LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 1

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 2

 VOL.13 ISSUE 4 AUGUST 2019

Editor : B. SHIV SHANKAR

Associate Editor : B. KALYAN KUMAR
TECHNICAL EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. P.K. Shukla, Jt.Commissioner Poultry, G.O.I., New Delhi.
Dr. V. RAMA SUBBA REDDY, Retd. Professor, Agrl. Uni. Hyd.
Dr. D. NAGALAKSHMI, Asst. Professor, S.V.V.U. Hyderabad.
Dr. S.T. VIROJI RAO, Sr. Scientist, AGB, S.V.V.U. Hyderabad.
Dr. M. KISHAN KUMAR, Sr. Scientist, S.V.V.U. Hyderabad.
Dr. M. KOTESWARA RAO, Vet. Asst. Surgeon, RAHTC, KMNR.
Dr. P.K. SINGH, Asst. Prof. (A.N.), Bihar Vet. College Patna.
Dr. S. NANDI, Sr. Scientist, CADRAD, IVRI, Izatnagar, U.P.
Dr. INDRANIL SAMANTA, Lecturer (Micro), WBUAFS, Kolkata.
Dr. M. KAWATRA, Sr. Manager-Bayer Animal Health, Thane (W), Mumbai.
Dr. DEVENDRA S VERMA, Tech. Mgr, Biomin Singapore B'lore.
Dr. R.K.S. BAIS, Sr. Scientist, CARI, Izatnagar, Bareilly.
Dr. VIJAY KUMAR M, Asst. Prof., Vet. College Bidar.
Dr. MD MOIN ANSARI, Asst. Prof., SKUAST, Srinagar, J&K.
Dr. AZMAT ALAM KHAN, Asst. Prof., SKUAST, Srinagar, J&K.
Dr. S K MUKHOPADHAYAY, Asst. Prof., (Vety Pathology) WBUAFS, Kolkata.
Dr. SUBHA GANGULY, Scientist, AICRP-PHT, Kolkata Centre.
Dr. AIJAZ AHMED DAR, Ph.D. Scholar, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly.
Dr. SARADA PRASANNA SAHOO, Ph.D. Scholar, IVRI, Izatnagar.
Shrikant Katole MVSc, Ph.D.(Ani Nut) Asst. Prof Anand Agricultural University
DR RAKESH ROY, Ph.D, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong,W.B.
INDEX OF ADVERTISEMENTS
1. Alltech Biotechnology Pvt. Ltd. Title Cover II
2. Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 21
3. Anand Animal Health Pvt. Ltd. 24
4. B.V.Bio Corp Pvt. Ltd. Title Cover I
CONTENTS
1. Diagnostic Enzymology – In Domestic Animals
- Kennady Vijayalakshmy ....................................... 4-5
2. Cryo-preservation of embryos
- Kennady Vijayalakshmy ........................................ 6-7
3. Applications of various ......resources in livestock
- Shweta Sachan .................................................. 8-14
4. Bovine actinomycosis ......Disease in Livestock
- Madhu Mishra ................................................... 15-16
5. Cat-Scratch Disease: A Bacterial .....Health effects
- Dr. Rizwan Khan ............................................... 17-20
6. Vaccines and Vaccination failure
- S. Tamilarasu .................................................... 25-27
7. Don’t Cut Corners on Cow Diets
- Raylene Nickel .................................................. 28-29
8. Inherited genetic disorders in Rabbits
- M.Jeyakumar ..................................................... 30-33
9. Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Concept
- Rajendra Yadav ................................................ 34-37
10. Ruminant Abortion ....to Fight Disease .................. 38-39
11. Press Release .......................................... 22-23, 40-42

