The state of nature characterized by the absence of any law.

In the state of nature everyone

has executive power. Locke provides many passages to support the conclusion that the
state of nature will frequently be indistinguishable from the state of war. The source of law
for society would be found in the strongest desire of men. The law has peace and
preservation as its end. It will be obeyed because of the universal desire for preservation of
civil society.
Locke wrote, that the labor is the origin and justification of property and that contract or socialur mecnierebaTa seria
consent is the ground of government. Behind this doctrine lies the idea of the independence
of the individual person. Men are born free and equal in rights. Whatsoever a man, mixes his
labor with, is his own. The civil society originates when men agree to delegate function of
administrate to certain officers. Thus government is instituted by a “social contract”; its
powers are limited and they involve reciprocal obligations. Locke’s theory is rendering of the
facts of constitutional government in terms of thought and it served as justification of the
Revolution settlement in accordance with the ideas of the time.

Rousseau
Citizen of Geneve, Rousseau reacted against the corruption of social order and
institutions of his time. Error and prejudice in the name of philosophy had stifled reason and
nature and had corrupted morals. The Social Contract was his most influential work. Its
decisive thesis was that all men are both free and equal. Regards the state that is a
politikuri
manifestation of contract, individuals’ surrender non of their natural rights, but rather agree
for the protection of them. Most remarkable in Rousseau’s projected republic was the
provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. Social
Teoria
contract became the textbook of French Revolution.
Rousseau disliked Enlightenment. The main basis of his attack on the Enlightenment is
Rousseau’s belief that progress of the arts and sciences was not the condition of progress of
civil society. The arts and the sciences require an atmosphere of luxury and leisure in order
to flourish. They themselves emerge, in general, from vices of soul. The society dominated momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
by the arts and sciences is one full of inequality. Society is transformed to support the arts akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
and the sciences and their products and this very transformation creates a life full of vain
self-regard and injustice.
Rousseau put old philosophical question - what is justice? Which society is just? In
times and society, thinks Rousseau, justice consists in maintaining the privileges of those in saleqcio kursi
positions of power. All known states are full of inequalities of birth, wealth and honor. These socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
inequalities can be justified in terms of the preservation of the regime, but that does not
make them more tolerable for those who do not enjoy them.
Civil society is not something natural. One can go to a time prior to the civil society to
find man as he is naturally. This investigation is necessary to determine the origins of the
state. Such approach provides the possibility to see, that civil society is conventional.
Since man is not primarily political and social, he must be divested of all qualities that mamuka biWaSvili
are connected with life in a community if we are to understand him as he is by nature. The
first is the reason. Reason depends upon speech and speech implies social life. The
movement from the natural state to the civil state provides a very great change in man.
Formerly he was a beast, now he has become a moral being. In the state of nature man
acted only from instinct, now he must consider his action in relation to principle so that the
chose and freedom take on a moral sense. If man continues to act according to the level of
animals. From this point Rousseau goes to the idea of common will that provide necessary
basis for contract social. The common will in other words explained as “sovereign” and
indicates to the source of all legitimacy that is in the people as of bearer of free will.
Government receives its instructions from the general will and uses its authority to
determine the acts of the citizens according to the sense of the sovereign. There exists
something intermediary between sovereign and individual citizen. The form of government
determined the form of society and with the change of government a new society would be
constituted. The government is a necessary evil because men need direction in the exercise
of their free will.
Tbilisi
2006

116
socialur mecnierebaTa seria truth about surviving as a monarch, rather than recommending lofty moral ideas. He
describes those virtues, which we think a prince should possess. He concludes that some
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili virtues will lead to a prince’s destruction, whereas some “vices” allow him to survive. Indeed
the virtues we commonly prize in people might lead to his downfall. For Machiavelli it is the
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava best for prince to have a reputation for being stingy. He argues also, that it is better for a
prince to be severe punish people rather then merciful.

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 4 - X
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes “Leviathan” first appeared in England in 1651. Hobbes wrote the work in France,
where he had been in exile since 1640. After its first publication, “leviathan” was recognized
to be the masterpiece of British political thinking. Hobbes civil philosophy was presented as
growing out of his natural philosophy. The theory itself was constructing in a deductive and
scientific form like philosophical systems of Decartes and Spinoza. At the same time Hobbes
remind humanist that is not surprising, because in his century the status of natural science
was bound up with moral philosophy.
One of the most important notions of Hobbes theory is the notion of Free will. Hobbes
wrote a great deal on this issue. Hobbes denied the classical understanding of the
phenomenon of free will. For him the traditional notion of free will is absurd, because all
intentions and actions must be caused by previous material processes. It does not mean,
that Hobbes thought as if we should not deliberate purposively about our actions. He argued
that when it is determined, that one thing will be chosen before another by human being, it is
determined also for what cause it should be chosen.
Hobbes moral philosophy presupposed the ability to perform complicated thinking about
what kind of person we want to be and how we should live. We merely have to understand
that this subjective sense of freedom to choose how to live is no more based on real
freedom, and then our subjective sense of color is based on real color. Maintaining this,
Hobbes has developed old philosophical tradition coming from Tacitus. Under this tradition
human agents were open to causal manipulation of more or less reliable kind.
Next very interesting position developed by Hobbes is his realistic ethics. He defined
“Good” as whatsoever are the object of any means appetite or desire and the object of his
hate or adversity as “Evil”. Moral language, like color language, constantly tempted its users
to attribute to the external world a set of imaginary attributes and as a consequence to
dispute with one another about the world.
Hobbes discussed about practical effects of his theory. He himself believed that the
correct understanding and application of his philosophy would transform human life. The first
step toward this direction was recognition of the true nature of conflict of believes, interests
and passions of people. The only common fundamental desire for human beings, from this
point of view is to preserve oneself from death. All other passions and desires involve some
belief about one’s position in the world and the threats which one might be facing.
John Locke
In his main political work, “Two Treatise on Government” Locke has two main purposes
in view: to refute the doctrine of divine and absolute right of Monarch, as it had been put
forward by Sir Robert Filmer’s “Patriarchia” and to establish a theory which would reconcile
the liberty of citizen with political order. The criticism of Filmer in the first Treatise is
complete. His theory of absolute sovereignty of Adam has lost all interest. Locke’s argument
has been very effective, but his exhaustive replay to absurd thesis of Filmer becomes itself
wearisome. Second Treatise starts from common sense position. Here is given two
fundamental claim of liberalism, that all men are equal and free. If God could be shown to
have given any man, or any order of men superiority over other men, then these inferences
could not be drawn. This conclusion is main result of First Treatise in Locke’s work on
government.
What is discussed in Second Treatise is Hobbsean notion of natural condition. The first
impression of Locke’s state of nature seems very unlike Hobbes’ state of nature. But in fact it
can be easy discovered similarities. For Locke the state of nature is simply the condition in
which the executive power of the law of nature remains exclusively in the hands of
individuals and has not been made communal. It was the original condition of all humanity.

115
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas was born in 1227 in Neapolitan territory. He was from old highborn
south Italian family. His political thoughts are based upon his theological and ontological
considerations, where St. Thomas was the follower of Aristotle. Aquinas did more than
anyone else to establish Aristotle as the leading philosophical authority in the Christian
West. St. Thomas’ political philosophy is best understood as a modification of Aristotle’s
political philosophy the light of Christian revelation. In his main writings, the “Summa
Theologiae”, he does not ask whether besides the philosophic disciplines another science,
for example, sacred doctrine is necessary.
Aquinas established the rules under which Christian world was ruled by two distinct
powers and two distinct codes of law: ecclesiastical and the civil. As the result, such specific
issues as the origin of divine and human laws, the relation between the two, and the
communication of divine laws through the medium of prophecy or revelation. These
problems are discussed by St. Aquinas in terms of Plato but not Aristotle.
The civic society is natural to Aquinas. But it is not given by nature. It is something to
which is inclined by nature and which is necessary for the perfection of his rational nature.
Human being is nature’s remarkable product. But he is brought into the world more helpless
than any animal. Instead nature has furnished him with reason, which he is eventually able
to provide himself and meet his needs as they arise.
The first society to which man belongs and without which he could not live is the family.
Specific purpose of family is to produce the necessities of life and thus guarantee the
preservation of both the individual and the species. But family cannot supply all the material
goods that man needs for his sustenance and his protection. The truly self-sufficient human
association capable of securing the conditions of virtue and satisfying all man’s earthly
needs is the city. The city is the most perfect work of practical reason. Only within the
framework of civil society can man attain the fullness of life, so that the men is far from
human perfection like a beast (such as man leads a solitary life away from company of his
fellow men) or men has already exceeded that perfection and achieved a state of godlike
self-sufficiency.
The common good and the end of political authority are in the first instance peace or the
harmony of different parts that combine to make up the city. Peace exists when each part
adjusted to the whole.
One of the remarkable parts of St. Thomas’ doctrine is his history of natural law that
presents specific synthesis between biblical faith and Aristotelian philosophy. The law of
nature appeared as a natural law cannot be reduced exclusively to the will of God. But as a
law, however, it also contains an explicit reference to God’s will. These and all like them
considerations of St. Thomas finds its metaphysical expression in doctrine of distinction
between essence and existence in all beings outside of God. Although, that distinction is to
be regarded as distinction of reason and not in any way a real distinction.
Nicollo Machiavelli
Machiavelli was born in Florence, when Italy was divided between four dominant city-
stases and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign governments.
Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. After the break of his political
career, Machiavelli became well known political writer.
Classical political philosophy clarifies or elaborates the conflicting claims to rule that are
raised whenever men associate together; it articulates the degree and sense of justice which
each of such claims means to assert. By understanding and clarifying the unity and diversity
in the claims which set men apart, it attempts to provide the answer to how men ought to live
together and is thus a guide to justice and the common good. Detached from the interests
that animate these claims, classical political philosophy is the deliverer of the community a
non-divine benediction to mankind. Machiavelli continued this tradition in such way, at the
same time had elaborated his own new approaches.
Our lecture concerning on Machiavelli’s political theory is based on his main political
work -”The Prince”. Machiavelli opens “The Prince” describing the two principal types of
governments: monarchies and republics. The most controversial aspects of Machiavelli’s
analysis emerge in the middle chapters of the given book Here he proposes to describe the
114
s a r C e v i
politikuri Teoriis kursi ........................................................................................................5
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”.....................................................................................7
1.samarTlianobis problema........................................................................................................8
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma .........8
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema......................................................................................9
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi.........................................................................9
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo ...................................................................................10
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura ..............................................................................................11
3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi ......................................12
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea........................13
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia.............................13
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci....................................................................14
6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi...........................................................................15
7. sxva sakiTxebi..............................................................................................................................16
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria .....................................................................17
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani...........................................................................................................17
2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba......................................................................................19
3. moqalaqis cneba..........................................................................................................................20
4. saxelmwifoebis formebi .......................................................................................................22
ciceroni (106-43) ...............................................................................................................................25
1. saxelmwifos msaxureba ...........................................................................................................26
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma ...........................................27
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi ..................................................................................28
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli) ..............................................................29
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) ......................................................................................................36
1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia ..............................................................................36
2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis
SemoerTebis da maTi marTvis teqnologiebi ...............................................................38
3.samxedro saqme .............................................................................................................................39
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi ..........................................................................................41
5.politikuri moralis cneba ...................................................................................................43
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia ..................................................................................................45
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea ..........................................................45
sxva sakiTxebi..................................................................................................................................47
Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani” .....................................................................................48
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi ............................................49
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba..................................................................................................51
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba ...............................................................................................51
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi.................................................................................52
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi.................................................................53
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba .......................................................................................................55
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi................................................................................................................55
3
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ..................................................................57
1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba......................................58
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi ..........................................................................59
3.sakuTreba.......................................................................................................................................60
4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba......................................................................62
5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa ...........................................................63
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni” ............................................................65
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi.........................................................................................65
2.saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi......................................................66
2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris .......................................................69
3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba .......................................................................................70
4. omis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................................72
5.geografiuli determiizmi .....................................................................................................73
Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria...................................................................74
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba.......................................................74
2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................................................77
3.suverenis cneba ...........................................................................................................................78
4. saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................................79
emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi ...............................................82
omis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................83
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.........................................................................................................84
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi ...............................................86
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816)
“esse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb” ..................................................89
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.....................................................................89
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb ...................................90
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba ...................................................................................92
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb .....................................................................93
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba....................................................................................95
5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb ...................................................................96
edmund berkis konservatizmi .................................................................................................98
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi .............99
memkvidreobiToba .......................................................................................................................100
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli .....................................................................101
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da
adamianis Rirseba rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli ........................103
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg .......................................105
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi” ...............................................................................................107
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi ...............................................................................107
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY...........................................................................109
4 113
Most important part of his work Augustine dedicates to the teaching concerning virtue.
This teaching has its roots in both the philosophical and biblical tradition. A man here is
interpreted as a social animal by nature. Human being has been endowed with speech, by
means of which he is able to communicate and enter to various relationships with another
men. By associating with his fellow men, human being is forming with them a political
community that man attains his perfection. Augustine defines “commonwealth” as an
assemblage of men associated by a common acknowledgement of right and by a community
of interests. Later he explains a word “right” by a word “justice”.
The moral order of the society is rooted in a natural order established by speculative
reason. This order in nature requires the universal and complete subordination of the lower
to higher both within man and outside of him. The same hierarchy should be observed in
society as a whole and is encountered when virtuous people obey wise rulers, whose minds
are in turn subject to the divine law.
The Sacred Scripture distinguishes only two kinds of societies, to which all men of all
times belong – the city of God and the earthly city. There is analogy between them and only
by analogy these societies are called cities. The distinction between them corresponds to the
distinction between virtue and vice. According to St. Augustine why a person would be a
member of one or the other of these two cities is not depend on a race or nationality of that
man, but on the end that he pursues and to which he ultimately subordinates all of his
actions.
Alfarabi
Alfarabi recovered classical political tradition and made it intelligible within the new
context provided by revealed religions. His writings concerned with the political regimes and
the attainment of happiness through political life. In his works Alfarabi discussed the problem
of relationship between classical political writings and Islam. He gains such well-known
followers as Avicena and Averroes. His most important work in political philosophy was “The
Virtuous City” and “The Political Regime”. The virtuous regime is such political order whose
guiding principle is the realization of human excellence or virtue. A man needs to archive his
perfection through the activity proceeding from rational understanding, deliberation and
choosing among various alternatives suggested to him by reason. The ultimate perfection of
man is identical with the supreme happiness available to him.
Alfarabi gave the following classification of regimes: (1) the regime whose citizens have
had no occasion to acquire any knowledge at all about divine and natural beings. These are
ignorant regimes. (2) The regime whose citizens possess the knowledge of those things but
do tot act according to their requirements; these are dissolute or immoral regimes. (3)
Regimes whose citizens have acquired certain opinions about these things but false or
corrupt opinions that claim to be about divine and natural beings and about true happiness,
while actually they are not. .Alfarabi calls them erring regimes.
The character of the citizens is formed with a view to attain one or more of lower ends.
Alfarabi gives these ends as six and each of the general type can be subdivided according to the
end that dominated in it. (1) The regime of necessity (or indispensable regime) in which the aim
of the citizens is confined to the bare necessities of the life; (2) The vile regime (oligarchy) in
which the ultimate aim of the citizens is wealth and prosperity of their own sakes. (3) The base
regime. The purpose of whose citizens is the enjoyment of sensory or imaginary pleasure; (4)
The regime of domination (tyranny), whose citizens aim at overpowering and subjecting others;
(5) The regime of honor (democracy), whose citizens aim at being honored, praised and glorified
by others; (6) The regime of corporate association (democracy), the main purpose of whose
citizens is being free to do what they wish.
Concerning the best ruler, Alfarabi writes, that such ruler has to unify in himself qualities of
wise ruler and prophet. This man, wrote Alfarabi, is true prince according to the ancients, he is
the one whom it ought to be said that he receives revelation. For man receives revelation only
when he attains this rank – when there is no longer intermediary between him and the Active
Intellect. The rule of this man is the supreme rule; all other human rulers are inferior to it and are
derived from it. Alfarabi’s approach to religion leads to a philosophical science of divine laws. By
presenting divine laws, jurisprudence and theology as parts of political science, he points to the
possibility of a neutral discussion of all religions or sects and of the features common to them all.
life of virtue or excellence. The life of virtue is a goal of the city-state’s existence and the
closer a city comes to achieving that goal, the better it is.
In “Politics” Aristotle gives an analytical framework for deeper understanding different
forms of government. Differentiation depends on accordance to whether power is in the
hands of one man, or more, or many. In each case, Aristotle distinguishes right and wrong
forms. Among the right forms kingship is on the first place. It is the rule of one man for the
common interest. Oppose to kinship, wrong form of ruling is tyranny. Tyranny as well as
kingship is a rule of one man, but tyrant is ruling in his own interest.
Aristocracy is a rule of few. Aristocracy manifests itself in different sub-forms. One of
them presupposes the rule of few under of authority of their ancestors. Genuine aristocrats
owe their positions by their own virtue. Wrong form of aristocracy is oligarchy – the rule of
wealthy. The last two forms of right and wrong ruling are polity and democracy. For Aristotle
democracy is the rule of poor.
The practical focus of “Politics” is most apparent in its three books. In those books
Aristotle concentrates much of his attention on democracy and oligarchy, describing their
different varieties and the means by which they may be preserved.
Aristotle has an evident horror of what he sees as extreme democracy in which the
popular assembly has the power to do whatever it likes, but he has an equal horror of
lawless monarchy or lawless oligarchy.
Cicero
We took Cicero as a Roman author, who was much more closer to political practice,
than any well-known ancient political thinker. He dedicated to political problems two works –
“Republic” and “Laws”. The coincidence of these titles to titles of Plato’ main political dialogs,
presupposes deep ties between Cicero and ancient Greek political writers.
Many commentators wrote, that Cicero did not offer anything new in political theory but
only remove Plato/Aristotelian tradition toward the Roman affairs
Concerning Cicero in our lecture, we try to show the following: a) Cicero as a political
writer, of course, was in great dependence on Greek tradition. Like Plato he wrote dialogs
and the problems he discussed in his writings, have Greek origins. b) Besides of such close
ties, Cicero arose questions with specific Roman nuances. On the traditional question –
which political regime is best, he gave priority to state, which has mixed ruling forms (like
Roman Republic) of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. c) Cicero’s judgment about
social spirit of people seems to us very original. Coming from the concept of social spirit, he
gained the following definition to “commonwealth” (that is to “state”): A commonwealth is the
affair of people. But a people is not any collection of human beings brought together in any
sort of way, but an assemblage of people, in large number associated in an agreement with
respect to justice and a partnership for the common good. d) From the given point of view,
Cicero gave characteristic to foundation of Rome not as an enforcement of one single genius
person, but as an act of many persons and, that is more important, as an action, or better,
process, that was continuing during years of history. Constitution of Rome was not produced
by conscious planning of one person, but developed in a great length of time and by great
variety of accidents. Its perfection represents the culmination of a natural process of slow
and almost unconscious growth.
Middle Ages:
St. Augustin
For St. Augustine philosophy serves the faith both in it and in its relation to nonbelievers.
It may be used as a tool to gain a fuller understanding of the divinely inspired truth. Although
the New Testament is primarily concerned with man’s eternal destiny, it has much to say
about the condition of rulers and subjects and about manner in which men are called upon to
live in the city.
St. Augustine’s most extensive work on political subject is “The City of God”. A big part
of this work stands as a controversy with pagans and heretics. At the same time, his treatise
serves as philosophical defense of the faith and at the same time as a theoretical defense of
philosophy for which he provides a justification under the basis of Sacred Scripture.
112
politikuri Teoriis kursi
leqciebis kursi Cafiqrebulia rogorc politikuri da sociologiuri
Teoria. SesaZloa kursis amgvari danawileba, kategorizacia mTlad zusti ar
iyos, radgan kursi mTlianobaSi moiazreba rogorc socialuri Teoria, margam
imdenad, ramdenadac masSi aqcentireba moxdeba politikuri da sociologiuri
Teoriis konkretul aspeqtebze, Cven vamjobineT SemoTavazebuli saxeli
SevinarCunoT. politikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sxvadasxva gziT.
vTqvaT, problemebis Tanmimdevruli gaSlis an Teoriebis tipologiaze
orientirebis gziT. Cven gadavwyviteT davemyaroT konkretul avtorebs da maTi
Teoriebis gadmocemas. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT movicavT rogorc istoriul
masalas, aseve SevZlebT vaCvenoT politikuri Teoriis zogadi buneba da misi
ganviTarebis magistraluri gezi. Tuki Cvens naSroms masalis gadmocemis amgvari
wesis gamo vinme uwodebda politikuri Teoriis istorias, Cven ar
gavaprotestebT saxelwodebas. yvelafers rac ki droSi arsebobs, Tavisi
istoria aqvs da sad SeiZleba sagnis buneba gamovlindes ufrocxadad, Tu ara
missave istoriaSi. Tumca, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv istoriuli mxare
masalis gadmocemisa, Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens.
ra tipis Teoriebze gveqneba saubari, rodesac ganvixilavT politikuri
Teoriis problemebs? Cven SevexebiT Teoriebs, romelTac zogierTi politikur
filosofias an ubralod politikur Teorias uwodebs. avtorebis es nawili
amgvar dayofisas aqcents akeTebs termin politikurze da naklebd interesdeba
misi gamoxatulebis filosofiuri Tu arafilosofiuri mxareebiT. Cvens
leqciebis kursSi gadmocemuli masala iTvaliswinebs amgvar midgomas, rac imaSi
aisaxeba, rom Cven mogviwevs SevexoT rogorc filosofiuri refleqsiiT
dafuZnebul, aseve deskripciuli safuZvelze SemuSavebul Teoriebs. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven vacnobierebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba politikur filosofiasa da
wminda politikur Teorias Soris da gvsurs SesavalSi swored am sakiTxs
davuTmoT ramdenime sityva.
politikuri Teoria yalibdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis
da maTi deskripciuli aRnusxvis safuZvelze. politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
kiTxvaa “ratom?” — “ratom xorcieldeba esa da es?” mas ainteresebs rogor
vlindeba politikuri cxovrebis konkretul sferoebSi. politikuri Teoria
ikvlevs politikuri institutebis mowyobis principebs da maTi funqcionirebis
teqnologiebs.
politikuri Teoria ZiriTadad orientirebulia faqtebis samyaroze. faqti
hegelis kvalad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc raRac, rac mocemulia “axla”
da “aq”. amgvarad orientirebuli TeoriebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara
politikis “subieqtebs”, romlebis nebelobis mqone, RirebulebiTad orien-
tirebuli arsebebia, aramed ufro “agentebs”an “aqtiorebs”, maT “funqciebs”,
“scenarebs” an, bolos, “rolebs”.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom
politikuri Teoria, misi empiriuli orientaciis miuxedavad, mainc Teoriaa da is
ar unda avurioT politikur movlenebze zegavlenis, individebis masSi
CarTulobis an gnebavT, piriqiT, amorTulobis uzrunvelyofis konkretuli
teqnologiebis kvlevisagan. amgvari meqanizmebis analizi da ukve aprobirebuli
teqnologiebis aRwerebi sul ufro mravalferovan saxes iZens Tanamedrove
politikuri samyaros garTulebis kvalad. Tu politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
saorientacio kiTxvaa “ratom?”, teqnologiebis mkvlevari an, iqneb, umjobesia
mas eqsperti vuwodoT, orientirebs kiTxviT “rogor?”
rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi klasikuri formiT, empiriuli
Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tana-
medrove modifikaciebSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa “ra?”
anu “ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavs politikuri xaisaTis
xdomilebebSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci?” amgvari kvleva aucileblobiT ar
unda warmovidginoT siRrmiseuli analizis pretenziis mqone Teoriad. igi
5
saubrobs ara faqtebze, aramed xdomilebebze, rogorc TanmimdevrobaTa
konstelaciebze. politikuri filosofia marTalia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis
samyaros kvlevas, magram is mainc orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis
RirebulebiT orientaciebis Seswavlaze. xdomilebebi aq gaigeba politikur
qcevaTa SesaZleblobebad da adamianis moqmedebis orientirebad gaiazreba.
politikis Teoriis da politikuri filosofiis gamijvniT, Cven sulac ar
vamzadebT niadags saimisod, rom SemdegSi arCevani gavakeToT maT Soris an
vTqvaT, rom politikuri Teoria misi empiriuli xasiaTis gamo nakleb-
mniSvnelovania da zedapiruli an piriqiT, rom politikis filosofias araviTari
kavSiri ara aqvs realobasTan daswored misi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamo
ocnebis, utopiis sferos miekuTvneba (saTanado Zalisxmevis gareSe, Znelad Tu
ipovnis vinme raime gamorCeulad filosofiurs Tomas moris “utopiaSi”). Cven
midgomebs Soris gansxvaveba davafiqsireT da SemdgomSi gadmocemT rogorc im
avtorebs, vinc politikuri Teorias ayalibebda, aseve im avtorebsac, vinc
amjobinebda filosofiur midgomas.
gansxvaveba politikur Teoriasa da politikur filosofias Soris ar aris
gansxvaveba sagnis mixedviT. rogorc erTis, aseve meoris sagani erTi garkveuli
movlenebis, politikuri movlenebis rigia. maTi Seswavlis obieqti erTia —
politikuri. amitom, Tuki Cven mainc vlaparakobT maT Soris gamsxvavebaze, es
imitom, rom ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Seswavlis obieqtisadmi TiToeulis
midgomis specifikaSi, maT meTodilogiur principebSi mdgomareobs, rogorc es,
imedi gvaqvs, zemoT moyvanili daxasiaTebidanac kargad Cans. amgvari
gansxvavebuli midgomis nimuSebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT erTi mxriv, hana
arendis normatiuli midgoma Zalauflebis sakiTxisadmi, vTqvaT, naSromSi
“Human Condition” da meore mxriv, igive sakiTxis empiriul bazisze warmoebuli
analizi maqs veberisa. amrigad, erTi da igive obieqti politikurisa,
gansxvaveuli midgomebiT Seiswavleba da swored amaSi unda veZeboT diferenci
politikur filosofiasa da politikur Teorias Soris.
radganac orive Teorias erTi da igive Seswavlis obieqti aqvs, gvmarTebs es
sferoc SemovsazRvroT. modiT vikiTxoT, ra aris politikuri, ra saxis
xdomilebebze, movlenebze vsaubrobT, rodesac vsaubrobT politikurze?
ra Tqma unda, aqac SeiZleba gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebze, gansxvavebul
definiciebze SevCerdeT. magaliTad, Tu aviRebdiT politikuris aristotelur
daxasiaTebas, romelic aqcentirebas polisis fenomenze, berZnul qalaq-saxel-
mwifosa da misi kanonebiT cxovrebaze axdens. an, Tu, vTqvaT, amisgan gansxvavebiT,
SevCerdebiT politikuris im gagebaze, romelic aqvs karl Smits, romelic
politikurs megobroba-mtrobis konteqstSi iazrebs. davakvirdeT maTi kvlevis
areals da iolad aRmovaCenT, rom maT (iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebis) Tval-
sazrisebSi ganxilvis sakiTxebis mTeli wyeba identuria. es ki saSualebas
gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom politikurTan saqme gvaqvs im da swored im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ganixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da am
Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan gamomdinare, iseTi problemebis rigi, rogo-
ricaa: saxelmwifo, mmarTvelobis formebi da saxeebi, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis
problema da a.S.
6 111
According to Plato’s methodological parallelism between individual and society, what is
true about individual, is also true about society in the city-state. So, on the basic question –
“which city-state is just?’ - Plato’s final answer sounds like this: the state is just, when and
only when each class and element in society is fulfill its proper function.
Plato had very specific position about family and private property. Plato’s analysis of
these phenomena defined further hot discussion about his being or not being totalitarian.
Although, what Plato wrote on this subject deals only with two upper classes. The third class,
presumable, lives under standard arrangements.
Plato’s specific position, concerning guardians and rulers, presupposes that among
them both family and private property are to be abolished. It seems, Plato thought that
private interest and private affections distracted man from his duty to community. According
Plato the wealth is nothing, but a main cause of destruction of social stability.
Aristotle - “Politics”
Aristotle was a most gifted with sense student of Plato. He played very important role in
development of Plato’s philosophy, although in some decisive questions his own position
was evidently different. All this is true concerning to the problems of political philosophy. For
example, Aristotle abandoned Plato’s theory of family and private property. It seems that the
main reason of his different position was his belief that no ruler could necessarily get rid of
evils by changing institutions of society. The evil might be in human nature and not in a
system of private property. For Aristotle the instinct to possess was natural and provided it
did not degenerate into selfishness. The common property is apt to be treated not with the
care given to something, which is our own, but with the careless so often shown to what
belong to other people.
Such disagreement between teacher and pupil in ancient time was very ordinary one.
Aristotle himself was a teacher of Alexander the Great. Alexander brought to an end the kind
of world, which had been presupposed by the theory of Aristotle – A world in which the basic
political unit was the independent self-sufficient polis, a world in which the distinction
between Greek and barbarian was fundamental.
All this is only one example of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle. There are
many others. But for Aristotle the critic of Plato was not self-reasonable thing. He made
valuable contribution for development of political theory as a follower of Plato and by the
further development of his ideas.
For right understanding of Aristotle’s political theory, our course of lections we propose
to begin discussion by the analysis of the concept of “nature”. Doing that, we are coming
from the Aristotle’s core definition of human being. He defines “Human being” as a political
animal. Such definition means, that a man is by his nature inhabitant of the polys (city-state).
To understand the term “Physis” (Greek equivalent of “Nature”), we can contrast to it
another Greek term “Nomos”, that can be translated as “custom”, “law”, “convention”.
Nomos, convention, varies from place to place, meanwhile the nature, physis is the same
everywhere. We have to distinguish therefore, what holds by physis and what holds by
nomos. In society there exists both kind of rules, so call natural rules and habits and rules by
convention.
What does it mean to exist by nature would be clear if we take for discussion such
natural thing, as tree. A tree that exists naturally consists with definite parts. A tree is not a
collection of roots, trunk and branches, but has a definite form. When it loses that form, it
ceases to be a tree. Living things have within them a principle of grow which implies them to
develop towards an end. Aristotle’s concept of natural is thoroughly teleological. Everything
that exists by nature exists for an end and one cannot grasp its nature without understanding
the end.
From this point of view, we are ready to go to analysis Aristotelian polis. Polis is not a
collection of men, but something that exists by its nature. Human beings naturally form
families, the village is a natural aggregation of families and the polis is outgrowth of the
village. Aristotle’s definition of the man, that man is a political animal, now means, that man
is made by nature to live in polis.
The polis is an association of the people. All associations or forms of partnership exist
for the sake of some good. The purpose of the city-state is thus to enable its citizens to live a
Plato’s “Republic”.
Although “Republic” is not a single work of Plato in the field of politics, we discussed
mainly just this work, because of its complete character. First of all, we have to note, that
English title of Plato’s main political work, “Republic”, that comes from its Latin equivalent, is
not absolutely correct. The author uses title “Politeia”, that can be translated not only as
“Republic”, but also as “Regime”, or much more better as “Constitution”, “State”, “Society”. At
any case, Plato was writing about state or about society. Plato begins his inquiry with the
problem of justice for individual and with the same problem for the city-state i.e. his interest
moves to the problems of moral and social character. What he needs to do, first of all, is to
explore the basis of social and moral obligation
. We try to explain why Plato comes from the first question to more complicate
discussion concerning the state. As a matter of fact, Plato begins his theory of just man by
assuming an important parallelism between the city and the individual. He was thinking
ahead of the greatest possible unity of the city. Summarize the position he arrived at the
position, that the just city is not a self-subsisting being like the idea of justice, located so to
speak in a super heavenly place. Its status is rather like that of perfectly beautiful human
being. By an analysis of the elements in the human mind Plato maintained the idea, that its
well-being, full development and happiness are to be secured by doing right and not by
doing wrong, to prove thereby that virtue is its own reward. All other kinds of rewards,
including rewards and punishments after death, are merely secondary consideration.
The elements of mind, which theorist has to take into account are threefold and it has
been suggested that threefold division is a more or less arbitrary reflection into the individual
of the thee classes into which his state is organized. But, what is the class and how does the
class system work in society – is the next question where we come by the previous analysis.
We try to show, that Plato divides citizens not by their incomes, but by their occupations.
Under this criteria all members of the city-state divides into three main parts: rulers,
guardians and the rest population (excluding, of course, slaves). Such division of people
presupposes definite order of subordination among them. We may say, that Plato’s class
system represents a hierarchic society, but not cast system, because for individual it is
allowed to move from one, for example low class, into another upper classes. Such kind of
social mobility is depended on personal abilities of individual.
In some passages Plato speaks about upper classes (rulers and guardians) so, as if his
three classes are not so much three as two, one of which is further sub-divided. Plato writes
too much on morality and education system for upper classes, in despite of third class, which
he does not tell us much. Only thing we know about the members of this class is that they
are not working class, but some, who are engaged in economical activities. All they allowed
to own property. Their function is to provide for the material and economic needs of the
community. Their main virtue is obedience and they are under strict control.
How the city-state grew up? – Is one more important question discussed by Plato? The
state arose under the natural conditions of perfect being. The state is a whole and human
being is a part of that whole and always is realizing himself in the rank of citizenship of the
city. City-state is a natural unification of the people. Although the state arose in a natural
way, the mode of its functioning is completely conventional. According to Plato, there are five
kinds of regime: (1) kingdom or aristocracy, the rule of the best man, or the best men, that is
directed toward goodness or, virtue, by the regime of the just city; (2) Thimocracy, the rule of
lovers of honor or of the ambitious men which is directed toward superiority or victory; (3)
Oligarchy or the rule of the rich, in which wealth is most highly esteemed; (4) Tyranny, the
rule of the completely unjust man, in which unqualified and unashamed injustice holds away.
The descending order of the five kind of regime is modeled on Hesiod’s descending order of
five races of men: the races of gold, of silver, of bronze, the divine race of heroes, and the
iron race.
Now we know much more about the positive answer on Plato’s main question – “What is
the justice for the city-state”? In the case of individual, it consists of keeping a proper
balance among three elements of soul; each will then be doing its own job. True morality
consists, in fact, in giving due satisfaction to the different elements in us and preventing any
of them dominating at the expense of the others. The justice is defined as minding
individuals own business, fulfill his proper function in society.
