BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI - KK BIRLA

GOA CAMPUS
FIRST SEMESTER 2018-2019

Ordinary Differential Equations

Tutorial-2

1. If the function f (t, y) is continuous for all t ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, show that φ(t) is a solution of

y 00 + k 2 y = f (t, y), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1

where k > 0 for t ≥ 0 if and only if φ(t) is a solution of the integral equation
t
sin k(t − s)
Z
sin kt
y(t) = + f (s, y(s))ds, t ≥ 0.
k 0 k

2. Consider the initial value problem

y 0 = t2 y + y 2 , y(0) = 1 on R : |t| ≤ 2, |y − 1| ≤ 2.

Show that f (t, y) = t2 y +y 2 satisfies the Lipschitz condition on R and find the appropriate
Lipschitz constant. Also, find the maximum value of f on R. Use Picard’s method to
find first three approximations to the solution of the above IVP.

3. Apply Picard’s method to the following IVP

y 0 = 4t + 2ty, y(0) = 1

and show that the successive approximations tend to the exact solution.

4. Use the method of successive approximations to solve the following integral equation
Z t
y(t) = 1 + (t − s)y(s)ds, y0 (t) = 1.
0

5. Consider the initial value problem

y 0 = 3y 2/3 , y(x0 ) = y0 .

Discuss and sketch (use Mathematica) the solutions.

 6. Show that a unique solution exists for each of the following initial value problems

1 1
(i) y 0 = t2 + y 2 , y(0) = 0 on t ≤ √ , (ii) y 0 = 1 + y 2 , y(0) = 0 on t ≤ .
2 2

7. Discuss the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the following IVPs:

2
(i) y 0 = y, y(t0 ) = y0 , t0 6= 0, (ii) y 0 = cot(t)y, y(1) = 0, (ii) y 0 = 4y 3/4 , y(0) = 0.
t

8. Let f (t) be a continuous function and g(t) a nonzero nonnegative continuous function on
the interval t0 ≤ t ≤ t0 + a. If a continuous function y(t) has the property
Z t
y(t) ≤ f (t) + y(s)g(s)ds, for t ∈ [t0 , t0 + a].
t0

Then show that

Z t Z t 
y(t) ≤ f (t) + f (s)g(s) exp g(τ )dτ ds, for t ∈ [t0 , t0 + a].
t0 s

9. Find the general solution of t2 y 0 + 2ty = 2. Then show that both the initial conditions
y(1) = 1 and y(−1) = −3 result in an identical particular solution. Does this fact violate
the Existence and Uniqueness Theorem?

10. For the following initial value problems find the largest interval |t| ≤ h on which Theorem
guarantees the existence of a unique solution. Also, in each case find the unique solution
and show that it actually exists over a larger interval than that guaranteed by the theorem.

dy dy
(i) = 1 + y 2 , y(0) = 0, (ii) = e2y , y(0) = 0.
dt dt

11. Find the maximal interval of existence of the solution of the following initial value prob-
lems.

dy e−t dy dy y
(i) = , y(0) = −1, (ii) = cos ty 2 , y(0) = 2, (iii) + = t2 , y(0) = 2.
dt 2y + 3 dt dt t − 1

∗ ∗ THE END ∗ ∗