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 Diagnostic Enzymology – In Domestic Animals
Kennady Vijayalakshmy1,* and Meenakshi Virmani2
1,*
Research Scholar, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Assistant Endocrinologist, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal
2
Sciences. *Corresponding Author e-Mail: drviji.vet6115@yahoo.com
U
Clinical enzymology is the discipline that studies
and tests enzyme activity in serum, plasma, urine
or other body fluids for the purpose of helping to
establish the diagnosis and prognosis of disease
and to screen for abnormal organ function. There
are various factors that affects the serum enzyme
activity like organ specificity, subcellular location of
enzyme, mechanism of enzyme release,
clearance from blood, rate of induction of enzyme
synthesis. The clinical analysis of certainenzymes
will be highly helpful for differential diagnoses of
various clinical conditions.
Alanine aminotransferase
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), formerly known as
glutamic pyruvate transaminase, catalyzes the
reversible transamination of L-alanine and 2-
oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. ALT
activity is found in several body organs, but the
magnitude of activity varies dramatically with the
species. In dogs, the ALT activity per gram of liver
is four times greater than in other organs. In horses,
cattle and swine, the ALT activity per gram of tissue
differs little in liver when compared to muscle.
ALT,which is found in cytoplasm of hepatocytes is
also found in mitochondria but generally at lower
concentration.Half-life of ALT in blood is not clearly
defined.
Aspartate aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) formerly known
as glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase catalyzes
the transamination of L-aspartate and 2-
oxaloglutarate to oxaloacetate and glutamate. AST
activity is relatively high and in similar amounts in
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liver and in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but it varies
between species. AST is located in the cytosol but
is in higher concentrationin mitochondria. Half-life
of AST is 7-8 days in horses and 163 min in dogs.
An increase in serum AST activity is observed with
both reversible and irreversible injury to
hepatocytes and can be seen following
hepatocellular injury and cholestasis. Because
serum AST activity cannot differentiate between
hepatocellular or myocyte injury, further testing is
often required using organ specific enzymes such
as sorbitol dehydrogenase or creatinekinase.
Sorbitoldehydrogenase
Sorbitol dehydrogenase is a cytosolic enzyme and
also known as iditol dehydrogenase. The highest
activity of SDH activity is in liver followed by kidney.
It’s a liver specific enzyme in almost all species.
Half-life of SDH in cat is 3-4hrs and 5hrs in dogs.
SDH analysis is essential in dogs in two important
conditions that includes(i) in dogs with traumatic
muscle injury, where there is increased serum ALT
and CK activity, determination of SDH activity will
quickly rule out whether there is concurrent hepatic
injury and(ii) SDH activity determination in dogs in
conjunction with ALT activity to determine whether
there is persistent hepatocellular injury.Serum SDH
activity is of greater value than serum AST activity
in large animals because of its increased specificity
for hepatocellular injury.
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial
enzyme and it catalyzes the removal of hydrogen
from L-glutamate to form the corresponding
ketamine acid that then undergoes spontaneous
4
 hydrolysis to 2-osoglutarate. Liver has the highest
concentrationof GDH activity. In all species,
increase in serum GDH activity are considered liver
specific. Because GDH is a mitochondrial enzyme,
it is released only with the irreversible cell injury.
Gamma glutamyl transferase
Gamma glutamyl transferase functions in the
gamma glutamyl cycle where it catalyzes the
transfer of gamma glutamyl groups from gamma
glutamyl peptidesto other peptides,amino acid and
water. GGT is found in highest concentrationin
kidney, pancreas, intestine and mammary glands
of dogs, cattle, goat and sheep but at much lower
concentration in mammary gland of horses. Liver
has lower concentration of GGT as compared to
kidney but varies between species with highest liver
GGT concentration in cattle, horses, sheep and
goat. GGT is a membrane bound enzyme and most
of the serum GGT activity is contributed by liver as
compared to kidney and pancreas.
Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase, which is a membrane bound
enzyme hydrolyzes the monophosphates or
pyrophosphates at alkaline pH as well as
physiological pH and it plays a role in bone
mineralization by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate,
which is a potent inhibitor of mineralization. Cells
of liver, bone, kidney, intestinal mucosa and
placenta have greatest ALP activity. An increase in
serum activity of ALP is mainly contributed by liver
whereas intestinal ALP(IALP) is not found in blood.
Lipase
Lipasehydrolyzes the triglycerides to
monoglycerides. It is of interest in the diagnosis of
pancreatic disease. Half-life of lipase in dogs is 1-
3hrs. Activity assays for serum lipase is used
classically for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis
in dogs.
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
Amylase
Amylase cleaves the alpha-D-(1-4) glycan linkage
of starch and glycogen. It is found in higher
concentration in the pancreas of cat and dogs. Half-
life of serum amylase in normal dogs is 1-5hrs.
Serum amylase is routinely used as a screening
test for acute pancreatitis
Trypsin and trypsinogen
Trypsin is a serine proteinase enzyme produced
by the pancreas in the form of proenzyme
trypsinogen. Pancreas secrete trypsinogen into the
intestine where it is converted by enterokinase to
trypsin. Species specific immunoassays for trypsin
activity are referred as trypsin like immunoreactivity
(TLI). These immunoassays detect both trypsin
and trypsinogen. Trypsin like immunoreactivity has
been most useful in the detection of canine
exocrinepancreatic insufficiency(EPI).
Creatine Kinase
Creatine Kinaseis mainly a cytoplasmic enzyme
that catalyzes the exchange of phosphate moiety
between creatine phosphate and ATP. In myocardial
and skeletal muscles, CK allows energy storage
as creatine phosphate when demand is low. But
when energy is needed for muscle contraction, CK
catalyzes the transfer of high-energy phosphate
from creatine phosphate to ADP to form ATP. CK
activity is in the greatest concentration in skeletal
muscle followed by heart, diaphragm and smooth
muscle and then brain.There are two distinct
subunits of CK, referred to as the M(muscle) and
B(brain) subunits. These combine randomly to form
three isoenzymes of CK: CK-MM, CK-BB, CK-MB.
Half-life of CK is 2-3hrs in dogs. In domestic
species, CK activity is mainly used as a marker of
skeletal muscle injury associated with trauma,
5
 Cryo-preservation of embryos
Kennady Vijayalakshmy1,* and Meenakshi Virmani2
1,*
Research Scholar, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
2
Assistant Endocrinologist, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences *Corresponding Author e-Mail: drviji.vet6115@yahoo.com
U
1. Evaluating Suitability of Embryos for
Cryopreservation
a. Embryos harvested from donor females should
be placed into an isotonic embryo holding medium
for 10 minutes prior to evaluation. Be certain to keep
embryos from each donor female separate to
enable identification of parentage.
b. Separate groups consisting of unfertilized ova,
degenerate embryos, or transferable quality
embryos. Only quality grade 1 or 2 embryos at the
compact morula through expanded blastocyst
stages of development are suitable for cryopreser-
vation, and all others should bediscarded.
c. Inspect that the zona pellucida of these embryos
is intact and that there is no material (e.g., cells,
mucus) adhering to the zona pellucida. Any embryo
with a cracked or missing zona pellucida or with a
zona pellucida having adherent material should be
discarded
2. Washing Embryos to Reduce Disease
Transmission
a. Move embryos in a minimal volume of isotonic
medium into the first well of embryo washing
medium (e.g., phosphate buffered saline
augmented with antibiotics and bovine serum
albumin, newborn calf serum, or polyvinyl alcohol).
Do not attempt to wash more than 10 embryos at
one time. Be certain to use sterile embryo handling
tips that are changed between each successive
wash. Do four more serial washes.
b. If transmission of viral diseases is of concern,
wash embryos two times in a 0.25% trypsin
solution, for a total combined exposure time to
trypsin of no more than 90 seconds. After the two
trypsin washes, wash embryos five times more in
embryo washing medium as described above in
(a).
c. After the final embryo wash, place embryos into
isotonic embryo holding medium.
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3. Dehydrating Embryos Prior to
Cryopreservation
a. Embryos should be transferred in a minimal
volume of isotonic embryo holding medium into a
hypertonic solution (1.4-1.5 Molar concentration) of
a cryoprotective agent (CPA) such as ethylene
glycol or glycerol.
b. Allow embryos to sit in freezing medium
(hypertonic CPA solution) until they reach osmotic
equilibrium. Because ethylene glycol permeates
embryonic cells morerapidly than does glycerol,
equilibration times aretypically less for embryos in
ethylene glycol (5 min) than in glycerol (10 min).
Part of this equilibration time may be achieved
during and after embryos are loaded into straws
(described in next step).
4. Loading Embryos into a 0.25 ml Straw for
Cryopreservation
a. Attach the cotton plug end of a 0.25 ml plastic
straw (11.5 cm length) to an embryo loading device,
and aspirate appx. 1.3 cm of hypertonic CPA sol.
into a properly labeled straw.
b. Remove the straw from the CPA solution and
aspirate approx. 0.15 cm of air to create a tiny air
bubble within the straw.
c. Aspirate a single embryo in approximately 0.8
cm of hypertonic CPA solution into the straw.
d. Remove the straw from the CPA solution and
aspirate approximately 0.15 cm of air to create a
second tiny air bubble within the straw (air bubbles
serve to physically isolate the embryo within the
straw).
e. Aspirate approx. 9.1 cm of CPA solution to
completely fill the straw, being certain to moisten
the polyvinylchloride (PVC) powder that exists
within the cotton plug end of the straw to seal that
end of the straw.
f. Seal the other end of the straw with PVC powder,
plastic straw sealing plugs, or a heat sealer.
6
 5. Placing Embryos into a Controlled Rate
Embryo Freezing Machine
a. Either methanol bath or liquid nitrogen vapor
freezing machines may be programmed for
cryopreservation of pre-implantation embryos.
b. Load the straws containing the embryos into a
freezing machine whose temperature has been
cooled from ambient temperature to -6°C. Load
straws cotton plug end up (unless plastic straw
sealing plugs or straw adapters are being used, in
which case cotton plug end is placed down).
c. Allow embryos to sit at this temperature for at
least 2 minutes before proceeding.
6. Seeding
a. Once embryos have cooled to -6°C, use a pair
of tongs super-cooled in liquid nitrogen (or a cotton-
tipped stick immersed in liquid nitrogen) to induce
ice crystal formation in the CPA solution inside the
straw by touching the tongs (or cotton tipped
stick) to the column of solution either above or below
the embryo.
b. The water in the CPA solution will crystallize in
the region exposed to liquid nitrogen, and ice
crystals will spread to the column of CPA solution
immediately surrounding the embryo.
c. Hold embryos at seeding temperature for 10
minutes before further cooling.
7. Continuing Dehydration of Embryos
a. Cool embryos at a rate of 0.5°C/min down to a
temperature of -34°C. This cooling rate is important
to ensure continued dehydration of the embryo.
b. Hold embryos at -34°C for 10 minutes before
plunging embryos into liquid nitrogen (-196°C).
c. Place cryo-preserved embryos into an
appropriately labeled goblet (filled with liquid
nitrogen) attached to an appropriately labeled
cane and place the cane into a canister of a liquid
nitrogen container for short- or long-term storage.
8. Thawing Cryo-preserved Embryos
a. Pull the canister to the neck of the liquid nitrogen
container, so that the canister remains below the
frost line in the container.
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
b. Locate the cane, and quickly and carefully
remove the straw from the goblet, being certain not
to warm other straws in the goblet.
c. Hold the straw in air for 3-5 seconds (to reduce
the incidence of a cracked zona pellucida), and then
submerge into a 37°C water bath for an additional
25-30 seconds.
d. Remove the straw from the water bath, wipe the
straw, snip off the non-cotton plug end of the straw.
Load the straw into an embryo transfer device and
transfer as quickly as possible to a synchronous
embryo recipient.
9. Representative Results
A variety of factors may influence the pregnancy
and live birth rates resulting from the transfer of
frozen-thawed pre-implantation embryos to
synchronous recipient females.
1. Embryos at developmental stages less
advanced than compact morula or more advanced
than expanded blastocyst often do not survive the
cryopreservation process.
2. Embryos of quality grade 1 and 2 yield higher
post-thaw pregnancy rates than do quality
grade 3 embryos.
3. Embryos mishandled during the embryo freezing
or embryo thawing procedures are likely to exhibit
reduced pregnancy rates.
4. Embryos transferred to recipient females whose
estrous cycles are not synchronized with that of
the donor female typically produce lower pregnancy
rates.
5. Embryos produced in vitro or manipulated in
some manner (e.g., biopsied or bisected) usually
yield lower pregnancy rates.
6. Under optimal conditions, pregnancy rates
obtained after transfer of frozen-thawed in vivo
derived embryos is typically 60-70% in cattle, 65-
75% in sheep, and 60-70% in goats.
7. Similarly, pregnancy rates obtained after transfer
of frozen-thawed in vitro produced embryos is
typically 40-50% in cattle, 25-35% in sheep, and
30-40% in goats.
7
 Applications of various approaches for
conservation of genetic resources in livestock
Shweta Sachan* and Pushpendra Kumar
Animal Genetics and Breeding Division
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author: shwetagb24@gmail.com
U
Introduction
The indigenous livestock genetic resource
represents a unique resource to respond to the
present and future needs of livestock production.
The “World Watch List for Domestic Animal
Diversity” report of FAO documents more than 8800
breeds of livestock belonging to 38 domestic
species. Among the domesticated populations, it
is estimated that 1 to 2 breeds are lost every week
and the impact of these losses on global or local
diversity remains undocumented. As FAO states
because of a lack of comprehensive information
on population fragmentations or substructures and
geographical distributions, many animal
populations in the developing regions of the world
are commonly referred to as “non-descript” or
“traditional”.
Table 1. Current scenario of animal genetic
resources (AnGR) in India
There are many causes for genetic erosion or loss
of animal genetic resources like use of exotic
germplasm by crossbreeding, changes in
production systems by geographical
reorganization, purpose based farming system,
changes in producer preference because of
socioeconomic factors and natural discalamities
like drought, famine, disease epidemics etc. So
there is need for immediate action for systematic
conservation, genetic enhancement and
sustainable utilization of indigenous breeds.
Conservation of AnGR is generally defined as
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management of biosphere for the benefit of
mankind of present generation while maintaining
its potential to meet the future needs. Thus
conservation refers to all human activities including
strategies, plans, policies and actions undertaken
to ensure that the diversity of animal genetic
resources being maintained to contribute to food
and agricultural production and productivity, or to
maintain other values of these resources
(ecological, cultural) now and in the future.
The most critical process in conservation is to
identify breed at risk. The extent of the risk of a
population can be expressed in terms of the rate of
inbreeding (ÄF) in the population. The rate of
inbreeding is a measure of the expected changes
in gene frequencies in the population due to genetic
drift. The rate of inbreeding is often inferred from
the effective population size (Ne). If effective
population size increases ÄF decreases, or the
effective population size and the rate of inbreeding
are inversely related, Ne = 1/ (2 ÄF). In livestock
breeds/ populations this assumption is rarely
applicable because some individuals contribute
unequal numbers of progeny to the next generation.
When Ne is small (below 100) the rate of loss of
genetic diversity increases dramatically.
Classification of breeds at risk
1. Threatened
A term used to describe an animal genetic resource
population which is subject to some force of
change, affecting the likelihood of it continuing
indefinitely, either to exist, or to retain sufficient
numbers to preserve the genetic characteristics
which distinguish it from other populations.
Threatened is a generic term embracing more
precise descriptions such as Endangered or
Vulnerable.
8
 2. Extinct Table 2. Classification of breeds at risk as per NBAGR
A breed is categorized as
extinct if: It is no longer possible
to recreate the breed
population. This situation
becomes absolute when there
are no breeding males or
breeding females remaining.
3. Critical
A breed is categorized as
critical if: The total number of
breeding females is less than or equal to 100 or
Threatened species of domestic animal in India
the total number of breeding males is less than or
Cattle and buffalo
equal to five; or the overall population size is less
than or equal to 120. India has rich and diverse genetic resources with
41 well defined breeds of cattle reported by
4. Endangered
NBAGR. The cattle and buffalo genetic resources
A breed is categorized as endangered if the total with vast population of 190.9 million and comprising
number of breeding females is greater than 100 large population of exotic/crossbred, indigenous
and less than or equal to 1000 or the total number and non-descript cattle are widely distributed in
of breeding males is less than or equal to 20 and diverse agro-ecological regions of the country (19th
greater than five. livestock census, 2012). 75% of the cattle are
5. Vulnerable referred to as nondescript and are generally named
When the population is rapidly declining numerically after the region they come from. Buffaloes are
or its security is under threat. indigenous animals having thirteen breeds besides
non-descript in the country these 13 breeds are
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
recognized by NBAGR. India ranked 1st position in
the United Nations’s Global Databank for Animal
buffalo with a population size of 108.7 million (19th
Genetic Resources predicts the status of breeds
livestock census, 2012).
with help of Domestic Animal Diversity Information
Table 3. Current population of endangered
Systems (DAD-IS) Web. The Indian Council of
Indian cattle and buffalo breeds
Agricultural Research (ICAR), India has established
a National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
(NBAGR) at Karnal to take up description,
evaluation and conservation of the livestock genetic
resources and suggest strategies for their long
term conservation. Efforts are being made at
NBAGR to determine the latest status by compiling
information on characteristics of indigenous breeds
of livestock through surveys on native tracts. The
population size in thousands for consideration of
endangered status of a breed under Indian
conditions for different species have been
suggested as under by NBAGR.

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 9

 Goat
India is a rich repository of goat genetic resources
having 28 well-recognized goat breeds and ranking
1st in the world. These breeds have evolved with
respect to different geographical and climatic
situation. As per 19th Livestock census, India
possesses 135.04 millions of Indigenous Goats
including Non-descript breeds. Many attempts have
been made to characterize and register the breeds
of goats in different regions of India still 61% of goat
population categorized as non-descript although
they have certain unique characters.
Table 4. Current population of Indian
endangered goat breed
Sheep
The sheep population in India is estimated to be
about 65.07 million and ranking second in the world
(BAHS, 2017). Indian sheep are of two types 1)
Exotic/Crossbred and 2) indigenous sheep
including non-descript breeds. According to the
FAO World Watch List, there are 60 breeds of
sheep in India. Whereas NBAGR documented a
total number of 42 indigenous sheep breeds in
India. These defined breeds cover 55.5% of the total
sheep population in India.
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Table 5. Current population of Indian
endangered sheep breed
Methods of conservation
Three major strategies should normally be followed
in conservation of farm animal genetic resources.
The first involves conservation of living population,
i.e. in situ conservation as well as ex situ in vivo.
The second encompasses conservation of living
ova, embryo, semen, somatic cell or other animal
tissue, DNA etc. stored cryogenically in liquid
nitrogen. However, there is no single method of
conservation/preservation which is optimal for all
situations.
1. In situ conservation
The in situ conservation involves the maintenance
of live populations of animals in their adaptive
environment, and animal populations continue to
evolve and develop for more sustainable use. The
active in situ conservation is equivalent to breed
development by conducting well designed animal
breeding programmes, while the passive in situ
conservation is concerned with the maintenance
10
 of live animal populations of breeds at risk of loss
within their agro-environment. Therefore, a well laid-
out national action plan has to be prepared not only
to preserve the live animals within their native
environment but also to make them self sustainable
under the given agro-ecosystem. In situ or live
animal conservation has several advantages as the
breeds can gradually adapt to changing
environmental conditions besides improvement by
selective breeding may be approached through
genetic improvement and sustainable
management, institutional flocks, farmer’s flocks,
pastoralists flocks, and through stack-holder’s
involvement. Improvement of the breed through
selection and breeding can help in making it self-
sustainable. There are a number of
biotechnological tools (MOET and embryo transfer
technology), which can help in development of a
highly productive population of animal genetic
resources, capable of sustaining the economic
pressures. The rules for replacement are given
below:
i. Every breeding animal must be replaced by his/
her progeny.
ii. The percentage of the known or visible
characteristics must be kept approximately
around the foundation frequency.
iii. Possibly the immunogenetics characteristics
and DNA levels polymorphism data should also
be taken into consideration to the extent
possible.
iv. The generation interval must be kept as long
as possible according to the breed or species.
v. The number of males in consecutive years must
be as many as possible.
In situ conservation model for institutional
herds
In India, a large network of infrastructural and
facilities exists in Research Institutes/Universities/
Central and State Animal Breeding Farms and
Artificial Insemination (AI) centers. They have
population of some important indigenous breeds.
However, until recently their main emphasis was
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
only on improvement of productivity by
crossbreeding. There are some pure breeding
herds also; however, the population size is too small
to carry out effective selection for improvement.
These institutional herds need to be strengthened
both in terms of superior germplasm as well as
modern tools and techniques.
Fig 1. In situ conservation model involving
institutional herds
In situ conservation model for Gaushalas
The Gaushalas of India are institutional self-
contained cow shelters with their own land and
housing facilities. There are currently more than
4000 Gaushalas across India. Most of these
primarily cater to the needs of non-lactating, weak,
unproductive and stray cattle, but it is estimated
that more than a quarter of Gaushalas have the
potential to be used for in vivo conservation. Many
Gaushalas in India maintain pure-bred animals of
different locally adapted breeds, often in greater
concentrations than can be found in surrounding
herds belonging to local livestock keepers. A few
progressive Gaushalas are repositories of well-
described locally adapted cattle breeds, and
produce quality males. They thereby contribute
directly to the conservation and improvement of
these breeds. However, they do not have sufficient
resources and technical support to conserve and
improve the breeds in the most effective manner.
The following actions could allow these progressive
Gaushalas to be utilized more effectively for in vivo
conservation:
11
 i. Identify Gaushalas with a large number of pure- In situ conservation model involving farmer’s
bred animals belonging to breeds at risk. flocks
ii. Support the development of the infrastructure Involvement of the farmers who have been keeping
needed to transform these Gaushalas from a particular breed for years may be desirable. The
rehabilitation centers into genetic resource most important case against preservation is the
centers. cost and the modern society may be reluctant to
fund project like conservation from which little
iii. Within each Gaushala, group the pure-bred and
economic or financial return can be expected in
non-pure-bred animals and house them
near future. Under Indian farming system a number
separately – choose the pure-bred animals
of indigenous breeds are to stay in for long run due
selectively if population sizes permit. to zero input requirement and disease resistance
iv. Implement identification, performance etc. Progressive farmers need to be identified and
recording and breeding programmes to improve encouraged to conserve these breeds and
the pure-bred stock through selective breeding. compensate them for the low returns, as a national
v. Distribute excess pure-bred stock to the local obligation for maintenance of animal biodiversity.
community, targeting livestock keepers that are
willing to continue pure-breeding the animals.
vi. An agreement should be made with the
participating Gaushalas not to resort to cross-
breeding or other such practices that may dilute
the genetic purity of the breed. In return, the
Gaushalas could be provided with scientific and
technical support and, if necessary, with
financial assistance.
vii. The Gaushalas should be encouraged and
supported in identifying unique and value-added
products that can help to increase their
economic value of the breeds they keep.