110
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”
Sesavali. politikuri filosofiis gadmocemas platonis saxelmwifos
TeoriiT daviwyebT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda ufro adreuli avtorisaTvis,
vTqvaT, TukididesaTvis migvemarTa, magram Cven arCevans platonze SevaCerebT
misi Teoriis srulyofili da sistematuri xasiaTis gamo. Tanac damokidebuleba
platonis “saxelmwifosadmi”, romelic Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagania, orgvari
SeiZleba iyos. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am dialogs saTanado adgili
uWiravs mTel platonis filosofiur sistemaSi. meore mxriv, isedac SegviZlia
mas SevxedoT, rom ramdenadac am naSromSi platoni wminda politikuri xasiaTis
sakiTxebis garda, maTive siRrmiseuli gadmocemisaTvis da maT konteqstSi, exeba
Tavisi filosofiuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela danarCen mniSvnelovan problemas,
“saxelmwifo” platonis filosofiis ZiriTadi mizania. platonis Sexedulebebis
gadmocemiT politikuri Teoriis dawyeba savsebiT gamarTlebulad gveCveneba,
radgan orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom platoni politikuri
xasiaTis sakiTxebs sxvaTa Soris ki ar yveba, aramed, savsebiT mizandasaxulad
warmogvidgens maT rogorc adamianis msoflmxedvelobis (gnebavT am SemTxvevaSi
sul erTi iyos) organul, Tu damagvirgvinebel Temad. es ki politikuri
TviTcnobirebis aSkara manifestaciaa, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod
cxovroben politikurad, aramed ician amis Sesaxeb da fiqroben politikuri
cxovrebis avkargianobaze. politikuris fenomenis aseTi refleqsuri xasiaTi ki
Zalze mniSvnelovani sawyisia politikis TeoriisaTvis.
platonis politikuri Teoriis srulyofili gageba, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs
“saxelmwifos” garda, sxva dialogebis, pirvel rigSi, albaT, “kanonebis”
analizzsac, magram msgavsi detalizacia Zalze scildeba Cvens miznebs.
SemovizRudebiT “saxelmwifos” politikuri sakiTxebiT da sxva problemebs
mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs sagnis gadmocemis logika.
am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, vidre uSualod “saxelmwifoze” gadavidodeT, gvinda
oriode sityviT SevexoT politikuri problemebisadmi platoniseul midgomas,
ramac gansazRvra politikuri filosofiis magistraluri xazi makiavelamde.
platonis saxelmwifos idealur saxelmwifos uwodeben. amgvar daxasiaTebas
orgvari, Tanac erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi mniSvneloba aqvs. jer erTi,
“idealuri” niSnavs saukeTesos, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT da,
platonis CanafiqriT, saxelmwifos misi proeqti marTlac saukeTeso iyo yvela
SesaZlo, maT Soris arsebul, saxelmwifoTa Soris. daxasiaTebis meore
mniSvnelobiT, platonis saxelmwifo idealuria rogorc ara realurad arsebuli
saxelmwifos aRwera, aramed rogorc gadmocema im politikuri struqturebisa,
romelic arsebobs mxolod rogorc idea. xolo platonisaTvis is, rac arsebobs
rogorc idea, amave dros flobs Tavis gvarSi saukeTesod arsebobis wess. imis
gasagebad, Tu ratom miudga sakiTxs platoni amgvarad, dainteresebul
mkiTxvels mouwevs platonis ideebis TeoriaSi garkveva, risi gadmocemac Cvens
miznebs scildeba. CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia miTiTeba imaze, rom platonis
Semdgomi politikuri mwerloba makiavelamde, idealuri saxelmwifoebis “proeq-
tirebiT” iyo dakavebuli da Tuki exebodnen realurad arsebul politikur
urTierTobebs mxolod imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT idealuris buneba.
aqedan ar unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom platoni utopistia. arada arsebobs
garkveuli tradicia, romelic platonis politikuri filosofiis swored aseT
interpretacias gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc platonis idealuri saxelmwifo, ra
Tqma unda, Tomas moris utopiac ar arsebula sanamdvileSi, margam utopiisagan
gansxvavebiT, idealuri saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mxolod ocnebis, adamianis
fantaziis da proeqtirebis sferos. rogori problematuric ar unda iyos kavSiri
idealur da realur sagnebs Soris (da misi problematuri xasiaTi savsebiT naTlad
iyo gacnobierebuli Tavad platonis, Semdeg ukve misi mowafeebis mier), erT rameSi
SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom idealur sagnebsa da realur sagnebs Soris,
maT Soris idealur saxelmwifosa da realur saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri
platonis filosofiiT garantirebulia da, rom “idealurTan“ “ar arsebulis”
konotacia pirveli terminis moxmarebis mxolod periferiul ubnebzea dasaZebni.
7
 1.samarTlianobis problema
platonis saxelmwifo aTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi, sadac sakiTxis
dasmaa warmodgenili mosaubreTa sakmaod vrceli wres vxvdebiT. sxva dialogebis
msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss aqac sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs.
“saxelmwifos” sawyis kiTxvaze: “ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani
kaci?” — platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mimoixilavs, xolo Semdeg
iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemas. amasTan, kiTxva Tavidan adamianT-
Soris samoqmedo normas daesmis ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli aspeqtis dadgenis
mizniT, aramed misi mravalferovani yofiTi mxareebis saCvenebladac. vTqvaT,
“Tuki vinme marTlac cxovrobs samarTlianad, ra xeiri aqvs amisagan”? kiTxvaze
gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan zogierTi gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mdgradi da “Zalze
adamianuri” xasiaTis gamo. platonis epoqis msgavsad, Cvens droSiac Zalze bevri
adamianis eTosisaTvisaa ganmsazRvreli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac icavs Trasimaqe:
samarTlianad cxovreba Zalze wamgebiania. usamarTlobis Cadena adamianebs ar
SeuZliaT ara TavianTi keTilSobilebis, aramed ufro ususurobis gamo.
samarTlianoba keTilSobili sibriyve (3. 348 d) an umaRlesi gulubryvilobaa (2.
348 d). xolo usamarTloba ki ufro saR azrs emyareba da momgebian qcevas
uzrunvelyofs. ase, magaliTad, urTierTvaldebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqmes erTad uZRvebian samarTliani da arasamarTliani, verasdros
aRmoaCenT, rom saboloo gaangariSebisas, samarTlian kacs ufro meti moegos,
vidre arasamarTlians. am ukanasknels yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba. igive
viTarebaa saxelmwifos mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi: samar-
Tlians ufro meti Seaqvs, vidre arasamarTlians, magram, rodesac saxelmwifoa
maT mimarT valdebuli, samarTilans yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba da a. S.
sokrates piriT, platoni yvela msgavsi mosazrebebis gabaTilebas sakmaod
efeqturad axerxebs. amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva sul ufro d ufro metad scil-
deba yofiT situaciebis aRwerebs. samarTlianobis problema axla ganixileba
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis konteqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
argumentacia sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba, platons sakiTxis ganxilva
Tvisebrivad ufro maRal doneze gadayavs mas Semdeg, rac sokrate zogadi
meTodologiuri principis Sesabamisad moiTxovs jer SeviswavloT mTeli, xolo
Semdeg misi nawili, anu samarTlianobis sakiTxi jer ganvixiloT saxelmwifos
mimarT da amis Semdeg davubrundeT igive sakiTxis ganxilvas konkretul,
adamianis doneze.
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis
zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma
nawilis mTelis konteqstSi ganxilvis moTxovna kvlevis zogadmeTodo-
logiuri paradigmaa. jer unda SeviswavloT mTeli, Semdeg misi nawili. Sesabamisi
principis gavrceleba samarTliani kacis fenomenis dasadgenad, jer unda
SeviswavloT, Tu romeli saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba samarTlianoba da mxolod
amis Semdeg davadginoT, Tu romeli adamiani iqneba samarTliani. “saxelmwifoSi”
platoni am paradigmis Taobaze gakvriT saubrobs: “Cven vTvliT, rom samarT-
lianoba calkeul adamians aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba is mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis iyos
damaxasiaTebeli. ... saxelmwifo ki calkeul adamianze ufro didia. ... ase, rom
savaraudia samarTlianoba ufro did zomebs miiRebs imaSi, rac ufro didia da aq
misi Seswavla gacilebiT ioli iqneba. amitom, Tu gnebavT, modiT, jer
SeviswavloT ra aris samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebSi da Semdeg igive ganvixiloT
calkeul adamianTan dakavSirebiT, anu mcires ideaSi movniSnoT didi ideis
msgavseba” (368 a-369 a). marTlac, “saxelmwifos” momdevno striqonebze kvlevis
mimarTulebis gadanacvleba adamanidan saxelmwifoze calsaxad fiqsirdeba.
msgavssave zogadmeTodologiur princips emyareba Tavis “politikaSi”
aristotelec, romelic ufro mkveTrad warmoadgens xolme meTodologiur
moTxovnebs. is wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT
8 109
Mamuka Bichashvili
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY
(Summary)
After a period of dormancy, the political theory is beginning to reemerge as an existing
field of theoretical study in Georgia. The given course of lectures manifests this emergence.
The aim and the main idea of course are to provide a collection of both classical and non-
classical authors in order to bring the resources available in the field up to New Time political
theory. Almost theories of ten authors from Plato’s “Republic” to Rousseau’s “Contract
Social” are discussed during the course. The course has the following structure:
Introduction.
” There is given a general plan of the followed of lectures in Introduction. We have
outlined two basic approaches to the study of politics. One of them, Political Philosophy, its
carries the name not only to works of old philosophers, but mostly on the basis of its
methodology. Political Philosophy presents more balanced picture of the politics mainly
oriented to the abstract inquiry of the possible world. Such terms, as “phenomenon”,
“essence”, “value” and so on, have very constructive power for such kind of theories.
Scholars recognized in Political Philosophy the great importance of closer ties between
philosophical outlook and ongoing political practice as well as renewed interest in traditional
debates about the character of relationship between nature and social world. Political
Philosophy begins with the question: what it should be a person’s relationship to state and
society or to government and rulers. It generates visions of the good social life: of what it
should be the ruling set of values and institutions. The subject matter is broad and connects
readily with various branches of sub-disciplines of philosophy including philosophy of law
and economics.
In according philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide
between those, who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological
holists. Methodological individualists seek to explain social actions and behavior in terms of
individual action; meanwhile holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of
group.
The next important methodological question relates both epistemologies as well as to
ethics is the role that reason plays in social affairs. Positions we have got may be
characterized as rationalism and irrationalism. Political rationalism emphasizes the
employment of reason in social affairs: that individuals ought to submit the logic and
universality of reason rather then their own subjective or cultural preconceptions.
Irrationalists, from their side are criticizing rationalists for ignoring the intellectual and social
heritage that often lies beneath contemporary society.
Many authors distinguish Political Science from Political Philosophy. Political Science
predominantly deals with existing states of affairs and insofar as it is possible tries to be
neutral in its descriptions: it seeks a positive analysis of such social events as constitutional
issues, voting behavior, the balance of power etc.
Political Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of empirical science, empirical theory.
Observation and correct description of ongoing political events are its main sources. Further,
the attempt to unify a wide variety of political data, under significant theoretical framework, if
successful, would give a deeper understanding of political reality and would provide powerful
theories with the useful explanatory power.
Offering a difference between Political Philosophy and Political Theory, we do not mean,
that there are two kinds of theories, having nothing in common. Contrary, we have to take
into account, that these theories are distinct not by their object (object is the same for both
cases – the political event), but by their methodology, mode of approaches. Theories of
Hanna Arendt and Max Weber are good examples of such different approaches and for us,
both are very useful.
teqnologiebad. miT ufro, rom jer erTi, rogorc davrwmundebiT am
teqnologiebis strategia (da ara taqtikur, teqnologiuri novaciebi) didad ar
Secvlila da meore, sakuTriv politikuri werili dRemde rCeba teqnologiebis
mniSvnelovan Semadgenel elenementad.
franguli revoluciis literaturuli politikosebi dRes yvelasaTvis
cnobili xalxia. Tumca berki arc erT maTgans amgvarad ar axsenebs, magram
gasagebia, rom aq saqme exeba rusos, didros, volters helveciuss da maTi saqmis
gamgrZeleblebs revoluciis periodSi. berkis daxasiaTebit, es aris Tavis
gamocenis moyvaruli xalxi, romelmac ludoviko XIV-is sikvdilis Semdeg
dakarga taxtis keTilganwyoba. arc regenti da arc taxtis memkvidre ar iCenda
interess maTi naazrevisadmi. amis sapasuxod maT Tavi anebes samefi karisadmi
tradiciul keklucobas.
literaturuli politikosebis Sorsmimaval gegmebs Zalze Seuwyo xeli ori
franguli akademiis gaerTianebam da enciklopediis gamocemem. am litera-
turulma jgufmagarkveuli xnis win SeimuSava qristianuli religiis ngrevis
programa da antiesklesiur moRvaweobas iseTi TavdadebiT Seudga, rogoric
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod religiuri fanatizmisaTvis.
eklesiaze pirvelma Setevam, romelic mourideblad ganxorcielda, ar
gaamarTla. rac ar gamovida uecari SeteviT, misi ganxorcieleba meToduri ngre-
viT gadawyda. am mizniT gadawyda sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba. sazo-
gadoebrivi azris samarTavad aucilebeli gaxda imaTi daqvemdebareba, vinc
sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis.
Sesabamisad, maTi pirveli nabiji iyo literaturuli didebisaken mimavali
yvela gzis xelSi Cagdeba. zogierTma, aRiarebs berki, marTlac moaxerxa mec-
nierebisa da literaturis simaRleebis dalaSqvra, msoflio saxelis mopoveba,
risi wyalobiTac patiobdnen an nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen maTi saxifaTo
miznebis daufarav gamocxadebas. am keTilSobilebas maT imiT upasuxes, rom
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi mimdevrebisaTvis SeeqmnaT erTaderTi Wkviani, ganaT-
lebuli da gemovnebiani xalxis reputacia. gamorCeulobisadmi es maniakaluri
miswrafeba, gvarwmunebs berki, ara nakleb damRupveli aRmoCnda literaturisa
da gemovnebisaTvis, vidre filosofiisa da zneobisaTvis. maTi gamosvlebis Ziri-
Tadi forma qadageba iyo. susti da ZirisgamomTxreli argumentacia intrigebiT
iniRbeboda. amas, rogorc Cans aucilebel elementad daerTo oponentebis Savi R,
anu, rogorc Tavad berki wers: “literaturuli monopoliis sistemas maT dau-
mates nebismieri saSualebebiT yvela imis umowyalo gaSaveba da diskreditacia,
vinc ar iziarebda maT partias. maT qmedebebze xangrZlivi dakvirveba jer kidev
didi xnis win iZleoda saSualebas dagveskvna, rom maT akldaT mxolod
xelisufleba, raTa literaturuli Seuwynareblobidan gadasuliyvnen Tavisi
metoqeebis sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebis da sicocxlis pirdapir devnaze” (51-52).
am adamianebs axlo mimowera hqonaT evropis monarqebTan, maT Soris prusiis
mefesTan. am ukanaskneli mimoweris masalebze dayrdnobiT berki SeniSnavs, rom am
xalxisaTvis sul erTi iyo, safragneTis samefos Signidan, revoluciiT daangrev-
dnen, Tu ucxotemeli despotis xeliT. igive mizniT, ra mizniTac ikavSIrdebodnen
ucxoel monarqebs, es xalxi daukavSIrda sakuTari qveynis kapitalistebs da am
ukanasknelTa finansebze dapyrobiT, isini gaaTkecebuli ZaliT Seudgnen
sazogadoebrivi azris dapyrobas da unda iTqvas sakmao warmatebiTac radgan
droTa ganmavlobaSi didad gaiwvrTnen demagogiaSi, rodesac yovelmxriv
autanlad xatavdnen RaribTa mdgomareobas da monarqebis mankierebas.
amrigad, fraguli revoluciis saTaveSi ZiriTadad es ori jgufi — kapi-
talistebi da politikuri literatorebi aRmoCndnen. mwerlebi, SeniSnavs berki,
rodesac isini erTad moqmedeben, uzarmazar zegavlenas iqonieben adamianTa
gonebaze. da am mwerlebis kavSirma kapitalistebTan uzrunvelyo is rom masebi
loialurad ganewyvnen im tipis qonebisadmi, rogorsac kapitali warmoadgenda.
literatura:
1. Эдмунд Берк. Размышления о революции во франции и заседаниях некоторых
обществ в Лондоне, относящихся к этим событиям. М. «Рудомино» , 1993.
108
adre aTvisebuli meTodis mixedviT: Tuki sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, aqac rTuls
Semadgenel elementebad (mTelis umcires nawilakebad) davanawilebT da
davakvirdebiT risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vnaxavT, Tu riT
gansxvavdebian CamoTvlili cnebebi erTmaneTisagan da SeiZleba Tu ara maT
ukeTesi axsna mivceT” (1252a 20-30).
Tumca am sakiTxze aristoteles Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ufro farTod
visaubrebT, ukve aq SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adamianis saxelmwifosTan
mimarTeba, romelic gaiazreba nawilis mTelTan mimarTebis konteqstSi,
platonis skolis mxolod zogadmeTodologiuri principebis dacvis motiviTac
rom Semodiodes kvlevis arealSi da mas ar hqondes ufro siRrmiseuli axsna (rac,
rogorc Cven aristoteles politikuri Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas SevecdebiT,
ase ar aris), erTi ram mainc cxadia _ adamianis gageba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos
gagebis safuZvelze da mxolod mis konteqstSi.
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema
amrigad, zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, jer unda gamovikvlioT, Tu ras
warmoadgens samarTliani saxelmwifo da mxolod amis Semdeg gadavideT
“marTali kacis” bunebis gagebaze. samarTlianobis sakiTxis saxelmwifos mimarT
dasma mravali SesaZlo interpretaciis molodins badebs. magaliTad,
saxelmwifos samarTlianoba sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, samarTlianoba
marTlwesrigis dacvis (vTqvaT, izonomiis principis dacvis, anu kanonis winaSe
yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovnis) TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianoba sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenebs Soris urTierT- damokidebulebis kuTxiT da a.S. da a.S. is, Tu
romel Temas Tvlis prioritetulad platoni TandaTan gaxdeba cnobili. margam
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos samarTlianobaze an arasamarTlianobaze visaubroT,
jer Tavad saxelmwifoze unda SeviqmnaT swori Tvalsazrsi. es moTxovna
platonisaTvis daiSleba or qvesakiTxad. erTi, is Tu rogor yalibleba
saxelmwifo da meore is, Tu ra aZlevs adamianTa erTobas iseT safuZvels,
romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. SevexoT jer am ukanasknel sakiTxs.
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi
platons miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos safuZvelSi konvencionaluri sawyisi Zevs.
es Tvalsazrisi, romelic bevrs liberaluri politikuri filosofiis novacia
hgonia, savsebiT naTlad aqvs gamoTqmuli platons glavkonis piriT: “mas Semdeg
rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTlianadac da
arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisgan, maSin ... maT
mizanSewonilad CasTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomavlod arc usamarTloba
CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan. aqedan diwyo kanonmdebloba da
xelSekruleba” (“saxelmwifo” 359 a). TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gaimeorebs
ramdenime saukunis Semdeg “leviaTanSi” Tomas hobsi, rodesac surs aRweros
adamianTa gadasvla bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze, anu
politikur mdgomareobaze. Tu bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, hobsis
mixedviT, adamianTSorisi urTierToba emyareba princips —“adamiani
adamianisaTvis mgelia”, rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi samoqalaqo anu politikur mdgomareobaze
(rac hobsisaTvis erTi da igivea) gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT
cxovroben.
aq arsebobs erTi problema, romelic SegviZlia Semdomi kvlevis molodinSi
Riad davtovoT. erTi mxriv, aSkara msgavsebis miuxedavad, Cven vfiqrobT, rom
mainc arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba sakiTxisadmi hobsis da platonis
midgomebs Soris. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani platonis mixedviT ar
aris veluri. is, rom adamianebi usamarTlod eqcevian erTmaneTs, sulac ar
niSnavs maT saxelmwifos gareT arsebobas. mxecuri yofis mqone velurs platoni
9
ar CaTvlida adamianad, radgan misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis fysis-i
saxelmwifoSi yofniT realizdeba. magram meore mxriv, glavkonis sityvebidan
isic aSkaraa, rom konvencia saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis wyarod cxaddeba.
amitom Tu orive daSvebas SevinarCunebT, anu, Tu erTi mxriv miviRebT, rom
adamiani, rogorc adamiani, yovelTvis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos wevria da
amave dros davuSvebT, rom saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZveli konvenciaa,
maSin saganTa logika migviyvans Tvalsazrisamde, rom usamarTlo yofiT
adamianebi cxovrobdnen saxelmwifoSi, sadac warmodgena ar hqondaT arc
xelSekrulebaze da arc kanonebze. margam ra saxelmwifo iqneba iseTi
saxelmwifo, sadac araferi ician kanonis Sesaxeb (aq xom laparakia
kanonmdeblobis principul ar arsebobaze da ara imgvar viTarebaze, rogoric
saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, rodesac kanoni ar kanonobs)?
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sakiTxi sxvagvarad gadavWraT da davuSvaT sruli
identoba platonis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. es marTlac agvacilebda bevr
uxerxulobas, Tumca am poziciidan gamomdinareobs, rom platonisaTvis adamiani,
Tavisi bunebiT ar aris sazogadoebrivi arseba, rac Zalze saeWvoa.
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo
aqedan, gadavdivarT sakiTxze, Tu rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo, ra
uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos sicocxliunarianobas? saxelmwifos warmoSobis
gaazreba platonisaTvis aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, inteleqtualuri
eqsperimenti, azrismieri konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis SesaZlo genezisis
warmosadgenad. saqme isaa, rom formula _ “Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT
saxelmwifos warmoSobas, ...” (‘saxelmwifo” 369 a-b), jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom amiT
dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi, rodesac manamde ar arsebobda
saxelmwifo da Semdeg raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.
wina paragrafSi Cven saeWvod gavixadeT adamianis sazogadoebis gareT
arsebobis daSveba. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT saxelmwifos konstruirebis
platoniseul models, vpoulobT damatebiT arguments eWvis sasargeblod.
sokrate ambobs: “me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac TiToeul
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval
sxva raimes. ... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs xan erTs, xanac meores
da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas..
ganicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adamiani raTa erTad
icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba
iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas” (“saxelmwifo” 369 b, c). rogorc vxedavT,
Tuki saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebze daviwyebT fiqrs, pirveli mizezi misi
warmoSobisa, is gaxlavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos
moTxovnilebebi da saamisod saWiroebs sxva mravali adamianis Tanadgomas.
platoni kidev erTxel imeorebs am Tvalsazriss: “modiT gonebaSi avagoT
saxelmwifo sul Tavidan. rogorc Cans mis warmoSobas ganapirobeben Cveni
moTxovnilebebi” (“saxelmwifo” 369 c-d). arada adamianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze
mravalferovania. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli
sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg, bina, tansacmeli da a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad
mogviTxrobs TiToeuli aseTi saWiroebis da mis SeqmnaSi daxelovnebuli xalxis
Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti cxovrebieuli saWiroeba iCens Tavs, sul ufro da ufro
metad rTuldeba sazogadoebis struqtura, magram amasTanave Tavs iCens Sromis
danawilebis principi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis
organizaciasa da erT mTlianobad SekvraSi.
“Sromis danawilebaze” SegviZlia visaubroT ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erTi,
gaxlavT marqsizmSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Sromis danawilebas
ukavSirebda sazogadoebrivi formaciebis koncepts da Sromis danawilebaze
laparakobda zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobiT. fiqrobdnen, rom momTabare
cxovrebidan adamianebi gadavidnen jer mesaqonleobaze, Semdeg miwaTmoq-
medebaze da a.S.
10
nominalurad saxelmwifom iTava moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa,
radgan ekonomikur saxsars moklebuli adamianebi damoukidebeli individebidan
saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul msaxurebad iqcnen. ra warmatebas miaRwia
xelisuflebam am mimarTulebiT gasagebi gaxdeba moqalaqeTa saxelfaso da
sapensio uzrunvelyofiT. pensia, ambobs berki, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxel-
mwifosaTvis gaweuli msaxurebis kompensacia. misi gacema iseTive valdebulebaa
saxelmwifosi, rogorc avansad gacemuli msxvili kapitalis dabruneba.
ubedureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionaluri asam-
blea Tavad wyvts ra saxis samsaxurisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli pensiis da xelfasis
gacema. Sedegad gamoCndnen didi raodenobis adamianebi, visac xelisufleba im
Tanxebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvis uflebas aZlevs, romelic na-
cionalurma asambleam qonebis konfiskaciiT moipova. xolo rac Seexeba maT, vinc
puris fuls iTxovs, romelic srulad daimsaxura saxelmwifosaTvis sisxlis
TxeviT, maT eubnebian, rom isini emsaxurnen reJims, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs.
sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi Seexo
Tavadaznaurobas da ubralo xalxs. rac Seexeba kapitals, safrangeTis mesame
wodebas, rogorc isini Tavad, aseve maTi kapitali uvnebeli gadarCa. amis mizezi
franguli revoluciis “klasTa brZolis” specifikaSi mdgomareobs. da axla
gvinda mokled masze SevCerdeT. Tumca mravlismetyvelia Tavad is faqti, rom
gamarjvebulma axalma xelisuflebam qonebis konfiskacia SerCeviT da
politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela.
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi”
berki mokled aRwers safrangeTis revoluciis mamoZravebel dajgufebebs,
maT interesebs da ZalTa ganlagebas.
franguli monarqiis specifiur niSans warmoadgenda ukiduresi dapirispi-
reba mowaTmflobelebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. gansxvavebiT didi bri-
taneTisagan, sadac miwaTmflobelebi Tavad iqcnen umsxviles kapitalistebad,
safrangeTSi es ori klasi, e.w. meore da mesame wodeba gancalkevebulad idga. maT
ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi. kapitalis mflobeli wodeba ver Seegua azrs, rom mas
samefoSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ekava da droTa ganmavlobaSi, moRo-
nierebis kvalad, ieriSi miitana Tavadaznaurobaze, eklesiasa da samefo
xelisuflebaze. swored amiT aixsneba, rom revoluciurma xelisuflebam
gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina saTavadaznauro da saeklesio sakuTrebis
mimarT da revoluciis damfinansebeli burJuazia uvnebeli datova. sastik
brZolaSi gamarjvebuli burJuazia gamovida, radgan, berkis azriT, kapitalis
mflobeli Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro riskiania da kargad egueba siaxleebs da
gardaqmnebs. mesame wodebis garda, franguli revoluciis warmatebaSi didi
roli Seasrules e.w. “politikurma mwerlebma”, romlebic aliansSi Sevidnen
kapitalistebTan da mravalmxriv uzrunvelyves revoluciis warmateba. vnaxoT,
Tu vin arian es “literaturuli politikosebi”
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi
yovel Rrma socialur cvlilebas win unda uZRodes cvlileba adamianTa
gonebaSi. socialuri revolucia ar moxdeba inteleqtualuri revoluciis
gareSe, Rrma politikuri reforma sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mzaobis gareSe,
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba romelime socialuri jgufis dakveTis gareSe. yvela
SemTxvevaSi adamianebisaTvis arsebuli realoba autaneli da mouTmeneli unda
gaxdes, aucilebeli ar aris mis namdvil, adeqvatur gaazrebaSi, aramed savsebiT
sakmarisia mis iseT kopirebaSi, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. cxadia aq
saubaria adamianis gonebis manipulirebaze. am mimarTulebiT dRes arsebuli
yvelaze qmediTi saSualebebi R teqnologiebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ra Tqma unda,
berks aseTi termini ar gaaCnia, magram rasac is gulisxmobs “literaturul
politikosebSi”, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas ori saukunis winandel R
107
 berkis Sexedulebebi eklesiis funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, namdvilad ar
warmoadgens liberaluri azris ganviTarebis mwvervals. misTvis, visTvisac de-
mokratiuli sazogadoebis elementarul princips warmoadgens eklesiis saxel-
mwifosagan gamoyofa, berkis mtkicebebi miuRebeli iqneba, Tumca isini meore
mxriv, gasagebs xdian berkis gulwrfel aRSfoTebas im damokidebulebis mimarT,
romelsac iCenda franguli revolucia sakuTari qveynis eklesiis mimarT.
inglisSi _ berkis sityvebiT — Cvenamde moRweuli eklesiuri sistemis
farglebSi vcxovrobT. amiT Cven vinarCunebT Zvel adamainur cnobierebas. es
cnobiereba saxelmwifos wminda nagebobad miiCnevs da yvelafers akeTebs mis
SesanarCuneblad, xolo maT, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs, lamis RmerTis
gansaxierebad aRiqvams.
sazogadoebis safuZveli, berkis azriT, marTlac xelSekrulebaa, magram es
aris umaRlesi rangis xelSekruleba, romelsac ver gavutolebT sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis komerciul garigebad interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac es
xelSekruleba nebismier momentSi SeiZleba dairRves, radgan mas safuZvlad
praqtikuli sargeblianoba aqvs (44). saxelmwifo aris gaerTianeba, romlis mizans
adamianTa sasicicxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. aseTi
mizani mravali Taobis urTierTmonacvleobiT Tu miiRweva. amitom,
szogadoebrivi xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindel, warsul da momaval
Taobebs Soris. ufro meti, yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba mxolod erTi rgolia maradiuli sazogadoebis pirveldawyebiTi
xelSekrulebis jaWvSi, romelic xilul da uxilav samyaroebs aerTianebs (45).
RmerTma, vinc Seqmna CvenTvissrulyofili saTnoebebi, Tavisi nebiT Seqmna
saamisod ganxorcielebis piroba — saxelmwifo da moisurva igi dekavSirebina
yovelgvari srulyofilebis umaRles arqetipTan. visac swams umaRlesi nebis
imisa, vinc Tavadaa kanonTa kanoni da mefeTa mefe, ar SeiZleba ar esmodeT, rom
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisadmi erTgulebis da pativiscemis korporaciuli
fici, imavdroulad aris RvTis umaRlesi nebis ariarebac (45).
eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia aseTi teologiuri safuZvlidan ioli
gamosayvania. “eklesias Cven ganvixilavT rogorc iseT raimes, rac mTavari da
imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis da ara rogorc mis xelsayrel
damatebas, romelic iolad SeiZleba misgan gamovacalkeoT, gadavagdoT an
SevinaxoT. ... eklesia da saxelmwifo Cvens warmodgenebSi mouwyvetelia da Znelad
Tu moixsenieba erTi meoris gareSe (45-46).
revoluciurma xelisuflebam eklesiaze ieriSi ori mimarTulebiT miitana.
jer eklesiebis kuTvnili qoneba miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobiT welSi
gawyvetili eklesiis msaxurebi saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcia da xelfasebi
dauniSna.
Tu xalxma erTxel aRiara, rom eklesiis qoneba misi sakuTrebaa, maSin
gaumarTlebelia am qonebis raodenobis xelaxali gadaTvla da Cxreka. rac ar
unda uWirdes britaneTs, darwmunebiT ambobs berki, is arasdros Seecdeba
ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas eklesiis qonebis xarjze (47).
sxvisi qonebis miTvisebam safrangeTSi SamaZrwunebeli masStabebi miiRo.
amasTan, es iyo daufaravi Zarcva saxelmwifos moxeleebis mxridan, radgan is
xorcieldeboda yovelgvari winaswari braldebis da sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebis gareSe. berks kargad esmis saeklesio, Tu kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
warmoebuli omis sazrisi. aSkaraa, rom am operacias, garda qonebis gada-
nawilebisa, miznad naciis damoneba hqonda: “adamianebisaTvis damoukideblobis
warTmeva, maTi iZuleba gaxdnen wyalobis xelisSemyureni — TavisTavad udidesi
sisastikea” (48). da es maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveli da
uZiriTadesi amocana sakuTrebis dacvaa (49). es ki Tvis mxriv, niSnavs, rom
momavali sazogadoebis konturebi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg
ikveTeba, Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementaruli normebisagan.
amasTan, Tu Tvals movadevnebT im sistemas, romliTac nacionaliri asamblea
faravda da aCumaTebda sakuTrebis yovelgvari uflebis Selaxvas safrangeTSi,
miuTiTebs berki, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmovaCenT, rom es moqmedebebi yovelTvis
gamarTlebuli iyo eris interesebiT.
masSemdeg, rac sakuTreba revoluciuri xelisuflebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT
106
terminis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas vxdebiT adam smitis cnobil naSromSi
“erebis simdidris mizezebis Sesaxeb”. Sromis danawilebas, romelzedac aq smiti
laparakobs, aSkarad safuZvlad uZevs egoizmi, romelic, ramdenadme
paradoqsulad manufaqturuli warmoebis pirobebSi “gunduri” moRvaweobis
macementirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. romelime produqtis, vTqvaT
qurTukis, warmoeba, Sromis danawilebas emyareba, vTqvaT erTi akeTebs Rilebs,
meore Wris qsovils, mesame keravs, meoTxe Rebavs da a.S. am drosac TiToeuli
ostati moqmedebs misi sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da dainteresebulia
mxolod imiT, rom awarmoos rac SeiZleba meti produqti da maqsimalurad meti
mogeba naxos Tavisi Sromidan. magram ramdenadac saboloo produqti erTian
Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli yoveli mewarme sxva mewarmis Tanadgomas saWiroebs.
ase yalibdeba SromiTi koleqtivi, romelSiac TiToeuls mxolod sakuTari
interesebi amoZravebs, magram misi realizaciisaTvis aucileblobiT esaWiroeba
sxva.
Sromis danawileba, romelsac adgili aqvs platonis saxelmwifoSi, axlaxans
aRwerils Camohgavs, Tumca is romelime erTi produqtis sawarmoeblad ki ar
xorcieldeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.
miuxdavad imisa, rom platonTan ver vxvdebiT termin “Sromis danawilebis”
konceptualur analizs, Znelia misi roli gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT, radgan mis
safuZvelze sazogadoeba ara mxolod erT mTlianobad ikvreba, aramed iRebs
socialurad diferencirebul xasiaTs. amasTan, sruli saxiT formirebul
saxelmwifoSi Cndeba misi normalurad cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebeli da zedmeti profesiis adamianebi. am ukanasknelTa arseboba
ganpirobebulia fufunebisaken swrafviT an sxva romelime mankierebiT.
