA 200/20 kV X = 20%
G2 : 90 MVA 18 kV X = 9%

Line: 200 kV X = 120 

Load: 200 kV S = 48 MW +j64 Mvar

Figure 1

𝑉𝑏1 = 20 𝑘𝑉, 𝑆𝑏 = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

Since the value of 𝑉𝑏1 is 20kV, therefore the value of 𝑉𝑏2 = 200𝑘𝑉 and 𝑉𝑏3 = 20𝑘𝑉.
Impedance per unit:

𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑 2 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 × ( ) × ( )
𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑉𝑏 2 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑍𝑏 = , 𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝑆𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑏
20𝑘 2 100𝑀
𝑍𝐺1 = 0.09 × ( ) ×
20𝑘 80𝑀
= j0.1 pu
200𝑘 2 100𝑀
𝑍𝑇1 = 0.16 × ( ) ×
200𝑘 80𝑀
= j0.2 pu
200𝑘 2 100𝑀
𝑍𝑇2 = 0.2 × ( ) ×
200𝑘 80𝑀
= j0.25 pu
18𝑘 2 100𝑀
𝑍𝐺2 = 0.09 × ( ) ×
20𝑘 90𝑀
= j0.081 pu
Impedance for line
𝑉𝑏 2 (200𝑘)2
𝑍𝑏 = =
𝑆𝑏 ∗ 100𝑀
= 400 Ω
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 120Ω
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = =
𝑍𝑏 400Ω
= j0.3 pu
Impedance for load
𝑉𝑏 2 (200𝑘)2
𝑍𝑏 = ∗ =
𝑆𝑏 100𝑀
= 400 Ω
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2 (200𝑘)2
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 = =
𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗ 48𝑀 − 𝑗64𝑀
= 300 + j400 Ω
= 500 ∠ 53.13∘ Ω
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 300 + 𝑗400
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = =
𝑍𝑏 400Ω
= 0.75 + j1
= 1.25 ∠ 53.13∘ pu
6. The three-phase power and line-line ratings of the electric power system
shown in Figure 2 are given below.
G: 60 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1: 50 MVA 20/200 kV X = 10%
T2: 50 MVA 200/20 kV X = 10%
M: 43.2 MVA 18 kV X = 8%

Line: 200 kV Z = 120 + j200 

Figure 2

a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a 100-MVA

base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator.

200k
VB1 = 20k ( ) = 200kV
20𝑘
20k
VBm = 200k ( ) = 20kV
200k
100M
G: X = 0.09 ( ) = 0.15 pu
60M
100M
T1 : X = 0.1 ( ) = 0.20 pu
50M
100M
T2 : X = 0.1 ( ) = 0.20 pu
50M
100M 18k 2
M: X = 0.08 ( )( ) = 0.15 pu
43.2M 20k
(200k)2
ZBL = ( ) = 400 Ω
100M
120 + j200
Zline = ( ) = (0.3 + j0.5) pu
400
b) The motor is drawing 45 MVA, 0.80 power factor lagging at a line-to-line terminal
voltage of 18 kV. Determine the terminal voltage and the internal emf of the
generator in per unit and in kV.

4536.87
Sm,pu = = (0.4536.87°) pu
100
180
Vm,pu = = (0.90°) pu
20
0.45 − 36.87
I𝑝𝑢 = = (0.5 − 36.87°) pu
0.90
Vg,pu = (0.90) + (0.3 + j0.9)(0.5 − 36.87°) = (1.318 11.82°) pu
Vg = (1.318)(20) = 26.359 kV
Eg,pu = (0.90) + (0.3 + j1.05)(0.5 − 36.87) = (1.375 13.88°) pu
Eg = (1.375)(20) = 27.5 kV.
7. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure 3.
Impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA, 400 kV base. The load at bus 2
is S2 = 15.93 MW - j33.4 Mvar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 77 MW + j14 Mvar. It is
required to hold the voltage at bus 3 at 4000 kV. Working in per unit, determine
the voltage at buses 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 3