Fig 3. In situ conservation model involving

farmers
In India, animals are raised by farmers and no data
recording system is followed in field. Therefore,
proper evaluation of indigenous animals for further
improvement is not feasible at present. It may be
very important to form the Breed Societies in India
for the conservation of indigenous breeds.
Fig 2. In situ conservation model involving Moreover, the improvement of animal breeds
Gaushalas through selection of outstanding animals true to

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 12

 their breed types from the larger population
maintained in the breeding tract can be
simultaneously taken up in collaboration with these
Breed Societies. Dairy co-operative network in India
has greatly helped in making large number of
animals for initiating breed improvement
programmes in cattle and buffaloes for milk,
besides marketing their products at reasonable
costs.
2. Ex situ conservation
Ex situ conservation involves conservation of
genetic material out of the environment in which it
developed. There are various ex situ approaches
of conservation of genetic resources.
i. In vivo methods
Ex situ conservation of live animals in the form of
organized herd maintained in a research institution,
state owned animal farm, zoo and breed safari
comprises in vivo conservation. Keeping of large
flock, especially of relatively less productive breeds
is not feasible on economic grounds. In small
populations, animals suffer from inbreeding and
appearance of deleterious genetic defects. In such
cases, it is very important to maintain the breeding
population in such a manner that the inbreeding
rate is kept at minimal level and production
performance can be improved over the years to
make the breed self sustaining. The effective
population size of breeding females and males
either through natural mating or through AI can be
maintained either under scientifically managed
farms of organized sector or with the farmers in
their native breeding tract or under breed safari or
parks. The biggest limitation of conservation of
breeds outside their home-tract is the population
size avoiding the ill effects due to inbreeding. The
effective population size is very important
consideration and depends upon the ratio of male
and females under different systems of selection.
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
ii. In vitro methods
Cryo-conservation of wide variety of living cells or
tissues for long periods of time viz., sperms,
oocytes, embryos and DNA etc. comprises in vitro
ex situ conservation. The basic objectives of in vitro
conservation are regeneration of endangered
breed, new breed development, supporting the in
vivo populations and research for determining the
effect of single major gene, DNA studies and
genome mapping.
1. The semen should be stored in frozen
conditions at least in two locations to avoid any
risk. It has been documented in several studies
that many animal oocytes can be stored and
fertilized in vitro after thawing as usual.
2. Embryos which are an excellent tool of
conservation as all the genetic information is
stored in one diploid zygote, which can give,
rise to a new progeny. Embryos are usually
frozen between 30 and 120-cell stage in 0.25
ml straws. These straws can be stored at -
198°C for long term storage and can be
implanted successfully in the recipients. With
limited resources in terms of facilities and
trained manpower at some places this
technique can be utilized for the ex situ
conservation of only endangered breeds of
animal.
3. Currently cloning has created revolutionary
opportunities in both animal breeding and
research by development of procedure for
nuclear transfer in animal, where unlimited
number of cloned animals is bred by nuclear
transfer, using somatic cells cultured in vitro.
This technology shall hold for conservation of
available genetic diversity of threatened genetic
resources. Cloning can be used to produce
identical copies of elite stud males or females,
more rapidly than conventional breeding.
13
 4. A new method of preservation now emerging is
the preservation of sequences of catalogued
DNA in perpetuity. Storage of DNA for
conservation of breeds though has the
advantage of disease free transportation across
the countries, but it too has problems, which
are preventing it from becoming the normal
method of preservation. One is the fact that
genome maps are not yet available to identify
which sequences of DNA are responsible for
specific traits in the live animal. The second is
that the use of stored DNA to recreate an animal
with specific traits is not yet possible as DNA
reinsertion techniques with animal cells still
produce random results.
5. A few new methods of conservation now
emerging include establishment of embryonic
stem cell lines and conservation of somatic
cells. These techniques will offer an alternative
approach to the preservation of genetic variation
of endangered breeds in developing countries.
The other important aspects of conservation of
animal genetic resources involve
establishment/strengthening of National Animal
Data Bank, National Gene Bank, National Animal
Conservation Board and Global Data Bank.
Conclusions and recommendations
Precise and reliable estimates of different genetic
components of variability of important economic
traits of indigenous breeds of livestock should be
obtained. This would be needed for evolving
appropriate breeding plans for their improvement.
A more reliable and objective assess-ment of
performance of indigenous breeds with special
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
emphasis on diseases resist-ance and adaptability
to harsh environments is essential. Properly
designed selection experiments should be carried
out for important indigenous breeds which are not
involved in genetic improvement experiments
through crossbreeding. Since sizeable populations
of different crossbreds are available around a
number of milk shed areas, such populations
should be utilized for performance recording and
progeny testing of crossbred sires, in order to take
full advantage of crossbreeding, progeny tested
half bred bulls should be used for the development
of new breeds/strains adapted to the given
environment. The present evaluation of different
breeds and breed crosses is being done only under
intensive management system. Such evaluation
should be done under intensive, medium and low
input so that the most efficient genotypes for each
of these management levels could be identified. A
number of native breeds may be, in danger of
genetic dilution through indiscriminate
crossbreeding with exotic breeds. Such native
breeds should be identified, so that they can be
evaluated before this process leads to their
essential loss.
References
19th Livestock Census. 2012. Ministry of Agriculture
Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries, New Delhi, Government of India.
BAHS. 2017. Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics,
Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India.
14
 Bovine actinomycosis / Lumpy jaw Disease in Livestock
Madhu Mishra1 and Deepak Upadhyay2
1
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Govt. of M.P., 2 Scientist, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi
Authors email: vetmadhu03@gmail.com
U
Introduction: Actinomycosis is chronic, • After a week or two, infection gets settle in
progressive, pyogranulomatous rarefying bone, enlargement becomes more hard,
osteomyelitis of the maxillae, mandible, or any other painful and soft tissue oedemabecomes
bony tissues of head. The mass will be slow in less apparent.
growth, firm in consistency, painless and attached
• Untreated cases results to
to the mandible. The alveoli of the roots of the cheek pyogranulomatous infection of bone and
teeth are involved and results to loose teeth which associated soft tissues, which ultimately
makes chewing difficult and painful. Painful develop to granulomas.
chewingresults to evidentweight loss.Ulceration
• Draining tracts forms through the skin or
occurs with or without tracts draining purulent
into the oral cavity. These tracts discharge
material. These organisms are part of normal flora
copious quantities of serous or
of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, they enter
mucopurulent pus that can be source of
inside tissues following trauma to mucosa through
infection to other animals.
abrasions and penetrating wounds may be from
wire, sharp branches, coarse hay or sticks. Bacteria
may also invade tissue through dental alveoli during
tooth eruption.
Causative agent: Actinomyces bovis is
responsible for actinomycosis/lumpy jaw, which is
a gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile,
non-acid fast, facultative anaerobic pleomorphic
coccobacillary bacterium in the genus
Actinomyces.
Host: Cattle are mainly affected. Pigs, sheep and
goats are affected occasionally.
Zoonotic importance: Actinomyces bovis is a
zoonotic organism, causes granulomas,
abscesses, skin lesions, and bronchopneumonia
in humans.
Clinical signs:
• Initially Actinomyces bovis infection of the
mandible or maxilla appear as warm, painful
swellings consisting of distinct oedema
overlapping a firm, painful, bony swelling • Radiographs of skull confirm severe
which can easily be mistaken as traumatic osteomyelitis with multifocal radiolucency
injury. caused by rarefaction of bone.

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 15

 • Because of distortionof teeth, eating • Sodium iodide (treatment of choice in
becomes more difficult for severely affected ruminant) @ 70 mg/kg of a 10%–20%
cows. solution, IV) is given once and repeated

• Salivation, reduced appetite, hesitant several times at 7to 10day intervals.

attempts to chew, and dropping food from If any kind of Iodine toxicity (dandruff,
the mouth may be observed. diarrhoea, anorexia, flaky skin coughing, and
• Oral mucosal or tongue lacerations may be excessive lacrimation) is observed, Iodine
apparent. administration should be discontinued or
given at long intervals
Diagnosis:

• Based on clinical signs, location of lesion • Prolonged therapy with penicillin or

and species involved penicillin-streptomycin (22,000 U/kg once

daily), parenterallyfor at least 7 days
• Radiographs of head (determines degree
of bone destruction) • Isoniazid per os for 30 days is also
recommended
• Isolation and identification of Actinomyces
bovis in laboratory (specimen: exudates, • When lesions are small and circumscribed,
aspirates, tissue samples). Actinomyces surgery is the treatment of choice
bovis shows MZN (modified Zeil-Neelsen)
• Surgical debulking or removal of large
negative staining and non-haemolytic
pyogranulomas projecting from the skin of
growth on media.
advanced cases may reduce the size of the
• Histopathological examination of lesion.
specimens from lesions reveals aggregates
• Loose teeth may require extraction, and
of filamentous organisms surrounded by
fistulous tracts may be flushed with iodine
typical eosinophilic club-shaped structures
solution
• Differential diagnosis should be done from
actinobacillosis which also involve soft Control strategy: As the Actinomyces bovis is

tissue of head (wooden tongue). consisting normal flora of GIT and oropharynx in
cattle, control of lumpy jaw focuses on avoiding
Treatment: Purpose of the treatment is to kill
coarse, poor quality stemmy feeds/hay or feeds
bacteria and stop its transmission to other body
with plant awns that might damage the mucosal
tissue and animals.Duration of therapy is dependent
epithelium and allow entry of bacteria to soft tissue.
on the severity of the lesion and response to therapy