“zedmeti” xalxis siaSi xvdebian monadireebi da mimesisis warmomadgenlebi —
poetebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi modeliorebi da sxva (“saxelmwifo” 373 b). am gziT,
platoni saubrobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli fenebis, Tu gnebavT ase vuwodoT,
klasebis Sesaxeb. rogorc SemdgomSi ufro cxadi xdeba, sazogadoebis socialuri
diferenciacia da am fenebis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea, platonis
politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi sazrunavi xdeba. “saxelmwifos” ZiriTadi
sakvlevi Tema — samarTlianobis Tema, rogorc konkretul adamianTan, aseve mTel
saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis calsaxad ukavSirdeba swored socialuri fenebis
harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis princips.
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura
gadavideT axla imis deskripciaze, Tu ra fenebi yalibdeba sazogadoebaSi.
zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena. mmarTvelebi, mcvlebi da Tavisufali
mewarme xalxi. am fenebis aRmniSvneli fenebis terminologia sakmaod
Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba platonis mier. vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mcvelebze
saubrisas, zogjer is iaraRian xalxsac gulisxmobs da mmarTvelebsac. Tumca aman
ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi, radgan es ori fena Tavisi funqcionaluri
datvirTulobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnuli fenebis
mdgomareoba saxelmwifoSi statikuria. fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi,
miuxedavad amisa, platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqturas kasturs
ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erTi romelime saTnoeba.
ase maraliTad, mmarTvelTa fenaSi aseTia sibrZne, mcvelebSi — simamace, xolo
xelosnebsa da miwaTmoqmedebSi — gamWriaxoba. sxvagan (“saxelmwifos” meoTxe
wignSi, 427 e) laparakia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,
gamWriaxobasa da samarTliannobaze. amasTan samarTlianoba imgvar saTnoebad
cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.
ra ganapirobebs sazogadoebis diferenciacias? zemoT aRiniSna, Sromis
diferenciaciis ganmsazRvreli roli da TiTqos kiTxva uadgiloa, magram Cven aq
vgulisxmobT ara zogadad socialuri organizaciis princips, aramed mis
konkretul nairsaxeobas _ riT ganisazRvreba is, rom romelime konkretuli
adamianma Seavso mcvelebis an, vTqvaT, Tavisufali miwamoqmedebis rigebi? Tuki
11
aq warmomavloba da memkvidreobiToba aris wyalgamyofi, maSin platonis
idealuri saxelmwifos socialuri organizacia gamokveTil kastur xasiaTs
miiRebda _ xelosnad dabadebuli verasdros ver gaxdeba mmarTveli, mcveli an
piriqiT. magram platoni ase ar fiqrobs. konkretuli adamianis romelime
socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebulobis garkveva damokidebulia ojaxis
organizaciasa da am adamianis personalur Tvisebebze. saboloo jamSi, adamiani
ama Tu im fenis wevri misi piradi Tvisebebis da talantis wyalobiT xvdeba, rac
mkacrad kontrolirdeba xelisuflebis mier. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ufro
konkretulad.
3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi
ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema idealuri saxelmwifos erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. koncentrirebuli saxiT es sakiTxebi
ganxilulia mesame da meoTxe wignebSi, Tumca dialogis sxva TavebSiac araerTxel
Sevxvdebi sakiTxis ama Tu im aspeqtis xelaxal ganxilvas.
principSi Znelia ojaxi vuwodoT adamianTa urTierTobis im tips, romelsac
iwonebs platoni. is laparakobs saerTo colebsa da Svilebze da kerZo
sakuTrebis akrZalvaze idealur saxelmwifoSi. kerZo sakuTreba gadaWarbebul
indivilualizms warmoSobs da platonis rwmeniT ver egueba idealuri
saxelmwifos mTavar mizans. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba saxelmwifos mankieri
formebis aRwerisas, rodesac timokratiaze gadasvlis procesSi saerTo,
saxelmwifo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs.
zogadsaxelmwifoebriv doneze mesakuTruli instinqtebis ganuwyveteli zrda da
maTi degradacia fufunebisadmi miswrafebebSi omis wyarod cxaddeba, romelic,
Tavis mxriv platonisaTvis yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis mizezia
(“saxelmwifo” 373-374).
saxelmwifos mmarTvelebs da mcvelebs ekrZalebaT rogorc aucilebelis
garda sxva kerZo sakuTrebis qona, ise col-Svilis yola (platoni naTlad ar
miuTiTebs es akrZalva mxolod mcvelebze vrceldeba Tu saxelmwifos yvela
moqalaqeze, Tumca sakiTxis miseuli logika am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis
sasargeblod laparakobs). saerTo col-Svilis idea srul TanxmobaSia
kerZomesakuTruli suliskveTebis aRmoxvrasTan da dgas igive movlenebis rigSi
rogoricaa mcvelebisaTvis kerZo qonebis ararseboba (“saxelmwifo” 464 c-d). maT
ar unda hqondeT araviTari iseTi sacxovrisi, romelSiac ver SeaRwevda
nebismieri msurveli. sakvebi da sxva aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebi maT unda
miiRon moqalaqeebisagan imis fasad, rom isini icaven samSoblos. isini cxovroben
erTad, albaT, raRac yazarmuli Senobebis msgavsSi rogorc omis, aseve
mSvidobianobis dros. mcvlebs ar unda hqondeT Sexeba oqrosa da vercxlTan. maT
ar unda hqondeT sakuTari saxli, miwa, fuli, raTa isini ar iqcnen msxvil
mepatroneebad da Sinaur mtrebad ar eqcnen sxva moqalaqeebs (“saxelmwifo” 417 a-
b). mcvelebs ekrZalebaT TviTneburad saxelmwifos sazRvrebis datoveba,
heterebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva da a.S. dabadebidan mokle vadis gasvlis
Semdeg, bavSvebs specialurad maTTvis momzadebul SenobebSi ganaTavseben
maTTvis miCenili pirebis mzrunvelobis qveS.
amgvari gadawyvetileba platonis mier gamarTlebulia xolme saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis an sazogadoebaSi gamafebuli saerTo
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis principebis moSveliebiT. vTqvaT im pirobebSi,
rodesac aravin icis vinaa misi Svili an mama, yiveli adamiani mamaSvilur
siyvarul Tanabrad unawilebs erTmaneTs. magram saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sruli
gaurkvevloba adamianTa warmomavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciaciaSi. ra Tqma unda,
mosalodnelia niWieri adamianebis STamomavalic iseTive iyos, rogorc misi
mSoblebi da umeteswilad asedacaa. platoni winaaRmdegi rodia raime
talantebiT dajildoebulma adamianma Sesabamisi adgili daikavos
sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. Cven rom vicodeT bavSvis mSoblebis vinaoba, rac
12
uaryofisagan TeoriaSi da praqtikaSiac mzad var mTeli guliT davuWiro mxari
adamianis relur uflebebs ... rac Seexeba uflebas xelisuflebis gasa-
nawileblad, saxelmwifo saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebas, aq me yovelTvis
ganvagrZob mtkicebas, rom isini mxolod formalurad Sedian samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi adamianis pirdapir da ZiriTad uflebaTa rigSi” (26). Tu xeli-
suflebaSi monawileoba mxolod formaluradaa adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa
rigis Semadgeneli, maSin ra upirates uflebebze SegviZlia visaubroT am
konteqstSi? berki aq ganasxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc adamianTa
Tanaarsebobis bunebiT produqts, Sesabamisad adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aRmocenebuls xelSekrulebis safuZvelze adamianis
uflebebis Sesabamisi gagebiT. rusos ideebze aRmocenebulma frangi revo-
lucionerebis ideologiam adamianis uflebebis swored es ukanaskneli gageba
SearCia. Tu aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis produqtia, maSin SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT raime, rac ukve
nagulisxmebi ar aris xelSekrulebis mier. aseTi sazogadoebis erT-erTi
umTavresi principi ambobs, rom arc erTi adamiani ar gamodgeba mosamarTled
sakuTar saqmeSi. ukve mxolod es erTi principi arTmevs adamians Tavis bunebriv
uflebas, romelic yovelgvari xelSekrulebis miRma dgas, Tavadve gansajos da
daicvas sakuTari interesebi. man uari unda sTqvas Tavdacvazedac — bunebis am
pirvel kanonze — radgan adamians ar SeuZlia erTdroulad isargeblos
civilizirebuli da aracivilizirebuli saxelmwifos uflebebiT (26-27).
saulisxmoa, rom berki am msjelobebidan ar akeTebs calsaxa dadebiT an
uaryofiT daskvnas romelime Teoriis sasargeblod. misi mizania aCvenos rom
adamianis uflebaTa Tema ganyenebuli Teoriuli problemaa, romelze dayrd-
nobiT gaumarTlebelia konkretuli problemebis gadawyveta. mecniereba
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, berkis azriT, ar aris metafizikuri disciplina. is
arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri eqsperimentaluri mecnierebisagan. mas ver
SeviswavliT a priori. piriqiT, politikuri mecniereba, romelic praqtikuli
miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, damokidebulia adamianur gamocdilebaze.
man udidesi sifrTxiliT unda imsjelos sazogadoebrivi Senobis ngrevaze,
romelic saukineebis ganmavlobaSi aigeboda da pasuxobda Tavis daniSnulebas da
kidev ufro meti sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos maSin, romdesac saqme exeba axali
Senobis agebas. adamianis uflebebis Tema abstraqtuli metafizikuri Temaa da
misi realobasTan Sexeba mniSvnelovnad ucvlis mas saxes im donemde, rom
Teoriuli diskusiebi mis Sesaxeb azrs kargavs da absurdul xasiaTs iRebs.
“uflebebi, romlebzedac msjeloben Teoretikosebi — ukiduresobas
warmoadgens; igive doziT, ra doziTac isini metafizikurad sworia, politikis
da moralis kuTxiT yalbad gamoiyureba. ... politikuri goneba xom moqmedebs
gaTvlis principis meSveobiT — is ajamebs, gamoTvlis, amravlebs da yofs ara
metafizikur, aramed realur moralur realobebs ...”(28).
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis revolucias ar gaaCnda is teqnologiebi, rom-
lebic misTvis uzrunvelyofda totalur kontrols individze. da mainc, am
mimarTulebiT man mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. revoluciis logika
gvaswavlis, rom yoveli revoluciuri xelisufleba mosaxleobis sruli
morCilebis misaRwevad epoqis da adgilis Sesabamis samizneebs poulobs. XVIII
saukunis miwurulis frangulma revoluciam aseT samizneebad sakuTrebis da
eklesiis institutebi SearCia. es arCevani sayovelTao da aucilebeli ar aris. is
ufro simboluria.
TavadaznaurobisaTvis sakuTrebis warTmevis mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi rom
ara, eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba sakuTrebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebad
SegveZlo CagveTvala, radgan am droindeli fraguli eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi
mesakuTre iyo. eklesia, ambobs berki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZveli,
sikeTisa da Svebis wyaroa (43). iqneb swored amitomac Seuties mas revoluciis
liderebma.
105
vasalebs aRar utovebda tiraniis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobas. rogorc ki es
principi moiSala, maSinve daiwyo SeTqmulebebi da mkvlelobebi, konfiskaciebi
da sisxliani angariSsworebebis mTeli rigi, rac yoveli im xelisuflebis
politikur kodeqss Seadgens, romelic arc sakuTar Rirsebas emyareba da arc maT
Rirsebas, vin marTuli inda iyos. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri mosazrebebidan
gamomdiare, mefeebi tiranebad iqcevian, xolo maTi qveSevrdomebi principze
dayrdnobiT meamboxeebad. evropuli civilizacia saukuneebis manZilze
emyareboda or princips — raindobas da religias. maT gareSe Tavisufleba
tiraniad iqceva, codna ampartavan uwignurobad, xolo humanuroba uxeSobad da
velurobad.
Rirsebis principi gasdevda sazogadoebis yvela rangs ise, ar angrevda
rigiTobis sistemas. misi wyalobiT mefe Tavisufled da megobrulad eqceoda
yvela qveSevrdoms ise, rom isinic monuri morCilebis gareSe pasuxobdnen mas.
yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe es principi aqrobda pativmoyvareobis da
ampartavnebis yovlegvar gamovlenas, avaldebulebda monarqs yuri miegdo
sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis, koreqtulobas aiZulebda mkacr xelisuflebas,
agebinebda yvelas, rom manerebi SeiZleba kanonebze mniSvnelovani iyos.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqam goneba umaRles prioritetad aRiara. marTalia
berki arafers ambobs ganmanaTleblobaze, magram laparakobs gonebis Suqze,
romlis brwyinvalebam gaaqro rainduli idealebi. yvela saburavi, romelic
esoden alamazebda cxovrebas daundoblad Camoiglija. samaradJamod moiciles
Tavidan zneobis maragebidan aRebuli yvela ideali, romelic adamianis
mankierebis dafarvas emsaxureboda. isini absurdulad da sasacilod
gamoacxades. am axali xedviT mefe ar aris meti, vidre adamiani, xolo dedofali
ki qali; qali — cxovelze meti araa, xolo cxoveli ar ganekuTvneba umaRlesi
kategoriis arsebas. pativiscema susti sqesis mimarT romantiul bodvad
cxaddeba. mefis mkvlelobis, mamis mkvlelobis da saerTod adamianTa msxverplis
warmoudgeneli mankiereba mxolod gamonagoni da crurwmenaa, romelic xels
uSlis samarTlianobis aRsrulebas. am barbarosuli filosofiiT, romelic
SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod gayinul gulsa da avadmyof gonebaSi
gamoiricxeba yovelgvari sibrZne, gemovneba da keTilSobileba. kanoni unda
emyarebodes SiSs da emsaxurebodaes mas, vinc kanons piradi SurisZiebisa da
interesebis mizniT iyenebs. da es maSin, rodesac Cvevebis da tradiciebis
safuZvlis gareSe kanoni warmoudgenelia. “sazogadoebis zneni da midrekilebebi
— wers berki — zogjer aucilebelni arian rogorc damatebani, zogjer rogorc
koreqtivebi, magram yovelTvis rogorc kanonis safuZvlebi” (34-35).
revolucioner xelisufalTa farisevluri gancxadebebis fonze, adamianTa
bunebiTi uTanaswororobis Zveli platonuri idea, sakmaod naTlad JRers berkis
SexedulebebSi: safrangeTis kanclerma ganacxada, rom yvela profesia sapatioa.
araferia sapatio dalaqisa da farnebis amnTebis profesiaSi, ambobs berki, Tumca
es aravis, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos, ar aZlevs uflebas daCagros am rangis
xalxi. problema ufro sxvaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela wodebis
Tanasworobis motiviT cdiloben qveynis marTva mewaReebs Caabaron. es
gadaudebel problemebs Seqmnis. amgvari qmedebiT fiqroben, rom cru rwmenebis
winaaRmdeg gamodian da sinamdvileSi ki brZoloben bunebis winaaRmdeg — ambobs
berki. Tumca, aqve, Cqarobs Tavisi mosazrebis komentirebas. sazogadoebaSi mis
mier rangebis dacva sulac ar niSnavs mis mier warmomavlobiTi xelisuflebis
dacvas. ZalauflebisaTvis, misi azriT, mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod sibrZnes da
saTnoebas, xolo Tu adamiani misi mflobelia, es imas niSnavs, rom mas
sazogadoebaSi adgilis da Rirsebis mandati zecidan miuRia (21).
ras sTavazobs revoluciuri safrangeTi Tanasworobis am principebis
sanacvlod Tavis moqalaqeebs? raindobis da Rirsebis principebs aq adamianis
uflebebis Tema enacvleba. “isini safuZvelSi deben naRms, romelic daangrevs
yvela Zvel simbolos, Cvevas, qartias, saparlamento aqts. es naRmi — adamianis
uflebebia” (26). magram ra unda hqondes adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego
berks? rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans araferi, radgan berki upirveles yovlisa
adamianis uflebebis profanacias ucxadebs brZolas.
“magram aris ki saubari adamianis namdvil uflebebze? me Zalze Sors var maTi
104
ganmsazRvreli iqneboda axalgazrdis sazogadoebis ama Tu im safexurze
gansaTavseblad, maSin arc zedamxedvelebis gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva gaxdeboda
saWiro saamisod da mTeli sazogadoebac gamokveTil kastebad struqturirebad
xasiaTs miiRebda. magram ramdenadac bavSvebis mSoblebis vinaoba ucnobi rCeba,
sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili unda daikavos am ukve axalgazrda kacma
saxlmwifoSi, gadawydeba misi pirad Tvisebebze, niWsa da talantebze dakvirvebiT
saxelmwifo aRmzrdel-moxeleebis mier.
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea
erT-erTi idea, romelic ganmsazRvrelia klasikuri konservatizmisaTvis,
aris adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi
TvisebebiT ar arian Tanasworni erTmaneTTan. zogierTi dajildovebulia
saocari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogierTi Sromismoyvare da
gamrjea, zogic “samusiko” xelovnebisadmi midrekili. platoni, romelic arsad
ar arRvevs izonomiis, anu kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas,
amave dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze. Tu bunebiTi
uTanasworobis idea, ganmsazRvrelad miviCnieT politikuri konservatizmis
TeoriisaTvis, maSin platoni erT-erT pirvel konservatorad unda CavTvaloT.
igi ara mxolod uSvebs aseTi bunebrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas, aramed am ideas
uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifos socialur organizacias. yovelma adamianma unda
daikavos is adgili saxelmwifos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba
mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli
xdeba swored esaa samarTlianad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is
saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSiac yvela adamians Sesabamisi adgili aqvs
miCenili da ar xdeba sazogadoebrivi fenebis aRreva.
sakiTxis sruli saxiT warmosadgenad dagvrCa erTi kiTxva: ra gansazRvravs
adamianis niWierebas, ra qmnis misi ama Tu im talantis safuZvels? fsiqologiuri
mecniereba icnobs talantis fenomens rogorc faqts, rogorc realobas. ra Tqma
unda, arsebobdnen talantebi da arsebobdnen geniosebic, magram ris gamo, amaze
erTsulovnad sdums rogorc mecniereba, aseve Cveulebrivi gansjac. ufro
metic, Tavad kiTxva SeiZleba mogveCvenos aramarTlzomierad _ faqtia, rom
adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom maT xvadasxva
midrekilebebi gaaCniaT da sruliad uadgiloa imis Zieba, Tu ra iwvevs amas.
iq sadac mecniereba da gansja dums platoni miTs iSveliebs da misi
saSualebiT surs axsnas adamianTa Soris arsebuli bunebiTi uTanasworoba.
platoni gviyveba, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianebi miwisagan da rom
qmnadobis am procesSi zogierTs mieria oqro, zogierTs vercxli, xolo zogsac
rkina da spilenZi. is visac oqro mieria mmarTvelebs unda Seadgenen,
vercxlnarebi xalxi mcvelebad gamodgeba, xolo rkiniTa da spilenZiT
Sezavebulebma xelosnebis da miwaTmoqmedebis rigebi unda Seavson (“saxelmwifo”
414 d, e; 415). yoveli mmarTveli, yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda
zrunavdes ara imis garkvevaze, Tu visi Svilia esa Tu is axalSobili, aramed imaze,
Tu ra Tvisebebi gaaCnia mas da Tu aRmoaCens, rom savaraudod oqronarevi
mSoblebis SvilSi sWarbobs spilenZisa da rkinis xasiaTi, mas Sesabamis
sazogadoebriv fenaSi unda miuCinon adgili. es ki niSnavs, rom raRac saxiT
socialuri mobiloba idealur saxelmwifoSi mainc arsebobs.
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia
axla Cven sakmarisad momzadebulni varT saimisod, rom vilaparakoT
samarTliani saxelmwifos bunebaze da mizanze. mcvelebis cxovrebis aRweris
Semdeg, kiTxvaze — “xom ar iqneba maTi yofacxovrebis normebis aseTi mkacri
reglamentacia gadaWarbebuli?” — sokrate pasuxobs: “roca Cven vayalibebdiT am
saxelmwifos, sulac ar gvsurda gansakuTrebiT bednieri gagvexada misi erTi
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romelime fena, aramed piriqiT, gvindoda aseTi yofiliyo mTeli saxelmwifo.
Tqven xom imedi gqondaT swored aseT saxelmwifoSi aRmogeCinaT samarTlianoba
da cudad mowyobilSi ki usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 420 b-c) da Smdeg: “amasTan,
Cven iseT saxelmwifos miviCnevT samarTlianad, romelSiac arsebuli sami, Tavisi
bunebiT gansxvavebuli fena, TiToeuli Tavis saqmes akeTebs. brZen, mamac da
gamWriaxad Cven CavTvliT Sesabamisi Tvisebebis da mdgomareobis mqone fenebis
mqone saxelmwifos” (“saxelmwifo” 435 b-c).
amrigad, mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maSin,
rodesac yoveli adamiani gaakeTebs raRac erTs iqedan (rac Tavis mxriv saWiroa
saxelmwifosaTvis), risi gakeTebis bunebrivi monacemebic mas yvelaze metad aqvs.
samarTlianoba zogadad aris sakuTari saqmis keTeba da sxvis saqmeebSi
Caurevloba (“saxelmwifo” 433 a-c). sxvis saqmeebSi Caurevlobaze saubrisas aq is
ki ar igulisxmeba, rom ikrZaleba xeli SeaSvelo miwis damuSavebaSi vinmes.
laparakia sazogadoebis fenebis principul statusze da maTi funqciebis
aRrevis principul miuReblobaze. sokrate sagangebod ubrundeba socialuri
kibis safexurebis statikurobis sakiTxs da yovelgvar mobilobas ukve dadgenil
fenebs Soris damRupvelad miiCnevs. rodesac xelosani, an sxva romelime saqmiani
kaci sakuTari unarebis, simdidris, Tu zalisa da gavlenini kavSirebis wyalobiT
imdenad amaRldeba, rom moindomebs mcvelebis fenaSi gadainacvlos an raRac
msgavs moindomeben mcvelebi da mmarTvelebSi gadainacvleben, an, bolos,
romelime erTi adamiani moisurvebs yvelafer amis gakeTebas, aseTi Careva sxvis
saqmeSi, erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris udidesi boroteba da danaSauli
saxelmwifos winaSe, anu usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 434 b-d).
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci
saxelmwifo adamianebisagan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, maTi Tvisebebic Zalze
msgavsi unda iyos. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTliani
saxelmwifo, SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb konkretul
adamianTan mimarTebiT. Tvisebebis msgavsebis Tezisis safuZvelze SeiZleba
visaubroT, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTnoebebi — sibrZne,
vaJkacoba da gamWriaxoba — man adamianebisagan, sakuTari moqalaqeebisagan
SeiZina (“saxelmwifo” 435 e). aqedan platoni gadadis adamianis sulis sami sawyisis
analizze. es sawyisebi koordinaciaSi arian saxelmwifos im ZiriTad TvisebebTan
da saTnoebebTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo saubari. adamianis suli Sedgeba: a)
gonieri nawilisagan (logisticonmeros), romelic adamianis TavSia koncentrirebuli;
b) mrisxanebis nawilisagan (thimoedes), romlis adgili dulSia da, bolos, RviZlSi
myofi ltolvadi nawilisagan (epithymeticon) (“saxelmwifo” 439 d,e). samarTliani
adamianis buneba am Tvisebebis mimarTebis, ufro zustad maT relaciur
urTierTobaSi vlindeba, oRond saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad,
relaciebs aqvT ara gare, aramed sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli xasiaTi. samarTliani
iqneba is adamiani, romelic moaxerxebs TiToeul am awyiss Sesabamisi adgili da
funqcia miuCinos: “... is axerxebs TiToeuls miuzRas is, rac misTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli; mas SeiZlia sakuTari Tavis moTokva, is awesrigebs Tavs da
sakuTari Tavis megobari xdeba; is ise SeuTanadebs Tavisi sulis sam sawyiss
erTmaneTs, rogorc amas akeTeben tkbilxmovanebis sami ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT.
... is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan am sam sawyiss da aRwevs gamWriaxobis da
mowesrigebulobis sakuTriv erTianobas” (“saxelmwifo” 443e).
14
gegmebs ufro metad awyobs. maT veravin aRudgeba win an Seasmens rasme verc caSi
da verc miwaze. rogori gonebis, rogori gulis, rogori unarebisa unda iyos
adamiani, romelic Tavs idebs uzarmazari samefos konstituciis SemuSavebas ...
msgavs situaciaSi ki, rodesac Zalaufleba usazRvroa, xolo misi miznebi ki
gaurkveveli da arc eqvemdebareba gansazRvrebas, zneobrivi borotebis
yoveldRiuri gavrceleba da Zalauflebis mflobeli adamianebis TiTqmis
fizikuri uunaroba Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba, saSineli
ngrevebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes” (17-18).
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da adamianis Rirseba
rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli
safrangeTis revolucia aRiniSna umZafresi SejaxebiT gansxvavebul wodebes
da fenebs Soris. es cnobili Temaa da masze uamravi Sroma dawerila, vTqvaT aseTi
zogadi saTauris qveS — “klasTa brZola”. SeiZleboda am Temaze berkis Tval-
sazriss calke ganvixilavT. amjerad ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli Tanas-
wrobis fenomens, romelic TavisuflebasTan erTad politikis mkvlevarebma
demokratiis safuZvelSi moaTavses.
berki asxvavebs Tanasworobis orgvar gagebas: erTi Tanasworobis revo-
luciur ideals, romelic emyareba ra adamianis uflebebis cnebas, sazogadoebas
qaosisaken ubiZgebs, xolo meore Tanasworobis konservatiul ideals, romelic
Rirsebis grZnobas emyareba da gulisxmobs rangirebis SeanrCunebas sazoga-
doebaSi.
frangulma revoluciam win wamoswia bevri adamiani, romelmac sakuTari
Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod uRalata sakuTar klass, Tavadaznaurobas. inglisSi
revoluciis dros maTi msgvsi pironeba iyo grafi hovardi, romelmac mas Semdeg
rac mravali sikeTe miiRo mefisagan daRupvis piras miiyvana igi. magram hovardis
msgavsebi iSviaT gamonakliss waroadgendnen gansxvavebiT frangebisagan,
romelTa bevrma warCinebulma gvariSvilma mesame wodebaTan kavSirSi xeli
Seuwyo qveynis Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebas. arada, rodesac maRali rangis
pirebi, piradi gamorCenis mizniT, Ralatoben Rirsebis ideals, maTi Semdgomi
yvela saqme siqveles moklebuli xdeba. franguli revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT,
sxva qveynebSi didi socialuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis liderebi miznad ar
isaxavdnen adaminuri Rirsebis fexqveS gaTelvas. isini Sors iyurebodnen.
xangrZlivi istoriis manZlze safrangeTis saocari gamZleoba, didi katakliz-
mebis miuxedavad swrafi aRdgena, swored keTilSobil wodebaze iyo dam-
yarebuli, romelic yvelafris mouxedavad arasdros kargavda sulis simrTeles,
Rirsebas da pativad Tvlida qveynisaTvis samsaxurs. es fena axla safrangeTSi
nadgurdeba. kidev uaresi, revvoluciur xelisuflebas aTvalwunebuli da
damcirebuli yavs yvela is, vinc Rirsebis wesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. “yvela is —
miaCnia berks — vinc rangebis arsebobas esxmis Tavs, verasdros miaRwevs namdvil
Tanasworobas. yvela sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva kategoriis moqala-
qeebisagan Sedgeba, unda dominirebdes erTi. gamTanabreblebi mxolod
amaxinjeben bunebriv wesrigs” (20).
am fonze berki laparakobs evropis mzis Casvenebaze. evropa, romlis oqros
xana ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda raindobis fenomens, ukve warsuls Cabarda. es
epoqa Sescvala sofistebis, ekonomistebis, kantoris moxeleebis epoqam da
Sedegad evropis didebaz samudamod Caqra (33). ras warmoadgenda Zveli
sazogadoebis safuZvelTa safuZveli raindoba? berkis azriT, Zvel raindobaSi
realizebuli iyo mTeli zneobrivi sistema. misi principebi marTalia gareg-
nulad icvlebodnen, ramdenadac icvleboda cxovrebis pirobebi, magram
raindobis arsi agrZelebda arsebobas da berkis dromde zemoqmedebda mTel
Taobebze.
swored es qmnida evropis gamorCeul niSans sxva regionebisagan, Tumca igive
principi brwyinvalebas sZenda ara mxolod aziur imperiebs, aramed,
safiqrebelia, antikuri xanis saxelmwifoebsac. arsebobda feodaluri raindobis
erTgulebis principi, romelic ise ganamtkicebda samefo xelisuflebas, rom
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da am saqmes eklesiaze Tavdasxmebidan iwyeben (25). xelisuflebam, romelmac
monopolia gamoacxada nacionalur nebaze, piradi angariSsworebis mizniT,
uamravi uknonoba ise Caidina, rom mas praqtikulad araviTari winaaRmdgoba ar
Sexvedria. cxdia, isini ufro mokrZalebulni iqnebodnen TavianT namoqmedarSi,
rom ar hqonodaT sruli garantia piradi usafrTxoebisa, rac rogorc
movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam aCvena iseve iluzoruli aRmoCnda, rogorc
maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebi.
es rac Seexeba revoluciis zogad princips, romelic gamoixata Zaladobis
mizniT nacionaluri nebis uzurpaciasa da revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier
piradi miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebaSi. magram zogadi principis cxovrebaSi
gasatareblad konkretuli meqanizmia saWiro. ZiriTad aseT meqanizms franguli
revoluciuri xelisuflebis organizacia warmoadgenda. berki upirveles
yovlisa frangul parlaments, nacionalur asambleas ixdis Tavisi kritikis
sagnad. yvela, gvarwmunebs is, vinc gaecnoba mis Semadgelobas, darwmundeba, rom
Zaladoba da boroteba erTaderTi arCevania, romelic ki maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon.
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi rCebian iseTebad, rogoric isini
Seqmna RmarTma, bunebam, ganaTlebam da cxovrebis wesma. am mxriv ki frang
deputatebs dasakvexni mainc da mainc araferi aqvT. parlamentis saerTo
Semadgenloba warmoadgenda naxevrad wignier provinciel advokatebs, mcire
iuridiuli kantrebis mmarTvelebs, soflis notariusebs da municipaluri
Cinovnikebis mTel armias. qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli proeqtebis da
farTo politikuri xedvis nacvlad, maT xelisuflebaSi moitanes wvril-wvrili
intriga da yovldRiuri mosaxveWelisaTvis daundobeli brZola. arc erT
maTgans ar hqonia saxelmwifos gaZRolis praqtikuli gamocdileba, xolo
saukeTesoebi mxolod Teoretikosebi iyvnen. nebismier saqmeSi arseboben
liderebi da isini, vinc liderebs mihyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu vnaxavT rom
nacionaluri asamblea ZiriTadad Sedgeba umniSvnelo, medrove adamianebisagan,
gasagebia, rom maTi proeqtebic mankieri iqneba. am parlamentSi yvelaze batonobs
umecari umravlesoba. asambleis is mcirericxovani nawili, romelic moklebuli
ar aris Rirsebas, pativmoyvareobis karnaxiT umravlesobas gamoedevneba xolme
da iqceva instrumentad mis xelSi. politikuri xelmZRvanelobis efeqtianad
gansaxorcieleblad, erTi mxriv, liderebi pativs unda scemdnen da
iTvaliswinebdnen maT azrs, visac isini win uZRvian, xolo meore mxriv, piriqiT, am
ukanasknelebs unda SemorCenili hqondeT kritikuli Sefasebis unari da brmad ar
unda mihyvebodnen sxvebs.
