Answer:- 1 The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the fortune of the towns.

The
economic activities shifted from traditional towns and cities located across water and old routes. Many
railway workshops and railway colonies developed and towns like Jamalpur and Bareily flourished.
And every railway became a raw material depot and a distribution point for imported goods

Answer :2 The Permanent Settlement was established as a land revenue system in Bengal in 1793.
According to this, the East India Company would fix the revenue that each zamindar had to pay. ...
Many Zamindaris were auctioned after the Permanent Settlement as the zamindars regularly
failed to pay the revenue.

Answer 12:- Answer :

The Zamindars were the people who did not directly participate in the processes of agricultural
production, but they enjoyed high status in the society.
1. Zamindars were landed proprietors who held extensive personal lands also called “Milkiyat” which
they got cultivated with the help of hired labour.

2. They derived their power from the fact that they often collected revenue on behalf of the state, a
service for which they were compensated financially.

3. Zamindars also had control over military resources. Most zamindars had fortresses (qilachas) as well
as armed contingent comprising units of cavalry, artillery and infantry.

4. Zamindar in all probability was ones powerful military chieftains who had acquired property by:

a. Disposition of weaker people

b. Colonisation of lands

c. Transfer of right

d. Order of state

e. By purchase
5. They Spearheaded the Colonisation of agriculture land and helped in setting cultivators by providing
them with the means of cultivation including cash loans.

6. They also started the process of monetisation of village economy.

7. Zamindars soled the surplus produce from the milkiyat lands and also established markets (haats)
where other formers could also sell their produce.

8. Although they were an exploitative class, their relationship with the peasantry had an element of
reciprocity, paternalism and patronage.

9. They enjoyed many social and economic privileges because of their superior status in society. The
Zamindars belonged to an upper caste which added to their glorious status in the society.

10. Zamindars had the right to collect the revenue on behalf of the state and also received financial
compensation for the work.

11. They also played a role in keeping strict control over the military resources of the state. They kept
fortress and a well knit armed unit comprising, cavalry, artillery and infantry.

12. Social relation of village of Mughal age as a pyramid then the Zamindars were at the top. They
occupied the highest position in the village.

Answer:13
The main features of Mauryan administration were:

• There were five important political centres in the Mauryan Empire:

Patliputra (the capital city) and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini,
Tosali and Suvarnagiri.
• It was not possible for such a large empire to have a uniform
administrative system so historians believe that the administrative control
was perhaps strongest in the capital and in provincial centres.
• Communications along the land and riverine routes were developed to
administer the Empire.
• The army was an important tool for not only extending the territories of
the empire but also for administering them.
• Committees and sub-committees were formed for coordinating military
activities. They looked after the navy, horses, chariots, elephants,
recruiting soldiers and managing transport and food supplies for soldiers.
• Asoka held his Empire together by propagating the doctrine of Dhamma,
whose principles were simple and universally applicable. The doctrine
propagated the ideas of peace, non-violence and respect towards elders.
Dhamma mahamattas were appointed to spread the principles of
Dhamma.
The last feature of the Mauryan administration is evident in the Asokan
inscriptions that we have studied. It is because Ashoka inscribed the main
features of his policy of 'dhamma'. According to the inscriptions, he had also
appointed Special officers called Dhamma Mahamtras to spread Dhamma.

Answer14: Rebellion
On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, mobilized ten thousand Santhals
and declared a rebellion against British colonists. Sidhu Murmu had accumulated about ten thousand
Santhals to run parallel government against the British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by
making his own laws.
Soon after the declaration, the Santhals took to arms. In many villages the Zamindars, money lenders
and their operatives were put to death. The open rebellion caught the British Government by surprise.
Initially a small contingent was sent to suppress the rebels but it could not succeed and this further
fueled the spirit of the revolt. When the law and order situation was getting out of hand the British
Government finally took a major step and sent in a large number of troops assisted by the local
Zamindars and the Nawab of Murshidabad to quell the Rebellion. British Government had announced
an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu Murmu.
A number of skirmishes occurred after this which resulted in large number of casualties for the
Santhals. The primitive weapons of the Santhals, weren't a match against the musket and cannon
firepower of the British. Troop detachments from the 7th Native Infantry Regiment, 40th Native
Infantry and others were called into action. Major skirmishes occurred from July 1855 to January 1856,
in places like Kahalgaon, Suri, Raghunathpur, and Munkatora.
The revolt was brutally crushed, the two celebrated leaders Sidhu and Kanhu were killed. Elephants
supplied by the Nawab of Murshidabad were used to demolish Santhal huts and likewise atrocities
were committed by the British army and its allies in suppressing the Rebellion. Of the 60,000-odd
tribesmen who had been mobilised in the rebellion, over 15,000 were killed, and tens of villages were
destroyed.[5] They did get the support of Gwalas (milkmen) and Lohars (blacksmiths).
Although the Rebellion was crushed with a heavy hand, some British army officers like Major Jervis
who observed-
"It was not war; they did not understand yielding. As long as their national drum beat, the whole party
would stand, and allow themselves to be shot down. Their arrows often killed our men, and so we had
to fire on them as long as they stood. When their drum ceased, they would move off a quarter of a mile;
then their drums beat again, and they calmly stood till we came up and poured a few volleys into them.
There was not a sepoy in the war who did not feel ashamed of himself."[6]
Charles Dickens in Household Words wrote-
"There seems also to be a sentiment of honour among them; for it is said that they use poisoned arrows
in hunting, but never against their foes. If this be the case and we hear nothing of the poisoned arrows
in the recent conflicts, they are infinitely more respectable than our civilised enemy, the Russians, who
would most likely consider such forbearance as foolish, and declare that is not war."[7]
Although its impact was largely overshadowed by that of the other rebellion, the Indian Rebellion of
1857, the legend of the Santhal Rebellion lives on as a turning point in Santhal pride and identity. This
was reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the creation of the first tribal province in
independent India, Jharkhand.
Santhal Pargana was created by the Government and Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act was passed.
Mrinal Sen's film Mrigayaa (1976) is set in this time.