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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 16
 Cat-Scratch Disease: A Bacterial Zoonoses &
its Public Health effects
Dr. Rizwan Khan1 Dr. S. Shakya2
1 MVSc 2 Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Anjora, Durg (C.G.)
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Introduction: Cat scratch fever is a mild to severe
disease that can affect humans. It is most often
caused by bacteria called Bartonella henselae .The
bacteria may infect cats and be spread to humans
by bites or scratches. Cats rarely show signs of
illness but humans can develop skin lesions, fever
or in severe cases, systemic (whole body) infection.
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a clinical syndrome
that usually presents as a self-limiting
lymphadenopathy associated with a cat scratch or
bite. Commonly affecting children and young adults,
it has a worldwide distribution. In temperate
climates, higher rates are reported in the autumn
and winter, which can be attributed to the seasonal
breeding of the domestic cat.
Epidemiology: CSD has a worldwide distribution,
having been reported in the United States, Japan,
Israel and Australia. In the UK, very few cases were
reported after the late 1970s, and this can be
attributed directly to the withdrawal of the skin
antigen test because of concerns about its safety.
In temperate climates, a higher rate of CSD cases
has been reported in the autumn and winter months.
Bass and co-workers considered many variables
that might affect the prevalence of CSD, including
geographical location, climate and season, and cat-
associated variables such as density, age,
exposure, and degree of flea infestation.
Transmission:
Bartonella henselae is transmitted between cats
by cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis), probably via
flea feces. This organism is reported to survive for
3 days in flea feces. Cats can also be infected
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
experimentally by intravenous or intramuscular
injection of feline blood, suggesting that iatrogenic
spread (including transmission through blood
transfusions) might be possible.
Transmission was not observed when cats were
in contact, but fleas were absent, indicating that
casual contact and the sharing of food or water
dishes are not significant sources of exposure. In
one experiment, B. henselae was not spread by
sexual contact (bacteremic females and uninfected
males) or vertically to kittens. Once a cat has been
infected, bacteremia can last for weeks to months,
and the number of bacteria in the blood can fluctuate
greatly during this time. Intermittent B henselae or
B clarridgeiae bacteremia was reported to persist
for almost 15 months in some experimentally
infected cats, and for as long as 3 years in naturally
infected cats (although it is possible that these cats
were reinfected).
In Humans more than 90% of clinical cases occur
in people who have been in contact with cats, most
often kittens, and the majority of these patients
report having been scratched, bitten or licked. In
most cases, B. henselae probably enters the body
through a scratch contaminated by flea feces.
Organisms in feline saliva may be transmitted to
people in bites, or abrasions that are licked by the
cat. It is still unproven whether the bacteria in feline
saliva come from the cat’s blood, or from flea feces
ingested while grooming. However it is also found
that Bartonella DNA was more likely to occur in
oral swabs from bacteremic than nonbacteremic
cats.
17

(Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]).
Zoonoses and communicable diseases
common to man and animals. Volume 1.
Bacterioses and mycoses. 3rd ed. Washington
DC: PAHO; 2003. Scientific and Technical
Publication No. 580. Cat-scratch disease; p. 78-
81.)
Clinical Signs:
Humans:
In cat scratch disease, cutaneous lesions usually
develop at the inoculation site within 7 to 15 days
after exposure, and lymphadenopathy is typically
seen after 1-3 weeks. However, clinical signs have
been reported as soon as 3 days and up to 50 days
after exposure.
• In many cases, the first sign of cat scratch
disease is the development of one or more
small, reddish-brown, erythematous papules,
pustules, macules, vesicles or ulcers at the
inoculation site. These lesions disappear in 1-3
weeks, and may be mistaken for insect bites;
however, they are not usually pruritic.
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
• The characteristic solitary lymphadenopathy or
(less frequent) regional lymphadenopathy
usually develops within a few weeks of
exposure. Affected lymph nodes are often
painful or tender, and the skin over the nodes
can be warm, reddened and indurated. Cellulitis
is, however, rare. Occasionally, the nodes may
suppurate, especially when they are large.
Lymphadenopathy usually lasts for a few weeks
to a few months, occasionally up to a year, and
rarely longer. Cat scratch disease without
lymphadenopathy seems to be unusual in
young, healthy patients, but it is reported to be
more common in elderly individuals and
transplant patients.
• Other common symptoms in cat scratch
disease are a low grade fever, malaise and
fatigue. The fever usually disappears within 1-2
weeks but fatigue may persist for weeks or
months. Less often, there may be other
nonspecific signs such as headache, anorexia,
vomiting, nausea, weight loss, generalized pain
or a sore throat.
• Complications may occur in some patients, with
an increased incidence in the elderly and
people who are immunocompromised.
Encephalitis has been reported in as many as
4-5% of patients in some case series. It typically
occurs 1-6 weeks after the classic symptoms,
but cases without lymph node involvement, as
well as cases preceding lymphadenopathy,
have been reported.
• An atypical form of cat scratch disease, called
Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, is
thought to result from inoculation of the
organism into the eye. This syndrome is
18
 characterized by no purulent unilateral
conjunctivitis and/or conjunctival granuloma,
together with preauricular, submandibular, or
cervical lymphadenopathy. It usually resolves
in several weeks without permanent damage.
(Davis CP. Cat scratch disease (CSD or cat
scratch fever). eMedicine.com; 2009. Available
at: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/
cat_scratch_disease/article_ em.htm. Accessed
Jan 2012.
In Animals:
Cats:
Naturally-infected cats with B. henselae bacteremia
are usually asymptomatic. In experimental studies,
most cats inoculated with this organism remained
asymptomatic or had only mild clinical signs such
as inoculation site reactions, mild nonspecific
febrile illness, transient mild behavioral or
neurological signs, mild transient anemia,
eosinophilia or reproductive disorders.
In a recent study, fever and inappetence occurred
in some cats exposed to B. henselae-infected fleas,
but not in cats inoculated intravenously with B.
henselae. One flea-exposed cat, which may not
have mounted an adequate immune response to
the infection, became severely ill and myocarditis
was found at necropsy.
Dogs:
No clinical signs other than transient fever were
reported in dogs inoculated with B. vinsonii subsp.
berkhoffii. Two dogs inoculated with B. rochalimae
also remained asymptomatic, other than
inflammation at the inoculation site. Bartonella spp.
have been suggested as possible etiologic agents
in some case reports, particularly for endocarditis,
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
but also for febrile lymphadenitis, liver disease, joint
involvement and other diverse conditions.
Diagnosis:
Culture of blood or other tissues is the most
definitive method to detect Bartonella infections;
however, these organisms cannot always be
isolated from infected animals.
They may be easier to culture from some hosts
(e.g., B. henselae in cats) than others. Even in cats,
several attempts may be needed to detect bacteria
in the blood, as bacteremia can be intermittent.
Bartonella spp. are fastidious, and isolation requires
specialized media such as fresh chocolate agar or
brain–heart infusion agar enriched with blood.
Visible colonies of B. henselae usually develop in 9
days to 6-8 weeks. Some new media introduced in
research laboratories or reported in the literature
may improve isolation of Bartonella spp., especially
in species other than the reservoir hosts.
PCR assays are commonly used to detect
Bartonella spp. in research, and may be available
in some laboratories. One sensitive technique
employs isolation in a Bartonella á- Proteobacteria
growth medium (BAPGM) based enrichment
culture, followed by multiplex real-time PCR.
Serological tests for B. henselae include
immunofluorescent antibody, ELISA and
immunoblotting (Western blotting). The
demonstration of intraocular Bartonella-specific
antibody helps substantiate the involvement of this
organism in cases of uveitis.
False positive test results appear to be common in
all serological assays, and it is recommend with
the use of serology in conjunction with blood culture
or PCR testing.
19
 Treatment:
Treatment is usually recommended only for
animals that are ill, although it may be considered
in other circumstances (e.g., in a young,
bacteremic cat living with a highly susceptible
individual).
Antibiotic resistant isolates of Bartonella spp. have
occasionally been reported. Routine treatment of
asymptomatic, bacteremic cats is not
recommended as a method of zoonosis prevention.
No treatment regimen is proven to be consistently
effective in eliminating B. henselae bacteremia in
cats, although some antibiotics have apparently
been successful in individual animals.
Prevention & Control:
• Bites and scratches from cats, particularly
kittens, should be avoided.
• Rough play with kittens is inadvisable, and
any bites or scratches should immediately
be washed with soap and water.
• Declawing does not appear to affect
transmission, but keeping the nails clipped
has been suggested by some sources.
• Cats should be discouraged from licking a
person’s skin, particularly eyes, mucous
membranes and broken skin. Hand washing
after contact with a cat might be helpful.
• The ability of cats to transmit B. henselae
is transient, and authorities do not
recommend removing them from the
household. The efficacy of antibiotics in
eliminating B. henselae bacteremia in cats
is uncertain. The 2009 Guidelines for
Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
HIV-infected Adults and Adolescents note
that there is no evidence that routine culture
or serological testing of healthy cats for
Bartonella provides any benefit for owners.
• Flea control decreases the risk that
household cats will acquire B. henselae or
transmit it to other cats.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/
diseases/catscratch.htm)
References:
• (Pan American Health Organization
[PAHO]). Zoonoses and communicable
diseases common to man and animals.
Volume 1. Bacterioses and mycoses. 3rd
ed. Washington DC: PAHO; 2003. Scientific
and Technical Publication No. 580. Cat-
scratch disease; p. 78-81.
• August, J.R. Cat-scratch disease. Zoonosis
update. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:312–315,
1988.
• Benenson, A.S., ed. Control of
Communicable Diseases in Man. 15th ed.
An official report of the American Public
Health Association. Washington, D.C.:
American Public Health Association; 1990.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/
diseases/catscratch.htm.
• Davis CP. Cat scratch disease (CSD or cat
scratch fever). eMedicine.com; 2009.
Available at: http://
w w w. e m e d i c i n e h e a l t h . c o m /
cat_scratch_disease/article_ em.htm.
Accessed Jan 2012
20
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 21
 PRESS RELEASE
Alltech India pledges 1,000 trees to the Isha
Foundation for Make a Difference Day
[BENGALURU, India] – Alltech India celebrated the
life and legacy of its founder, Dr. Pearse Lyons on
his 75th birthday by visiting the Isha Foundation for
Make a Difference Day.
The Isha Foundation is a leading and renowned
NGO, working on various social causes. Alltech,in
keeping with aPlanet of Plenty™ and its
commitment to the UN Sustainable Development
Goals, decided to helpthe foundationby pledging
1,000 tree saplings to their Cauvery Calling
campaign.
Cauvery Calling is a first-of-its-kind campaign in
India, setting the standard for how the country’s
rivers can be revitalised.The initiative does this by
planting trees, helpingwith water retention and
reviving river ecology and climatic conditions.
The current water crisis is a growing concern
across India. The Cauvery river is one of the key
sources of water to Bengaluru city and millions of
farmers in the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
where it flows. Itbrings wellbeing and prosperity and
is the very source of life for these lands. However,
over the last few years,the river has beendry apart
from monsoon season, not reaching the sea. A
forest-fed perennial river is fast becoming a
seasonal stream. This is due to losing 87% of its
tree cover in the last 50 years.As the trees
disappear,the soil erodes, the Cauvery dries up and
the farmers suffer. Cauvery Calling is trying to
reverse this effect by planting more trees.
The Alltech India team also took part in an Upa Yoga
session, which helped to rejuvenate the employees’
bodies, minds, and souls.
Elsewhere, the Alltech Pune Facility team
visited Zilla Parishad School inSavardari village and
spent quality time with them, as children are the
future of any nation.The team hosted an interactive
session with the school’s 175 students and
donated essential notebooks and stationery
materials.
22
 Contact:Dr. Manish Chaurasia,
Marketing manager, Poultry (South Asia)
mchaurasia@alltech.com; +91 8130890989
About Alltech:
Founded in 1980 by Irish entrepreneur and scientist
Dr. Pearse Lyons, Alltech is a cutting-edge
technology company in a traditional industry,
agriculture. Our products improve the health and
nutrition of plants and animals, resulting in more
nutritious products for people as well as less impact
on the environment.
With expertise in yeast fermentation, solid state
fermentation and the sciences of nutrigenomics
and metabolomics, Alltech is a leading producer of
yeast additives, organic trace minerals, feed
ingredients, premix and feed.
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
Together, with our more than 5,000 talented team
members worldwide, we believe in “Working
Together for a Planet of Plenty™.”With the adoption
of new technologies, the adaptation of better farm
management practices and the ingenuity inherent
in the human spirit, we believe a world of abundance
could be ours.
Alltech is a private, family-owned company, which
allows us to adapt quickly to our customers’ needs
and stay focused on advanced innovation.
Headquartered just outside of Lexington, Kentucky,
USA, Alltech has a strong presence in all regions
of the world. For further information, visit
www.alltech.com/news. Join us in conversation on
Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.
23
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 24
 Vaccines and Vaccination failure
S. Tamilarasu, V. M. Vivek Srinivas*, V. Jayalakshmi, P. X. Antony, H. K. Mukhopadhyay
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, RIVER, Kurumbapet, Puducherry – 605 009
*Corresponding author – Dr. V. M. Vivek Srinivas, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, RIVER, Kurumbapet,
Puducherry – 605 009, Ph: +91 97428 91992; E-mail: vivekvet24@gmail.com
U
Vaccines: Vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease.
Vaccines are broadly classified into two types:
1.Traditional vaccine and 2.New generation
vaccines. Currently in India, all the available
veterinary vaccines are comes under traditional
vaccine, which includes live attenuated vaccine,
inactivated / killed vaccine, toxoid vaccine. The new
generation vaccines constructed using
recombinant DNA technology includes subunit
vaccine, gene deleted vaccine, DNA vaccine, virus
like particle vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccine and
chimeric vaccines are still under development in
the field of veterinary.
Vaccination failure
Failure to stimulate a protective immune response
in a host which may be due to animal related factors
and/or vaccine related factors.
1. Animal related factors:
(i) Infection (Incubating the disease):
If the animal is already incubating the disease prior
to inoculation of the vaccine, the vaccine
candidates doesn’t have an enough time to stimulate
the immune response to prevent/ control the
disease. Any kind of vaccine doesn’t produce
immediate effect as like of drugs which are
commonly used to treat diseases/ illness. To
stimulate a protective immune response, Vaccine
take minimum a period of 14-21 days.
(ii) Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a most common side effect
when use corticosteroids like prednisolone,
dexamethasone. When an animal under continuous
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
corticosteroid therapy, it will be under
immunosuppression state. During this period when
we administer vaccine, the animal’s immune
system cannot actively participate in antigen
recognition and processing that may leads to
vaccination failure.
Sometimes Immunosuppression caused by
infectious agents like Retrovirus also. These virus
targets CD4+ T lymphocytes that are responsible
for production of cell mediated immunity. Due to
sharp decline of these cells leads to
immunosuppression followed by vaccination failure.
(iii) Passive protection by maternally derived
antibodies (MDA):
Newborn have the inherent capacity to respond
immunologically to numerous antigens at birth, but
this response is slower and inferior compared with
that of older animals. As described earlier,
protection against infection during these early weeks
of life is provided primarily by passive transfer of
immunoglobulins and small amounts of cellular
material from the dam’s colostrum.
However, only up to 18% of the serum antibody
received by the neonate from its dam is transferred
in utero. This small amount of antibody protects
colostrum-deprived young ones but makes them
resistant to immunization for a variable period. The
immunoglobulin absorbed systemically from
colostrum can give the neonate a titer that can be
equal or exceed that of the dam in some instances.
Over time, the MDA declines at a characteristic half-
life that is specific for each disease-producing
agent.
25
 Antibody class is also important with respect to titer may lost. Administration of such kind of vaccine may
loss. In neonates, serum contains maternally leads to vaccination failure.
derived IgA, IgM, and IgG that are usually lost in the (b) Improper storage conditions:
order given. The absolute titer of MDA in the serum Most of the traditional vaccines are heat labile. It
of a neonate depends on the quantity of requires cold chain maintenance in order to maintain
immunoglobulin received during nursing and the the efficacy of the vaccine. Cold chain maintenance
absolute titer of the dam. The amount is also is not a responsibility of the single person. It involves
inversely proportional to the size of the litter. serious of persons from vaccine manufacturing unit
(iv) Immunodeficient state: to the door step level where the animals are there.
Partial or complete impairment in the normal Improper storage or frequent freezing and thawing
function of the immune system is called as results in degradation of vaccine substance or
immunodeficiency, which can be classified as death of the vaccine antigen in live attenuated
primary immunodeficiency and secondary vaccine occur.
immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiency is (c) Ineffective vaccine:
an inherited immune disorder, which is caused by Vaccine antigen having incapable of inducing
single gene mutation. These are very rarely seen. protective immunity leads to vaccination failure.
Secondary immunodeficiencies are more common
(d) Wrong strain or serotype of pathogen:
than primary immunodeficiency, which is the result
Choosing of wrong strain or serotype while vaccine
of primary illness/ external illness.
manufacturing causes vaccination failure. For
These kinds of immunodeficiency due to incapable
example FMD ‘O’ serotype vaccine can protect the
of immune cells to recognize a vaccine antigen that
animal from the disease caused by FMD ‘O’
leads to vaccination failure.
serotype virus. There is cross protection in-between
(v) Expose to heavy challenge dose of serotypes of the FMD virus.
infectious agent shortly after vaccination:
Any kind of vaccine does not produce immediate
effect as like of drugs that are commonly used to
treat diseases/ illness. To stimulate a protective
immune response, Vaccine take minimum a period
of 14-21 days. Until the development of protective
immune response, animal should be away from
contact with infectious agents.
2. Vaccine related factors:
(i) Characteristics of vaccine:
(a) Out of date:
It is the responsibility of the veterinarian to check (e) Death of live virus:
the expiry date of the vaccine. If the expiry date
In case of the live attenuated vaccines, death of
exceeds, the potency of the vaccine candidates
the live virus leads to vaccine failure because the