Tu parlamentis Semadgenloba iseTia, rogorc davaxasiaTeT, ras SeiZleba
movelodeT misgan? berki fiqrobs, rom es aqtiuri, veragi adamianebi arasdros
dauSveben imas, rom cxovrebam iq daabrunos, saidanac maT Tavi wamoyves. sakuTari
saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, raSiac isini saerTod ver erkvevian,
nebismieri xerxebiT, isini ixelmZRvaneleben mxolod sakuTari interesebis
karnaxiT, raSiac Zalian kargad erkvevian. es xalxi mzadaa xma misces nebismier
proeqts, romelic ki maR pirad mogebas uqadis. ase iqmneba sruliad
gaumarTlebli konstitucia, romelic maT maRal Tanamdebobebze gadabargebis
saSualebas da qonebis xelaxali, Zaladobrivi gziT gadanawilebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. umravlesoba, romelic Tavis droze ver daikvexnida verc
Wkua-gonebiT da verc zneobrivi sispetakiT, vis ZiriTad sazrunavsac piradi
gamorCena warmoadgenda, viTarebam axla maRal saxelisuflebo postebze
wamoaskupa. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc saqme gvaqvs im adamianebTan, visi
midrekilebebi da unarebi, an ganzraxulis aRsrulebis wesi odnavac ki ar
Secvlila (17).
berki gamoTqvams eWvs, rom arCevnebi gamiznulad moewyo ise, rom parlamentSi
moxvedriliyo umravlesoba, visac simdidre mxolod suraTebze Tu unaxavs. es
adamianebi moklebulni arian unars win aRudgenen angarebas. isini SeCveulni
arian morCilebas da sanacvlod Tavis TavSi atareben patara karieristis
mentalitets, gaunaTleblobis da TviTkmayofilebis energias, momxveWelobis
vnebas, rasac ukve veRaravin SeaCerebs. umravlesobis yvela wevrma “nacvlad
imisa, rom aRiaros ukve SemuSavebuli konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebis
aucilebloba, gadawyvita Tavad SeimuSaos iseTi konstitucia, rogoric maT
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6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi
ras warmoadgens mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT platonis idealuri
saxelmwifo? idealuri saxelmwifo, romelzedac platoni saubrobs SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli formiT. is SeiZleba iyos an monarqia an
aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTveloba). rCeulebi, romlebzedac platoni lapa-
rakobs ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTveli
rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. aq, albaT, saWiroa davazustoT “filosofosis”
cneba da vTqvaT, rom platoni am terminSi ar gulisxmobs diplomirebul
filosofiis magistrs. erT-erT Tavis dialogSi platoni wers: “maTematika, an
sxva romelome filosofiao” da Tu termin filosofiis etimologias
gaviTvaliswinebT, rac sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi inteleqtualebi, mecnierebi arian. platoni
ara erT furcels uTmobs filosofosi mmarTvelis ama Tu im Tvisebis
daxasiaTebas. laparakia rogorc filosofosebis interesebze da mowodebebze —
misiaze _ aseve maT mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac filosofos
mmarTvelebs SevexeT, barem aqve ganvixiloT sakiTxi platonis politikuri
Teoriis totalitarulobis Taobaze. karl poperma, naSromSi “Ria sazogadoeba
da misi mtrebi” platoni totalitarizmis mamad gamoacxada. poperis braldeba
friad soliduria da unda iTqvas, rom rogorc popers aseve platons bevri
damcveli gamouCnda. platonis damcvelTa rigebSi, albaT, pirvel rigSi unda
movixsenioT iseTi avtori rogoricaa leo Strausi, vinc fiqrobda, rom poperma
ubralod ver gaigo platoni da mis politikur filosofias araswori
interpretacia misca. Cven vfiqrobT, rom platonis Teoria marTlac Seicavs
bevr iseT elements, romelic poperis kritrkis simarTleSi gvarwmunebs. kerZo
sakuTrebis akrZalva ukve Seicavs araerT iseT moTxovnas, saidanac sazogadoebis
totaluri kontrolisaken mivdivarT. Tu amas davumatebT xelovnebis da bavSvTa
aRzrdis umkacresi ideologiuri kontrolis moTxovnas platonis mier, Zalze
axlos aRmovCndebiT orvelis samyarosTan, sadac regulirebadia ara mxolod
Svilebis gaCenis asaki (platonis TeoriiT qalebisaTvis 20-40 weli da mamakace-
bisaTvis 30-55 weli), aramed seqsic: “dae, igive kanoni moqmedebdes im SemTxve-
vebSiac, rodesac romelime STamomavlobis gagrZelebis unaris mqone mamakaci
Seexeba, Tundac saqorwino asakis qals, xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven vityviT, rom isini Soben saxlmwifosaTvis ukanono bavSvs” (461 b).
yofis aseTi kontroli, ra Tqma unda, totalitarulobis asociaciebs
aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. magram platonis saxemlwifo ar SeiZleba totalitaruli
iyos ufro teqnikuri viTarebebis, vidrde ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo. rac
platonis saxelmwifos aklia totalitarulobamde, aris masmedia. aristotele
erTgan wers, rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebi sruldeba iq, sadamdec swvdeba
heroldis xma. ar iqneba swori, Tu saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebis kontrols
mxolod TvalTvaliT unariT SemovzRudavT da ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi
zegavlenis, politikuri gemovnebis formirebis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogoric
masmediaa. jer saerTo nacionaluri presa, Semdeg televizia da, bolos,
interneti, aseT kontrols dRes marTlac totalur xasiaTs aniWebs da mas
uiversalurs xdis. platons amaze ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo.
saxelmwifo mowyobis yvela danarCeni forma mankieria da pirvelis
degradacias warmoadgens. idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda,
platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebis mqone saxelmwifoebze:
timokratiaze, anu qonebriv cenzze damyarebuli reJimi, oligarqiaze, anu
umciresobis mmarTveloba, demokratiaze anu xalxis mmarTveloba da tiraniaze
anu erTis mmarTveloba sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am formebs Soris yvelaze
uaresi tiraniaa da platonic sakmao dros uTmobs jer tiraniis rogorc reJimis
aRweras, xolo Semdeg tiranis Cvevebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCinebas.
Cvens droSi uyoymano Rirebulebebis Semcvel demokratiul mmarTvelobas
platoni, rogorc vxedavT, mainc da mainc ar swyalobs da bolodan meore
adgilze ayenebs. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom
15
platonisaTvis “demokratia” iseve, rogorc Zveli romaelebisaTvis “respublika”
(“plebsis” mmarTveloba) uTanaswordeboda ara imdenad “xalxis mmarTvelobas”,
ramdenadac “mdabioTa mmarTvelobas”.
7. sxva sakiTxebi
platonis filosofiis ganxilvis bolos, minda Sevexo or, Cemi azriT, dRes
mniSvnelovan Temas. pirveli ukavSirdeba qalis rolsa da funqciebs sazoga-
doebaSi, xolo meore omis problemas..
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni Tvlis, rom qali iseTive aqtiuri
personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. laparakia ara mxolod qalis
socialur da politikur aqtiobaze, aramed mis aqtiobaze samxedro saqmeSiac.
Zalze delikaturad, platoni wers, rom qalebma smxedro saqmeSe unda iTavon
imdenad, ramdensac Tavad CaTvlian SesaZleblad (452a...…; 453... ).
kidev erTi sakiTxi, aris omis problema. Zalze didi xnis Semdeg, faSizmis
erT-erTi ideologi da haidegeris megobari, karl Smiti, dawers statias,
“politikuris cnebis Sesaxeb”, romelic amozrdilia platonis omis gansaz-
Rvrebidan. saerTod, omis klasikur gansazRvrebad iTvleba klauzevicis defi-
nicia, romelic gveubneba, rom omi aris politikis gagrZeleba samxedro
saSualebebiT. am definiciis gasagebad, sul mcire, Cven imis codna mainc
gvWirdeba, Tu ra aris politikuri da platoni swored am sawyisebTan dgas. is
ganasxvavebs omis orgvar mniSvnelobas, sakuTriv oms da ganxeTqilebas: “me
mgonia, rom arsebobs ori saxelwodeba — omi da gamxeTqileba. isini Seu-
Tanxmeblobis ori gamovlinebaa. da orad me maT vTvli ai ratom: erTs adgili aqvs
Tavisianebsa da axloblebs Soris, xolo meores — ucxoebTan, ucxotomelebTan.
mtroba TavisianebTan ganxeTqilebad iwodeba, xolo sxvebTan omad” (470 b-c).
Tumca, es ufro deskripciaa omisa da aq jr kidev ar Cans misi mizezebi imisa,
Tu ratom aqvs elins mtroba ucxotomelTan da aramtroba isev elinTan,
visTanac, rogorc istoriidan viciT aranaklebi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi
hqonia. platoni amis Taobaze wers: “maSasadame, Tu elinebi ebrZvian barbarosebs
da barbarosebi elinebs, Cven vityviT, rom isini brZoloben imitom, rom TavianTi
bunebiT mtrebi arian da amitom maT am mtrobas omi unda vuwodoT. xolo,
rodesac msgavsi ram xdeba elinebs Soris, unda vTqvaT, rom isini bunebiT
megobrebi arian, magram elada aseT SemTxvevaSi avadaa da masSi urTierTqiSpoba
sufevs, rasac ganxeTqileba ewodeba” (470c-d).
savaldebulo literatura
1. platoni — saxelmwifo. Tavebi II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX.
2. Plato - The Republic. Translated with the Introduction by Desmond Lee. Second Edition. Penguin
Books, 1987.
3.Платон – Государство, в кн. Платон Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 1. Изд. «Мысль»,
Москва 1971.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
4. uiliam gaTri — berZeni filosofosebi. Talesidan aristotelamde.” (platoni.
moZRvreba ideebis Sasaxeb) gv.96-114, gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1983.
5.frensis fukuiama ”istoriis dasasrul da ukanaskneli adamiani”. nawili III 17
(”Timosis aRzeveba da dacema”) gv. 192-203. gamoc. mSvidobis, demokratiis da
ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier. Tbilisi, 1999.
6. Leo Straus Notion of Nature. in Introduction of ”History of Political Philosophy” Univ. of Chicago.
7.Carl Schmitt ”The Notion of Political”.
8. Leo Straus, Plato, in: ”History of Political Philosophy”.
16
saukeTeso saSualebaa zomierebis SesanarCuneblad sazogadoebaSi, romelic amiT
daculi iqneba moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da bolomde gauazrebeli
proeqtebis tiraniisagan.
“Tqven rom ar amogeSalaT mexsierebidan winaprebi, cocxlad SegenarCune-
binaT Zveli evropuli kanonis principebi da nimuSebi, mxolod gageumjo-
besebinaT da SegeguebinaT isini Tanamedrove situaciasTan, maSin mTel msoflios
uCvenebdiT axali sibrZnis magaliTs. maSin, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tqven
Zalze Rirseul saqmed aqcevdiT yvela xalxis Rirseul adamianTa TvalSi. Tqven
sayrdens gamoaclidiT despoticms, Tuki uCvenebdiT, rom Tavisufleba ara
mxolod SeTavsebada kanonierebasTan, aramed, roca is ar ewinaaRmdegeba
disciplinas, Sesatyvisia kidevac misi” (12).
Tuki ase moiqceodnen, fiqrobs berki, maSin frangebi aCvenebdnen imas, rac
Tavis droze ganaxorcieles ingliselebma. kerZod, rom savsebiT SeTavsebadia
erTmaneTTan Tavisufali saxelmwifo, Zlieri monarqia, disciplinirebuli
armia, reformirebuli da yvelasaTvis pativsacemi eklesia, Serbilebuli da amave
dros energiuli Tavadaznauroba. liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mesame
wodebisadmi am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisufali konkurencia
hqonoda da, saboloo jamSi, Tavis mxares gadmoebirebina Tavadaznauroba.
Sedegad, safrangeTi miiRebda yovelmxriv dacul, kmayofil da Sromismoyvare
xalxs, romelic bednierad icxovrebda sruli moraluri Tanasworobis
pirobebSi. rogoria amis nacvlad realoba?
revoluciis mamebis mecadineobiT, frangi xalxi, romelic welSi wydeba
umZimesi SromiT, motyuebulia imiT, rom mas yalb ideebs da ararealuri
proeqtebiT cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imeds unergaven, rac kidev ufro mwares
xdis qveyanaSi gamefebul realur uTanasworobas.
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli
“safrangeTma iyida maTxovruli yofa danaSaulis fasad” (13). amgvaria
revoluciuri safrangeTis realuri Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba berkis
mier. danaSauli, zogadi azriT, aris kanonis ugulvebelyofa, kanonierebis
fexqveS gaTelva da masze maRla dadgomis mcdeloba. pirveli nabiji am dam-
Rupveli mimarTulebiT frangebma kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobiT gadadges.
sazogadoebis politikuri wyoba, romlis warmoSobas safuZvlad ukanonoba
uZevs, verasdros Seegueba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv insti-
tutebs. SiSveli nebis mier sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao wesad qceva mxolod
pirveli nabijia aRviraxsnilobis, TviTnebobis da urwmunoebis gaormagebisaken.
Sedegad, korupcia, manamde simdidris da Zalauflebis Tanmxleb mankierebad rom
iTvleboda, mosaxleobis yvela fenas moedo. postrevoluciuri safrangeTis
mZime mdgomareobas berki ase aRwers: arsebuli viTarebiT miRweulia eris sruli
bankrotoba, rac konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom kanonebi ugulve-
belyofilia, sasamarTloebi garekili, mrewveloba dauZlurebuli, suls Rafavs
vaWroba, xalxi gamaTxovrebulia, eklesia gaZarcvuli, armia da samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba imyofeba anarqiis mdgomareobaSi. anarqia iqca sazogadoebrivi
mowyobis ZiriTad wesad (14).
ram gamoiwvia aseTi mZime viTareba? qveynis msgavsi totaluri ngreva,
Cveulebriv Sedegia xolme ucxo mtris Semosevis, an, kidev uaresi, samoqalaqo
omis. zogadad revoluciis da pirvelad franguli revoluciis specifikas
swored is Seadgenda, rom qveynis ngreva sruliad mSvidobian istoriul
monakveTSi Sedga. is ganxorcielda periodSi, romlis drosac axali xelis-
uflebis mier miiReboda bolomde gauazrebeli, umeteswilad briyvuli gada-
wyvetilebebi, rac warmoadgenda revoluciuri mTavrobis arakompetenturobis
da TviTkmayofilebis manifestacias. arada, es gaxldaT xlisufleba, romelsac
araTu aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli
mxardaWera hqonda (14). am adamianebis arsi ngrevaSi mdgomareobs. sxva
SemTxvevaSi maTi arseboba yovelgvar gamarTlebas dakargavda. Sesabamisad, isini
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis aucileblad Tvlian samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ngrevas
101
kontreformaciuli eklesiis moZrvars, doqtor praiss.
praisis qadagebidan, romelic ZiriTadad agebulia adamianis uflebebis Temis
irgvliv, praiss gamoyavda Tvalsazrisi, romelic TiTqos moipova ingliselma
xalxma 1688 wlis revoluciis ZaliT da romlebic misi azriT gulisxmobda mefis
arCeviTobas, uvargisi mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis ZaliT damxobis
uflebas da mTavrobis xalxis Sexedulebis mixedviT dakompleqtebas. berki
Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs samive am mtkicebas da aCvenebs, rom arc erTi maTgani
ar Sesula revoluciis Semajamebeli dokumentis originalSi, romlis sruli
saxelwodebaa “adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklaraciis da taxtis
monacvleobis uflebis aqti”. berki savsebiT samarTlianad urCevs adresats Tuki
mas marTlac ainteresebs inglisis saxelmwifo wyoba, es sakiTxi Seiswavlos
qveynis istoriidan, sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan da sxva dokumentebidan da ara
mRvdlebis mier kaTedrebidan gakeTebuli qadagebebis safuZvelze. amasTan,
berkis azriT, qveynis politikuri mowyobis avtorebi kanonmdeblobas
alagebdnen bunebis kanonebTan TanazomadobiT da ara novaciebis Semotanis
surviliT. sicicxlisunariani arsebuli realobis SenarCunebiT, ingliseli
xalxi sulac ar uaryofs gaumjobesebisaken miswrafebas da progress, romlis
SerCeva SenarCunebis arCevani yovelTvis Tavisuflad rCeba.
“amgvarad gardatydeba bunebis universaluri kanoni saxelmwifos
cxovrebaSi, sadac Cven vsrulyofT imas, rac arasdros ar aris axali da
vinarCunebT imas, rac arasdros ar Zveldeba. winaprebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni
aseTi principebi warimarTeba ara Zveli crurwmenebiT, aramed filosofiuri
analogiiT. vemyarebiT ra taxtismonacvleobis princips, Cven vafuZnebT
mmarTvelobas sisxliT naTesaobaze, xolo qveynis kanonebs vukavSirebT ojaxur
kavSirebs da axloblobas imgvarad, rom mexsierebaSi siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT
vinaxavT warmodgenebs Cvens saxelmwifoze, ojaxur kerebze, winaprebis
saflavebsa da sakurTxevlebze. TavisuflebaTa memkvidreobiTobis ideis Suqze
ganxilviT, Cven viRebT arcTumcire upiratesobebs. Tavisuflebis suli ase
xSirad rom warmoSobs uwesrigobas da eqscesebs, CvenSi moqmedebs, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, kanonizebuli winaprebis TandaswrebiT da amitomac morCili xdeba
maTi didi pativiscemis da mowiwebis ZaliT. ... swored amitomaa Cveni Tavisufleba
Rirseuli Tavisufleba” (gv. 11). berkis es sityvebi memkvidreobiTobis principis
ganxilvisaken gbiZgeben, romelic konservatizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri
principia.
memkvidreobiToba
amrigad, winaprebis danatovaris pativiscema, memkvdreobiToba, rogorc
vxedavT aRmocenebulia bunebis proncipebTan sazogadoebis harmonizaciis
survilze. swored es ganasxvavebs ingliselTa cxovrebis wess da Tavis droze
inglisuri revoluciis Taviseburebebs frangulisagan. pirveli dafuZnebulia
tradiciaze maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli cdilobs yovelgvari tradiciulis
uaryofas.
“rusom ver mogvaqcia Tavis rwmenaze; Cven ar gavmxadvarT volteris
mowafeebi; helveciuss araferi daumatebia Cveni ganviTarebisaTvis. aTeistebi ar
gamxdaran Cveni moZRvrebi, SeSlilebi — kanonmdeblebi. ... Cven araviTari
aRmoCena ar gagvikeTebia, Tumca arc vfiqrobT, rom morali iseve, romgorc
moralisa da mmarTvelobis safuZvlebi saWiroebs aRmoCenas” (40).
am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT berkis mowodeba frangebisadmi aaSenon axali
Senoba Zvel saZirkvelze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, Tu frangebi aRar
ganixilaven sakuTar Tavs iseT naciad, romelsac revoluciamde araferi hqonia
saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da monobaSi cxovrobda. winaprebis
pativiscemiT, frangebi ufro met pativs miagebdnen sakuTar Tavs. Tavisuflebis
suls sCvevia mravalgvari eqscesebis da aurzauris gamowveva. magram, Tu is
emyareba memkvidreobiTobis idas, raRac azriT kanonizirebuli winaprebis
uRrmes pativiscemas, maSin yovelTvis dazRveuli iqneba yovelgvari
gaugebrobebisagan. Tu axalma Taobam Tavisuflebis idea miiRo Rirsebis
TanSobil grZnobasTan erTad, is arasdros ahyveba utifarTa gamoxdomebs, rac
100
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria
Sesavali. platonis mowafeebs Soris yvelaze ufro niWieri, aristotele,
Tavad miiwvia makedoniis mefe filipem Tavisi vaJis, aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. es
erTgvari kompensacia iyo aristotelesaTvis, romelsac molodinis
sawirispirod, platonma ar dautova Tavisi skolis xelmZRvaneloba.
damokidebuleba maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris araerTgvarovania. Tu
gavixsenebT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas _ “megobaria platoni, magram
WeSmariteba ufro didi megobaria” _ maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris sakmaod
mwvave diskusiebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT. rig sakiTxebSi da es iTqmis ufro
metafizikis da epistemologiis problemebze, platonis d aristoteles
Sexedulebebi TiTqmis erTgvaria. sxva sakiTxebSi da maT Sorisaa politikuri
problematika, platonis da aristoteles xedva ara mxolod gansxvavebulia,
aramed xSirad sapirispiroc. Tavisi politikuri doqtrina aristotelem
gadmosca “politikaSi”, “nikomaqes eTikaSi” da “did eTikaSi”. am bolo or
naSromSi politikuri problemebi eTikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis konteqstSi
gadmoicema. sakuTriv politikur problemebs is ZiriTadad “politikaSi”
ganixilavs da Cvenc am naSroms daveyrdnobiT, rmelic sul rva wignisagan
Sedgeba. platonis “saxelmwifosagan” gansxvavebiT, romelic idealuri
saxelmwifos proeqtirebas uTmobs ZiriTad dros, aristotele aranaklebad
interesdeba arsebuli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRweriT, Tanac
imgvarad, rom erTnairi gulmodginebiT warmoadgens rogorc Teoriul da mTeli
misi doqtrinisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebs, aseve, erTi
SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo detalebs saxelmwifo cxovrebisa.
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani
yoveli saxelmwifo, wers aristotele “politikis” SesavalSi, aris adami-
anTSorisi urTierTobis Taviseburi forma, romelic miznad isaxavs saTnoebas.
aq, albaT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba rusul da inglisur Targmanebs Soris.
berZnuli “κοινονια”, inglisur teqstSi Temaze, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo,
Targmnilia adamianTSorisi asociaciad (association) Sesaxeb, xolo rusuli teqsti
saubrobs adamianTSoris urTierTobaze (общение). es ukanaskneli Zalze tevadi
terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv asociacias, aseve adamianTa Soris
komunikacias, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa
aristoteles aseTi gancxadeba: saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi unda ar yvela saqmeSi,
an arc erTSi, an zogSi monawileobdnenda zogSic ara. es savsebiT bunebrivia,
radgan “erTi saxelmwifos mier dakavebuli adgili garkveuli saxis erTobaa,
xolo moqalaqeebi ki erTi saxelmwifos mowileebi (κοινονοι) arian” (1261 a).
am zogadi SeniSvnis Semdgom, aristotele saubrobs meTodze, romelic
saxelmwifos ganxilvis gzis maCvenebeli unda iyos. politikuri analizis
aristoteleseuli meTodi ar aris raime gansxvavebuli kvlevis sxva meTo-
debisagan. is am SemTxvevaSi igive meTods iyenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebis
analizisas. erTi mxriv, problemisadmi misi midgoma ar aris didad gansxvavebuli
sakiTxis kvlevis im wesisagan, romelsac palatoni amjobinebda. aristotele
wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki mas adre gadmocemuli
meTodis mixedviT ganvixilavT _ sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, Tu rTuls martiv
elementebd davanawilebT da davakvirdebiT, Tu risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo
...”(1252 a 20). “politikis” meore wignis dasawyisSi, aristotele gvamcnobs, rom
ararsebuli idealuri saxelmwifo modelebis misi analizi TviTmiznuri ar aris.
naSromis mizania Seswavlili iqnes adamianTa urTierToba maTi yvelaze
srulyofili im formiT, romelic adamianebs aZlevs saSualebas icxovron
TavianTi miswrafebebis Sesabamisad. am kvlevis procesSi, gvafrTxilebs
aristotele, ganxiluli iqneba realurad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo Tu
iseT saxelmwifoebs SevexebiT, romlebic arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, es moxdeba
17
ara TviTmiznurad, aramed mxolod imitom, rom arsebulebi mravalmxriv
srulyofilebi arian, da ver axdenen TvianTi bunebis (“fysis”) realizacias (1260 b
30-35).
is rac saxelmwifos safuZvelSi Zevs, aris qalis da mamakacis urTierToba,
urTireToba arsebebisa, romelTac ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe yofna. maTi
erTimeorisadmi ltolva gonivruli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed
aris imis msgavsi instinqti, rogorsac vxvdebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi datovon
STamomavloba.
aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobis pirveli da uZiriTadesi
forma aris ojaxi: “... urTierToba, romelic yalibdeba bunebrivad yoveldRiuri
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aris ojaxi” (1252 b 10-15). Sesabamisad,
ojaxebisagan Semdgari asociacia aris sofeli, xolo soflebis erTianoba ki
Seadgens saxelmwifos. “srulyofilad warmodgenili soflebisgan Semdgari
gaerTianeba aris saxelmwifo (polisi), ... romelic TviTkmar arsebobas aRwevs da
romelic iqmneba sasicocxlo aucileblobis karnaxiT, magram arsebobs saTno
cxovrebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo bunebrivi
produqtia da iseve, rogorc adamianTa Sorisi pirveladi urTierTobebi, am
bunebrivi tendenciis dasrulebas warmoadgens, xolo dasrulebaSi ki Tavs
aCvenebs buneba. Cven vuwodebT yoveli obieqtis bunebas ... mis iseT mdgomareobas,
romelic miiReba misi ganviTarebis dasrulebis Semdeg. ufro metic, saboloo
miznis ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba umaRlesi srulyofileba, xolo imas, rasac
TviTkmari arseboba gaaCnia, is dasrulebulicaa da umaRlesi arsebobis mqonec”
(1252 b 25-1253 a). aqedan aristotele akeTebs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo aris raRac
bunebiTad arsebuli da, rom adamianic Tavisi bunebiT, politikuri arsebaa. es ki
niSnavs, rom Tuki romelime adamiani, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT da ara SemTxveviTi
garemoebebis gamo, saxelmwifos gareT icxovrebs, is an zneobrivad
ganuviTarebeli arsebaa da, an zeadamainia (1253 a 5-10).
amrigad, adamiani arsebobs mxolod saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveladia
masTan mimarTebiT. rogorc platonTan, aqac adamianis saxelmwifosTan
damokidebuleba mTelis da nawilis paradigmis konteqstSi ganixileba.
izolirebulad ganxiluli adamiani ar iqneba TviTkmari arsebuli. mas yovelTvis
daWirdeba sxva adamianTan asociacia. aristotele kvlav imeorebs, rom Tu
adamianma mainc miaRwia TviTkmar arsebobas da mas sxva aRaravin Wirdeba, maSin is
adamiani ki ara an cxovelia da an RmerTi (1253 a 25-30). sxva cocxali arsebebisagan
adamians, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebis unari ganasxvavebs. es uzrunvelyofs
imas, rom mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seiqmnas warmodgena iseT cnebebze,
rogoricaa sikeTe da boroteba, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. zneobrivi
ganzomileba, romliTac aristotele adamians axasiaTebs, saxes ucvlis mis
saxelmwifoebrivad cxobrebis sazriss. marTalia adamianebi sazogadoebrivad
erTiandebian erToblivad arsebobis saWiroebis karnaxiT, magram agrZeleben
amgvar yofas saTno cxovrebis misaRwevad, raSiac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
realizacias axdens: “sisrules miRweuli adamiani, yvelaze ufro srulyofilia
cocxal arsebebs Soris da, piriqiT, kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe mcxovrebi
adamiani yvelaze uaresia. ... sikeTes moklebuli adamiani yvelaze ukeTuri da
veluria Tavis sqesobriv ltolvebSi da miswrafebebSi. samarTlianobis cneba
ukavSirdeba warmodgenebs saxelmwifoze, radganac samarTali (kanoni) aris ra
samarTlianobis sazomi, imavdroulad aris politikuri qcevis maregulirebeli
normac” (1253 a 30,35 — 1253 b).
amrigad, mxolod polisSi myofi adamiani cxovrobs politikurad, cxovrobs
polisis kanonebis mixedviT, rac zneobrivad cxovrebas utoldeba da adamianis
gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.
18
erTi wlis Tavze da mravalmxriv winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Tumca, werili
yuradRebas ipyrobs ara imdenad am winaswarmetyveluri mosazrebebis gamo,
aramed safrangeTis revoluciis negatiuri SefasebebisaTvis aucilebeli
imgvari zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi, RirebulebiTi da politikuri foniT,
romelic sakmarisi gaxda konservatizmis warmoSobisaTvis.
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi
werilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb masSive mogviTxrobs berki. rogorc irkveva,
werili, romliTac man upasuxa frangi aznauris kiTxvebs ukve 1789 wels yofila
dawerili da, rogorc Tavad berki SeniSnavs, sifrTxilis gamo ar gaegzavna
adresats. yovelive amis Sesaxeb adresats ecnoba patara ganmartebiT werilSi,
rasac berkisadmi franguli revoluciis Sefasebis daJinebuli Txovna mohyva.
berki kvlav daubrunda werilis pirveldawyebiT variants da ufro farTo
formatiT gadmosca saTqmeli, Tumca, ukve Txzulebad qceulma nawerma
SeinarCuna werilis pirveldawyebiTi forma.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romliTac avtori iwyebs Tavisi
Tvalsazrisis gaSlas, Seexeba. safrangeTSi dawyebuli revoluciis inglisel
mxardamWerebs, romelTac qveyanaSi Sesabamisi profilis ramdenime klubi,
saidanac cdilobdnen franguli ideebis (da, SesaZloa saqmis) propagandas
inglisSi. es klubebi iyo konstituciuri sazogadoeba xolo meore revoluciuri
sazogadoeba. Cans am ukanasknels meti warmatebisaTvis miuRwevia Tavis
moRvaweobaSi, rakiRa frangul parlaments — nacionalur krebas — misi wevrebi
parizSi miuRia da pativiT gaumgzavrebia ukan, rogorc misi ideebis gamtarebeli.
ukve Tavad amgvari kontaqtebis faqtSi xedavs berki inglisuri klubebis
gakicxvis safuZvels, radgan arc erTi damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqe, romelic
am moqalaqeobiT sakuTari qveynis sajaro nebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ar
miscems sakuTar Tavs uflebas sakuTari xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe Sevides
oficialur urTierTobebSi sxva qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.
Tumca, es mxolod praqtikul moraluri poziciaa, romlis gamo berki sagangebod
cdilobs gaemijnos konstituciuri da revoluciuri sazogadoebis saqmianobas.
meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis mizezi Zevs politikuri saxis movlenebis da
ama Tu im mTavrobis moqmedebis Sefasebis im gzebSi, romlebic berks erTaderTad
sworad miaCnia. franguli revoluciiT aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeebisagan
gansxvavebiT, berki ar Cqarobs revoluciis da revolucionerebis myisier
Sefasebas Tundac Tavisuflebis abstraqtuli idealis gamokidebiT. im faqtidan,
rom safrangeTSi revolucia ganxorcielda Tavisuflebis saxeliT, frangi
xalxis da Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis arc qebis da arc kritikis safuZvels ar
iZleva. politikuri mdgomareobis normaluri Sefaseba saWiroebs ara
egzaltirebul Sefasebebs da calkeuli lozungebis gamodevnebas, aramed
revoluciis Sedegad miRebul reJimze gulmodgine dakvirvebas, mTavrobis
saSinao, sagareo, samxedro da ekonomikuri politikis analizs, misi
ideologiuri xazis Seswavlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misalocebis gagzavna frangi
xalxisaTvis mxolod imitom, rom maT raRac moimoqmedes abstraqtuli
Tavisuflebis idealis karnaxiT, msgavsi iqneboda giJis an avazakisaTvis
milocvebisa, raRai man moaxerxa izolaciis kedlebis garRveva da eziara
adamianis bunebriv Tavisuflebas.
revoluciis dasawyisidan mocemul dromde sakmao dro gavida da berkic Tavs
aZlevs uflebas franguli revoluciis ufro safuZvliani Sefasebebi gamoTqvas,
Tumca manamde exeba safrTxes, romelic franguli ideebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba
moutanos mis Tanamedrove ingliss. ramdenadac zemoTaRniSnuli inglisuri
klubebi revoluciuri ideebis TavianT qveyanaSi gavrcelebas cdiloben da
revoluciuri safrangeTis movlenebi am qveyanaSi gavrcelebul sul ufro da
ufro mzard qaosze metyvelebdnen, berki ufro wuxs SesaZlo qaosze
ingliselebis gonebaSi, vidre Sidapolitikur movlenebSi, radgan xelisuflebis
simyareSi mas eWvi ar epareba. am mimarTulebiT, ki mas SemaSfoTeblad eCveneba
ideebi, romlebsac inglisis revoluciuri sazogadoeba daesesxa
99
 edmund berkis konservatizmi
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis ara Tana-
medrove mTvlemare mdgomareobas, aramed politikuri partiebis ufro aqtiuri
yofis periods, gamocdileba dagvarwmunebs politikosebis umravlesobis
gamorCeul simpaTiaSi konservatiuli, gnebavT axla ase vuwodoT, memarjvene
msoflmxedvelobisa da Sesabamisi politikuri praqtikis mimarT. “monarqistebis
partia”, “konservatorebis partia”, “tradicionalistebis partia”, “qristianul-
demokratiuli partia” mxolod ramdenime dasaxelebaa monaTesave politikur
mimarTulebebs Soris, romelTa xvedriTi wona saqarTveloSi gacilebiT sWar-
bobda maT ideologiur oponentebisas. am viTarebis mizezebis Zieba sakmaod Sors
wagviyvans Tumca erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad SegviZlia is davasaxeloT, rom
patara erebi yvelgan, da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, ufro konservatulebi arian
da Znelad eguebian siaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT patara erebis politikuri
cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr risk-faqtors, SegiZlia gagebiT movekidoT
msgavs ganwyobebs, radgan, rogorc qalbatoni tetCeri brZanebda, konservatizmi
kargad gakvalul da cnobil gzebze siaruls, yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs
jer auTvisebeli bilikebis gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT.
viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis miwuruls da
xelisuflebis saTaveSi “nacionaluri moZraobis” da “demokratebis” mosvlis
Semdeg. farTo gasaqani mieca moliberalo da imavdroulad revoluciur
frazeologias. ufro metic, movlenebi, romlis ZaliTac axali xelisufleba
miviReT saqarTveloSi, aRiarebuli iqna “usisxlo”, “xaverdovan”, “vardebis”
revoluciad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebis
manamdel Zaladobriv praqtikas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT axali qarTuli
revoluciis mSvidobiani xasiaTi. axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa ara mxolod is,
rom Tavi aarida sisxlisRvrasa da represiebs, aramed saocrad didsulovnad
moeqca revoluciis mTavar samiznes, romelic dRemde, safiqrebelia Tavis
mtrebze gacilebiT ufro mSvidad cxovrobs da Tavs irTobs memuarebiTa da
sxvadasxva ceremoniebze sakuTari personis prezentaciiT. vfiqrob, qarTuli
revoluciis ZirTadi xibli, romelmac farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansi da CvenSi
mimdinare movlenebiT mTeli civilizebuli msoflios daintereseba gamoiwvia,
swored mis mSvidobian, ararepresiul xasiaTSi mdgomareobda. ra Tqma unda,
sxvadasxva dros, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mravali revolucia momxdara,
magram yvela maTgans TavianTi klasikuri paradigma, Sinagani logika gaaCnia
safrangeTis XVIII saukunis revoluciis saxiT. am paradigmasTan yvelaze ufro
axlos kidev ori revolucia dgas — ruseTis da iranis islamuri revolucia.
rusulma da iranulma revoluciam gaimeora franguli modelis TiTqmis yvela
ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi — sakuTari moqalaqeebis gaugonari xocva-Jletidan,
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi Cabmis gavliT, revoluciebis saboloo Sedegamde -
diqtaturamde. qarTuli revoluciis principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom an saqarTveloSi mas saerTod ar hqonia adgili, an
Tanamedrove globalizaciis zegavleniT Tavad revoluciebma icvala saxe da
axali, manamde ucnobi formiT mogvevlina. rogori gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos
is, rakiRa revolucia revoluciad rCeba da ara sxva movlenad, mas unda hqondes
raRac saerTo revoluciebis Zvel formatTan. qvemoT SemoTavazebuli berkis
polimikuri ideebis ganxilva, arada swored es aris winamdebare statiis mizani da
ara verdiqtis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxda saqarTveloSi 2004 wels,
saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavadve gaakeTos daskvna qarTul movlenebze da
imavdroulad Seivsos sakuTari warmodgenebi zogadad rogorc revoluciis,
aseve konservatizmis Taobaze.
me-XVIII saukunis ingliseli moazrovnis, edmund berkis ideebi gadmocemulia
sakmaod grZeli saTauris mqone SromaSi: “edmund berkis gaazrebani safrangeTSi
revoluciisa da am movlenisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi sazogadoebis londonSi
Tavyrilobis gamo, gadmocemuli parizeli aznaurisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi”.
berkis es naSromi pirvlad gamovida 1790 wels (is cnobilia mokle saTauriTac
“Reflections on the Revolution in France”), e.i. safrangeTSi revoluciis dawyebidan
98
2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba
ramdenadac polisi soflebisagan Sedgeba, xolo soflebi ojaxebisagan,
analitikurad aristotele ojaxis ganxilvaze gadadis. am sakiTxSi sruli
kontrastia mis da platonis Sexedulebebs Soris.
yoveli ojaxi Sedgeba Tavisuflebisagan da araTavisuflebisagan. ojaxi sxva
araferia, Tu ara mimarTebebis sistema, romelic myardeba batonsa d monas, qmarsa
da cols, mamasa da Svilebs Soris. aristotele sakmao dros uTmobs am dros
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis “verifikacias”, romlis mixdviTac ojaxis elementebs
Soris ufrosobis forma erTi wyarodanaa warmoSobili. laparakia batonis da
mamis Zalauflebis identurobaze. aristotele sTvlis, rom batonis Zalaufleba
principulad gansxvavdeba mamis Svilze da qmris colze Zalauflebisagan, radgan
Tu pirveli aris Tavisufal da araTavisufal subieqtebs Soris mimarTeba, bolo
ori Tavisufal arsebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebaa. marTalia aristotele
mimarTebebis am saxeebs mijnavs Tavisufals da araTavisufals Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebis bazaze, magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli tyuilad dauwyebs mis
SromebSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cnebis analizs Ziebas.
amgvari analizi aristoeles ar gaaCnia. erT-erTi mizezi amisa, rogorc es unda
gamoCndes monobis fenomenis aristoteleseuli gaazrebisas, aris “monis”
sakuTrebis da samuSao iaraRis terminebiT aRwera. aristotelesaTvis ucnobia
ara mxolod Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cneba, aramed
monobis, rogorc amgvari SesaZleblobis daTrgunvis cnebac. magram ra aris
sakuTreba?
ojaxis ganmsazRvreli aRniSnuli sami mimarTebis garda aristotele axsenebs
kidev erT elements, romelsac xan ojaxis organizacias uwodebs, xanac
dagrovebis xelovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aq laparakia ojaxis da meurneobis
gaZRolaze. ojaxis da meurneobis cnebaSi igulisxmebs sakuTrebis cneba.