15.93𝑀𝑊 − 𝑗33.4𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆2,𝑝𝑢 = = (01593 − 𝑗0.344) 𝑝𝑢
100𝑀
77.00𝑀𝑊 + 𝑗14.0𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆3,𝑝𝑢 = = (0.77 + 𝑗0.14) 𝑝𝑢
100𝑀
400∠0°
𝑉3,𝑝𝑢 = = (1.0∠0°) 𝑝𝑢
∗
400
𝑆3 0.77 − 𝑗0.14
𝐼3,𝑝𝑢 = = = (0.77 − 𝑗0.14) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉3 1.0∠0°
𝑉2,𝑝𝑢 = (1.0∠0°) + (𝑗0.4)(0.77 − 𝑗0.14) = (1.1∠16.26°) 𝑝𝑢

Voltage at bus 2,
𝑉2 = (400𝑘)(1.1) = 440𝑘
𝑆2 ∗ 0.1593 + 𝑗0.344
𝐼2,𝑝𝑢 = ∗= = (0.54 + 𝑗0.332) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉2 1.1∠ − 16.26°
𝐼12,𝑝𝑢 = (0.77 − 𝑗0.14) + (0.054 + 𝑗0.332) = (0.824 + 𝑗0.192) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉1,𝑝𝑢 = (1.1∠16.26°) + (𝑗0.5)(0.824 + 𝑗0.192) = (1.2∠36.87°) 𝑝𝑢

Voltage at bus 1,
𝑉1 = (400𝑘)(1.2) = 480 𝑘𝑉

Voltage at bus 3,
𝑉3 = (400𝑘)(1) = 400 𝑘𝑉
8. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure
4. The transformer reactance is 20 percent on a base of 100 MVA, 23/115 kV and
the line impedance is Z = j66.125 . The load at bus 2 is S2 = 184.8 MW + j6.6
Mvar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 0 MW + j20 Mvar. It is required to hold the voltage at bus
3 at 1150 kV. Working in per unit, determine the voltage at buses 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 4

184.8 𝑀𝑊 + 𝑗6.6 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅

𝑆2,𝑝𝑢 = = (1.848 + 𝑗0.066) 𝑝𝑢
100𝑀
𝑗20.0 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆3,𝑝𝑢 = = 𝑗0.2 𝑝𝑢
100𝑀
115 ∠ 0𝑜
V3,pu = = 1.0 ∠ 0𝑜 𝑝𝑢
115
𝑆3∗ −𝑗0.2
𝐼3,𝑝𝑢 = = = −𝑗0.2 𝑝𝑢
𝑉3 1.0 ∠ 0𝑜
𝑉2,𝑝𝑢 = 1.0 ∠ 0𝑜 + (𝑗0.5)(−𝑗0.2) = 1.1 ∠ 0𝑜 𝑝𝑢

Therefore, the line voltage line-to-line at bus 2:

𝑉2𝐿𝐿 = (115)(1.1) = 126.5 𝑘𝑉
𝑆2∗ 1.848 − 𝑗0.066
𝐼2 = = = (1.68 − 𝑗0.06) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉2 1.1 ∠ 0𝑜
𝐼12 = (1.68 − 𝑗0.06) + (−𝑗0.2) = (1.68 − 𝑗0.26) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉1 = 1.1 ∠ 0𝑜 + (𝑗0.2)(1.68 − 𝑗0.26) = (1.2 ∠ 16.26𝑜 ) 𝑝𝑢

Therefore, the line-to-line voltage at bus 1:

𝑉1𝐿𝐿 = (23)(1.2) = 27.6 𝑘𝑉
9. Draw a per phase schematic of the system shown in Figure 5 with all impedances in pu
on a base of 100 MVA and 132 kV at the transmission line. The parameters of the
equipment in the system are as follow:
G1 : 50 MVA 12.2 kV X = 0.15 pu
G2 : 20 MVA 13.8 kV X = 0.15 pu
T1 : 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV X = 0.1 pu
T2 : 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV X = 0.1 pu
Load: 50 MVA 154 kV 0.8 PF lagging