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 26

 vaccine antigen should be live in order to stimulate
protective immune response.
(ii) Vaccine reconstitution and administration:
(a) Inappropriate diluents:
Diluent contains chemicals needed for dilution of
lyophilised vaccine, preservatives, bactericides and
buffers to maintain the pH. The diluents must be
sterile. Some of the field veterinarians using normal
saline or other intravenous fluids as diluents that
will leads to reduction of potency and efficiency of
inducing immune response.
(b) Incorrect route of administration:
While manufacturing the vaccine, the scientists
inject vaccine into laboratory animals at various
routes and different dose level in order to access
the ability the vaccine to induce immune response
and antibody titre level at different routes and finally
recommend a route of administration of a particular
vaccine.
We have to follow the recommended route of
vaccine administration in order to obtain maximum
antibody titre.
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
(c) Aerosolized vaccine:
If the aerosolized vaccines are used in a farm
especially poultry farms, we have to ensure that all
the birds in the farm should receive the
recommended quantity of vaccine in order to obtain
adequate immune response.
(d) Using of non sterile equipments:
Multidose container are frequently contaminated by
the use of non sterile syringe and needle which will
leads to adverse effects in vaccinated animals.
Reference
1. Heininger U , Bachtiar NS , Bahri P , Dana A ,
Dodoo A , Gidudu J , Santos EM (2012). The
concept of Vaccination Failure. Vaccine,
30(7):1265-1268
2. Wiedermann U, Garner- Spitze E and Wagner
A (2016). Primary vaccine failure to outine
vaccines: Why and What to do?. Hum Vaccin
Immunother. 12(1): 239-43.
3. Copier J and Dalgleish A (2010). “Whole-Cell
Vaccines: A Failure or a Success Waiting to
Happen?” Current Opinion in Molecular
Therapeutics, 12(1): 14-20.
4. Frederick A. murphy, Paul J. Gibbs, Marian C.
Horzinek and Michael J. Studdert. Veterinary
Virology .Third edition. Page No.225-
244.Academic Press Publisher
5. Quinn P J, Markey B K, Leonard F C,
FitzPatrick E S, Fanning S and Hartigan P J.
Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease.
Second Edition. Page No.80-93 .Wiley-
Blackwell Publisher.
27
 Don’t Cut Corners on Cow Diets
What a cow eats during pregnancy influences the performance of her calf.
By Raylene Nickel
U
Cutting corners on cow nutrition may save on feed
costs in the short term, but the long-range
consequences could be more costly and more far
reaching than expected.
Research has shown that calves born to cows whose
diets were nutritionally restricted during gestation
experience long-term losses in performance, as
compared with progeny born to cows receiving 100%
of their nutritional requirements throughout
gestation.
“Studies reported instances of compromised
maternal nutrition during gestation resulting in
increased neonatal mortality, intestinal and
respiratory dysfunction, metabolic disorders, Mitch Kezar
decreased postnatal growth rates, and reduced meat
quality,” says Rick Funston, University of Nebraska Fetal programming causes the fetus to adjust to the
reproductive physiologist. nutritional restriction. The developmental process
Nutrition is important at every stage under way in the fetus at the time of the restriction
may affect the ability of the fetus to reach its full
Identifying the stage of gestation most nutritionally
genetic potential.
critical for the fullest development of the fetus is more
elusive than nutritionists earlier thought. “Different “Because muscle fiber numbers do not increase after
systems develop at different times in the fetus, so birth, the fetal stage is crucial for skeletal muscle
there’s the potential for these different systems to development,” says Funston. “Because skeletal
be affected by the dam’s nutrition at different times muscle is a lower priority in nutrient partitioning
during gestation,” says Funston. compared with the brain, heart, or other organ
systems, it’s vulnerable to nutrient deficiency.”
Limb development, for instance, begins as early as
day 25. Sequential development of other organs As a result, the calf may be born with reduced muscle
soon follows, including the pancreas, liver, lungs, mass, thus, expressing reduced performance in
thyroid, spleen, brain, and kidneys. growth and carcass development. The accumulation
of intramuscular fat can be reduced, as well.
“Testicle development begins by day 45 in male
calves, and ovarian development begins in female The fetal stage most nutritionally important to the
calves between day 50 and 60,” he says. “Another development of muscle mass is the second to
important event in female gonadal development seventh months of gestation. The third trimester is
occurs about day 80 of gestation, when follicles are the most critical for the development of marbling in
formed that after puberty affect what’s known as the the offspring.
ovarian reserve. This can influence a heifer’s One study compared the performance of calves born
reproductive lifespan.” to cows grazing native range during the fourth to
If the cow experiences a nutritional deficiency at any sixth months of gestation with the performance of
point in the gestational period, the fetus receives a calves from cows grazing improved pasture during
metabolic signal through blood flow to the placenta. the same period.