“sakuTreba aris saxlis nawili, xolo SenaZeni ki ojaxis organizaciis forma”.
meurnisaTvis sakuTreba arsebobis SesanarCunebeli Taviseburi iaraRia. rac
Seexeba iaraRebs, Sromis iaraRebi orgvaria: erTi is, romelic gamiznulia
produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis (ποιετικα) meore, romelic Tavad warmoadgens
aqtiur moRvaweobas (πρακτικον). mona, romelic aristoteles gaTanabrebuli
hyavs Sromis iaraRTan, aqtiuri Sromis iaraRia (1253 b 25-1254 a 10). bunebiT mona
aris is, vinc Tavis Tavs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed sxvas da Tanac ise, rom am dros
adamianad rCeba. mona aris adamiani, romelic sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba. is aqtiuri
iaraRia. monobis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan arseboben adamianebi,
romlebic uxeSi fizikuri Zalis garda arafriT gamoirCevian. maT gansjis unari
mxolod imdenad aqvT, rom batonis brZaneba gaigon da Seasrulon. sxva mxriv
sruliad moklebulni arian gansjis unars. amitom isini arseboben imisaTvis
batons daemorCilon da maTi aseTi mdgomareoba samarTlianic aris da
sasargebloc (1255 a 5). bunebaSi xom yvela movlenaSi gamoiyofa mbrZanebeli da
daqvemdebarebuli nawili. es bunebis uzenaesi kanonia da mas adamianebic
emorCilebian. monoba orgvaria. erTi, rodesac adamiani bunebiTaa mona da meore,
rodesac vinme mona xdeba kanonis mixedviT (vTqvaT, omSi datyvevebis Sedegad).
rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, monad qceva sxvis sakuTrebad da Sromis
iaraRad qcevas niSnavs.
sakuTrebis ufro zogad konteqstSi ganxilvisas, gasagebi xdeba, rom
aristoteles pozocia radikalurad gansxvavdeba platonis poziciisagan,
romelic ara mxolod ar uSvebda sakuTrebas idealur saxelmwifoSi, aramed mas
erT-erT ZiriTad sazogadoebriv ubedurebad Tvlida. aristotele marTalia ar
uaryofs saxelmwifos arsebobas, magram misTvis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma
mainc kerZoa.
sakuTrebis, qonebis mopovebis xelovnebis ganxilvisas, aristoteles
ganxiluli aqvs gacvlis idea, amasTan mis msjelobebSi ikveTeba ganasxvaveba
saqonlis sacvlel da saxmar Rirebulebebs Soris. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
aristoteles es terminebi ar aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi, is laparakobs sagnis
(magaliTad, fexsacmelis) gamoyenebaze daniSnulebis mixedviT (rodesac mas
19
icmeven), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive sagnis gamoyenebaze sxva obieqtze
gadasacvlelad (1257 a 5-15).
gacvliTi operaciebis saWiroebam moitana monetis saWiroeba, mas Semdeg, rac
saqonlis Semosatanad sxvisi daxmareba gaxada saWiro, an rodesac sasaqonlo
operaciebma zedmeti gaxada didi moculobis saqonlis gadaadgileba. “yovelive
amis gamo, mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom urTierTgacvlisas erTimeorisaTvis
miecaT raRac iseTi, rac Tavad warmoadgenda Rirebulebas. aseTi iyo Tavidan
rkina, vercxli da sxv. dasawyisSi maT zomavdnen da wonidnen, raTa daedginaT
Rirebuleba. Semdeg, daiwyes monetis moWra da zed monetis Rirebulebis niSnis
amotvifra daiwyes. ase gaCnda gacvlis saWiroebiT fuli” (1257a-1257b).
sazogadoebaSi gacvlis procesis SesaZleblobas Sromis diferenciacia
warmoadgens. Sromis diferenciaciis aristoteleseuli modeli platonis
modelisagan gansxvavebiT ar ukavSirdeba socialur diferenciacias da ar aris
misi ganmsazRvreli procesi. gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris sxvadsxva cxovrebis
wess Soris, fiqrobs aristotele, aris bunebaSi cxovelebis arsebobis sxvadasxva
wesebs Soris gansxvavebis msgavsi. zogierTi cxoveli mxolod balaxeuli safariT
ikvebeba, sxvebi xorcismWamelebi arian, xolo cxovelTa kidev erTi nawili
yvelafers etaneba, rasac ki moixelTebs. adamianebTanac raRac msgavss vxvdebiT:
yvelaze ufro zarmacebi momTabare cxovrebas ewevian. maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi
Sinauri cxovelebis xorcia. momTabareebi TaviaT saqonels miuyvebian ukeTesi
saZovrebis mosaZieblad da niadagis bunebriv ganoyierebas uwyofen xels. sxvebi,
momTabareebze ufro dauzarlebi, monadireobas ewevian. monadireobis saxeebia
omi da yaCaRoba, meTevzeoba da gareul cxovelebze nadiroba. da bolos, yvelaze
Sromismoyvareebi, arseboben niadagis damuSavebiT da kulturuli mcenareebis
moyvaniT da movliT. dasawyisSi, yvela eseni iseT saqmianobas ewevian, romelsac
ar Wirdeba gacvla, vidre es saqmianoba erTi ojaxis farglebs ar gascilebia.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ojaxebi mravldeba da aucilebeli xdeba maTi gayofa,
aucilebeli xdeba produqtis gacvlac.
arsebobs sakuTrebis mopovebis ramdenime gza. sakuTrebis SeZenis
standartuli gza vaWrobaa. aristotele saubrobs vaWrobis Semdeg saxeebze:
sazRvao vaWroba, tranzituli vaWroba da sacalo vaWroba. maT Soris ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba imaSi mdgonareobs, rom Tu erT maTgans naklebi riski axlavs Tan,
meore ufro didi mogebis momtania. sakuTrebis SeZenis sxva formebia: mevaxSeoba,
sakuTari Sromis gaqiraveba da bolos raRac iseTi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakuTari
Sromis gaqiravebas utoldeba, margam, meore mxriv, saqmes iqoniebs bunebis
produqtebTan. aseTia, vTqvaT, tyis gakafva, samTo saqme da a.S.
sainteresoa, rom omze aristotele saubars iwyebs maSin, rodesac
sakuTrebaze msjelobs. rogorc irkveva, sakuTrebis moxveWis kidev erTi forma
omia. Tu platoni omSi yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis wyaros xedavda,
aristotele, gasagebia, oms imdenad CasTvlis aseTad, ramdenadac naklovani
SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis moxveWis survili. “samxedro saqme, SeiZleba
ganxiluli iyos sakuTrebis mopovebis garkveulwilad bunebriv saSualebad.
nadiroba xom samxedro saqmis nawilia: nadiroba ki SeiZleba rogorc velur
cxovelebze, aseve im adamianebze, romlebic bunebiT gansazRvrulni arian
morCilebisaTvis, magram ar surT es; aseTi omi, Tavisi bunebiT, samarTliania”
(1256 b 20-25).
3. moqalaqis cneba
“saxelmwifos” mTeli II wigni platonis da sxva avtorebis SexedulebaTa
kritikas exeba. aristotele axsenebs vinme qalkedonel fales, romelic romael
grakxusebze didi xniT adre moiTxovda moqalaqeebs Soris miwis tol
sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. (1266 b). aqve detaluradaa ganxiluli saxelmwifo
mowyobis istoriuli SemTxvevebi lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo, kreta da kar-
Tageni. TiToeuli maTgani saxelmwifos (polisis) konkretul nairsaxeobebs
warmoadgendnen, magram erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavebuli niuansebis
Semcvlels, rom savsebiT bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva zogadad saxelmwifos saerTo
20
sazogadoebaSi individi garemoculia konkurenciiT, SiSis atmosferoTi
xvalindeli dRisa. isic iZulebulia eWviT, braziT da SuriT aRvsili Caebas
arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi.
sulis meryeoba ar aris damokidebuli imaze “axalgazrdaa” Tu ara eri.
yoveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmafrenis, aseve modunebis
periodebi. aqve gasaTvaliswinebeblia mravali sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebic. ase
magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis zrunvas amZafrebs iseTi
movlenebi, rogoricaa provokaciebi, imedismomcemi warmatebebi da autaneli
damcirebebi. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo davebi da diskusiebi xSirad Zalze cxarea.
vnebebi epidemiebiviT moedeba xolme xalxs da misi gamomwvev sababad SeiZleba
gamodges sruliad umniSvnelo, an piriqiT, Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. romi
daRupa iman, rom xalxis didi masa sruliad neitraluri iyo im
vnebaTaRelvisagan, romelic mmarTvel wreebs moedo. rom arc am dros ar aklda
niWieri pirovnebebi, magram isini TavianTi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis
brZolobdnen. xalxi garvnili iyo, xolo imperia upatrono. aranaklebi roli
Seasrula romis daRupvaSi romaelTa ltolvam fufunebisaken. fufuneba im
sagnebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelic kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis
gasaumjobeseblad da komfortis Sesaqmnelad rom gamoigona. Zalze zogadad,
rodesac fufunebaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs an grZnobadi
siamovnebebisaken ltolva, garyvnileba da gamflangveloba, an adamianuri
cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa is zoma, romlis miRma arsebul yvela
tkboba zedmetad da mankierad unda CaiTvalos. fufuneba da garyvnileba tolad
viTarebian da garkveuli azriT es terminebi SeiZleba sinonimuradac ki
gamoiyenebodnen. adamianSi is ki ar aris dasafasebeli, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia
misTvis fufunebiT cxovreba, aramed is, Tu ramdenadaa is daaxloebuli
saTnoebas da ra piradi unarebi aqvs mas. fufunebiT cxovrebis borkilebi
aRmosavleTSi gamoigones, sadac xelisuflebiT tkbobas Tan axlavs mmarTveli
Zaladobrivi mikvdinebis da ucxo mtris SemoWris mudmivi SiSi. amitom, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom politikuri Tavisufleba ganaTlebuli erebis xvedria. velurs
gaaCnia piradi Tavisufleba imdenad, ramdenadac SeuzRudav cxovrebas eweva da
Tanasworia TvistomTa Soris. barbarosi xSiradaa Tavisufali movlenebis
ganuwyveteli cvlilebis gamo. magram mxolod swor politikas SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi samarTlianobis ganmtkiceba da im Zalis Seqmna, romelic
mzad iqneba nebismier momentSi daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi.
literatura:
1 Адам Фергюсон – «Опыт истории гражданского общества». Изд. Росспен., Моссква 2000.
97
 5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb
arc erTi eri ar yofila imdenad uiRblo, rom danarCen kacobriobaze dabla
daeyenebinos Tavi. erTi eri amayobs nacionaluri xasiaTiT an Tavisi zogierTi
gamoCenili warmomadgenliT; meore Tavisi politikiT, simdidriT, vaWrobiT,
baRebiTa da Senoba-nagebobebiT; da bolos, is, visac araferi aqvs satrabaxo,
amayobs Tavisi ucodinarobiT.
erebis dacema mxolod imiT, rom iyos gamowveuli, rom maT gverdiT
wrmoiSveba xolme bevrad ufro Zlieri imperia, romelTan metoqeoba mis Zalebs
aRemateba, maSin Zneli asaxsneli iqneboda romis an sxva imperiis dacema. Zalze
xSirad qveyana xelSi uvardeba iseT metoqes, romlis arsebobas pirveli aqamde
sulac ver amCnevda. aseT dros erebSi SeimCneva gaurkveveli sisuste da im
epoqisaken dabruneba, rodesac is sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevlad arsebobda. ase daeca
odesaRac mebrZoli berZnuli polisebi mezobeli samTavros xeliT, romelic
sul ramdenime wlis win aRzevda. anda romi, romelsac arasdros ar eSinoda
aravisi da bolos im barbarosebis xelSi aRmoCnda, vinc samxedro xelivnebiT
bevrad Camouvardebodnen romaelebs. romis dideba ise TandaTanobiT minavlda,
rogor TandaTanobiTac gaxda is msoflio imperia.
am da msgavsi sxva movlenebis erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba aseTi iyos — erebi
berdebian. jer kidev polibiosi werda, rom karTageni, romelic romze ufro
xnieri iyo, masze ufro male daiRala omSi. fergiusons aseTi axsna ar
akmayofilebs. erebi ar arian adamianebi. adamianis sicocxlis xamgrZlivoba
moklea, xolo sazogadoeba ki ganaxldeba yoveli axali Taobis gamoCenisTanave.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom rasa maradiuli axalgazrdobis asakSia. ase rom ar
iqneba analogiis gamoyeneba adamiansa da ers Soris da Tqma imisa, rom erebi
berdebian.
sakiTxis fergiusoniseuli axsna ar gulisxmobs raime erTjerad faqts. mas
Semoqavs nacionaluri interesebis cneba, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTmcodneoba da saerTaSorioso urTierTobebi. aris
SemTxvevebi, wers fergiusoni, rodesac eris moqmedebaTa araTanmimdevruloba
daRlasaviT vlindeba maSin, rodesac jer kidev myaria moqmedebis gamomwvevi
mizezebi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situacia, rodesac ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rac
aqamde eris warmatebul moqmedebas iwvevda, sulac gaqres. eris warmateba-
warumatebloba didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebasa da masTan
dakavSirebul nacionalur interesebze. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia interesebis
Zalze farTo speqtri rogorc qveynis sxavdasxva partiebis, aseve xelosnobiT da
vaWrobiT dakavebul adamainTa konkretuli interesebic. aRniSnulTagan
romelime erTi mimarTulebiT mopovebuli warmateba gansazRvravs nacionaluri
progresis, eris ayvavebis xarisxs. xolo is vneba da energia, romliTac istoriis
mocemul etapze xorcieldeba dasaxuli miznis miRweva eris mier gansazRvravs
eris sulis Zalas. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi miznebi aRar aRafrToveneben xalxs, am
erze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is apaTiaSi vardeba. da Tu didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
aseTi miznebis arseboba daviwyebas miecema xolme, maSin saxelmwifo dacemis gzas
adgas, xolo eri gadaSenebis piras imyofeba. (1.303). raSi mdgomareobs eris Zala?
eris Zala — fergiusonis azriT — mdgomareobs mis simdidreSi, raodenobasa da
xasiaTSi. eris simdedre misi wevrebis simdidridan Sedgeba. is ar unda avurioT
fulSi. saxelmwifos realuri Semosavali Sedgeba piradi qonebis im nawilisagan,
romelsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs saerTo nacionaluri miznebisaTvis. eris
bedniereba ganisazRvreba misi Semosaval-gasavalis TanafardobiT. swored es
unda iyos yoveli politikuri gadawyvetilebis amosavali punqti. eris
moqmedebis, misi manerebis gauareseba SeiZleba iyos Sedegi im pirobebis
darRvevisa, romelic aucilebelia talantis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
is SeiZleba Secvalos sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebam imis Taobaze, Tu raSi
mdgomareobs adamianis Rirseba da bedniereba. rodesac warmodgenebi maRali
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daiyvaneba simdidreze da samefo karTan
daaxloebaze, maSin aRaravis svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra piradi Tvisebebi
imsaxureben adamianSi ndobas. aseT dros mxolod im saSualebebs mieltvian,
romlebic gamosadegia piradi karierisa Tu sargebelis misaRwevad. aseT
96
principebis Sesaxeb. vidre gavarkvevdeT, Tu romeli sjobs CamoTvliTagan, jer
is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo saerTod. amasTan, aristotele aq
sakiTx svavs Zalze saintereso konteqstSi, rac didi diskusiebis sagani iyo da
SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos Cvens droSi. kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs raime
qmedebas, romlis drosac dazaralda moqalaqe, ra SeiZleba iTqvas aseT
SemTxvevebSi, rom moqalaqe dazaralda saxelmwifos, Tu oligarqiis an tiraniis
ZalisxmeviT?
Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom aq laparakia, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv
saxelmwifoze, xolo, meore mxriv, reJimze anu mmarTvelobaze. Tumca, sakiTxis
ganxilvis konteqsti ise marjvedaa SerCeuli, rom gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra
moimoqmeda saxelmwifom da ra mmarTvelma wreebma.
aristoteles Semdegi nabiji aseTia: “saxelmwifo moxelis mTeli moRvaweoba
mimarTulia mxolod saxelmwifoze (πολισ), xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba (πολιτεια) ki
aris saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa garkveuli organizacia. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo
raRac Sedgenilia, yoveli mTelis msgavsad, romelic nawilebisagan Sedgeba
gasagebia, rom jer unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris moqalaqe (πολιτεσ), radgan
saxelmwifo sxva araferia, Tu ara moqalaqeebis erToblioba. amrigad, unda
ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba miviCnioT moqalaqed da ras warmoadgens moqalaqe”
(1274 b 30 _ 1275 a 5).
amrigad, imis garkvevis mcdeloba, Tu ra aris polisi, moiTxovs moqalaqis
raobis garkvevas. am cnebis dasadgenad arafers iZleva im pirebis statusis
gaazreba, visac moqalaqeoba eboZa. verc isini gagviweven samsaxurs, vinc aseT
saxels imsaxurebs mxolod qalaqSi cxovrebis gamo, radgan qalaqSi cxovroben
metikebic da monebic, magram isini ar rian moqalaqeebi. ori ZiriTadi parametri,
romelTan mimarTebaSic unda gairkves saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aris sasa-
marTlo da xelisufleba, sul erTia es uakanaskneli warmodgenili iqneba
saxalxo krebiT, Tu romelime sapasuxismgelo saxelmwifo postiT (1275 a 20-25).
aqedan, “moqalaqe” ganisazRvreba ase: “Cven moqalaqeebad miviCnevT imaT, vinc
monawileobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebaSi. Cans aseTi gansazRvreba ukeT
Seesabameba yvela imaT, vinc moqalaqed iwodeba” (1275 a 30-35). am damaimedebeli
gancxadebis miuxedavad aristotele aRiarebs, rom SemoTavazebuli gansaz-
Rvreba zustia ZiriTadad demokratiuli mowyobis qveynebisaTvis. rac Seexeba
sxva saxelmwifoebs, marTalia maTac mieyenebaT es definicia, magram igi ar iqneba
aucilebeli. arademokratiul qveynebSi xom arc saxalxo krebaa da sasamarTloc
sxvagvaradaa organizebuli. amitom Tu yvela sazRvriT SemTxvevas gaviTva-
liswinebT da mainc orientirebulebi viqnebiT sasamarTlosa da sakanonmdeblo
struqturebze, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganmsazRvrel elementebze, SegveZleba
SevinarCunoT definicia da vTqvaT kvlav, rom “mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea
is, vinc monawileobs mis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi, xolo
saxelmwifo aris moqalaqeebis iseTi erTianoba, romelic sakmarisia am saxel-
mwifos TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis” (1275 b 20). aSkaraa SemoTavazebuli
gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba Tanamdebobis flobaze orientirebiT
dgindeba, rac aristotelesaTvis ar aris SeumCneveli.
iqneb aseTi midgoma arasworia. gana gaviTvaliswineT teritoria, romelzedac
arsebobs saxelmwifo an misi mosaxleoba? orive saWirod gamoiyureba saxel-
mwifos identifikaciisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo erTi da
igivea, mxolod erTsa da imave mosaxleobis da teritoriis SemTxvevaSi?
aristoteles azriT, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos kedlebs gadamwyveti mniSv-
neloba hqondes, radgan kedlebi SegviZlia SemovavloT mTel peloponess. rac
Seexeba mosaxleobas, mosaxleoba mudmivad icvleba _ erTi Taoba midis, xolo
axli Taoba modis. es mudmivi procesia, romelic Zalze gviZnelebs pasuxs
kiTxvaze, es erTi da igive saxelmwifos mosaxleobaa, Tu mas erTiani mxolod
saxeli aqvs mdinaresaviT. amitom, “Tu saxelmwifo raRac asociaciaa da
saxeldobr, is aris moqalaqeTa politikuri asociacia, maSin bunebrivia, rom
rogorc ki Seicvleba saxelmwifo mowyoba, Seicvleba saxelmwifoc. ...
saxelmwifos identuroba umTavresad mis wyobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba”
(1276 b 10-15). Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis arsi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom
21
daiqvemdebaros Tavisi swori da Tavisufali xalxi. amiT gansxvavdeba aseTi
xelisufleba batonis Zalauflebisagan monaze (1277 b 5-10).
amrigad, moqalaqe aris is, vinc saxelmwifos politikur morvaweobaSi iRebs
monawileobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb?
isinic moqalaqeebi arian, Tu maTze ar vrceldeba moqalaqis zemoT Semo-
Tavazebuli daxasiaTeba? am kiTxvaze erTi pasuxi ukve viciT. kerZod, rom zog
SemTxvevaSi (demokratiul reJimebSi) isini moqalaqeebi arian da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad oligarqiebSi) ara. amitom aristoteles saboloo
“verdiqti” dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod damajereblad JRers: “zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom arsebobs moqalaqis ramdenime nairsaxeoba; aseve
gasagebia isic, rom moqalaqed umTavresad iTvleba is, vinc samoqalaqo
uflebebis mflobelia” (1278 a 35-40).
amrigad, Zneli ar aris SevamCnioT, rom moqalaqis aristotelur daxa-
siaTebebSi Zlze daaxloebulia erTi mxriv, saxlmwifos da politikuri reJimis
kategoriebi, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqis da saxelmwifo moxelis cnebebi.
berZnuli, polisuri demokratiis an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, pirdapiri
demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, es asec unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevebSi (aristokratiis,
oligarqiis, Tu tiraniis) SemTxvevaSi, aristoteles SemoTavazebuli gansaz-
Rvreba ar imuSavebs da rogorc Tavad gvafrTxilebs, saWiro gaxdeba moqalaqis
sxva kategoria, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi isTi, romlis moqalaqeoba uflebrivad
iqneba gansazRvruli. magram, Tu moqalaqe upirveles yovlisa uflebrivad
ganisazRvreba polisSi, da Tavisi moRvaweobisas amodis saerTo sikeTis idea-
lidan, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba dadgindes misi iseTi cneba, romelic zogadad
gamoyenebadi iqneba yvela tipis politikuri reJimis dros. “moqalaqe, zogadi
azriT — wers aristotele — aris is, vinc monawileobas iRebs batonobasa da
morCilebaSi; yoveli saxelmwifo mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqis arseba ar
icvleba. saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqe aris is, visac
SeuZlia da surs morCileba da batonoba imgvarad, rom am dros igi gamodis
saTnoebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis wesidan” (1284 a). Tavad morCilebis fenomenSi,
romelic principulad gansxvavdeba monuri morCilebisagan, aristotele
moqalaqis Rirsebis veraviTar SemzRudvel faqtors ver xedavs, radgan rogorc
mmarTveli da mbrZanebeli, asve mis gadawyvetilebebis Semsrulebeli
moqalaqeebi, orive emorCileba saerTo sikeTisa da sargeblianobis moTxovnebs.
4. saxelmwifoebis formebi
saxelmwifos formebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli sakvlevi mimar-
Tuleba samarTliani saxelmwifoze gadis. platoni saukeTesod da samarTlianad
miiCnevda mxolod idealur saxelmwifos. aristotelesTan viTareba sruliad
sxvagvaria: “rodesac erTi adamiani, an ramdenime, an gnebavT umravlesoba marTavs
sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis principis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia saxelmwifo
mowyobis aseTi formebi swori formebia, xolo isini, romlebic erTi adamianis,
ramdenimes, an, Tundac, umravlesobis gamorCenaze arian orientirebulni, aseTi
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi sworidan gadaxrebs warmoadgenen” (1279 a
25-35). SeniSvnidan gamomdinare, arsebobs swori marTvelobis Semdegi formebi:
a) monarqia;
b) aristokratia;
g) politia.
am formebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens:
a) monarqiidan _ tirania;
b) aristokratiidan _ oligarqia;
g) politiadan _ demokratia.
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom vargisianoba ganisazRvreba saerTo
sargeblianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze, Zalze saintereso saxes miiRebs
aristoteles mier demokratiis, rogorc araswori formis Sefaseba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mas miznad aqvs sargeblianoba moutanos uqonlebs, magram realuri
22
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba
rac ufro srulyofilia qveynis politiuri institutebi, rac ufro
warmatebiT viTardeba misi meurneoba, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobac.
es, ra Tqma unda, zogadi principia, Torem avtori kargad acnobierebs, rom
mosaxleobis zrdaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa hava,
saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli politika da a.S. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba
damokidebulia eris raodenobaze, maSin Tavisufleba da piradi usafrTxoeba
orives, eris da mosaxleobis Tvisebebi iqneba. amitom Tu aRniSnuli principebi
realizebulia saxelmwifoSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs rogorc mosaxleobis zrda,
aseve misi Sromismoyvareobac. rac ufro met qonebas Soulobs konkretuli
pirovneba, miT ufro mdidaria misi qveyana. damokidebuleba kerZo mewarmes da
saxelmwifos Soris avtors gagebuli aqvs klasikuri Laissez Faire-s principis
mixedviT: “Tu mewarmes daWirdeba dacva, is uzrunvelyofili unda iyos; Tu mis
winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba danaSauli da TaRliToba, damnaSave unda daisajos _
amiT SemoizRudeba saxelmwifos roli. rodesac gamocdili politikosi
cdilobs yvelafris kontrols, is ufro xelisSemSlelia da ukmayofilebas
iwvevs; msgavsadve, rodesac komersanti iviwyebs sakuTar mogebas da mTeli
saxelmwifos magier iwyebs fiqrs, es fantaziis da qimerebis mozRvavebaze
metyvelebs da arRvevs komerciis safuZvlebs.
Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba
vaWrobasa da komercias Soris. rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, pirvelSi unda
igulisxmebodes biznesi mis sawyis stadiaze, xolo meoreSi ki, igive saqmiqnoba
ayvavebis da warmatebis stadiaze. fergiusoni wers, rom vaWrobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia pirobis gatexva da crupenteloba maSin, rodesac komercia,
rogorc ufro maRali stadia aucileblad gulisxmobs punqtualobas,
liberalisms, patiosnebas da momWirneobas. aseT dros, mas saxelmwifosagan aRar
surs araferi, garda dacvisa da umravles SemTxvevaSi, komersanti qveynis
yvelaze racionaluri da pativsacemi moqalaqea (1.215). Zneli ar aris davinaxoT
fergiusonis am sityvebis aSkara msgavseba amerikeli ganmanaTleblis, benjemin
franklinis mier mocemul biznesmenis daxasiaTebasTan. msgavseba SegviZlia
avxsnaT ara mxolod ori moazrovnis zogadkulturuli erTianobiT, aramed
Tavad Sefasebis obieqtis identobiT.
Sromis danawileba fergiusons esmis farTod rogorc ara mxolod xelos-
nobis sferoSi gatarebuli difernciacia, aramed rogorc dayofa, romelic
“muSaobs” rogorc politikis, aseve samxedro saqmis sferoSi. diferenciaciis da
Sesabamisad morCilebis erT-erTi mTavari da amasTan, pirveli mizezi aris
bunebrivi gansxvaveba adamianTa talantebsa da unarebs Soris. meore, aris uTa-
nasworoba sakuTreaSi, xolo mesame aranakleb SesamCnevi gamsxvaveba sxvadasxva
xelobaSi SeZenili profesionalizmi. am gziT, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli
saqmianobiT gaCenili uTanasworoba, aris eTaderTi sayveduri, romelsac
gamoTqvamen xolme demokratiuli anu saxalxo mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. sxva-
dasxva profesiiT dakaveba adamianSi ayalibebs Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs. yovel
profesias saimayis sakuTari safuZvelia aqvs da manerebis Tavisebur sistemas
qmnis. ase magaliTad, vaWari gamoirCeva punqtualobiT da patiosnebiT, politi-
kosi Taviseburi manerebiT da mWermetyvelebiT, Tavadaznauroba — aRzrdiT da
gonebamaxvilobiT. sazogadoebis yovel fenas axasiaTebs Tavis daWeris Tavise-
buri wesi, misTvis amaxasiaTebli Cacmuloba da ceremoniali, romelTa wyalo-
biTac nacionaluri xasiaTi iyofa fenebad da individualur variantebad. aseTi
diferenciacia marTebulia rogorc aTenisaTvis, aseve romisa da parizisaTvis.
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sabWo aris senatis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxalxo asambleis — im
mmarTvelobis pirveli forma, romlis gamogonebasac antikuri xanis kanonmdeb-
lebs miaweren. tomis sxva wevrebisagan gansakuTrebuli simamaciT da RirsebiT
gamoirCeva beladi. uxucesebs iseT pativs miageben, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad
politikosis dRes arsebuli pativiscema miiReba. samxedro beladi ki im rwmeniT
sargeblobs, rac axalgazrdebs atarebs mis kvalze.
am sentimentebidan fergiusons surs gamoiyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis
pirveli elementebi, romelTa erTianobisaTvis jer saxelic ki ar mougonebia
aravis. Zalaufleba aq sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebrivi batonoba (1.142). mis
erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino formas samxreT amerikuli ojaxi warmoadgens.
ojaxi aq ar eqvemdebareba araviTar garegan marTvas da Semowmebas. am
sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs policia da maiZulebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca es ar
uSlis xels imas, rom sazogadoeba marTuli yofiliyo umtkivneulod, radgan,
borotganzraxulobis ararseboba usafrTxoebis saukeTeso garantiaa. ukve am
sazogadoebaSi, dasawyisidanve Cans, rom samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis
siyvaruli erTi da igivea.
amrigad, sabolood sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegnairad
lagdeba:
• veluroba — kerZo sakuTrebis, morCilebis da marTvis ararseboba;
• barbarosoba _ arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, mTavari, warCinebulebi,
samxedroebi da xalxi;
• civilizacia _ xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samxedro marTvelobebad
dayofa. marTvaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT samoqalaqo mmarTvelebs.
amrigad, fiqrobs fergiusoni, daqvemdebarebis wesi yalibdeba stiqiurad,
xolo mmarTvelobis formaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas iqoniebs sazogadoebis
pirveladi dayofa fenebad.
kanoni aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba. iq, sadac
ganisazRvreba individis ufleba sakuTrebaze da ganisazRvreba misi mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebi ara mxolod asea gansazRvruli, aramed
daculicaa saxelmwifos mier, individi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflad. TviT is
SezRudvebi, romlebic mas danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebas ar aZleven, misi
Tavisuflebis nawilia. Tavisufali aravin ar SeiZleba iyos iseT sazogadoebaSi,
sadac Tundac erTi adamiani iCagreba. es maqsima vrceldeba taxtze mokalaTebul
mefe-despotzedac. rogorc ki is gadawyvets Zalis gamoyenebas sadavi
situaciebSi, masinve monad iqceva: sakuTari xalxis uflebebis gaTelva masve
daubrundeba cudad da mis mier Seqminl sayovelTao daucvelobis viTarebaSi,
Znelia ipovo sxva vinme, romelic masaviT daucveli iqneboda.
mxolod kanonebis SemoReba, Tundac es kanonebi saukeTeso da sazogadoebis
yvela wevris mier aRiarebuli iyos, arafris momcemi iqneboda misi
aRmasrulebeli nebis gareSe. bevri kanoni, romeliic xalxma brZoliT moipova,
male mieca daviwyebas, radgan misi ganxorcielebis erTaderT garantad monarqi
an mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqca. sanimuSod fergiusoni asaxelebs
kanons, romelic aregulirebs britaneTis penitencialuri sistemis Riaobas da
dasZens, rom am kanonis moqmedebaSi moyvanas, britaneTis mTeli politikuri
sistemis amoqmedebaa saWiro. amitom, individis piradi Tavisufleba da
sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba mxolod maSin iqneba amoqmedebuli, rodesac maT
zurgs gaumagrebs Tavisufali xalxis energiuli moqmedebebi. sakuTrebis
SenarCuneba da adamianis gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo
procedurebiT. rac Seexeba uflebebs, romlebis adamianis suls miekuTvnebian,
isini sxva arafriT ar SeiZleba daculebi iyvnen, Tavad sulis Zalis garda (1.244).