40 + j160 
T1 T2

G1 G2
20 + j80  20 + j80 
50 MVA 80 MVA 40 MVA 20 MVA

Load

Figure 5

12.2
𝑉𝐺1 = 132 ( ) = 10.0025𝑘𝑉
161
𝑉𝐺2 = 132 kV
13.8
𝑉𝐺3 = 132 ( ) = 11.3143𝑘𝑉
161
100 12.2 2
𝑋𝐺1,𝑝𝑢 = 0.15 ( )( ) = 0.4463 𝑝𝑢
50 10
100 13.8 2
𝑋𝐺2,𝑝𝑢 = 0.15 ( )( ) = 1.1157 𝑝𝑢
20 11.31
100 12.2 2
𝑋𝑇1,𝑝𝑢 = 0.1 ( )( ) = 0.1860 𝑝𝑢
80 10
100 13.8 2
𝑋𝐺2,𝑝𝑢 = 0.1 ( )( ) = 0.3719 𝑝𝑢
40 11.31
𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 (132)2
𝑍𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = = 174.24 Ω
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 100
𝑍12 (40 + 𝑗160)
𝑍12,𝑝𝑢 = = = (0.2296 + 𝑗0.9183) 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 174.24
𝑍13 (20 + 𝑗80)
𝑍13,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍23,𝑝𝑢 = = = (0.1148 + 𝑗0.4591) 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 174.24
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.8) = 50∠36.87° 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (154)2
𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 474.32∠36.87° Ω
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ (50∠ − 36.87°)
𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (474.32∠36.87°)
𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 = = = (2.1778 + 𝑗1.6333) 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 174.24
10. Consider the simple power system network shown in Figure 6. The rating of each
component is given below. Choose the generator’s rating as the base value in the circuit
and draw the impedance diagram of the system.
G: 3 300 MVA 20 kV X = 0.2 pu
T1 : 3 350 MVA 20/230 kV X = 0.1 pu
T2 : 3x1 100 MVA 127/13.2 kV X = 0.2 pu
M1 : 3 200 MVA 13.2 kV X = 0.2 pu
M2 : 3 100 MVA 13.2 kV X = 0.1 pu
TL: Length = 64 km, series reactance = 0.5 /km
If both M1 and M2 motors need supply powers of 100 MW and 50 MW at 13.2 kV
and 0.8 PF lagging, find the voltage at the generator.

T1 T2 M1
TL
G
M2

Figure 6

Solution:
Common base: using the generator’s rating
𝑆𝐵 = 300 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑉 𝐵 = 20 𝑘𝑉 at the generator
𝑉𝐵1 = 20 𝑘𝑉
20
𝑉𝐵2 = 230 × = 230 𝑘𝑉
20
𝑉𝐵3 refer to 3ϕ transformer rating (change the single-phase rating to the 3Ø rating)
𝑆𝑇2 = 3 × 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
= 300 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑁 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜) 𝑇2 = √3 127 / 13.2 𝑘𝑉

= 220 / 13.2 𝑘𝑉
230
𝑉 𝐵3 = 13.2 ×
220
= 13.8 𝑘𝑉
 𝑆𝐵,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝐵,𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑍𝑝𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ( ) × ( )
𝑆𝐵,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝐵,𝑛𝑒𝑤

300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 20 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝐺1 = 0.2 [ ]× [ ]
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 20 𝑘𝑉
= 0.2 𝑝𝑢
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 230 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝑇1 = 0.1 [ ]× [ ]
350 𝑀𝑉𝐴 230 𝑘𝑉
= 0.0857 𝑝𝑢
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 220 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝑇2 = 0.1 [ ]× [ ]
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 230 𝑘𝑉
= 0.0915 𝑝𝑢
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 13.2 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝑀1 = 0.2 [ ]× [ ]
200 𝑀𝑉𝐴 13.8 𝑘𝑉
= 0.2745 𝑝𝑢
300 𝑀𝑉𝐴 13.2 𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝑀2 = 0.2 [ ]× [ ]
200 𝑀𝑉𝐴 13.8 𝑘𝑉
= 0.549 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑍 𝑝𝑢,𝑇𝐿 =
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
2
(𝑉𝐵,𝑇𝐿 )
𝑍 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑇𝐿 =
𝑆𝐵
(230 𝑘𝑉)2
= 300 𝑀𝑉𝐴