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 28

 Calves born to the cows grazing native range had a rate of heifers born to cows grazing dormant range
weaning weight of 534 pounds, a hot carcass weight during the last third of gestation was only 80%.
(HCW) of 726 pounds, and a marbling score of 420. Conversely, heifers born to cows supplemented with
Calves born to cows on improved pasture had a protein under the same conditions had a pregnancy
weaning weight of 564 pounds, a HCW of 768 rate of 93%.
pounds, and a marbling score of 455.
Cows appear to meet the nutritional needs of the
Like steer performance, the conception rate of fetus when they are maintained in a body condition
heifers suffered, too, from nutritional restriction of score of 5, says Funsto
dams, according to another study. The pregnancy
Courtesy: agriculture.com
U
Genetic and phenotypic trends for milk fatty acids in a
Holstein cattle population reared under tropical conditions
Eula ReginaCarraraa1Leila de GenovaGayaaJulianaPetrinib2José Teodoro
dePaiva MayaraSalvianbGregori AlbertoRovadosckibPaulo FernandoMachadobGerson BarretoMourãob
a1

a
Department of Animal Science, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
b
Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazi

Highlights The pedigree file contained 7963 animals of seven

• There are no direct selection programs for milk
fatty acid profile.
• Fatty acids composition has been slightly
genetically modified with the generations.
• There seems to be a correlated response of
small magnitude in the fatty acid profile.
• Genetic and phenotypic gains for fatty acids
profile should be monitored.
• It is suggested to investigate the causes of
correlated responses.
Abstract
Evaluation of genetic and phenotypic trends is
important to monitor the evolution of dairy cattle
breeding programs. Traits that are not commonly
included as selection goals should also be
monitored, especially when they have some effect
on consumer health, such as milk fatty acids profile.
Thus, the aim was to evaluate the genetic and
phenotypic trends of the milk fatty acids composition
on a Holstein dairy cattle population, from three
farms, reared in a tropical environment. Monthly
records of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic
(C18:1), total saturated (SFA), unsaturated (UFA),
monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated
(PUFA) fatty acids content in milk (g/100/ g of milk),
were collected of 2047 Holstein cows from three
Brazilian farms between May and December of 2012.
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
generations. Genetic and phenotypic trends were
obtained by linear regression of breeding values or
phenotypic values, respectively, over generations.
Single-trait analyses were performed and the
breeding values were estimated using Bayesian
approach. All traits showed negative phenotype
trend (H0.02723/ g/100/ g of milk to H0.00395/ g/
100/ g of milk), indicating reduction of the phenotypic
value over generations. According to the genetic
trends for MUFA and PUFA (H0.00023 and H0.00005,
respectively, in g/100/ g of milk) the breeding values
of the animals were reduced throughout the
generations, while for SFA, C16:0 and C18:0 the
genetic trends (0.00134, 0.00052 and 0.00013,
respectively, in g/100/ g of milk) showed an increase
in breeding values, possibly due to correlated effects
originated from selection protocols applied to the
herd. The linear regression coefficients of the
genetic values in the generations were not significant
for UFA and C18:1 (p-value > 0.6226 and p-
value > 0.9708, respectively). Significant genetic
and phenotypic trends of small magnitude were
obtained, which may be a consequence of the
absence of direct selection for these traits in these
populations. Genetic and phenotypic gains for fatty
acids profile in milk should be monitored to guide
breeding programs in their selection objectives. It is
suggested to investigate the causes of possible
correlated response in the studied populations.
Courtesy: sciencedirect.com
29
 Inherited genetic disorders in Rabbits
M.Jeyakumar and R.Saravanan
Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Veterinary college and research institute, Namakkal-637002.
U
Introduction
The rabbit possess a number of advantages as
high growth and reproductive rate, early sexual
maturity and ability to rebreed shortly after kindling,
do to their fast recovering endometrium. Rabbits
are one of the most efficient cellulose converter
species, ensuring high production of low-cost meat,
do to their herbivore nature, and not at least they
are not in competition with humans regarding diet.
The main product, rabbit meat has several nutrition
qualities as high protein level, low fat and low
cholesterol .These qualities of the species, beside
more others, make rabbits breeding one of the
solutions for protein deficiency countries. Also the
rabbit is a valuable material in scientific research,
in histology, virology. This paper aims to discuss
the main genetic problems in domestic rabbits
RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS
1.Diaphragmatic Hernia
It leads to newborns death do to respiratory failure.
There arecases when diaphragm hernia is
accompanied by phenotypic disorders, or the
diaphragm can partially missing, more often on the
left and postero lateral, when the abdominal content
(spleen and the stomach) moves in to the thoracic
cavity. The recessive genes which causing
diaphragm hernia are located on an autosomal
locus, carrying an dh noted gene with a penetrance
of 30 %, or on two autosomal loci, genes dh-1 and
dh-2 on the same chromosome but not very close.
The etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
(CDH) is unknown although clinical, genetic and
experimental evidence points to disturbances in the
retinoid-signaling pathway during organogenesis,
with an occurrence of <5 in 10,000 live-births.
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
2. Adrenal Hyperplasia
It can be observed from the 19th day of gestation.
Due to the hyper secretion of adrenalin causes
death right after parturition. The adrenal hyperplasia
disorder is caused by a fully penetrant autosomal
recessive gene noted ah, a mutant maintained in
strain IIIVO/ahJ. The absence of the cholesterol
side-chain cleavage enzyme cytochrome P450
(P450scc) expression in rabbits affected with
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were
reported.
3. Hypotrichosis
It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene. The
mutation can be identified from the age of two
weeks, when the unaffected individuals are normally
covered by down, and the affected ones present a
very poor pilosity on the neck and ears. The
anomaly is accompanied by tooth defects, which
can lead to their loss, the rabbits become more
and more debilitated and die at the age of 1 month,
when there are weaned and are enable to consume
solid forage.
4. Achondroplasia
It is a recessive autosomal trait results from
mutation in an FGR receptor gene, FGFR-3, where
the synthesis of cartilaginous ECM is reduced and
there is much cell death and necrosis, especially
in the center of the cartilaginous primordial which
suggest the involvement of the vascularity isolation.
The abnormality can be noticed since birth through
clinical signs as size reduction, disproportion of
body parts, most marked in the extremities, and
have an invariably lethal effect. Affected individuals
are still-born or die very shortly post-partum.
30
 5.Chondrodystrophy
It is associated with a fully penetrant autosomal
recessive gene symbolized cd. The mutant is viable
prenatally but does not survive post-partum.
Chondrodystrophy can be associated with errors
in mineral metabolization do to abnormality in the
specific mineral binding protein, and function of the
anomaly type is characterized by cerebral
degeneration, short stature, hemolytic anemia, hair
changes, hepato lenticular degeneration, cirrhosis
of the liver, and excessive mineral accumulation in
tissues.
6. Paralytic tremor
It is caused by lymph node lesions, and controlled
by an autosomal recessive. This anomaly results
from a point mutation in a PLP gene and manifests
itself by a broad range of neurological signs and
this anomaly is X-linked. The disorder can be
observed in a few days post parturition as shake
movements and this genetic disorder has an
incomplete penetrance, and shows a variable
expressiveness.
7. Left Ostium Straightness
Left ostium straightness is caused by a recessive
autosomal gene (los) with incomplete penetrance.
The oviduct remains straight, as a result of an
abnormal embryogenesis. Opening of the uterine
tube is not rounded in order to set the ovary, which
is also migrated in an unnatural place.
8. Cortical Renal Cysts
It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene (rc)
with a penetrance of about 70 % Cortical renal cysts
however it does not affect kidneys function (Fox et
al 1971). Analysis of serum and urine will show no
pathological changes.
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
9. Hypogonadia
It is an autosomal recessive gene noted hg. Affected
males present smaller seminiferous tubules and a
single Sertoli cell line, and females have smaller
ovaries and no follicles.
10.Buphtalmia (Hydroftalmia or Congenital
Glaucoma)
It is an autosomal recessive gene action, which
leads to loss of function of a gene(s) required for
the differentiation of the trabecular meshwork.
11.Macrostomus
It is caused by a single autosomal recessive gene
(mst), with incomplete penetrance (30 – 35 %),
seems to be a fourth linkage group gene beside
Dw and w genes and is manifested externally by
the presence of papillae at the corners of the mouth,
internally the effect is on the zygomatic complex
and is extremely variable.
12. Mandibular Prognathism (Maxillary
Brachygnathism).
The lower jaw was appears to be relatively too long.
This hereditary disease is most common in dwarf
rabbits, caused by an autosomal recessive gene
(mp) which causing differential growth of dorsal and
basal skull bones, with resultant anterior
displacement of the mandible.
13. Locomotor Abnormalities
Locomotor abnormalities are caused by sex linked
recessive genes namely gene S which is
responsible for abnormal gait. Gene S carrier
rabbits show an abnormal rising of the posterior
body part, or an acrobatic walk on the forelimbs.
Mutant rabbits appear normal at rest or when they
covering short distances, “but when they are
running longer distances the hind part of the body
is raised in the air and the animals go along on
31
 their forefeet like an acrobat walking on his hands”. 4. Coloboma
The Affected individuals were called “jumping
It is an ocular abnormality caused by a
rabbits”
dominant gene. The coloboma takes the form
II. DOMINANT GENETIC DISORDERS of a hole in one of the structures of the eye,
such as retina, choroid, or optic disc. The hole
1. Intrauterine Lethality
is present from birth and can be caused when
It is caused by a dominant gene Pg, These
a gap called the choroid fissure present during
anomalies are namely: cephalodysplasia,
early stages of prenatal development, fails to
cranioschisis, and dyostosis mandibularis.
close up completely before birth. A coloboma
a. Cephalodysplasia consists in almost a can occur in one eye (unilateral) or both eyes
total lack of skull. The skull is limited to a (bilateral).
diminished cavity bordered by the
5. Bent ears
rudiments of the occipital bone and the
It is an abnormal wearing of ears in an angle of
front jaw has teeth facing down, completely
60°.
absent brain, abnormally shaped lower jaw
with front teeth bending downward, greatly 6. Abnormal Mouth Closing
reduced occipital bones, very small
It is caused by overgrowth teeth, wolf teeth,
posterior cavity of neuro cranium and fairly
walrus teeth or irregular growth and show
normally developed tongue
changes in dental formula but doesn’t elucidate
b. Cranioschisis is a developmental birth the genetic control.
defect involving the skull, where the
7. Paralysis of the Hindquarter.
cranium fails
The paralysis of the hindquarters at the age of
to close completely, without affecting the facial
3 weeks and leads to death at age of 2 - 4
skeleton but missing the parietal bones,
months.
and a diminished the occipital region and
8. Lethal Dwarfism
frontal bones. Commonly a part of the brain
ismissing. The presumed incomplete recessive mutant
homozygote newborns had the half weight of
c. Dyostosis mandibularis consist ia a such
heterozygote individuals and third of the
severe reduction of the jaw that the front
normal.
teeth disappears
Conclusions
2. Congenital Absence of Incisors
In rabbit species the most of occurred genetic
It is induced by an autosomal dominant with
disorders appear according to Mendelian laws,
lethal effect.
namely the occurrence is based on one or more
3. Prognathism
gene absence or presence. Most of the inherited
It is a dominant gene Non-proper alignment of disorders in rabbits are due to recessive genes
incisors bring about they were exaggerated which are carefully tracked by breeders following
growth, lead to animals death by starvation their own lines to remove unwanted defects. It is a

LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019 32

 fact that nowadays genetic disorders have a
descendent evolution due to the elimination of
individuals which bear such inherited
abnormalities. Scrapping breeding stock is easier
and less economically burden in a case of dominant
disorders, where just the affected individuals are
removed, toward recessive disorders where the
whole family is need to be eliminated from further
breeding. The most complicated forms of
inheritance are shown by the disease which is
represented by the inheritance of occasional
tendency or susceptibility, where a very significant
role is attributed to the environment, particularly to
the possibility of contamination.
References
1. Botha M., Petrescu-Mag I. V., Hettig A., 2014
Genetic disorders in domestic rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus). Rabbit Gen 4(1):7-
47.
2. Botha M., Petrescu-Mag I. V., Hettig A., 2013
The first full morphological description of the
Cluj Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). North-
West J Zool 9(2):441-442.
3. Botha M., Hettig A., Petrescu-Mag I. V., 2011
The Rabbit of Cluj: a new phenotype obtained,
maintained and improved in Cluj-Napoca
(Transylvania), Romania. ABAH Bioflux
3(1):42-47.
4. Fox R. R., 1979 Cystic disorders of the kidney.
In: Spontaneous animal models of human
disease. Andrews E. J., Ward B. C., Altman
N. H. (eds), p. 271, American College of
Laboratory Animal Medicine Series, Academic
Press Inc., New York.
5. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1979 Hereditary
macrostomus in the rabbit: a model for
Treacher Collins syndrome, one form of
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
mandibulofacial dysostosis. J Hered
70(6):369-372.
6. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1978 Genetics and
pathology of hereditary adrenal hyperplasia in
the rabbit: a model for congenital lipoid adrenal
hyperplasia. J Hered 69(4):251-4.
7. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1975 Hereditary
chondrodystrophy in the rabbit. Genetics and
pathology of a new mutant, a model for
metatropic dwarfism. J Hered 66(5):271-6.
8. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1973 Hereditary
diaphragmatic hernia in rabbit. J Hered
64(6):333-336.
9. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1971a Mandibular
prognathism in the rabbit. J Hered 62(1):23-
27.
10. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., 1971b Hypogonadia in
the rabbit. J Hered 62(3):163-169. Fox R. R.,
Krinsky W. L., Crary D. D., 1971 Hereditary
cortical renal cysts in the rabbit. J Hered
62(2):105-109.
11. Fox R. R., Crary D. D., Babino E. J., et al.,
1969 Buphtalmia in the rabbit: pleiotropic
effects of the (bu) gene and a possible
explanation of mode of gene action. J Hered
60:206-212.
12. http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk
13. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/bilateral-adrenal-
enlargement retrieved at 17 Oct 2018
14. http://www.medirabbit.com retrieved at 18 Feb
2019
15. www.nei.nih.gov/health/resourceSearch.asp
retrieved at 30 January 2019.
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Aberrant_subclavian_artery retrieved at 07
Feb 2019.
33
 Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Concept
Rajendra Yadav1, Davinder Singh1, Amit Sangwan1 and Pankaj Kumar2
1
Haryana Pashu Vigyan Kendra (HPVK), Mahendergarh
2
Disease Investigation Laboratory, Rohtak
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar (Haryana)
U
Zoonotic diseases and their importance -
Zoonotic disease is defined as any disease or
infection caused by all types of agents (bacteria,
parasites, fungi, viruses and unconventional
agents) transmissible from vertebrate animals to
humans & vice-versa”. The term “Zoonoses” was
coined and first used by Rudolf Wirchow, who
defined it for communicable diseases. Every year
6th July is observed as “World Zoonoses Day”,
which commemorates July 6, 1885, when Louis
Pasteur successfully administered the first vaccine
against, a zoonotic disease, to Joseph Meister after
he had been mauled by a rabid dog. Zoonotic
diseases are important because they may create
public health problems, prevent efficient production
of food of animal origin and obstacles to
international trade in animal and animal products.
There is a very long list of zoonotic diseases,
important ones are Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), West Nile virus,
Avian Influenza, Japanese Encephalitis (JE),
Brucellosis, Rabies, Bovine tuberculosis etc.
Epidemiology and economic importance of
zoonotic diseases - About 61% of human
pathogens are zoonotic in origin and of which 13%
species regarded as emerging or re-emerging
diseases. About 75% of emerging infectious
diseases are zoonotic in nature and originate mainly
from wildlife. Five new human diseases appear
every year and 3 of which are animal origin. Nearly
80% of agents with potential bioterrorist use are
zoonotic pathogens. Economically, direct cost of
zoonotic diseases over the last decade has been
estimated to be more than $20 billion with over
$200 billion indirect losses to affected economies
as a whole. Apart from loss of human lives and
livestock, 6 major zoonotic epidemics (Nipah virus,
West Nile fever, SARS, HPAI, BSE and Rift Valley
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
fever) lead to a economic loss around US$ 80 billion
excluding indirect costs from 1997 – 2009.
Economic impacts exist beyond the cost of control,
including direct decreases in household income
due to reduction in livestock/product sales,
consumption impacts due to reduced food security,
increased household vulnerability where livestock
is used as a risk-coping mechanism and affects
on household wealth which influences savings and
gender equality. Nearly, 70% of the world’s rural poor
depend on livestock and working animals for their
livelihoods, animals can not be left out of the
solutions.
Factors affecting infectious zoonotic disease
emergence - Emerging disease is a new infection
resulting from the evolution or change of an existing
pathogen or parasite resulting in a change of host
range, vector, pathogenicity or strain; or the
occurrence of a previously unrecognised infection
or disease. Re-emerging disease is an already
known disease that either shifts its geographical
setting or expands its host range, or significantly
increases its prevalence. Important factors leading
to zoonotic disease emergence and re-emergence
includes Ecological changes (climate change,
changes in water ecosystems, deforestation,
reforestation, flood, drought, famine etc.),
Technology and industry food developments
(globalization of food supplies, changes in food
processing and packaging etc.), Technology and
health care industry developments (new medical
devices, organ or tissue transplantation, drugs
causing immunosuppression, widespread use of
antibiotics etc.), Human behaviour, international
travel and commerce (war, population migration,
economic impoverishment, urban decay, worldwide
movement of goods & people, air travel, factors in
human behaviour like commercial sex trade,
outdoor recreation & activities etc.), Microbial
34
 adaptation and change (microbial evolution as a
response to selection in the environment etc.),
Breakdown of the host’s defenses
(immunodepression, imunnodeficiency resulting
from HIV infection etc.) and Breakdown in public
health or control measures (lack of or inadequate
sanitation and vector control measures etc.).
One health concept - Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)
stated that “between the medicine of animals and
humans there is no dividing line - nor should there
be.” The term “One health” evolved from “One
medicine,” a term coined by veterinary
epidemiologist Calvin Schwabe in the 1960s to
demonstrate that there is no paradigm difference
between human and veterinary medicine thus
allowing for integrated work. ”One health concept”
was first introduced in beginning of 21st century with
the theme that human health and animal health are
interdependent and bound to the health of the
ecosystems in which they exist (OIE). It is a
collaborative, multi-sectoral and trans-disciplinary
approach which includes working at local, regional,
national and global levels with the goal of achieving
optimal health outcomes recognizing the
interconnection between people, animals, plants
and their shared environment. There are number
of examples which explains why “One medicine –
one health” and integrated working is so much
important. In 1893, a physician (Theobald Smith)
and veterinarian (F.L. Kilbourne) discovered that the
cause of cattle fever (Babesia bigemina) was
transmitted by an arthropod vector (ticks), and their
work helped and set the stage for the discovery by
Walter Reed and his colleagues of the transmission
of yellow fever. Likewise, a physician (Rolf
Zinkernagel) and veterinarian (Peter C. Doherty)
discovered how the immune system distinguishes
normal cells from virus-infected cells and they
received the Nobel Prize in 1996. Initiated in 2016,
“International One Health Day” is celebrated around
the world every year on 3rd November.
One health: Why and how - “You can’t have good
public health unless you have good animal health
and you can’t have good animal health unless you
have good public health”- James H. Steel. It
LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
embraces the idea that complex problems at the
human-animal-environmental interface can best be
solved through multidisciplinary communication,
cooperation and collaboration. One health approach
obviously includes the human health professionals,
but it also includes veterinarians, wildlife specialists,
anthropologists, economists, environmentalists,
behavioural scientists and sociologists. Sampling
humans and animals simultaneously in an
integrated study design decreases detection time
for zoonotic disease. A one health approach is also
important because 6 out of every 10 infectious
diseases in humans are spread from animals. Food
safety and antibiotic resistance are areas in which
one health approach is particularly relevant. It has
also been reported that some infectious diseases
such as those caused by Nipah virus and Hendra
virus arise due to destruction of habitat and changes
in land use. Maximizing of the well-being of people
through maximising the well-being of animals as
well as ecosystems is the key point behind one
health approach.
Recent developments in one health concept –
In the year 2004, wildlife conservation society
established an interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral
approach to preventing epidemic or epizootic
disease and for maintaining ecosystem integrity.
In the year 2008, FAO, WHO, OIE, UNICEF, World
Bank and United Nations System Influenza
Coordination (UNSIC) developed a strategic
framework entitled “Contributing to One World, One
Health” for reducing risks of infectious diseases at
the animal-human-ecosystems interface in New
Delhi. In the year 2010, UN and World Bank
recommended adoption of one health approaches
in “5 th global progress report on animal and
pandemic influenza.” In the year 2011, 1 st
International One Health Congress was held in
Melbourne (Australia). In the year 2012, 1st One
Health Summit was held in Davos (Switzerland).
In the year 2016, “The One Health Act of 2016”
introduced in USA parliament to create a
comprehensive strategy for national one health
framework to address zoonotic diseases.
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 Benefits of the one health concept – It helps in biosecurity and bio-containment measures;
improving animal and human health globally through compensation strategies to indemnify animal
collaboration among all the health sciences, owners hit by outbreaks; and vaccination, as
especially between veterinary and human medical appropriate.
professions to address critical needs. It helps in
Agencies / control programmes for zoonoses
meeting new global challenges head-on through
in India - National Standing Committee on
collaboration among multiple professions -
Zoonoses (SCZ) – Govt. of India, National Centre
veterinary medicine, human medicine,
for Communicable Diseases (NCDC), Indian
environmental, wildlife and public health. Idea of one
Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department
health also leads to development of centres of
of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
excellence for education and training in specific
(DADF) – Govt. of India, Wildlife Institute of India
areas through enhanced collaboration among
(WII), Indian Council of Agricultural Research
faculties of veterinary medicine, human medicine
(ICAR), National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology
and public health. It also helps in increasing
and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Outreach
professional opportunities. It also helps in gaining
programme on zoonoses led by Indian Veterinary
scientific knowledge to create innovative
Research Institute (IVRI), International Development
programmes to improve health.
Research Centre (IDRC), World Health
One health concept: Holistic approach – One Organization (WHO), International Livestock
health mission require - relationship between man Research Institute (ILRI), Road Map to Combat
and animals including wildlife needs to be Zoonoses in India (RCZI), Public Health Foundation
understood; judicious use of land and water; wildlife of India (PHFI) etc.
health science is crucial for global disease
Important constraints in one health concept –
management and requires attention, generating
In Asian veterinary colleges – undergraduate course
approaches towards the management of emerging
curriculum constitute an estimated 0.6%, 4.2%,
and re-emerging diseases accounting for the
5.8%, 13.0% & 10.0% (average 6.7%) of the total
complex interconnections among species;
content taught in years 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5, respectively
biodiversity conservation perspectives, human and
regarding zoonoses, food borne diseases and food
domestic animals needs must be fully integrated
hygiene (OIE). Majority (>80%) of medical
when developing solutions to infectious disease
graduates are illiterate about the emerging
threats; wildlife population impose an important and
zoonoses, neglected zoonoses and pet related
urgent threat to humans and at the same time to
zoonoses. Developed nations have authorities like
food security for which multidisciplinary efforts and
CDC (United States), MedVetNet (European Union)
scientific concerns to restrict culling of wild species
for enforcing programmes on zoonoses, whereas
are required; increased investment in the global
in India these are lacking. Data regarding one health
human and animal health infrastructure;
approach is not well formatted in India. Important
collaborative efforts by both public and private
factors in India which are conducive for emergence
sectors are needed to ensure conservation of global
of infectious agents includes - uncontrolled
health and biodiversity; and common people need
population, unhygienic living conditions, poor
to be made aware and educated regarding the
personal hygiene, sharing workforce on farming by
problems.
close contact with the domestic animals and poultry,
Performance of veterinary services (PVS) Indian subcontinent is congenial for the outbreak
pathway for one health as per the OIE – It of infectious diseases and also proven zoonoses
includes early detection of disease incursions, are prevalent to the subcontinent due to the suitable
transparency and notification; rapid response to host factors, prevalence of vectors, and
animal disease outbreaks and implementation of environmental factors.