94
sargebeli arc sakuTari TavisaTvis moaqvs da arc sxvisTvis. aristoteles es
sityvebi ar unda gavigoT demokratiis mimarT mis mier sabolood gamotanil
verdiqtad. aristotele demokratiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro tolerantuli
iyo, vidre platoni. amasTan aristotele cdilobs daazustos demokratiis
cneba, romelic misTvis “xalxTan” ki ar aris asocirebuli, aramed “uqonelebTan”.
rodesac kiTxva dgeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu aRwerilTagan mmarTvelobis romel
formas unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba, warmatebulad miCneuli formebidan,
aristotele formas da mowyobis wesis safuZvelze ki ar pasuxobs, aramed
saTnoebis fenomenze miTiTebiT: “saxelmwifo mowyobis sami formidan, romalTac
Cvens wor formebad miviCnevT, ra Tqma unda, saukeTeso is aris, romelSiac
marTvis berketebi saukeTesoTa xelSia. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, rodesac
romelime erTi an mTeli gvari, an Tundac adamianTa mTel masa iqneba saTnoebiT
gamorCeuli da, rodesac, amasTanave, erTs SeeZleba ubrZanos, xolo sxvebs ki
daemorCilon yvelaze ufro sasurveli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad (1288 a
30-35).
aristoteles ukve am daxasiaTebaSi, romelic saxalxo mmarTvelobis lamis
aristokratiad interpretacias gvTavazobs, Cans aristoteles saxelmwifoebis
formebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis specifika. kerZod reluri, gnebavT istoriidan
cnobili, romelime saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli
da maravlferovania, vidre es igulisxmeba TiToeulis definiciaSi. ganvixiloT
am sityvebis dasturad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebi. mxolod
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi (aseve, sxvadasxva variaciebSi ganxilulia
danarCeni saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebic) aristotele gamoyofs maT
Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:
• demokratiis pirveli forma gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tanasworobis
princips. am saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli gagebiT, “Tanasworoba” niSavs imas, rom
arc mqoneblebs da arc uqonelebs ar gaaCniaT raime upiratesoba. ra Tqma unda,
am saxelmwifoSi mdidrebic arseboben da Raribebic, magram kanonTan oriveni
pasuxismgeblebi arian;
• demokratiis meore forma dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad
qveyanaSi mainc unda arsebobdes, Tundac mcire zomis qonebrivi cenzi.
• demokratiis mesame formaSi yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanamdebobis dakavebis
ufleba da maT es ufleba miniWebuli aqvT warmoSobis safuZvelze. qveyana
imarTeba kanonis Sesabamisad;
• meoTxe forma mesamisagan ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva
moqalaqeobis dadgenis da, maSasadame imis dadgenis sakiTxSi, Tu vin SeiZleba
daikavos saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba. Tu mesame formaSi moqalaqeobisaTvis
aucilebelia orive mSobeli mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe iyos, am formaSi
dasaSvebia Tundac erTi iyos moqalaqe da meore Tavisufali adamiani. aqac
qveyanas kanoni marTavs;
• bolo, mexuTe formis saxelmwifoebSi SenarCunebulia yvela win aRwerili
piroba, magram qveyana imarTeba ara kanonis mixedviT, aramed mas marTavs xalxi
saxalxo krebis saSualebiT, xolo xalxs Tavis Wkuaze daatareben demagogebi
(1291 b 30 — 1292 a 10).
aRwerili xuTi formidan yvelaze uaresia bolo forma, romelSic ar muSaobs
kanoni da romelSiac qveyana demagogebis mier imarTeba. “im demokratiul
qveynebSi — wers aristotele — romlebSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kanons,
demagogebisaTvis kanoni ar aris, aq mowinave adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs
ekuTvniT, magram iq, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba ar emyareba kanons, Cndebian
demagogebi” (1292 a 10). saxelmwifos es forma yvelaze uaresia imitom, rom
kanonis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, xalxi xdeba masSi erTmmarTveli (monarqi) da
aseve marTavs is qveyanas. ramdenadac tirania monarqiis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad
xalxic tiranulad iqceva — anadgurebs saukeTeso moqalaqeebs da did gasaqans
aZlevs demagogebs. sabolood gamodis, rom aq demagogebi yovlisSemZle Zalad
23
iqcevian, ramdenadac umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxis xeSia, xolo xalxis azri ki
maT xelSi. msgavsi safrTxisagan Tavis daRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad
aristoteles imgvari zogadi konstituciis msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Semotana
miaCnia, romelsac aRar Seexeba kerZo sakiTxebiT dakavebuli arc saxalxo kreba
da arc saxelmwifo moxeleebi (1292 a 30-35).
rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis aRwerili formebidan Cans, isini
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erTSi moqalaqeobas yvelas
aZleven, meoreSi - mxolod imas, visi mSoblebic moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTs marTavs
kanoni, meores - demagogebi. amisda miuxedavad, isini yvelani, gvarwmunebs
aristotele, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis nairsaxeobebs warmoadgenen. niSnavs
Tu ara es mtkiceba imas, rom maT gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, raRac aqvT saerTo da
es saerTo gansxvavebulebze ufro mniSvnelovania?
yvela demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi principi,
romlebic, rogorc irkveva, ara mxolod aristoteles epoqaSi, aramed dReac
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis moucilebel niSnebad iTvleba. esenia: Tavi-
sufleba da Tanasworoba. “demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTadi niSani — wers
aristotele — aris Tavisufleba. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azriT, mxolod am
saxelmwifo wyobis dros yvela sargeblobs TavisuflebiT, radgan, rogorc
amtkiceben, swored Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis demokratia. xolo Tavisuf-
lebis erT-erTi pirobaa iyo mmarTveli da marTuli morigeobiT” (1317 b) ...
“samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogorc is gaigeba demokratiuli TvalTaxedviT,
kerZod, yvelasaTvis toli wilis migebiT, miiReba is wyoba, romelsac aRiarebs
demokratia. ... Tanasworoba, xom isaa, rom uqonelebs araferSi hqondeT ufro
meti Zalaufleba, vidre SeZlebulebs da, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba unda
miekuTvnebodes ara romelime erTs, aramed yvelas Tanabrad. swored am wesiT —
fiqroben isini — xorcieldeba saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba” (1318
a — 10). aseTia demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva konkretuli formebis
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. aseTive detaluri wesiT axasiaTebs aristotele
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelois sxva formebsac, romelTac aq aRar ganvixilavT.
demokratia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, interpretirebulia uqonelTa da
xalxis mmarTvelobad. rac Seexeba sauTriv xalxs, is yvela saxelmwifo
mowyobisaTvis Tanamdevi erT-erTi yvelaze myari struqturaa da Sedgeba Semdegi
stratebisagan:
a) miwaTmoqmedebisagan,
b) xelosnebisagan,
g) vaWrebisagan,
d) daqiravebuli muSaxelisagan.
aRniSnuli mosaxleobis garda, saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian
mcvelebic. aristotele gamoyofs oTxi saxeobis jars:
a) mxedrobas;
b) mZimedSeiaraRebul qveiTebs;
c) subuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs;
d) sazRvao flots (1321 a 5-10).
savaldebulo literatura
1.Aristotele – “Politics”. Oxford Univ. Press., 1998; 7-20; 84-200; 229-242; 251-279 pp.
2.Аристотель – Сочинения в четырех томах. Том четвертыйю Изд. «Мысль», М., 1984. 376-387;
444-544; 569-580; 588-615.
24
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fergiusoni adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze saubars
amjobinebs ilaparakos xalxebis realuri warsuli istoriis Sesaxeb. misi Sromis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi paTosi swored isaa, rom aRweros da warmoadginos sazo-
gadoeba misi uZvelesi, veluri mdgomareobidan civilizaciis da samoqalaqo, anu
politikuri sazogadoebis gaCenamde. amasTan, rogorc iTqva, velurobis periodi
mxolod civilizaciis Zalze dabal dones gulisxmobs da ara gayinul uZraobis
wertils. iqedan, rom velurobis ama Tu im etapis aRweris miRma iolad moiZebneba
ganviTarebis ufro dabali done, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis
istorias ara aqvs sawyisi wertili? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis fergiusons uwevs
angariSi gauwios, erTi mxriv, miTologiur siuJetebs da meore mxriv ki, wminda
istorias. rogorc erTi, aseve meore gvixsnis da gviyveba, Tu rogorc warmoiSva
adamiani. fergiusoni, romelic mogviwodebs frTxilad moveqceT miTologiur
faqtebs, Cans iqeT ixreba, rom kacobriobis istoriis sawyis wertilad
SesaZlebelia wminda istoria aviRoT. am sakiTxisaTvis saWiro informaciis
mosapoveblad, arsebobs kidev erTi wyaro _ afrikel da amerikel velurTa
cxobrebaze dakvirveba. isini, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi arseboben da
gvacnoben bavSvobis asakSi myof Cvens istorias. cxadia, maTi yofis amsaxveli
masala aseve pozitiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos pirvelyofili xalxebis
istoriis Sedgenisas, radgan isini damakmayofilebel warmodgenas gviqmnian
imaze, Tu ra aris veluroba.
amasTan, fergiusoni gvirCevs Zvel wyaroebs sxva mxrivac didi sifrTxiliT
movekidoT: “arc erTi konstitucia ar aris sayovelTao Tanxmobis Sedegi, arc
erTi marTveloba ar ganxorcielebula dadgenili gegmis mixedviT”(1.190).
rogorc wesi, xalxSi did aRfrTovanebas iwvevs genialuri kanonmdeblebis da
saxlemwifoebis Semqmnelebis proeqtebi. magram rac realurad xdeboda, im
Soreul epoqebSi, iyo mxolod mravali SemTxveviTi garemoebebisa da konkretuli
situaciebis Sedegi. avtors Semoaqvs gzis gakvalvis da Secdomis cneba (trail and
error method), rogorc miRebuli Tu ganmtkicebuli ama Tu im Cvevis da institutis
safuZvlismdebeli. es cneba SemdgomSi Zaze mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs
haiekis TeoriaSi. swored am gziT Seiqmna im institutebis umravlesoba, romelTa
gamomgoneblobasac Cveulebriv romelime geniosis gegmas miaweren da romlebic
SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuliyo, Tu ara am wesiT (1.190-191). aqedanve,
plus hava, xalxis xasiaTi da mravali sxva garemoeba, aixsneba aTenis da romis
warmatebebi istoriaSi.
afrikuli da amerikuli tomebis garda, fergiusonis azriT, daaxloebiT igive
yofaSi arian uzarmazar teritoriaze _ dawyebuli kamCatkidan, CineTisa da
indoeTis rigi raionebis CaTvliT, sparseTis sazRvrebamde da wiTeli zRvis
napirebamde _ gabneuli xalxebi. yvela maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia a)kerZo
sakuTrebis ararseboba; b) morCilebis ararseboba; g) marTvis ararseboba. Semdeg
fergiusoni kidev ufro azustebs velurobis cnebas da mijnavs erTmaneTisagan
velursa da barbaross. veluria is, visac ara aqvs kerZo sakuTreba, xolo
barbarosi ki is, visi yofac mainc da mainc didad ar gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan,
Tumca is kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelia. sakuTreba, rogorc vxedavT,
gamoyvenilia progresul movlenad, romlis wyalobiTac xorcieldeba xalxebis
ganviTarebis donis diferenciacia. (1.139). ubralo bunebrivi produqtebis
maragi an saqonlis jogi, yoveli pirvelyofili xalxis simdidris pirveli
saxeobaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebas ar gaaCnia
araviTari maiZulebeli Zala, is gamodis, agreTve TvalsaCino daqvemdebarebis
mizezad. Tavisi wignis Zvel gamocemaSi fergiusoni werda Semdegs: “adamiani,
romelmac pirvelma ganacxada _ “es veli Cemia. me is unda gadavce STamo-
mavlobas” _ ver warmoidgenda, rom gaxda samoqalaqo samarTlis da politikuri
dawesebulebebis damaarsebeli, xolo is, vinc pirveli gahyva belads, ver
warmoidgenda, rom Seqmna mudmivi subordineciis modeli”(1.189).
velurebisagan gansxvavebiT, barbarosebTan ukve vxedavT tomis uxucesebs,
romlebic gansazRvraven tomisaTvis saerTo gadawyvetilebebs. es uxucesTa
93
samxedro beladis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoeba miyavs monarqiuli wyobisaken.
yovel Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi unda gatardes gansxvaveba omis periodis da
mSvidobianobis periodis kanonebi. omis mgomareoba rom kacibriobis cxovrebis
ZiriTadi forma iyos, is aucileblad upiratesobas mianiWebda monarqiul wyobas.
amasTan xelosnobisa dapolitikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva
mosaxleobis klasebad dayofa, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia dayofa
meomrebad da moqalaqeebad.
mravali socialuri movlena imdenad institucionaluri cvlilebebiT ki ar
aixsneba, ramdenadac adamianis midrekilebiT, CvevebiT, unarebiT. am
mimarTulebiT fergiusoni or faqtors gamoyofs. erTi exeba Tavad adamianis
statuss TanamoZmeTa TvalSi. imas, Tu rogor moaCvenebs is Tavs sazogadoebas,
rogorc am szogadoebis wevri. swored am “imijidan” SeiZleba gaCndes erTi
mZlavri impulsi am adamianis mimarT sxvebis mtruli Tu moyvruli grZnobebis
gaCenisa TanamoZmeTagan. meore ki Sefasebis gzebs exeba, radgan adamianebi
erTmaneTs umeteswilad afaseben ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnis mflobelia
mavani, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos
Tavisi miznebi, ramdenad unariania sakuTari cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad.
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba
yovelive msgavsi Sexeduleba gvibiZgebs aRniSnul konteqstSi ganvixiloT
adamianTa Sexedulebani bednierebis Sesaxeb. es termoni, miuxedavad misi xSiri
gamoyenebisa, Zalze bundovania. is gulisxmobs siamovnebis gancdas raime
survilis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT (1.83). Sesabamisad, bedniers uwodeben iseT
adamians, visi survilebic yvelaze ufro xSirad aRsruldeba xolme. Cven
nebismier sagans vafasebT misi sargeblianobiT da bednierebaze misi zegavlenis
SesaZleblobiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom migvaCnia _ Tavad sargeblianobis da
bednierebis cnebebi ar eqvemdebarebian gansazRvrebas. bedniereba sulac ar aris
warmosaxviTi usaqmuroba, romelzedac ase ocneboben da romelic, rogorc ki
miRweuli iqneba, maSinve gadaizrdeba mowyenilobaSi. piriqiT, bedniereba unda
veZeboT ara raime miznis iRwevaSi, aramed adamianis mudmiv saqmianobaSi.
bednierebis saidumlo is ki araa, rom rom zogierTi moqmedebebi garTobad
vaqcioT, aramed is, rom TviT maT aRsrulebaSi davinaxoT ZiriTadi Rirebuleba..
bednierebas adamianebi eZeben Tavis Tavis gareT maSin, rodesac is sakuTar TavSia
saZebni. fergiusoni miesalmeba Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac adamianis vali
sikeTis qmnaa, xolo bedniereba — ki mis miRebaSi, Tumca sikeTis qmna gulisxmobs
ara imis bednierebas, viskenac mimarTulia sikeTis qmna, aramed imisa, vinc gascems
sikeTes.
ramdenadac adamiani Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebis wevria, is ukve aRar
miekuTvneba sakuTar Tavs. is mxood mTelis nawilia. rogoria bednierebis
fenomenis konteqstSi mimarTeba mTelsa da nawils Soris? Tu individis
arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis miRwevaa, maSin
sazogadoebisaTvis mTavari amocana individis bedniereba unda iyos. avtori
amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis morigeba
savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saerTod, eris Zala, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT omis
sawarmoeblad aucilebel resursebs, ganisazRvreba ara mosaxleobis
raodenobidan an simdidridan, aramed xasiaTidan.
ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs
sxvadasxva pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba, rasac adaptaciis doneebs Soris sxvaoba
mohyveba. jer kidev yovelgvari politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde, adamianebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi talantebis mixedviT, rac
sxvadasxva rolebs umzadebs sazogadoebaSi. Tu adamianebs erTad SevyriT,
fergiusons miaCnia, rom TiToeuli maTgani iolad ipovnis Tavis adgils. swored
am wesiT iqmneba pirobebi didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad moqmedebisaTvis,
maTi Tanamegobrobis erTianobis SenarCunebas rom gulisxmobs. manamde, vidre
ganxorcieldeba ufleba movaleobebis formaluri ganawileba.
92
ciceroni (106-43)
Sesavali: platonis da aristoteles politikuri Teoriebi antikuri
saberZneTis, marTalia ara erTaderTi, magram samagierod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
Teoriebi iyo. maTi doqtrinebi koncentrirebuli da sistematuri saxiT gad-
moscemda berZnuli politikuri azris monapovars. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania aristoteles Sromebi, romelsac wesad hqonda sakuTari Sexe-
dulebebis gadmocemamde sxva, wina epoqis moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisebi gadmoeca
(rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, “politikis” meore wignSi). antikuri politikuri
azris bolo avtori, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris romaeli moazrovne,
ciceroni. ciceronis damokidebuleba klasikuri berZnuli Teoriebis mimarT
msgavsia zogadad Zvel berZnul da romaul kilturebs Soris damokidebulebisa.
romaelebma, rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad gadmonerges sakuTar niadagze da
gaimeores berZnuli kultura. gavrcelebuli azriT, arsebobs antikurobis
romarlTa sul ramdenime originaluri monapovari: es, upirveles yovlisa,
gaxlavT samarTali, romlis kodifikaciasa da warmoebaSi romaelebma ara
mxolod berZnebi daCagres, aramed mravalmxriv gansazRvres Tanamedrove
evropuli samarTali. Semdegi sfero, romelSiac romaelebma sakuTari sityva
Tqves, gzaTmSeneblobaa. romaelTa naSenebma gzebma saukuneebs gauZlo im
donemde, rom Zalze cudi samsaxuri gauwia gviandel evropelebs. amboben,
sarkinozebis mTavarsardals, jebel al tariks swored romaulma gzebma gauwia
naxevarkunZulze saorientaciod fasdaudebeli samsaxuri mas Semdeg, rac
sarkinozebi pireneebze gadmosxdnen. am or miRwevas zogierTi umatebs romaul
biusts, romelic, rogorc fiqroben ara da ar warmoadgens berZnulis ubralo
kopirebas. rac Seexeba filosofias, saberZneTidan romSi gavrclda ZiriTadad
sami mimdinareoba: skepticizmma, epikureizmma da stoicizmma, romelTa mimarTac
romaelma warmomadgenlebma saocari “erTguleba” gamoiCines elini fuZe-
mdeblebisadmi. Tavad ciceroni Znelad Tu CaTvleba romelime am konkretuli
mimdinareobis warmomadgenlad. piriqiT, gavrcelebulia azri, rom ciceroni
rogorc filosofosi ekleqtikosi iyo da, Sesabamisad, mis nawerebSi SevxvdebiT
rogorc stoicizmis, aseve epikureizmisaTvis da akademiuri skeptocozmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel araerT tipur Teziss. Cven ar vapirebT am mosazrebebis revizias.
miT ufro, rom misi politikuri Teoriac mTlianad platonis da aristoteles
Tematikis irgvliv trialebs. rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, is gaxlavT, rom
amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, ciceronis politikuri politikuri nawerebi
moklebuli ar aris originalobas da maTSi wamoWrilia rogorc Tvisebrivad
axali Tematika, aseve, ukve cnobilis, berZeni avtorebisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyveta. platonis da aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni
ara mxolod Teoretikosi, aramed moqmedi politikosic iyo. katalinas amboxis
mxilebis da CaxSobis Semdeg, erTi periodi ciceroni senatis da zogadad
respublikuri romis TvalsaCino politikosad iqca. ciceronis mniSvneloba
daaknina romaeli mTavarsardlebis qiSpobam. krasusis, pompeusis da keisris
zeZliereba imis imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom romis respublika ukanasknel dReebs
iTvlida. aSkara gaxda, rom warmatebuli samxedro kampaniebis Sedegad Zalze
gazrdili romi imperiul mmarTvelobas saWiroebda da rom respublikuri
idealebi ukve istoriis sakuTreba xdeboda. respublikuri romis senatis
TvalsaCino moRvawis, ciceronis politikuri karieris da sabolood ki
sicocxlisaTvis damRupvelad iqca e.w. meore triumvirati, romelmac ciceroni
proskripciebSi Seiyvana.
ciceronis politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi ori naSromis,
“saxelmwifos” da “kanonebis” mixedviT. ciceronis es Sromebi mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod Zveli cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis da filosofosis ideebis gacnobis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom masSi Semonaxulia informacia elinizmis
epoqis araerTi iseTi avtoris Sesaxeb, romelTa Sexedulebebis gasagebad cice-
ronis Sromebi erTaderTi wyaroa. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ciceronis naSromi,
“saxelmwifo” dakargulad iTvleboda. sakmaod dazianebuli saxiT is mxolod XIX
saukuneSi (1820 wels) aRmoaCina vatikanis biblioTekis prefeqtma, anjelo maim.
25
 1. saxelmwifos msaxureba
saxelmwifos msaxureba aris pirveli mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac exeba
ciceroni “saxelmwifos” dasawyisSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi CamoTvlis cnobil
romaelTa saxelmwifo moRvaweobas, svams savsebiT bunebriv kiTxvas _ ra rjida
maT esoden did safrTxeSi CaegdoT gamudmebiT Tavi maSin, rodesac TiToeuls
yvela Sansi hqonda mSvidi da uzrunveli cxovrebiT ecxovra? am kiTxvaze
pasuxad, ciceroni miuTiTebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fenomenze,
romelTac axsna unda misces dasmul kiTxvas. kerZod, saerTo sikeTis msaxurebasa
da bunebis mier adamianisaTvis momadlebul Rirsebis (ανανκε) grZnobaze.
Rirsebis grZroba, rogorc gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomeni Tavs iCens swored
iseT sazRvriT situaciebSi, romelic adamianisagan ukidures Tavdadebas da
xSirad ki Tvaganwirvasac saWiroebs. ukiduresi safrTxis pirobebSi sxva yvela
cocxalma arsebam SeiZleba imoqmedos mxolod iseTi sasicocxlo instinqtebis
karnaxiT, rogric STamomavlobaze zrunva an sakvebis mopovebaa. aristoteles
azriT, cxovelTa samyarodan adamians metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs, rac mas
sikeTis da siqvelis cnebiTi Semecnebis saSualebas aZlevs. ciceroni ki, rogorc
vxedavT, upirveles yovlisa, “bunebisagan boZebul” Rirsebaze saubrobs,
romelic gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia. ra Tqma unda, aq aristotelesa da
cicerons Soris Znelia davinaxoT winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia,
aristoteles mosazreba misi politikuri traqtatidan ki movitaneT, magram
masSi araferia sakuTriv politikuri. is adamianis ufro zogadi daxasiaTebaa
(politikur konteqstSi, aristotele, romelic, Rirsebis Taobeaze sxva adgilas
bevrs saubrobs, adamians sul sxva gansazRvrebas aZlevs). misgan gansxvavebiT,
ciceroni Rirsebis grZnobas saxelmwifo moRvaweobasTan akavSirebs. Rirsebis
floba, fiqrobs is, codnis floba rodia, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba
aqvs. mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac, Tu ar gamoviyenebT, SevinarCunebT
mainc, mxolod misi codnis wyalobiT, Rirseba mTlianad Cvens qmedebazea
damokidebuli da am qmedebebs Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili saxelmwifos
msaxurebas uWiravs (1.7).
erTi SexedviT, ciceronis am da sxva msjelobebSi politikuri problemebis
analizisas Semotanilia subieqtivisturi ganzomileba, radgan ciceroni
cdilobs maT axsnas adamianis sulieri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. ganmeorebiT
dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli saxelmwifo wyobaa yvelaze ukeTesi, “saxelmwifoSi”
scipioni, romelic Tavad ciceronis Sexedulebebis gamomTqmelia, ambobs
Semdegs: “simdidres, warmomavlobas, zegavlenas — sibrZnis, cxovrebisa da sxva
adamianebis marTvis unaris gareSe — mxolod Rirsebis dakargvasTan da
ampartavnebasTan mivyavarT. ar arsebobs mmarTvelobis ufro maxinji forma,
vidre is romlis drosac yvelaze ukeTesad iTvlebian umdidresi adamianebi. ra
sjobs mdgomareobas, rodesac sxelmwifos marTavs Riseba; rodesac is, vinc sxvis
cxovrebas ganagebs, Tavad ar imyofeba arc erTi vnebis tyveobaSi” (1. 25).
platonidan wamosuli tradiciiT, Cveulebriv, vfiqrobT, rom wyoba imgvari
obieqturi maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic srulad gansazRvravs mis
vargisianobas. ciceroni, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqos ufro subieqtivistur axsnas
iZleva moyvanil fragmentSiac, rodesac is mmarTvelTa “moralze” saubrobs.
magram, Tu moyvanil fragments kargad davukvirdebiT, sadac saubaria Rirsebis
mier saxelmwifos marTvaze, romelTan konfliqtSi modis mmarTvelis
vnebaTaRelva, unda davafiqsiroT saxelmwifo wyobis ganmsazRvreli kidev erTi
iseTi obieqturi ganzomileba, rogoricaa masSi aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis
ZiriTadi sistema. amiT ki, rogorc Tavad romis istoria mowmobs, ganxilvis
TvalsawierSi Semodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. faqtia, rom erT dros
Rirsebasa da saxelmwifos msaxurebaze damyarebuli romaelTa yofam,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi regresuli transformacia ganicada. berZnuli poli-
sebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac ucxo iyo kulturuli siWrele, romis
imperiaSi, warmatebuli dapyrobiTi politikis da sazRvrebis ganuwyveteli
gafarToebis pirobebSi, fexi moikida mravalferovanma religiur-filosofurma
mimdinareobebma da mistikurma seqtebma. isini sruliad gansxvavebul
26
specifiuri viTarebaa is, rom am instinqtebs mis SemTxvevaSi emateba refleqsia
da winaswarxedva., romlebic mas uqmnian warmodgenas sakuTrebaze da acnoben misi
zrunvis im obieqts, romelsac is interess uwodebs. termini interesi mets
arafers niSnavs, Tu ara Cvens damokidebulebas sakuTrebisadmi, Tumca ufro
farTo da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavszogadad sargebels.
sargeblianoba, Tavis mxriv, Zalze bundovani cnebaa da amitom fergiusoni
gvTavazobs interesi gamoviyenoT savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT im
obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Cvens gare pirobebs ukavSirdebian da
uzrunvelyofen Cveni cxoveluri bunebis SenarCunebas.
TviTSenarCunebis instinqtis karnaxiT sxvadasxva cxoveli igrovebs zamTris
marags. maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs miswrafeba simdidris dagrovebisaken,
rasac ara aqvs sazRvari. imis dagroveba, rac adamianma SeiZleba verasdros ver
gamoiyenos, misi arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi idola xdeba. TandaTnobiT adamians
sul ufro umtkicdeba rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTreba misive personis nawili,
Tavad misi nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mis xasiaTs, rangs da mdgomareobas
sazogadoebaSi. sakuTrebisadmi adamianis ltolva imdenad didia, rom Tu es
sakuTreba man ver SeinarCuna samoqalaqo kanonebiT, adamiani mimarTavs
Zaladobas da aTasgvar veragobas Cadis da am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli
adamianis qmedebebi gacilebiT ufro mZime STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre
romelime cxovelisa.
TviTSenarCunebis principidan gamomdinare ltolvebis mTeli kompleqsi Tavs
iyris erT fenomenSi, romelsac ewodeba Tavmoyvareoba.
ra saxis gaerTianebac ar unda moxdes adamianTa Soris, sul- erTia es iqneba
saZmo, Tu jari, yvela maTgans safuZvlad uZevs aliansis Tu kavSris principi.
fergiusoni amis Sesaxeb wers: “bunebrivi mdgomareoba — es aris omis an mSvidobis
mdgomareoba. adamianebi Sobilni arian ise, rom gaerTiandnen erTmaneTisadmi
ltolviT an SiSiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba TviT adamianis bunebaSia Ca-
debuli. swored amiT aixsneba velurebis midrekileba Tavis banakSi darCenisaken,
miuxedvad imisa, rom damoukideblad cxoveba mas SesaZloa ufro met sikeTes
moutanda. igive privcipi gvixsnis rogorc Zveli berZnebis optimistur
erTgulebas Tavisi qveynisadmi, aseve Zveli romaelebis patriotizmsac. magram
amgvari mdgomareoba did xans rodi gastans. mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTTan
daaxloebis instinqti Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs, ayalibebs sazogadoebas, interesi
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da adamianebs erTmaneTisagan acilebs. es
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis komerciul sxelmwifoze, romelSiac adamiani Tavis
TanamoZmes molodinis sapirispirod konkurentad ganixilavs da mas ise eqceva,
rogorc Tavis saqonels an miwas.
aq fergiusoni ubrundeba platonis cnobil Teziss “saxelmwifos” V wignidan,
sadac gamijnulia konfliqtis ori saxe: omi — anu mtroba sxvebTan da
ganxeTqileba _ anu mtroba TavisianebTan. safrTxisagan Tavis daxsnis survili
aris is garegani grZnoba, rac adamianebs ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebisaken. metoqeobam da samxedro wvrTnebis saWiroebam Soba Zalian
bevri iseTi instituti, romelTa gareSe Znelad Tu SegviZlia warmovidginoT
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. xalxis dacvis karnaxiT Seiqmna araerTi saxelmwifo
dawesebuleba.
magram ra aris mtroba, saidan Cndeba winaaRmdegoba TviTSenaxvasa da
usafrTxoebas Soris, rac erT mxares Tavdacvisaken ubiZgebs manam, vidre meore
mxare daesxmis mas Tavs? mtrobis namdvili mizezebis racionaluri axsna fer-
giusons ara aqvs. saxelmwifo moRvaweebi mtrul da samoyvro gadawyvetilebebs
nacionaluri, Tu zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi motivebidan gvixsnian. magram ras
mogvcems aseTi axsna gavigoT mdinaris (vTqvaT reinis) gaRma-gamoRma mcxovrebi
glexebis siZulvili erTmaneTis mimarT? crurwmenebi da nacionaluri vnebebi
SesaZloa ukeTes axsnas iZlevian da swored am mimarTulebiT unda veZeboT
konfliqtis mTavari mizezebi da ara samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebSi. adamianebi,
romlebic aseT dauokebel siyvaruls da siZulvils avlenen erTmaneTis mimarT,
racionalurad ver xsnian TavianT qmedebebs (1.60).
kacobrioba ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeboda mudmivi omis
mdgomareobaSi an tomebs Soris, an tomebs SigniT. amgvari mdgomareoba zrdis
91
da xelovnebebze, rogorc raRac gansxvavebulze bunebisagan. am dros saWiroa
aRiniSnos, rom xelobebi raRac bunebiTia adamianisaTvis, romelic am Cvevebis
wyalobiT sakuTari saxis da bedis demiurgia (artificer). adamianis Semoqmedeba
aris progresisaken ganuwyveteli svla, Tumca is ar akeTebs naxtomebs da
miznisaken Tanmimdevrulad da myari nabijebiT moZraobs. adamianis saqmianoba
nebismier SemTxvevaSi maTi nebis Tavisuflebis gamovlenas warmoadgens,
dawyebuli sxvadfasxva Sexedulebebidan da survilebidan, rac misi mamoZra-
vebeli Zalaa. TviTSenarCunebisaTvis adamianisaTvis erTnairad gamosadegia
rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle, aseve xis fuRuro. amitom, kiTxvaze sad SegviZlia
vipovnoT adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, SegviZlia erTnairi safuZvlianobiT
mivuTiToT britaneTze, keTili imedis koncxze, magelanis sruteze da a.S.
mTavari is gaxlavT, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, Semoqmedi arsebaa. sasaxle
aranakleb SeiZleba arabunebrivad CaiTvalos, vidre qoxi, xolo politikis da
zneobis umaRlesi gamovlinebebi ar aris ufro metad xelovnuri, vidre grZnobis
da gonebis pirveli moZraobebi.
daSvebidan, rom adamiani mudam winmswrebi da sakuTari Tavis srulmqmneli
arsebaa, romelSiac Cadebulia progresisa da idealisaken swrafvis prncipi maSin
veRar vityviT, rom mas Semdeg, rac man winmsvleli moZraoba daiwyo, igi
daemSvidoba Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobas, radgan misi buneba swored aseT
moZraobaSia (1.41). sxvagvarad, es imas niSnavs, rom bunebrivi mdgomareobis
Tezisi, romelic daafiqsirebda adamians raRac cxoveluri yofis msgavs
viTarebaSi fergiusonisaTvis ar arsebobs, Tumca is mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs
“kacobriobis gariJraJze” saubars, romlis drosac adamiani “primitiul
mdgomareobaSi” iyo. es primitiuli mdgomareoba ar niSnavs mis srul uZraobas.
teqnikuri da sxva saxis progresi aq mocemulad unda vigulisxmoT. teqnikis
dRevandeli done, axal-axali miRwevebi am mimarTulebiT, aris mxolod im xazis
gagrZelebis mcdeloba, romelic ukve arsebobda kacobriobis gariJraJze.
TandaTanobiTi progresis idea ar yofila fergiusonis winamorbede-
bisaTvisac ucxo. rasac aq gamorCeuli saxiT fergiusoni gvTavazobs, aris misi
mtkiceba, rom momenti, saidanac SegviZlia daviwyoT istoria ara mxolod
meTodologiuradaa mouxelTebeli, aramed principulad ar arsebobs. Tu
istoriis ufskrulSi CavixedavT, ver vipovniT moments, rodesac adamiani
adamiani ar iyo (anu iyo maimuni, rogorc amas darvinis Semdeg varaudoben) da
Semdeg, sul erTia ra meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, is iqca adamianma (anu
gaiara gza, romlis aRwera scades morganma da engelsma).
adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobebs sabolood esmeva wertili mas
Semdeg, rac am terminebs fergiusonis daxasiaTebiT, aseTi Sinaarsi eZleva: Tu
“bunebrivi” adamianis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinare qmedebebs aRniSnavs,
“arabunebrivi”araviTari sazrisismieri qmedebis damfiqsirebeli ar aris, radgan
adamianis yvela qmedeba pirveli wyarodan iRebs saTaves.