= 176.33 𝛺
64
𝑍 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙,𝑇𝐿 = 0.5 ×
1
= 32 𝛺
Thus,
32
𝑍𝑝𝑢,𝑇𝐿 =
176.33
= 0.1815 𝑝𝑢
𝑃 𝑀1 = 100 𝑀𝑊, cos 𝜃 = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃 𝑀2 = 50 𝑀𝑊, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆 𝑀1 = 100 𝑀𝑊  cos 𝜃
= 100 𝑀𝑊 cos −1 0.8
= 125 𝑀𝑉𝐴  36.87°
𝑉 𝑀 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 13.2 𝑘𝑉
13.2 𝑘𝑉
𝑉 𝑀 𝑝𝑢 =
13.8𝑘𝑉
= 0.9565 𝑝𝑢
125 𝑀  36.87°
𝑆 𝑀1 𝑝𝑢 =
300 𝑀
= 0.4167  36.87° 𝑝𝑢
62.5 𝑀  36.87°
𝑆 𝑀2 𝑝𝑢 =
300 𝑀
= 0.2083 𝑝𝑢
0.417  36.87° ∗
𝐼 𝑀1 =
0.956 0°
= 0.4356 − 36.87° 𝑝𝑢
0.208  36.87° ∗
𝐼 𝑀2 =
0.956  0°
= 0.2178  − 36.87° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉 𝑔,𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉 𝑀 + (𝐼 𝑀1 + 𝐼 𝑀2 ) 𝑥 ( 𝑗 0.0857 + 𝑗 0.1815 + 𝑗 0.0915)
= (0.956  0°) + [(0.4362  − 36.87° ) + (0.2176  − 36.87° )] 𝑥 ( 𝑗 0.3587)
= 1.0967 + 𝑗 0.1876
= 1.113  9.7° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉 𝑔,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = (1.1126  9.707°) × 20𝑘
= 22.26  9.7° 𝑘𝑉
11. The one line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in Figure 7. Select a
common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The
manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follow:
G: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 18%
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10%
T2 : 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 6%
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4%
T4 : 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 8%
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 18.5%
The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 PF lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1
and line 2 have reactances of 48.4 and 65.43  respectively. The motor operates at
full load 0.8 PF leading at terminal voltage of 10.45 kV.
(a) Determine the voltage at the generator bus bar (bus 1)

𝑉𝐵1 = 22 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑡 𝑇1
220
𝑉𝐵2 = 22 ( ) = 220 𝑘𝑉
22
𝑉𝐵3 = 220 𝑘𝑉
11
𝑉𝐵4 = 220 ( ) = 11𝑘𝑉
220
110
𝑉𝐵5 = 𝑉𝐵6 = 22 ( ) = 110 𝑘𝑉
22
100
𝑋𝐺,𝑝𝑢 = 0.18 ( ) = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
90
100
𝑋𝑇1,𝑝𝑢 = 0.1 ( ) = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
50
100
𝑋𝑇2,𝑝𝑢 = 0.06 ( ) = 0.15 𝑝𝑢
40
100
𝑋𝑇3,𝑝𝑢 = 0.064 ( ) = 0.16 𝑝𝑢
40
100
𝑋𝑇4,𝑝𝑢 = 0.08 ( ) = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
40
100 10.45 2
𝑋𝑀,𝑝𝑢 = 0.185 ( )( ) = 0.25 𝑝𝑢
66.5 11
2
220
𝑍𝐵2 = ( ) = 484 Ω
100
110 2
𝑍𝐵5 = ( ) = 121 Ω
100
48.4
𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒1,𝑝𝑢 = ( ) = 0.1 𝑝𝑢
484
65.43
𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒2,𝑝𝑢 = ( ) = 0.54 𝑝𝑢
121
10.452
𝑍𝐿 = = (1.1496 + 𝑗1.53267) Ω
57∠ − 53.13
 112
𝑍𝐵4 = = 1.21 Ω
100
1.1496 + 𝑗1.53267
𝑍𝐿,𝑝𝑢 = = (0.95 + 𝑗1.2667) 𝑝𝑢
1.21