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 Conclusions – Due to latest trends in globalization
and industrialization the size of the entire world has
shrunken into a global village especially in facets
of health and diseases. Recent challenges do not
fit the globe entirely into a single compartment;
rather a collaborative approach is required. “Health
for All” should be the slogan that came out from the
society to cater the needs of today. One health
program emerge from the interconnectedness
between physicians, veterinarians,
environmentalists and even comparative
pathologists and public health officials. Since
veterinarians are well versed with the comparative
medicine and preventive medicine, it is the duty from
part of the professionals to infuse the “One health
Concept” to the community in equality with
physicians as well as environmentalists. It is well
said that solving today’s threats and tomorrow’s
problems cannot be accomplished with yesterday’s
approaches, so foreseeable envisionary ideas
should come up with particular regard to apply the
concept of “One health” into action.
Literature Cited:
Asokan, G.V., Asokan, V. and Tharyan, P. (2011).
One health national programmes across species
on zoonoses: a call to developing world. Infect.
Ecol. Epidemiol. 1: 8293.
Birol, E., Asare-Marfo, D., Ayele, G., Mensah-Bonsu,
A., Ndirangu, L., Okpukpara, B., Roy, D. and
Yakhshilikov, Y. (2010). Investigating the role of
poultry in livelihoods and the impact of HPAI on
livelihoods outcomes in Africa: evidence from
Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria. African
Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE)
2010 AAAE Third Conference/AEASA 48th
Conference, September 19–23, 2010, Cape Town,
South Africa.
Blancou, J., Chomel, B.B., Belotto, A. and Meslin,
F.X. (2005). Emerging or re-emerging bacterial
zoonoses: factors of emergence, surveillance and
control. Vet. Res. 36: 507–522.
Cunningham, A.A. (2005). A walk on the wild side –
emerging wildlife diseases. Brit. Med. J. 331: 1214–
1215.
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Dhama, K., Chakraborty, S., Kapoor, S., Tiwari, R.,
Kumar, A., Deb, R., Rajagunalan, S., Singh, R.,
Vora, K. and Natesan, S. (2013). One World, One
Health – Veterinary Perspectives. Adv. Anim. Vet.
Sci. 1(1): 5-13.
Kakkar, M. (2011). Developing one health
approaches in India. http://zoonoses.phfi.org/pdf/
Manish-Kakkar-OHASA-Presentation-05.pdf.
McConnell, I. (2014). One health in the context of
medical and veterinary education. Sci. Tech. Rev.
33(2): 651-657.
Nabarro, D. and Wannous, C. (2014). The potential
contribution of livestock to food and nutrition
security: the application of the one health approach
in livestock policy and practice. Rev. Sci.
Tech. 33(2): 475-485.
Rabozzi, G., Bonizzi, L., Crespi, E., Somaruga, C.,
Sokooti, M., Tabibi, R., Vellere, F., Brambilla, G.
and Colosio, C. (2012). Emerging zoonoses: the
“One Health Approach.” Saf. Health Work. 3(1): 77–
83.
Schelling, E., Diguimbaye, C., Daoud, S., Nicolet,
J., Boerlin, P., Tanner, M. and Zinsstag J. (2003).
Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of
nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in
Chad. Prevent. Vet. Med. 61(4): 279-293.
Taylor, L.H., Latham, S.M. and Woolhouse, M.E.
(2001). Risk factors for human disease
emergence. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Biol.
Sci. 356: 983-989.
World Bank (2010). People, Pathogens and Our
Plant, Vol. 1: Towards a Once Health Approach for
Controlling Zoonotic Diseases Report. 50833-GLB.
Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Bonfoh, B., Fooks, A.R.,
Kasymbekov, J., Waltner-Toews, D. and Tanner, M.
(2009). Towards a “one health” research and
application tool box. Veterinaria Italiana. 45: 121–
133.
https://www.who.int www.fao.org
https://www.cdc.gov/ https://www.avma.org
http://www.oie.int
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 Ruminant Abortion Requires Diagnostics
to Fight Disease
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Repeated abortions in a herd can
have a severe economic impact on
farming operations, writes Laurent
Delooz, Regional Association for
Animal Health and Identification
(ARSIA) based in Belgium.
Industry experts estimate that the cost associated
with abortions typically range between •500-1,000.
Such incidences can lead to decreased milk
production and decreased number of herd
Eradication program
replacements, while also increasing costs
associated with feed, medical treatment, and In 1978, Belgium issued a royal decree and funded
artificial insemination. the Brucellosis Eradication Program. Brucellosis
is a notifiable, infectious bacterial disease which
A wide range of pathogens – some with zoonotic mainly infects cattle and is transmitted by the
potential – may be the cause. Accurate identification bacterium Brucella abortus. The disease is
of the abortive agent is key to establishing a extremely contagious among cattle, and the
successful treatment program. However, the large economic impact, in the case of an epidemic, can
number of potential infectious agents makes fast be devastating. The program proved to be
successful.
and accurate diagnosis a challenge. Abortion is a
very unspecific sign, so it is very difficult to know By 2003, Belgium was declared officially free of
for which cause we have to perform an analysis. brucellosis. Given that the country has maintained
this official status for six consecutive years, the
We systematically use a panel of diagnostic tests monitoring program, according to European
for the 15 most frequently occurring abortive Community Directive 64/432/EEC on animal health
pathogens to screen the samples (Table 1). Without problems affecting intracommunity trade in bovine
diagnostic testing, it is impossible to find the animals and swine, could be reviewed and relaxed
aetiology and fight the disease. so that as of 2009 all animals no longer need to be
tested pre-movement and pre-export, which
A success story on this front can be found in drastically reduces the number of tests.
Belgium, where government and industry officials
To keep the brucellosis-free status, reporting of
worked together to establish a comprehensive
miscarriages remains mandatory. Increasing the
program to proactively monitor causes for ruminant number of abortions that were investigated was
abortion and to control the diseases in infected necessary to confirm absence of brucellosis with
herds. statistical certainty.

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The challenge was to motivate the animal holders
and veterinarians to submit material for
investigation to rule out Brucella sp. infection in a
country that had been deemed officially free of
brucellosis. This is why the Scientific Committee
of the Belgian Food Safety Agency approved the
proposal by ARSIA to extend the differential
diagnosis of abortions in cattle as part of an abortion
protocol, expected to make an aetiological
diagnosis in the majority of cases. It was a win-win
for the whole industry: The veterinarian and animal
holder received free aetiologic diagnosis, and the
authorities were provided access to monitor for
brucellosis.
A key to the success of the program was that
veterinarians and farmers were compensated for
notifying ARSIA of an abortion, and the agency has
supported the process to make it possible. After
an abortion, the farmer has to call the veterinarian
without delay. The veterinarian comes and does a
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full farm survey, then calls ARSIA, who retrieves
and brings the material to the laboratory. The
analysis is free for the farmer, and the veterinarian
receives between •25-40, depending on whether
or not the foetus is present.
Diagnostic testing crucial
ARSIA does the pathology and uses diagnostic tests
to determine the cause of the abortion for many
samples, including foetus, placenta, maternal
serum and bulk milk, while some are sent to the
National Reference Laboratory in Brussels. The
tests have been extended to screen for a wide array
of potential pathogens and need to be regularly
evaluated to reflect new knowledge, new methods
and the emergence of new pathogens.
A PCR multi-pathogen kit, such as the LSI VetMAX
Screening Pack real-time PCR kit from Thermo
Fisher Scientific that screens for eight different
pathogens, is very useful and enables the search
for a wide range of abortive pathogens.
With support from the company, we were able to
extend our screening, which enabled us to detect
new pathogens early so counter measures could
be taken immediately. Ultimately, individual
producers receive advice on how to reduce
abortions on their farms, which further increases
compliance.
To help limit abortion numbers, farmers and
veterinarians are advised to perform the diagnosis
at the onset of the very first case. The longer the
farmer waits, the more cases appear. They should
perform the entire panel because abortion is a
clinical sign of many diseases. Some diseases are
zoonoses and can cause clinical disease in
humans. Other cases can be highly infectious and
then it is important to isolate the mother from the
rest of the herd.
Courtesy: The Cattle Site
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 PRESS RELEASE
Making a difference: Alltech initiative in India
supports children’s nutritional needs
As part of its commitment to serve people and to
improve the nutritional status of children, Alltech
initiated its Nutri Milk Project in November 2017,
partnering with the Thribhuvandas Foundation in
Anand, Gujarat, to supply milk to young students
in the region.
“If we could give every individual the right
amount of nourishment and exercise, not too
little and not too much, we would have the
safest way to health.” – Hippocrates
[Bangalore,India]- India is the second-most
populous country on the earth and is home to more
than 400 million children, who account for 37
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percent of the entire population of the world.
Unfortunately, India is no exception to the global
struggle to feed its younger generations a nutrient-
dense diet. Around 73 percent of all Indian diets are
protein-deficient, and the shortfall is even more
alarming among vegetarians (IMRB survey, 2017).
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
recommends a daily intake of 200–300 grams of
milk for children, and many states are still striving
to achieve this goal. India is a leading producer of
milk, but, in many regions, elevated agricultural
performance does not necessarily equate to an
improved diet.
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 As part of its commitment to serve people and to
improve the nutritional status of children, Alltech
initiated its Nutri Milk Project in November 2017,
partnering with the Thribhuvandas Foundation in
Anand, Gujarat, to supply milk to young students in
the region.
“It is an absolute honor to be associated with
Thribhuvandas Foundation in this project,” said Dr.
Aman Sayed, managing director of Alltech India and
regional director of Alltech South Asia. “As a nutrition
company, we feel it is our responsibility to provide
practical and proven solutions to enhance the
nutrition level of children, who are tomorrow’s
future.”
Alltech initiated the project in Gujarat, a mostly
vegetarian state where milk is the main source of
animal protein. Milk, a whole food that provides many
essential nutrients, is a crucial part of the diet of
growing children in this region. In the selected
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schools, 98.5 percent of school children can be
categorized as undernourished on the body mass
index (BMI) scale.
Five schools in the Tarapur cluster were selected
for the program, as children in this region were noted
to be especially malnourished. Alltech began
providing 150 ml each of flavored, fortified milk every
day to around 1,200 children, aged 5 to 13, as well
as a weekly supplement of iron. The sole aim of
this is to improve the nutritional status of these
children — and, by doing so, to build a healthier
India. On its journey to nourish the children of
Tarapur, Alltech has delivered 1,78,754 milk
pouches in the project’s first year alone.
Along with a 5.45-percent average improvement in
the BMI of their students, the schools involved in
this program have also experienced a considerable
increase in attendance. These results inspired
Alltech to expand the project, and in 2018, six more
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 schools were added. Alltech plans to expand the
program even further.
“Childhood is a critical time in the growth and
development of a person and is a key stage in the
establishment of their physical and mental abilities,”
said Sayed. “We are proud to see the positive
impact Alltech is having on the lives of children in
the program. These children are benefiting daily
from Nutri Milk, not just by improving their nutrition
but by increasing their attendance and education,
and this is a proud moment for Alltech.”
Alltech is committed to improving the health and
performance of people, animals and plants around
the world through natural nutrition and scientific
innovation. At a global level, Alltech works extensively
with local schools to build science labs and
encourages students to pursue science with a
greater curiosity about the world around them.
To know more details about the program, please
write to Ms. Vinny Madhuri vmadhuri@alltech.com
and you can view the video of the initiative at https:/
/www.alltech.com/blog/making-difference-alltech-
dairy-initiative-india-supports-childrens-nutritional-
needs
-Ends-
Contact:Dr. Manish Chaurasia
Marketing Manager, Poultry (South Asia)
mchaurasia@alltech.com; +91 8130890989
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LIVESTOCK LINE, AUGUST 2019
About Alltech:
Founded in 1980 by Irish entrepreneur and scientist
Dr. Pearse Lyons, Alltech is a cutting-edge
technology company in a traditional industry,
agriculture. Our products improve the health and
nutrition of plants and animals, resulting in more
nutritious products for people as well as less impact
on the environment.
With expertise in yeast fermentation, solid state
fermentation and the sciences of nutrigenomics
and metabolomics, Alltech is a leading producer of
yeast additives, organic trace minerals, feed
ingredients, premix and feed.
Together, with our more than 5,000 talented team
members worldwide, we believe in “Working
Together for a Planet of Plenty™.”With the adoption
of new technologies, the adaptation of better farm
management practices and the ingenuity inherent
in the human spirit, we believe a world of abundance
could be ours.
Alltech is a private, family-owned company, which
allows us to adapt quickly to our customers’ needs
andstay focused on advanced innovation.
Headquartered just outside of Lexington, Kentucky,
USA, Alltech has a strong presence in all regions
of the world. For further information, visit
www.alltech.com/news. Join us in conversation on
Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.
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