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb
adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rigi princiebis reali-
zebas. avtori am mimarTulebiT upirveles yovlisa, laparakobs instinqtebze,
romlebic jer kidev tkivilis da an siamovnebis aRqmamde ubiZgeben adamians
ganaxorcielos rigi bunebrivi aqciebi sakuTari Tavis da TanamoZmeebis mimarT.
maT Soris, TviTSenarCunebisa da misi, rogorc gvaris gangrZobis instinqti.
aqedan gamomdinareobs meore instinqti _ is faqti, rom adamiani yovelTvis
raRac gvaris da raRac tomis Tu sazogadoebis wevria, aiZulebs mas omis
mdgomareobaSi Sevides sxva adamianebTan.
adamianis cxovrebis miaxlovebiTi Seswavala gvarwmunebs, imaSi, rom erT-
erTi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala misi yvela moqmedebisaTvis aris sakuTar
arsebobaze zrunva. jer kidev sakuTrebis da socialur statusebs Soris
gansxvavebis gaCenamde, adamianebi floben sakuTari pirovnebis da Tavisufali
moqmedebis dacvis uflebas. TviTSenarCunebis instinqti adamianSi arafriT
gansxvavdeba analogiuri instinqtebisagan cxovelSi, magram adamianisaTvis
90
RirebulebaTa sistemas sTavazobdnen xalxs. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rogorc
Sedegma, amgvari mravalferovnebisa, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda kosmopoli-
tizmi, msoflio moqalaqis centraluri ideiT. ara “saxelmwifoSi”, aramed
“kanonebSi” msoflio moqalaqis ideas farTo Teologiuri dsabuTeba eZleva.
msjelobis jaWvi daaxloebiT aseTia: RmerTma Seqmna adamiani rogorc sxva
cocxali arsebisagan gamorCeuli ram. am gamorCeulobis mizezi aris goneba.
goneba raRac saerToa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris da maT Soris kavSiric swored
gonebaSi unda veZioT. magram goneba igive kanoni da kanonzomierebaa. es ki
niSnavs, rom Cven RmerTTan kanoniT varT dakavSirebuli. aqedan, unda vaRiaroT,
rom yvela maTTan, visTanac arsebobs erTianoba kanonSi, arsebobs erTianoba
samarTalSiac, xolo yvela is visac kanoni da samarTali saerTo aqvs miekuTvneba
erT sazogadoebas. Tu adamianebi amgvarad arian CarTulni erTsa da imave
ZalauflebasTan kontaqtSi, maSin isini CarTulni iqnebian, amave dros, kavSirSi
RvTaebrivTananac da, maSin mTeli samyaro SegviZlia ganvixiloT adamianebis da
RmerTebis erT samoqalaqo Temad (1. 96).
ciceronis sawyisi mosazrebebi adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb, erTgvari
Sesavalia misi Sedgomi Temis gaSlisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi sagani saxelmwifoa.
vidre vimsjelebde saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, ambobs is, me vcade gameanalizebina,
Rirs Tu ara kacma xeli mohkidos saerTod saxelmwifo saqmes (1. 10). pasuxi, ra
Tqma unda, dadebiTia, radgan Rirsebis adamianis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad
gamocxadebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis msaxureba adamianis bunebriv mowodebad
gamocxadda.
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma
ratom iqmneba saxelmwifo? — kiTxva, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo antikuri
saberZneTis avtorebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, aqtualobas ar kargavs arc
ciceronis TxzulebebSi. vidre saxelmwifos avkargianobaze vimsjelebdeT, jer
zogadad saxelmwifos cneba unda davadginoT. ciceroni miiCnevs, rom saxelwifo
raRac iseTia, rac uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xalxTan, rac misi xvedria. aqedan
saxelmwifos bunebis kvleva gadaejaWveba xalxis raobis sakiTxs. xalxi ki,
rogorc irkveva, sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianTa iseTi erToba, romelsac aqvs
erTiani samarTali da saerTo interesebi: “amrigad, wers ciceroni, saxelmwifo
xalxis xvedria, xolo xalxi adamianTa nebismieri gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed
iseTTa erTianobaa, romelTac Tavi mouyriaT samarTlis ama Tu im sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad da, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo interesebi. aseTi gaerTianebis
pirveli mizezi maTi sisuste ki ar aris, aramed bunebrivi miswrafeba erTad
cxovrebisaken” (1. 20).
adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafeba Tanacxovrebisaken, romelic SesaZloa iyos
Zlieri impulsi saxelmwifos formirebisaTvis, saWiroebs raRac iseT damatebiT
fenomens, romelic saxelmwifos ara mxolod did mdgradobas mianiWebs, aramed
regularuls gaxdis adamianTaSorisi damokideblebis misaReb saxeebs. aseTi ram
gaxlavT samarTali da konkretuli kanonmdebloba, romelic saxelmwifos yvela
wevrisaTvis saerTo unda iyos. da, saerTod, sxva ra aris saxelmwifo, Tu ara
saerTo weswyobileba, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTalsa da kanonebSi.
magram saidan iRebs dasabams Tavad kanoni da samarTali? am kiTxvaze
aristoteluri tradicia gvamcnobs, rom arsebobs erTi mxriv, bunebiTi da, meore
mxriv, konvencionaluri samarTali. misgan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni ar cnobs
bunebiTi samarTlis ideas. bunebiTi samarTlis normebi rom arsebobdnen,
fiqrobs is, maSin gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ratom ara aqvs yvela xalxs erTi da
igive samarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi xom icvleba ara mxolod sxva da sxva
xalxTan, aramed isini gansxvavebulia erTi da igive xalxTan sxvadasxva dros.
aqedan, erTaderTi safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifoSi arsebul kanonebs
SeiZleba hqondeT, aris urTierTTanxmoba.
mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa
adamainTa Tanacxovrebis mareglamentirebeli wesebis arseboba, ukve SeiZleba
daisvas kiTxva saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. ciceroni Zvel berZnul
27
politikur traqtatebSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva formebidan, sam yvelaze
mniSvnelovan formas gamoyofs: samefo xelisuflebas, aristokratias da
demokratias. saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyoba, ciceronis azriT, aris ra romelime
maTgani, aramed yvela maTi kombinacia erT politikur sxeulSi. Zneli ar aris
davinaxoT, rom amiT romis respublikis politikuri wyobaa mowonebuli. amis
Taobaze ciceroni pirdapir miuTiTebs “saxelmwifoSi”, rodesac is sagangebod
emijneba platonis msgavs gamonagonebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs rom misi
interesis sagani romis realobaa (1. 47-48). marTlac, saxalxo kreba romSi
gamoxatavda xalxis interesebs, senati anu uxucesTa sabWo, icavda
aristokratiis interesebs, xolo rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebas, mis msgavs
instituts respublikur romSi konsulTa xelisufleba warmoadgenda.
respublikuri romis konsulebi lakedemonelTa mefeebis msgavsad iyofdnen
Zalauflebas. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi qveynis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardloba da qveyanaSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba
iyo. ukve is faqti, rom spartis mefe ori iyo da ara erTi, gamoricxavda (iseve
rogorc Semdgom romSi) Zalauflebis saxifaTo koncentracias erTi piris xelSi.
sami ZiriTadi politikuri institutis msgavsad, saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi sami
ZirTadi socialuri fenaa — aristokratia, mxedrebi da xalxi.
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi
ciceronis interesis sferoSi Semodis iseTi sakiTxic, rogoricaa,
saxelmwifos teritoriuli an rogorc axla vityodiT, geopolitikuri
mdebareoba. msgavs sakiTxs masze adre aristotele Seexo da maTi Sefasebebi
zRvis piras mdebare polisis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, didad ar gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan. arc aristoteles da, arc cicerons ar miaCniaT gamarTlebulad
zRvispiras qalaqis daarseba ramdenime ZiriTadi mosazrebis gamo. jer erTi, aris
ra msxvili savaWro centri, aseTi qalaqi eqvemdebareba ucxotomelTa Cvevebis
arasasurvel zegavlenas. garda amisa, fiqroben isini, sazRvao qalaqi ufro
sustia samxedro TvalsazrisiTac. ciceroni sagangebiT iwonebs romulusis
gadawyvetilebas daearsebina qalaqi zRvasTan sakmaod axlos, magram ara zRvaze.
aseT qalaqs SeuZlia isargeblos sazRvao qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela
sikeTiT (ciceroni sazRvao qalaqis mxolod negatiur mxareebs rodi xedavs) _
ucxoeTidan daubrkolebliv miiRos aTasgvari saxis saqoneli da, piriqiT, aseve
didi raodenobiT iafad gaitanos sakuTari produqti. samagierod, xmeleTze
mdebareoba misTvis momgebiania wminda samxedro TvalsazrisiT. xmeleTidan
mosuli mtris kontroli ufro iolia, vidre, zRvidan Tavdasxmis dros. am da sxva
(moraluri xasiaTis), argumentebis safuZvelze, ciceroni xmeleTis saxelmwifos
aniWebs upiratesobas. am sakiTxze, SesaZloa arc Rirdes yuradRebis SeCereba, Tu
ara ciceronis mcdeloba istoriis mimdinareoba axsnas sazRvao-saxmeleTo
saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis konteqstSi. cxadia, ramdenime gverdze (1. 35,
36,37) gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, cicerons ver CavTvTvliT geopolitikis
fuZemdeblad. mas ara aqvs arc Talasokratia-telurokratiis cnebebi, magram
meore mxriv, verc im faqts avuvliT gverds, rom cicroni berZnuli samyaros
sisustis ZiriTad mizezs mis sazRvao xasiaTSi xedavs. Tumca, igive
poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebic. kerZod, is fiqrobs,
rom korinTo da karTageni daRupa gadaWarbebulma miswrafebam zRvaosnobisaken
da vaWrobisaken. aman, jer erTi, mosaxleobis gaumarTlebeli emigracia gamoiwvia
da meore, maT moqalaqeebs daaviwya miwis damuSaveba da iaraRis floba (1. 36).
savaldebulo literatura
1. Марк Тулий Цицерон «Диалоги». Изд. «Наука», Москва, 1966. ( стр. 7-8; 20-26; 35-39; 41-
54; 59-65; 94-97; 102-105)
2. James.E.Holton, Marcus Tullius Cicero., in “History of Political Philosophy”. (Eds) Leo Strauss,
Joseph Cropsey. Univ. of Chicago. 1963.
28
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816) “esse samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”
fergiusoni im inteleqtualebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romlebic XVIII
saukunis “Sotlandiuri aRorZinebis” saTaveebTan idgnen. fergiusonis garda,
inteleqtualebis am wres miekuTvnebodnen devid hiumi, edinburgis univer-
sitetis reqtori, uiliam robertsoni da ekonomisti adam smiti. fergiusonma,
romelic samxedro-sasuliero piri, polkis pastori iyo, 1759 wels edinburgis
universitetSi miiRo naturaluri filosofiis kaTedra. evropaSi ramdenjerme
mogzaurobis Semdeg man jer pnevmaturi da moraluri filosofiis kaTedra
(1764), xolo Semdeg ki, 1766 wels, miiRo edinburgis universitetis doqtoroba.
1793 wels fergiusoni evropaSi mogzaurobisas gaxda prusiis mecnierebaTa
akademiis ucxoeli wevri. “cda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”
daiwera 1767 wels. is adam fergiusonis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli politikuri
xasiaTis naSromia. am Sromis garda, fergiusonis kalams ekuTvnis: “qadageba”,
“moraluri filosofiis Segonebani”, “romis respublikis progresis da dacemis
istoria”, “moraluri da politikuri mecnierebis principebi”.
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba fergiusonTan interpretirebulia rogorc
kacobriobis adreuli ganviTarebis etapi. fergiusoni sakmaod mkacrad afasebs
am Temaze gamoTqmul sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs. am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba
gamowveuli iyo sakuTari Teoriis ukeT dafuZnebis surviliT, tumca maTi didi
nawili sruliad unayofo gamodga. raSi mdgomareobs Tavad fergiusonis
midgomis specifika? yvela im mravalferovan Tvisebebs Soris, romelsac flobs
kacobrioba, fergiusoni gamoyofs ramodenimes rogorc safuZvelmdebels Cveni
TeoriisaTvis da ase iqmneba suraTi imisa, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo
adamiani romeliRac warmosaxviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. msgavsi abstraqcia
yuradRebis gareSe stovebs adamians, rogoric is aris mocemul istoriul
momentSi da imasac, rogorc warmogvidgeba igi istoriis furclebidan.
bunebrivi istoriis kvlevis yvela sxva gza aucileblad gulisxmobs mkvlevris
mier faqtebis Segrovebis saWiroebas (1.32).
magram aqvs Tu ara bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvas raRac specifikuri
meTodologouri mniSvneloba? fergiusons miaCnia, rom yoveli aqtiuri arsebis
istoria Cven unda daviwyoT misi im mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSiac is
Camoyalibda da ara im viTerebebidan, romlebic Tavs moaxvies am arsebas. amitom,
adamianebi unda Tavidan ganxilulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi myofni, radgan isini
swored amgvarad arsebobdnen yovelTvis. Tu yvela sxva cxoveli dabadebis
Semdeg viTardeba rogorc individi, adamiani viTardeba rogorc gvari. am gzaze
kacobriobis ganviTareba unda warmovidginoT rogorc ganviTarebadi cocxali
mgrZnobelobidan, gonebis, enis da sazogadoebrivi yofis SeZenamde. adamianis
ganviTareba aucileblad mividoda iseT momentamde, romelic sxvadasxva
gamomgoneblobis kvalad moiTxovda iseTi adamianuri unaris ganviTarebas,
rogorcaa fantazia. am da sxva Tvisebebis flobis gamo, adamiani, rogoradac ar
unda daeces is, yovelTvis rCeba adamianad da amitom misi Sedareba sxva romelime
cxovelTan yovlad miuRebelia. adamiani unda ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv
arsebad, romelsac cxovreba SeuZlia mxolod sxva adamianis gverdiT. adamiani
unda ganvixiloT enis mqone arsebad iseve, rogor bunebrivadac mas ganvixilavT
xelebis an fexebis mqone arsebad. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia warmovisaxoT viTareba,
rodesac adamiani mxolod ecnoboda, jar kargad ar flobda sakuTar unarebs,
magram fergiusonis azriT, amgvari periodis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar
mogvepoveba da Cveni msjelobebi am saganze arafriT iqneba gamagrebuli. Cven
fantaziis tyveobaSi viqnebiT da gveqneba iluzia, TiTqos mivuaxlovdiT
yofierebis sawyisebs (1.37-38).
adamianis bunebiTi yofisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT xelobebsa
89
pirvels maiZulebeli Zala mxolod mocemuli miznis realizaciisaTvis
aucilebeli empiriuli pirobebis mocemulobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala. es
ukanaskneli politikuri moralistis principia maSin, rodesac meore moraluri
politikosisa. moraluri politikis principi isaa, rom xalxi saxelmwifoSi unda
gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi samarTlebrivi cnebis irgvliv, rogoricaa Tavisuf-
leba da Tanasworoba. politikuri moralistebi ki piriqiT, maT sapirispirod
emyarebian bunebis meqanizmebis cnebas, romelic unda gamoyenebuli unda iyos,
raTa brbo gardaiqmnas sazogadoebad.
am Tvalsazisebis Sejerebis sauZvelze, kanti askvnis, rom obieqturad, e.i.
TeoriaSi, politikasa da morals Soris ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, Tumca es
daskvna ar vrceldeba subieqtur sferoze, adamianis egoisturi midrekilebebis
sferoze, sadac dapirispireba politikasa da morals Soris arsebobs da SeiZleba
aseTad darCes kidec samomavlod.
sabolood sajaro samarTlis transcendentaluri formula JRers Sem-
degnairad: usamarTloa yvela sxva adamianis uflebaTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli
qceva, romelic SeTavsebadi ar aris sajaroobasTan (2.303). es principi, kantis
azriT, aris erTdroulad samarTlebrivic da moraluric. mis sapirispirod, Tu
me ar SemiZlia gavamxilo sajarod Cemi moqmedebis maqsima ise, rom amiT ar vavno
sakuTar saqmes (radgan sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi unda movelode rom Cemi
zraxvebis aRsrulebas win aRudgeba yvela), maSin Cemi qmedeba aris usamarTlo.
aseTia kantis mier politikisa da moralis momarTebis formalisturi analizi,
romelic upirveles yovlisa, imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor unda moviqceT, raTa Cveni
qceva moraluri iyos da ara imas, Tu ramdenad moraluria politikosis, sul
erTia rogori, qmedebebi.
literatura:
1. Имануел Кант – Что такое просвещение в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль»
Москва. 1966.
2. Имануел Кант – О вечном мире в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.
88
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli)
Zveli msoflio istoriis dasasrulad romis imperiis damxoba iTvleba. avto-
rebis erTi nawili, amgvar SefasebaSi evropocentrizmis aSkara kvals xedavs,
radgan romis imperiis daSlam ki moitana radikaluri cvlilebebi evropaSi,
magram es cvlilebebi saerTod ar Sexebia CineTSi an afrikis kontinentze
mimdinare procesebs. amitom, amboben evropocentrizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi, romis
imperiis dacema ufro evropis istoriaSi mimdinare procesebs asaxevs da ara
Zveli msofliosi. vfiqrobT, argumentacia iseTi TvalsaCinoa da aSkara faqtebs
emyareba, rom Znelia misi umtkivneulod ugulvebelyofa. ufro momgebiani
iqneba, Tu vaRriarebT mis samarTlianobas da davsZenT, rom evropis istoriis
prioritetulad qceva CvenTvis ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. jer erTi, es aris
regioni, romelTanac saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo CarTuli umWidroes
kulturul kontaqtebSi da meore, es aris civilizacia, romelic gamarjvebuli
gamovida saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare civilizaciaTa konfliqtSi da danarCen
msoflios Tavs moaxvia Tavisi cxovrebis wesi.
qristianuli msoflmxedveloba da religia jer kidev romis imperiaSi
damkvidrda oficialur sarwmunoebad. “msoflio qalaqma” bolos da bolos
SeiTvisa “msoflio religia” da is Tavis provinciebsa da koloniebze gaavrcela.
ierarqiulad mkacrad mowyobili monoTeisturi religia saimedo dasayrdeni
unda gamxdariyo uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli, erTi imperatoris mier
marTuli, monarqiuli reJimisaTvis. enaTa da eTniuri siWrele saerTo religias
unda daeZlia. yovelive es romma nawilobriv ganaxorciela kidec, magram
“msoflio qalaqi”, romelic sruliad sxva principebze aRmocenda, ver gadaarCina
axalma RirebulebaTa sistemam.
periodi qristianuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac
axali evropis ruqas raRac garkveuloba SesZina da eTniuri niadagi Seamzada
momavali eri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sakmaod detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis
“florenciis istoriaSi” nikolo makiavelis. Semdegi, sakmaod xangrZlivi
periodi, zogjer Sua saukuneebad, zogjer, feodalizmis epoqad moixsenieba.
igive xana SegviZlia movixsenioT dinastiuri samefoebis epoqadac (gansxvavebiT
antikuri qalaq saxelmwifoebis epoqidan).
samive termins _ Sua saukuneebs, feodalizmis epoqas da, bolos, dinastiur
samefoebs _ Sesabamisi “ideologiuri datvirTva” aqvs da erTsa da imave
periodis cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT. ase
magaliTad, “Sua saukuneebi” afiqsierbs raRac saSualo periods istoriis
msvlelobaSi da Tu terminis implikaciebze viqnebiT orientirebulini, is
mxolod imas gveubneba, rom CvenTvis saintereso am periodamdec arsebobda
raRac (Zveli msoflio) da Semdegac (axali msoflio istoria). “feodalizmis
epoqa” — es termini intencionalurad mimarTulia sakuTrebiT urTirTobaze.
feodi, maioratis principi, senioris da vasalis urTierToba am xedvisaTvis
amosavali principebia da politikuri anallizic am principebis kvlevidan unda
gamodiodes. da bolos, rodesac vsaubrobT “dinastiur samefoebze”, am dros
yuradRebas mivapyrobT umaRlesi xelisuflebis organizaciis wess, Sesabamis
epoqis saxelmwifoebisaTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis msoflmxedveloba, yofa, politikuri da
socialuri urTierTobani religiuri SinaarsiT iyo gajerebuli. jer kidev
gasul saukuneSi SemorCenili iyo, standartuli daxasiaTebis saxiT, Sua
saukuneebis “bnel epoqad” Sefaseba. ufro Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ar iziareben
aseT mkacr Sefasebas. maT miaCniaT, rom Sua saukuneebis erTgvar wyvetad
warmodgena istoriis erTian procesSi, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. piriqiT,
fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebma moamzada aRorZinebisa da axali drois
sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebi da mecniereba. pirovnebis, Tavisuflebis da
pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis analiziT gza gauxsna liberalur politikur
filosofias da axal politikur Teorias.
Sua saukunebis politikuri Teoria warmodgenili iqneba remdenime Zalze
29
mniSvnelovani avtoris SexedulebaTa saxiT. ioli aRmosaCenia, rom miuxedavad
maTi gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobisa, TiToeuli maTgani Zalze msgavs sakiTxebs
ganixilavs. es gamowveulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, am periodis swavlulebi,
rogorc qristianebi, aseve sxva religiis warmomadgenlebi eyrdnobian erTsa da
imave wyaros _ antikur politikur Teorias da biblias. meore, rac maTi
Sexedulebebis siaxloves ganapirobebs, aris epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
homogenuroba epoqis kulturebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa xelisuflebis organizacia, qalaqis infrastruqtura da
yofa, samxedro saqmis organizacia da a.S. am parametrebs Soris met-naklebad
Tanabari donis arseboba ar niSnavs srul identoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris ideologiasa da socialur-politikur mowyobaSi. msgavsi daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi, saswauli Tu agvixsnida im garRvevas, romelic evropulma
civilizaciam moaxdina. ufro zofadi daxasiaTebis saxiT, haidegeris kvald,
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve berZnuli kultura Seicavda “τεχνε “-ze,
orientaciis Zalze mZlavr impuls, romelsac qristianobam ufro noyieri
niadagi Seuqmna, vidre, vTqvaT, islamma.
netari avgustine (354-430)
netari avgustine qristianis avtoria, rac Zalze kargad Cans “RvTis qalaqis”
avgustineseul interpretaciaSi, romelic wminda werilis amosaval dogmatikas,
WeSmaritebebs emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi epoqa jer kidev Sors iyo
dinastiuri samefoebis xanisagan, misi ZiriTadi politikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba —
“RvTis qalaqi” - iTvaliswinebs Semdgomi periodisaTvis specifikur mTel rig
sakiTxebs. garda mravali Teologiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa, avgustines kalams
ekuTvnis Zalze specifiuri, kidev erTi naSromi, “aRsareba”, romelSiac
gadmocemulia adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis siRrmiseuli Sreebi da Tavad
rwmenis fenomenis Zalze faqizi analizi. “aRsareba” adamianis sulis codniT
SegviZlia iseTi avtorebis sxva Sromebis gverdiT davayenoT, rogoricaa markus
avreliusis “fiqrebi” an paskalis “azrebi”.
rogorc varaudoben “RvTis qalaqi” dawerili unda iyos 413-426 wlebSi.
wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba qristianobis dacvas warmarTuli religiisagan,
xolo danarCen furclebze gadmocemulia pozitiuri Sinaarsi.
avgustines politikur doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba eklesia da
saxelmwifo — zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. wminda werili warmoadgens
ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlis fonzedac interpretirdeba
socialuri da politikuri movlenebi. avgustines mier gaanalizebuli ZiriTadi
kategoriebia eklesia, saxelmwifo, zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. eklesia
RvTaebrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoeba, wminda werilis mcvelia. swored es
uakanaskneli utovebs adamianebs RmerTis xilvis imeds, romelic avgustines
interpretaciaSi samyaros mTavari saTnoebaa. eklesia da saxelmwifo, ori
amqveyniuri sazogadoebaa, romlebic am saTnoebisaken miiswrafvis, Tumca, imis
kvalad, rac ufro metad vswavlobT Cveni sulis siRrmiseul Sreebs, gasagebi
xdeba, rom miwieri, naklovani qalaqis garda arsebobs zeciuri qalaqic. isini,
vinc eklesiis swavlebas miuyveba, inarCunebs Sanss zeciuri qalaqis wevrobisa,
xolo amqveyniuri siameebis motrfialeni ki ganwirulni arian maradiuli
tanjvisaTvis. maT qcevas gansazRvravs ambiciuroba da ampartavneba. igive
Tvisebebi, sinanulis deficiti aris ganmsazRvreli miwieri qalaqis cxovrebis
wesisaTvis.
avgustine imeorebs klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis zogierT Teziss. mas
miaCnia, rom adamiani bunebiT socialuri arsebaa. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod
adamianis miswrafeba koleqtiuri cxovrebisaken sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis
qalaqis mcxovrebi moqalaqed iqces. ZiriTadi fenomeni, romelic moqalaqes
aseTad aqcevs da mimarTavs maT aqtivobas saerTo sikeTisaken, aris
samarTlianoba. samarTlianoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTali uzrunvelyofs
adamianTa sazogadoebis erTianobas. aregulirebs ra admianTa urTierTobas
sazogadoebaSi, samarTali ganamtkicebs sazogadoebriv mSvidobas, romlis
gareSe ar arsebobs arc erTi sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas avgustine
cicerons esesxeba da acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo aris adamianTa iseTi
30
ganasxvavebs or mxares: materias da formas. materia am konteqstSi igive Sinaarsia
da igi gulisxmobs im mravalferovan miznebs, rasac adamiani isaxavs xolme Tavisi
moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom am miznebs empiiuli xasiaTi aqvT,
gasagebia, rom isini ver iqnebian aucilebeli xasiaTisa adamianisaTvis.
samagiarod, aseTia kanonis wminda forma, romelic Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT
apriorulia da rogorc aseTi flobs saWiro aucileblobas da valdebulebas. am
formaluri gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, ZiriTadi moraluri wesi, romelsac
gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs adamianis yovelgvari xasiaTis, maT Soris po-
litikuri xasiaTis moqmedebebze aris kategoriuli imperativi, romelic ase
JRers: ”moiqeci ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad iqces yvela
gonieri arsebisaTvis.” kategoriuli imperativis aseTi saxe gansazRvrulia misi
wminda formaluri xasiaTiT. adamiani rom yovelTvis am wesis Sesabamisad
cxovrobdes, is wmindani iqneboda, magram ramdenadac adamians mravalferovani
midrekilebebi gaaCnia, romelTagan yvela ver daitrabaxebs maRalzneobriobiT,
amdenad msgavs SemTxvevebSi, kantis mier Semotanil proncips aqvs maiZulebeli,
anu imperatiuli xasiaTi. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs umaRles praqtikul mizans,
romelic amave dros sazomia yvela sxva miznisa.
yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs kantis idealizms anu politikuri
urTierTobebis meocnebe gaidealebas. kantma kargad icis rom arsebobs
amoraluri politikac. termini ”politikuri moralisti” swored amas aRniSnavs.
is yovelTvis cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi antixalxuri politika da samarTlis
sawinaaRmdego saxelmwifo principebi da amave dros cdilobs gaakeTos es
adamianis bunebis saxeliT, romelic TiTqos moklebulia unars eswrafodes
sikeTes gonebis mier nakarnaxebi ideis Sesabamisad. msgavsi gancxadebebiT, es
politikosebi, ramdenadac es xelewifebaT, mudmivad arRveven samarTals da
viTarebis gaumjobesebas SeuZlebels xdian. msgavsi praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom
politikur moralistebs Sexeba ara aqvT normatiul principebTan da Tavidan
bolomde realuri politikuri principebiT xalmWZvaneloben. amgvari
politikosebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo xasiaTi aqvs Semdeg maqsimebs: (1) Fac et
excusa. gulisxmobs yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas, romelic ki
gaaiolebs dapyrobas da sxvisi sakuTrebis xelSi Cagdebas. msgavsi moqmedebebis
Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba xolme raime Rirebuli sababiT xalxwe mimarTuli
Zaladobis gamarTleba. yovelive es xorcieldeba gaugonari TavxedobiT, rac
tovebs Cadenili qmedebis kanonierebasTan SeTavsebadobis STabeWdilebas. (2) Si
fecisti nega. ama Tu im politikosis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
totaluri uaryofa. uaryfa imisa, rom mavans monawileoba aqvs miRebuli am
moqmedebaSi; ase magaliTad, Tu Tu ama Tu im politikosma sakuTari xalxi miiyvana
amboxebamde, unda amtkico, rom brali mxolod mourjulebel moxeleebs
miuZRviT. (3) Divide et impera. am principis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebSi kargadaa cnobili. ufro sainteresoa principis gamoyeneba qveynis
Sida politikis mimarT. kerZod, Tu qveyanaSi arian warCinebuli pirebi, romelTa
wyalobiTac umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxvda mavani, is yovelmxriv ecdeba
ganxeTqileba daTesos am adamianebs Soris an am adamianebsa d xalxs Soris.
uzneo politikas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi Cans, rom aravin
cdilobs uzneobis gamarTlebas Riad. piriqiT, Tundac mxolod sityviT, isini
yovelTvis cdiloben TavianTi mzakvruli gegmebis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva
motivebiT. sinamdvileSi ki isini yovelTvis emyarebian ara samarTals, aramed
Zalas. politikuri moralistis Sexeba moralTan TviTwinaaRmdegobrivia. is
cdilobs morali dauqvemdebaros politikur miznebs, anu saqme gaakeTos piruku,
rac principulad SeuZlebels xdis politikis moralTan morigebas.
aq gadasaWrelia erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ Rirs Tu ara gamovideT da
daveyrdnoT materialur principebs, anu Cvens miznebs praqtikuli gonebis
amocanebis gansazRvrisas. xom ar iqneba umjobesi vixelmZRvaneloT mxolod
formaluri principiT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod Semdegs: moiqeci ise, rom
Seni moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelo maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. materialuri
da formaluri principebidan kanti upiratesobas formalur princips aniWebs,
radgan is rogorc samarTlis principi upirobod aucilebelia maSin, rodesac
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romelime saxelmwifo Seqmnida respublikas romlis ZiriTadi funqcia
mimarTuli iqneboda maradiul mSvidobaze. aseT respublikas SeeZlo erTgvari
centris funqcia Seesrulebina, romlis irgvlivac gaerTiandebodnen sxva
saxelmwifoebi.
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi
maradiuli mSvidobis problemebis konteqstSi kanti ganixilavs CvenSi xSirad
aqtualurad qceul sakiTxs — moralis politikasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs.
miuxedvad imisa, rom kanti sakiTxs ganixilavs Zalze specifikuri kuTxiT,
kerZod, rogorc maradiuli mSvidobis miRwevis xelisSemSlel an xelisSemwyob
pirobas, vfiqrobT, mainc sainteresoa problemis kantiseuli analizi.
”ra aris morali?” _ es gaxlavT pirveli kiTxva, romliTac kanti iwyebs
sakiTxis kvlevas. morali mis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc upirobod momTxovni
kanonebis erTianoba, romelTan Sesabamisadac unda iqceodes adamiani (2.289-290).
Tu vaRiareT valdebulebis mocemuli cneba, maSin misi ganuxorcieleblobis
mtkiceba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. is mTlianad gaaqrobda moralidan valde-
bulebis cnebas. amitom kanti aqedan akeTebs daskvnas, rom saubari SeuTav-
seblobis Taobaze morals (rogorc Teoriul samarTalmcodneobasa) da
politikas (rogorc praqtikul samarTalmcodneobas) Soris araswori iqneba
iseve, rogorc araswori iqneba winaaRmdegobaze saubari zogadad Teoriasa da
praqtikas Soris. politikis devizia _ ”iyavi brZeni viTarca gveli”, rasac
morali umatebs Semzrudvel pirobad _ ”da umanko viTarca mtredi”. moralsa da
politikas Soris winaaRmdegobis arseboba mravalmxrivaa damokidebuli imaze,
Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia es ori principi. axali principi, romelic pirvel ors
Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da maT TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs Semdegia:
”patiosneba saukeTeso politikaa”, xolo misi modificirebuli forma gveubneba
— ”patiosneba yovelgvar politikaze ukeTesia”. es principi, gvimtkicebs kanti,
ar SeiZleba davisa da eWvis sagani gaxdes. piriqiT, is yovelgvari politikis
winapirobas warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da rac
xdeba, xdeba bunebis kanonebis karnaxiT, maSin politika rogorc xalxis
samarTavad am kanonebis gamoyenebis xelovneba Tavis TaviSi unda moicavdes mTel
praqtikul sibrZnes, xolo moralis cneba ki sruliad uSinaarso gaxdeba. amis
sapirispiroa weRan SemoTavazebuli principebis Sesabamisad, samarTlis cnebis
politikis cnebasTan mierTeba da mis SemzRudav pirobad qceva, rac maTi
SeTavsebadobis sawindari iqneba. SemiZlia warmovidgino moraluri politikosi,
anu piri, vinc politikis iseT principebs ayalibebs, romlebic SeTavsebadia
moralTan, magram ar SemiZlia warmovidgino politikuri moralisti, romelic
moralis principebs Seuguebs saxelmwifo moRvawis interesebTan — wers kanti
(2.292). moraluri politikosi unda gamodiodes Semdegi maqsimidan: Tu
saxelmwifos mowyobaSi an saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi raime iseTi nakli
SeiniSneba, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebli iyo, maSin aucile-
belia am naklovanebaTa dauyovnebeli aRmofxvra da saxelmwifo mowyobis an
saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebis bunebiT samarTalTan, rac saboloo jamSi
gonebis ideaa, daaxloeba. swored es aris saxelmwifo moRvaweebis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba.
imisaTvis rom kantis Tvalsazrisi sworad gavigoT, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom
misi midgoma problemisadmi formalisturia. swored am sityviT gvinda aRvniSno
Semdegi saxis specifika: kanti ar kiTxulobs realurad eTavseba Tu ara politika
da morali erTmaneTs. sinamdvileSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, is eTanxmeba da rig
SemTxvevebSi ara. rac kants ufro metad ainteresebs, aris is formaluri
pirobebi da maqsimebi, romlebic gansazRvraven SeTavsebis an SeuTavseblobis
saxeebs. anu Tu morali da politika SeTavsebadia, maSin unda daculi iyos aseTi
da aseTi moTxovnebi, Tu ara maSin xorcieldeba esa da es ..... . es ki niSnavs, rom
kantis damokidebuleba politikisa da moralis SeTavsebadobisadmi norma-
tiulia, is jerarsis sferoSi trialebs da ara arsisa. yovelgvar kanonSi kanti
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gaerTianeba, romelic efuZneba saerTo uflebebs da interesebs.
zogadTeoriul debulebebs avgustine iyenebs romis imperiis kritikisaTvis.
imperiis periodis roms is respublikur roms amjobinebs, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs,
rom arc es ukanaskneli dgas axlos zeciuri qalaqis idealur modelTan. qveyana,
romlis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TavisufalTa mier gangebis karnaxiT,
garemoculia qveynis siyvaruliT, aRmatebuli RirebulebebiT, megobrobis
rwmeniT, kargi qcevis mibaZviT _ aseTi qveyana bunebrivi wesebiT moewyoba.