𝑉𝑔 = (22𝑘)(0.2) = 4400 𝑉

10.45
𝑉𝑚 = = 0.95 pu
11
66.5
𝑆𝑚 = = 0.665∠ − 36.87° pu
100

0.665∠36.87°
𝐼𝑚 = = 0.56 + 𝑗0.42 pu
0.95

0.95
𝐼𝐿 = = 0.36 − 𝑗0.48 pu
0.95 + 𝑗1.2667
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝐿 = 0.92 − 𝑗0.06 pu
𝑋 = 0.45||0.9 = 0.3 pu
𝑉𝑔 = 0.95 + 𝑗0.3(0.92 − 𝑗0.06 ) = 1∠15.91° pu = 22∠15.91° kV
𝑉𝑔 = 0.95 + 𝑗0.3(0.92 − 𝑗0.06 + 𝑗0.2 ) = 1.08∠25.14° pu = 23.8∠25.14° kV
(b) Determine the generator and the motor internal emfs.

10.45𝑘
𝑉𝑚,𝑝𝑢 = = 0.47 𝑝𝑢
22𝑘
0.57∠ − 53.13°
𝐼𝑝𝑢 = = (1.21∠ − 53.13°) 𝑝𝑢
0.47
𝑉𝑔,𝑝𝑢 = 0.47 + (0.95 + 𝑗1.2667)( 1.21∠ − 53.13°) = (2.386𝑚∠0.66°) 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝐺𝐿𝐿 = (2.386)(22𝑘) = 52.492 𝑘𝑉
𝐸𝑔,𝑝𝑢 = 0.47 + (0.95 + 𝑗0.52)( 1.21∠ − 53.13°) = (1.75∠ − 18.05) 𝑝𝑢
𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐿 = (1.75)(22𝑘) = 38.5 𝑘𝑉
12. The three phase line ratings of the electric power system shown in Figure 8 are given as below.
G1 : 500 MVA 13.8 kV X = 20%

G2 : 750 MVA 18 kV X = 18%

T1 : 500 MVA 13.8/500 kV X = 12%

T2 : 750 MVA 18/500 kV X = 10%

T3 : 1000 MVA 500/20 kV X = 10%

Load : 1000 MVA 500/20 kV X = 10% 0.12+j0.36 

TL : X = 50 

T1 1 j50  2 j50  3 T3

G1
Load

j50 

T2

G2

Figure 8

(a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a 1000 MVA base
and 18 kV on the generator 2 side.

VB2 = 18kV
500
VB3 = 18 ( ) = 500kV
18
13.8
VB1 = 500 ( ) = 13.8kV
500
20
VB4 = 500 ( ) = 20kV
500
202
Z𝐵4 = ( ) = 0.4 Ω
1000

1000
G1 : X = 0.2 ( )= 0.4 pu
500
1000
G2 : X = 0.18 ( ) = 0.24 pu
750
 1000
T1 : X = 0.12 ( ) = 0.24 pu
500
1000
T2 : X = 0.1 ( ) = 0.13 pu
750
1000
T3 : X = 0.1 ( ) = 0.1 pu
1000
0.12 + j0.36
L: X = = 0.3 + j0.9 pu
0.4
5002
ZLine = ( ) = 250 Ω
1000
50
Line: X = ( ) = 0.2 pu
250

0.3+j0.9

(b) The terminal voltage of the load is 19 kV. Determine the load current in per unit and
Ampere.

V 19
Vpu = = = 0.95 pu
VB 20
𝑆𝐵 1000M
IB = = = 28.9kA
√3VB √3 × 20k
𝑉𝑝𝑢 0.95
Iload,pu = = = (1 − 71.56˚) pu
Zpu 0.3 + j0.9
Iload,actual = 𝐼𝑝𝑢 × 𝐼𝐵 = (1 − 71.56˚) × 28.9k = 28.9 kA.