WeSmarit morwmuneTa qveyanaSi mmarTvelebi maTi msaxurebi arian, vinc imarTeba.
qveynis marTvas aq gansazRvravs ara ambiciebi, aramed movaleobis grZnoba.
amgvaria RvTis mier dawesebuli bunebrivi wesrigi. ra Tqma unda, aseT
saxelmwifoSic arsebobs xelisufleba, magram is Tavisufalia ambiciebisa da
ampartavnebisagan. magram, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos amqveyniuri
saxelmwifo, is mxolod droebiT mSvidobas da sazogadoebriv sikeTes
ganamtkicebs.
alfarabi (870-950)
Turquli warmoSobis alfarabi daibada dRevandeli samxreTis yazaxeTis
teritoriaze. qlaq farabas midamoebSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man farabas
medreseSi miiRo. Semdeg igi samogzaurod arabul qveynebSi gaemgzavra da
moinaxula am drois yvela didi qalaqi: baRdadi, qairo, damasko, alepo. alfarabi
pirveli muslimi avtoria, romelic antikur klasikur politikur
filosofiasTan islamis Seguebas cdilobda. saamisod arsebobs garkveuli
safuZvelic. kerZod, rogorc klasikuri filosofia, aseve islami Tvlis RmerTs
kanonierebis saboloo safuZvlad. orives miaCnia, rom swor rwmenas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba eniWeba gamarTuli politikuri reJimis SeqmnisaTvis.
alfarabis ZiriTadi Sromebia “saukeTeso qalaqi”, “saukeTeso religia” da
“politikuri reJimi”. saukeTeso saxelmwifos alfarabi gansazRvravs imgvar
politikur mowyobad, romelSiac adamianebi TanamSromloben ise, rom miznad
aqvT Rirseuli yofa da bedniereba.
alfarabi moiTxovs mmarTveli fenis maRal inteleqtualur dones da
momzadebas politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis
aseTi momzadeba saWiro araa, Tumca sasurvelia. miuxedavad amisa, alfarabi
mainc saWirod Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebis farTe fenebs unda hqondeT
damakmayofilebeli warmodgena samyaroze, adamianze da politikuri cxovrebis
elementebze. zogadad moqalaqeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:
1. brZenni anu filosofosebi, romelTac ician saganTa buneba;
2. maTi mimdevrebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba filosofosebisagan da
iziareben maT Sexedulebebs;
3. danarCeni moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba msgavsebis
mixedviT. zogs meti codna aqvs, zogs naklebi, rac damokidebulia moqalaqeTa
rangze.
es klasebi unda imarTebodes mmarTvelis mier, romelic moqalaqeTa
ganaTlebis organizaciazedac zrunavs. is TiToeul moqalaqes misi
SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis saqmianobas miuCens. amis garda mmarTvelis
funqciebSi Sedis kanonebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba omis
dros. mmarTvelis fenomenSi alfarabi aerTianebda politikuri liderisa da
winaswarmetyvelis Tvisebebs. aseTi pirovneba WeSmariti xelmZRvanelia. is
iseTia, rom SiZleba gaxdes gamocxadebis Rirsi. aseTi mmarTveli ySualod iqneba
dakavSirebuli WeSmaritebis pirvelwyarosTan da uSualod misgan miiRebs
sazogadoebis marTvis amosaval principebs. es mmarTveli umaRlesi rangis
mmarTveli unda iyos, romelsac sabolood daeyrdnoba yvela sxva samoqalaqo
mmarTveloba. umaRlesi mmarTvelis am daxasiaTebaSi Cans, rom alfarabi ver
eteva antikuri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi, romlis mixedviTac
xelisuflebis wyaro ar yofila gamocxadeba da RvTaebrivi nebis uSualo
emenecia mmarTvelze. arada alfarabisTan amgvari kavSiri mmarTvelsa da
RvTaebas Soris TavisTavad igulisxmeba. umaRlesi mmarTveli, ambobs is, aris
wyaro yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis.
sazogadoeba unda dalagdes aRniSnuli klasebis ierarqiis Sesabamisad ise,
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rom TiToeul klasSi myofi moqalaqe srulyofilad iqneba ganviTarebuli Tavisi
klasis saWiroebebis mixedviT, xolo yoveli klasi moemsaxureba zemdgom klass.
aRniSnuli reJimi unda iyos monarqistuli an aristokratiuli
mmarTvelobisa, romlis sxvadasxva fenebi marTulebic arian da mmarTvelebic,
vidre ar mivalT umdables reJimamde, romelic mxolod marTulia. moqalaqeTa
rangi ganisazRvreba TiToeulis persinaluri TvisebebiT da unarebiT, kanonis
dacviT. amasTan ar gamoiricxeba moqalaqeTa gadasvla erTi rangidan meore,
ufro maRal rangSi. saukeTeso saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT codna RvTaebrivi
da bunebrivi arsis Sesaxeb, adamianuri srulyofilebis, Tu bednierebis Sesaxeb
da cxovroben am codnis Sesabamisad.
mas Semdeg, rac dadginda saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Tvisebebi, alfarabi
ioda axasiaTebs sxva politikur reJimebsac:
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac ara aqvT codna RvTaebrivi da
bunebrivi movlenebis Sesaxeb, adamianis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. aseT reJimebs
alfarabi umecarTa reJimebs uwodebs. aseTi reJimebis mcxovreblebma ar ician
arc WeSmariti srulyofileba da arc WeSmariti bedniereba;
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac marTalia aqvT amgvar saganTa
codna, magram ar cxovroben TavianTi codnis Sesabamisad, ar asruleben mis
moTxovnilebebs. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi uzneoTa saxelmwifoebs,
imoralur reJimebs uwodebs;
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebs marTalia mopovebuli aqvT
garkveuli codna, magram es codna arasworia. isini raRacas sTvlian RvTaebrivi
Tu bunebrivi saxis movlenad maSin, rodesac es sagani sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris
aseTi. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi dabneulTa an SemcdarTa rejimebs uwodebs.
saukeTeso politikuri reJimisagan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi aRniSnuli
saxelmwifo ar iyenebs WeSmarit codnas da amitom, verc erTi maTgani ver miiyvans
Tavis moqalaqeebs WeSmarit bednierebamde. alfarabi iZleva mankieri
saxelmwifoebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas iZleva. kerZod, is laparakobs
jer Tavisuflebis da koleqtiurobis qalaqze. am qalaqSi Tanaarsebobs sikeTec
da borotebac, cxovroben brZeni adamianebi da oratorebi, Rirseuli xalxi.
saxelmwifos es forma, marTalia Sors aris idealurisagan, magram is yvelaze
ukeTesia sxva qalaqis formebTan SedarebiT. mas jer kidev ar daukargavs sikeTis
gzis Sansi. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi forma aris aucileblobis
saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebic ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian aucilebeli
minimumiT, romelic ki saWiroa sxeulisaTvis. aq Sedis sakvebze, sasmelze,
tansacmelze zrunva, ris gareSe adamianTa cxovreba SeuZlebelia. am
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am sazRunavs TavianTi arsebobis ZiriTad miznad
miiCneven. meore tipis saxelmwifo, romelzedac msjelobs alfarabi, aris
gacvlis qalaqi, (oligarqiuli reJimi) , romlis moqalaqeTa saboloo mizani aris
maTi piradi simdidre da ayvaveba. simdablis qalaqis mcxovrebTa sazrunavi
sxeulebriv siameebze zrunva, zrunva iseT siamovnebebze, romlebic zemoqmedebas
moaxdenen grZnobebze da warmosaxvaze da garTobisa da drostarebis
atmosferos Seqmninen. pativmoyvareTa qalaqis (tomokratia) mcxovrebni
erTmaneTs exmarebian, margam mxolod imisaTvis, rom sxva xlxebma maT pativi scen,
aqon da adidon sityviT da saqmiT. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavia
didebulebiT da brwyinvalebiT warmoudgnen rogorc sxvebs, aseve erTmaneTs.
Zalmomreobis qalaqis mkvidrT erTaderTi sazrunavi aqvT — sxvebis damorCileba
da damoneba. maTi mTeli safiqrali mimarTulia im sixarulis mosalodnel
gancdaze, romelsac iZleva omSi gamarjvebis gancda.
Zneli ar aris davinaxoT, rom alfarabi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis
TiToeuli tipis miRma gulisxmobs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ama Tu im
fenis daxasiaTeba. samxedro elita warmodgenilia Zalmomreobis qalaqis saxiT,
vaWarTa fena gacvlis qalaqis saxiT, mSromeli masa aucileblobis qalaqis saxiT
da a.S.
alfarabis erT-erT Teoriul amocanas warmoadgenda politikuri da
32
b) yvela qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas erTian kanonmdeblobaze;
g)yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.
rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri saxelmwifos bunebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad
elementebad kanonmorCilebis garda, figurirebs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.
kanti iZleva Tavisuflebis (amasTan, aq laparakia garegan, anu smarTlebriv
Tavisuflebaze) da Semdeg Tanasworobis aseT gansazRvrebas: “es Tavisufleba
aris uflebamosileba ar davemorCilo araviTar garegan kanonebs, garda im
kanonebisa, romlebzedac me mzad var mivce Tanxmoba. zustad aseve, garegani
(samarTlebrivi) Tanasworoba saxelmwifoSi aris misi moqalaweebis iseTi
mimarTeba, rodesac TiToeuls SeuZlia samarTlebrivad daavaldebulos meore
mxolod maSin, Tuki pirveli Tavad emorCileba kanons, romelic, moiTxovs, rom es
piri, Tavis mxrivac iyos samarTalvaldebuli” (2.267). kanti Tvlis, rom
aRniSnuli ulebebi mouwyvetelia adamianisagan da bunebiTadaa mas
mikuTvnebuli.
respublikuri mmarTveloba unda gamomdinareobdes im pirveli konvenciidan,
romelsac adamianebi gadahyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. masve unda
emyarebodes ama Tu im xalxis yovelgvari samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.
respublikanizmi, Tavis mxriv, qmnis gansxvavebas qveSevrdomsa da moqaaqes Soris.
kanti wers: “im wyobaSi, sadac qveSevrdomi ar aris mqalaqe (maSasadame,
ararespublikuri wyobis SemTxvevaSi) es sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb kamaTs iwvevs,
radgan saxelmwfos meTauri ar aris saxelmwifos wevri, aramed mxolod misi
mesakuTre”(2.269).
saerTod saxelmwifos formebi unda gavarCioT an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni
piri flobs umaRles mrTvelobas, an im wesis mixedviT, romliTac umaRlesi
xelisufali, mniSvneloba ara aqvs vin daniSna is) marTavs xalxs. pirveli — kantis
azriT _ aris batonobis forma (forma imperi) da arsebobs mxolod sami saxiT: a)
rodesac umaRlesi xelisufali erTi piria — avtokratia; b) rodesac umaRlesi
xelisufali ramdenime piria _ aristokratia; g) rodesac umaRlesi xelisufleba
ekuTvnis mTel xalxs _ demokratia.
meore forma aris marTvis forma (forma regiminis). igi exeba konstituciaze,
anu saerTo nebaze (romelic brbos aqcevs xalxad) dafuZnebul marTvis im wess,
romliTac saxelmwifo gankargavs srul Zalauflebas. aqedan marTvelobis forma
sul aris ori: respublika an despotia. “respublikanizmi aris saxelmwifo
principi, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mijnavs sakanonmdeblosagan.
despotia — umaRlesi mmarTvelis mierve SemoRebuli saxelmwifo kanon-
mdeblobis TviTmpyrobluri aRsrulebis principia. aseT dros sajaro neba
gamodis mmarTvelis kerZo nebis rangSi” (2.269).
saxelmwifos bunebaze msjelobis Semdeg, kanti gadadis msoflio
saxelmwifos ideaze. msoflio saxelmwifoSi kanti xedavs maradiuli mSvidobis
garantors. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wesi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben
TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebas, aris ara sasamarTlo, aramed omi.
samSvidobo xelSekruleba marTalia bolos uRebs ama Tu im oms, magram ara
saomar mdgomareobas rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve bunebiTi
samarTlis princpebiT. magram goneba moralis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo
Zalauflebis simaRlidan, ra Tqma unda, kicxavs oms rigorc samarTlebriv
proceduras da savaldebulod acxadebs mSvidobas, romelic ar SeiZleba
damyardes xalxTa Soris urTieTmolaparakebis gareSe. aqedan, unda arsebobdes
gansakuTrebuli saxis kavSiri, romelic samSvidobo kavSiris (foedus pacificum)
saxels unda atarebdes da romelic Cveulebrivi samSvidobo xelSekrulebidan
unda gansxvavdebodes imiT, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobs mxolod erTi omis
dasrulebas, maSin, rodesac pirveli bolos mouRebs yvela oms da gaakeTebs amas
samudamod (2.273-274). yovelive es aris mxolod Sesavali ZiriTadi TezisisaTvis,
romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebrivi iseTi gaerTianebis formirebas,
romelic SezRudavs mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebis SesaZleblobas.
kants imedi aqvs, rom “SesaZlebelia naCvenebi iyos iseTi federaciis ideis
ganxorcielebadoba, romelic TandaTanobiT moicavda yvela saxelmwifos da
miivanda maT maradiul mSvidobamde”(2.274).
ufro konkretuli nabiji amgvari gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad iqneba, Tuki
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armiis myoli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti ki ar aris, rogorc es
sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli dRes, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mudmivi
muqaris wyaro. b) Semdegi argumenti ufro moraluri xasiaTisaa. adamianebis
daqiraveba imisaTvis, rom maT an sxvebi daxocon, an Tavad iyvnen daxocilebi
sxvebis mier, SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebebTan.
omis Tavidan asacileblad arc erTma qveyana ar unda Caerios meore qveynis
Sida saqmeebSi, ar unda mimarTos iseT aqciebs, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida SemdegSi
mSvidobas. aseTia, magaliTad, daqiravebuli mkvlelebis gamoyeneba, kapitu-
laciis pirobebis darRveva da a.S. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi moqmedebebi mospobs
mowinaaRmdegeSi ndobas da Seqmnis safrTxes, rom omi gagrZeldes urTi-
erTamowyvetamde.
omi aris samwuxaro, iZlebiTi saSualeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (maSin,
ordesac ar arsebobs araviTari saSuamavlo instancia sasamarTlos saxiT,
romelic gamoitanda mxareebisaTvis savaldebulo ganaCens), raTa ZaliT
ganmtkicdes ama Tu im mxaris uflebebi maSin, romdesac arc erTi modave mxare ar
SeiZleba gamocxaddes mtyuanad. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi wyvets omi Tu romeli
mxarea uflebamosili (2.263). qveynebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sadamsjelo
omi — azustebs kanti — radgan qveynebs Soris ar arsebobs zemdgomis mimarTeba
qvemdgomTan.
kantis es msjelobebi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar arsebobas,
samarTlisa, romelic gaarCevda mtyuansa da marTals. swored amis gamo xdeba omi
aucilebeli saSualeba saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. mas
Semdeg rac Sedgeba saerTaSoriso samarTali rogorc erTaSorisi sakiTxebis
mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba, man unda gamoricxos Tavisi leqsikonidan omis
cneba, radgan saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba gamoricxavs omis uflebas.
adamianTa mSvidobiani cxovreba ar aris maTi yofis bunebrivi mdgomareoba
(status naturalis); bunebrivi mdgomareoba, piriqiT, oms gulisxmobs, oms Tu ara
mudmivad gagrZelebuls, yovel SemTxvevaSi, omis mudmiv muqaras mainc. aqedan
gamomdinare, mSvidoba mizandasaxulad unda Sedges.
mtrobas, kantis mixedviT, gansazRvravs ori viTareba: jer erTi, mtrulad
SegviZlia moveqceT mxolod imas, vinc saqmiT arRvevs Cems uflebebs da, meore,
is, visac vcnobT mtrad, unda imyofebodes samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa,
rom am mdgomareobaSi SesvliT, aRniSnuli sazogadoeba sxvas usafrTxoebis
garantias aZlevs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxi, romelic bunebiT mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba aseT garantias sxva xalxs ver miscems da mxolod imiT, rom is bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, arRvevs mezoblebis uflebebs. misi yofa xom
yovelgvari kanonis miRma imyofeba?
yvela xalxi, visac ki SeuZlia erTmaneTze zegavlena, romeliRac samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas miekuTvneba. masTan kavSirSi myof pirTa samarTlebrivi mowyoba
aseT saxes iRebs:
1. samarTali romelic vrceldeba pirovnebaze imdenad, ramdenadac is ama Tu
im saxelmwifos wevria (jus civitatis);
2. samarTali, romelic myardeba saxelmwifoebs Soris da romelic
vrceldeba rig SemTxvevebSi pirovnebaze da,
3. samarTali, romelic vrceldeba individze, imdenad, ramdenadac is aris
msoflio moqalaqe (jus cosmopoliticum). es ukanaskneli xalxebis da
adamianebis urTierTobis ufro maRali formaa, imdenad ramdenadac
saxelmwifoebi Sedian erTmaneTTan iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic saSualebas
iZleva TiToeuli maTgani ganxiluli iyos zogadkacobriuli saxelmwfos
moqalaqed.
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
maradiuli mSvidobis saboloo, Semejamebeli statia adgens, rom samoqalaqo
mSvidoba yovel saxelmwifoSi unda iyos respublikuri. is unda emyarebodes :
a) sazogadoebis wevrTa Tavisuflebas;
84
RvTaebrivi codnis imgvari kombinireba, romelic xelsayreli iqneboda
musulmanuri sazogadoebisaTvis. am gzaze, Zveli platonuri Tezisi imis
Taobaze, rom filosofosebi (am SemTxvevaSi, RvTismetyvelebi) gamxdariyvnen
sazogadoebis warmarTveli Zala, mis srul mxardaWeras poulobs.
alfarabis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri kategoriaa bedniereba.
bedniereba miuRwevelia individualuri adamianebis mier. bedniereba miiRweva
mxolod adamianTa TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, koleqtivSi.
Toma aqvineli (1225-1274)
Toma aqvineli dRevandeli vatikanis oficialur filosofosad iTvleba,
romlis Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
aqvinelis politikuri Sexedulebebi gabneulia mis mravalricxovan SromebSi.
aqvinelis ZiriTadi naSromia “Summa Theologiae”, romelic akumulirebuli saxiT
Seicavs im droindel codnas TiTqmis yvela sferoze, maT Soris adamiansa da
sazogadoebaze. maSindeli sqolaastikuri tradiciiT, samarTali gamoiyvaneboda
zneobrivi sawyisidan. amitom, samarTlis mTeli Teoria eqvemdebareba adamianis
zneobriv arss. aqvinelma zogadad gaiziara aristoteles ideebi saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca is exeba rig sakiTxebs, romelTac aristotele ar Sexebia da
romelTa damuSavebaSi aqvineli aristoteles filosofiis farglebs gascda.
aqvineli iwyebs adamianis daniSnulebis kvleviT. adamianisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba mis-
Tvis imdenad, ramdenadac is dajildovebulia gonebiT da nebiT. neba mimarTulia
mizanze. magram ramdenadac miznis fenomeni esoden did rols asrulebs adamianis
moqmedebebSi, arsebobs Tu ara saboloo mizani adamianuri cxovrebisa. aseTi
mizani arsebobs da is saboloo jamSi cxonebaSi mdgomareobs. am ukanasknelTan
ver movlen verc amqveyniuri pativi da dideba, verc sxeulebrivi siamovnebebi,
radgan yoveli qmnili da maSasadame amqveyniuri bedniereba cvalebadi da
warmavalia. netarebis formaluri gansazRvrebiT, is mdgomareobs sasurveli
sagnis flobaSi. am gzaze did mniSvneloba aqvs gonebas da gonebis mimarTulobas
saganze. Tavis mxriv goneba iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul aqtivobebad. netareba
ar SeiZleba iyos praqtikuli gonebis obieqti, radgan is ar arsebobs RmerTis
rogorc saboloo miznis gaazrebis gareSe, xolo amis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod
Teoriul gonebas ZaluZs. Teoriuli gonebis mier RmerTis Secnoba aris
adamianis saboloo moRvaweobis mizani da swored esaa netareba. magram amis
miRweva, avgustines mixedviT, adamians am cxovrebaSi ar SeuZlia, radgan sruli
netareba gamoricxavs yovelgvar borotebas, es ki miwieri cxovrebis manZilze,
Cveulebrivi gziT, adamianisaTvis miuRwevelia. arsebuli gamonaklisebi miuTi-
Teben RvTaebriv wyalobaze, rasac adamianis mxridan unda daxvdes Sesabamisi
mzaoba.
am msjelobebidan aqvineli gadadis kanonis cnebaze. kanoni aris im wesebis
erToblioba, romliTac gaikvaleba gza miznisaken. am wesebTan SeTanadebiT
dgindeba adamianis qcevaSi rogorc sikeTe, aseve codvac. kanoni arsebobs
yvelgan da yvelaferSi. bunebis movlenebSi is aris bunebis kanonebi, xolo
adamianis moqmedebebSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maradiuli moraluri
kanonebi. maradiuli kanonebi saboloo jamSi aris RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic
marTavs samyaros. mTeli samyaro, am azriT, warmoadgens srulyofil
sazogadoebas, romelic imarTeba RvTaebrivi kanoniT. ramdenadac RmerTs
yvelaferi maradiulobis niSniT esmis, es kanonebic maradiulia.
RvTaebrivi kanonebis asaxva adamianur gonebaSi, aris bunebrivi kanoni.
pirveli am bunebriv kanonTagan gveubneba, rom unda vakeToT sikeTe da Tavis
avaridoT borotebas. aqve unda viguloT TviTSenarCunebisaken mimarTuli
adamianis moqmedebebic. Semdeg, yvelaferi is rac saerTo gvaqvs cxovelur
samyarosTan.
adamianis cxovreba, aqvinelis mixdeviT, sulac ar aris gamiznuli amqveyniuri
bednierebisaTvis. yoveli adamiani, ra Tqma unda, miaRwevs imas, rasac imsaxurebs,
magram ara am qveynad. am qveynad adamianis mowodebaa icxovros WeSmaritad
Rirseuli cxovrebiT da icxovros imisaTvis, rom eziaros RmerTs. RmerTTan
ziareba ar SeiZleba mxolod swori politikuri yofiT, rasac mefeebi ganageben.
33
amisaTvis saWiroa kidev RvTaebrivi wyalobac. am miznisaken ki mivyavarT mxolod
RvTaebriv kanons da ara mxolod kacTa mondomebas. RvTaebrivi kanonis mcveli
amqveynad aris eklesia. eklesia maradiul provlemebze zrunavs, xolo
saxelmwifo ki amqveyniur problemebze mzrunvelia. magram eklesias SeuZlia
saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Carevac. samoqalaqo kanons
samoqalaqo xelisufleba amagrebs. papma, romelic samoqalaqo avtoritets
emyareba, SeiZleba angariSi ar gauwios mas, rodesac samoqalaqo xelisufleba
aWarbebs Tavis kompetencias. saqme isaa, rom politikuri samarTali nawilobriv
bunebiTia da nawilobriv konvencionaluradaa miRebuli. samarTlis konvenciuri
saxe damokidebulia sazogadoebaze, misi marTlSegnebaze da sxvadasxva
pirobebze, romlis drosac mas iReben. samarTali bunebiTia maSin, rodesac
yvelgan erTnairadaa gaziarebuli da damokidebuli ar aris adamianebis mier mis
aRiareba-araRiarebaze. aqedan Toma aqvinels gamoyavs mtkiceba, rom
konvencionaluri samarTali damokidebuli ar aris bunebiT samarTalze.
politikuri samarTlis bunebiTi nawili miekuTvneba RvTaebriv-bunebiT kanons
da ar warmoadgens pirdapiri saxiT “samoqalaqo fenomens”. is ar iqmneba imis
Sesabamisad, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi ama Tu im sakiTxze. bunebiTi samarTali
win uswrebs yovelgvar samoqalaqo samarTals. bunebiTi samarTlis zogadi
principebi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos yvela samoqalaqo xelisufalis mier.
eklesia, romelic RvTaebrivi kanonis mcvelia, kompetenturia gaarkvios
xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa marTlzomiereba RvTaebriv
mecnierebaTa Suqze. rwmenis da eresis sakiTxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac,
piriqiT, saxelmwifos daxmarebas sTxovs eklesia.
da bolos SevexoT pozitiuri samarTlis cnebas, romelic aqvinels
damuSavebuli aqvs aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelze. am fenomenze
SegviZlia visaubriT ori mimarTullebiT. erTi bunebiT samarTalze, rodesac
adamianis uflebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT isev saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare,
meore, rodesac vmsjelobT pozitiur samarTalze anu adamianTa
konvencionalurad dadgenil uflebebze. yoveli dawerili kanonmdebloba
orives elementebs Seicavs da ganamtkicebs, Tumca sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli
dawerili kanoni Seicavs bunebiT samarTals, magram ar aarsebs mas, radgan am
ukanasknelis Zala dadgenili kanonidan ki ar modis, aramed bunebidan. amsagan
gansxvavebiT, dawerili kanoni, romelic warmoadgens pozitiur samarTals Zalas
flobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis ukan dgas xelisufleba.
pozitiuri samarTali gamomdinareobs bunebrivi sanarTlidan ara rogorc
garkveuli daskvna pirveli orincipebidan, aramed cnebaTa zogadi determinaciis
gziT. amrigad, is, rac miiReba pozitiur smarTalSi, davuSvaT daskvnis saxiT, ar
SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebiTi samarTlis amosaval principebs.
dafuZnebis funqciis mixedviT, adamianuri kanoni aris praqtikuli gonebis
produqti da, amitom, misma principebma angariSi unda gauwios damokidebulebas
naturalur kanonze. aqvineli ar ganasxvavebs samarTlebriv normebsa da
moralur normebs. nebismieri kanonis mizani aris adamianis ukesesad gaxdoma,
Tumca saTnoeba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios adamianma mxolod adamianuri
saTnoeba iqneba. adamianebi mravalmxriv arasrulyofili arsebebi arian, amitom
saxelmwifos sikeTisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia moqalaqeebi ise mihyvebodnen
mmarTvelis zogad miTiTebebs, rom verc ki erkveodnen kanonebSi.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gageba Toma aqvinelis mier damokidebulia
”bunebis” cnebis mis gaazrebaze, raSic is aristoteles eyrdnoba. “buneba” aris
sagnebSi ganxorcielebuli RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic aris saganTa saboloo
miznisaken mimarTulebis mimcemi. kanoni, bunebiTi samarTali swored aseTi
Tvisebebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad gagebuli bunebrivi samyaro iseTsave
mimarTebaSia RmerTTan, rogorc subieqti mmarTvelTan. RvTaebrivi inteleqtis
mier adamianSi “Cadebuli”ltolva gamovlindeba racionaluri xasiaTis saxiT,
rogorc codna; adamianSi bunebrivi kanonis miswrafeba _ es aris adamianis
swrafva gonebis mier Secnobili sikeTisakan.
bunebrivi kanonis aRqma adamianis mier aris sakuTar Tavze zrunva,
TviTSenaxva. es aris adamianis bunebis pirveli saxe. meorea seqsualuri
ltolvebi, romelic adamians saerTo aqvs yvela cxovelur organizmTan. mesame
34
moqalaqeTa esTetiur da samecniero Sexedulebebs. TviT aseTi progresuli
xelisuflebis pozicia, ramdenadme ucnaurad gamoiyureba da daiyvaneba
formulaze: “imsjeleT da idaveT ramdenic geneboT, magram damemorCileT!”
aseTia ganaTlebuli absolutistis pozicia, romelsac sakuTari ganaTle-
bulobis wyalobiT, marTalia ar eSinia sakuTari aCrdilisa, magram mainc
gamzadebuli hyavs armia sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dasacavad. Sedegad iqmneba
viTareba, romelsac kanti paradoqsuls uwodebs. erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi
modian samoqalaqo Tavisufleba da xalxis sulis Tavisufleba, romelsac
pirveli gadaulaxav winaRobebs uyenebs. rac ufro didia samoqalaqo Tavi-
suflebis xvedriTi wili sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro mcirea xalxis sulis
Tavisuflebis gamovlena da piriqiT. xalxis suli CanasaxSive flobs did
saazrovno potencials, romelsac gasaSlelad ZiriTadad Tavisufali azrov-
nebisaken midrekileba da mowodeba da am tendenciis xelisSewyoba esaWiroeba.
kantis warmodgeniT, progresis gza, romelic, Cans, aris ganmanaTleblobis
magistraluri xazi, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad gamoiwvevs Tavisufali
azris gadasvlas adamianTa Tavisufal moqmedebaSi da saboloo jamSi,
zemoqmedebas moaxdens TviT mTavrobis principebze, romlisaTvisac ufro
sasargebloa saqme hqondes adamianTan, romelic ufro metia, videre manqana.
rogorc vxedavT, ganmanaTleblobis idealia ganaTlebis gziT sazo-
gadoebis modernizacia, rac Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad ayenebs
Tavisuflebas. am proeqtis meore arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli aris mSvidoba. rasac
kantma miuZRvna traqtati “maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis” (1795).
unda iTqvas, rom kanti ar yofila pirveli, vinc mSvidobis problemas Seexo.
evropuli Sidaomebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb
jer kidev reformaciis epoqaSi fiqrobdnen. am Temas miZuRvna erazm
roterdamelma naSromi “vedreba mSvidobisaTvis” (1517). sxva avtorebidan
gamoiyofa sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli wigni” (1539), amerikeli
penis “esse awmyo da momavali mSvidobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), sen pieris “werils
evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis” (1712) da missave samtomian
gamokvlevas ”evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”. da bolos kantamde
mSvidobis mosurne gamodga rusoc “evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”
(1782).
Cans, kanti cdilobda Tavisi naSromisaTvis dasawyisSi mainc mkacri
regulatoruli saxe mieca. Sromis pirveli debulebebi swored aseT saxes
atarebs. ase magaliTad, pirveli Tezisebi amboben imis Sesaxeb, rom arc erTi
samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseTad, Tu is Seicavs omis
gaCaRebis farul punqtebs. es msjeloba kants TviT maradiuli mSvidobis
cnebidan gamoyavs, radgan Tu maradiuli mSvidobis xelSekruleba arRvevs
aRniSnul punqts, is mxolod droebiTi sazavo xelSekruleba iqneba.
kantis Semdegi TezisiT, arc erTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba
SeiZinos meore saxelmwifom arc memkvidreobiT, arc gacvliT, arc yidviT da arc
saCuqaris saxiT. sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba upirispirdeba saxelmwifos cnebas.
saxelmwifo xom (im miwisagan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac is imyofeba) im adamianTa
Tanamegobrobaa, romlebic masze cxovroben, romelTa marTvis da gankargvis
ufleba aravisa aqvs, garda isev im xalxisa, romlebic am saxelmwifos Seadgenen.
saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifosaTvis mierTeba mospobs pirvels, rogorc
moralur pirs. kantis es msjelobebi vrceldeba memkvidreobiT monarqiazedac,
romelic ar SeiZleba memkvidreobis uflebiT gadavides sxva saxelmwifos xelSi.
romelime fizikur pirs SeiZleba memkvidreobiT ergos mxolod saxelmwifos
marTvis ufleba da aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli ki ar iZens qveyanas, aramed,
piriqiT, qveyana iZens mmarTvels.
omis Sesaxeb
kantamde monteskie wuwunebda evropaSi gavrcelebuli axali modis Sesaxeb —
mmarTvelebma srul mzadyofnaSi iyolion didi armiebi. aseTi armiebis arsebobiT
arc kanti ar aris moxibluli da gamoTqvams imeds, rom mudmivi armiebi
TandaTanobiT unda gaqrnen. saamisod mas ori argumenti aqvs: a) armia imdenad am
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 emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi
emanuil kantma saxeli sakmaod gvian gaiTqva mas Semdeg, rac hiumis
skeptikuri filosofiis zagavleniT, uari Tqva volfis mimdevrobaze da
kritikuli filosofiis Seqmna daiwyo. Tavisi erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromis,
“wminda gonebis kritikis” SesavalSi kanti wers, rom amasobaSi is sakmaod moxucda
da samoc wels miaRwia. yvelaferi Rirebuli kantma am asakis Semdeg Seqmna.
emanuel kantis politikur Sexedulebebs gavecnobiT misi ori naSromis, “ra
aris ganmanaTleblobis” da “maradiuli mSvidobis” mixedviT. am Sromebis garda,
politikuri Teoriis kuTxiT kantis Sromebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “zneobis
metafizikis safuZvlebi” (1785) da “zneobis metafizika” (1797), romelic, Tavis
mxriv, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: “samarTalmcodneobis metafizikuri sawyisebi”
da “saTnoebaze moZRvrebis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. kanti umeteswilad
cnobilia misi kritikuli filosofiiT, romelsac xan kopernikul revolucias
adarebdnen da xanac ptolemeurs. kantis. politikuri Teoria misi filosofiis
organul nawils warmoadgens kanti ganmanaTleblobis ukanaskneli soliduri
warmomadgenelia. rogor esmoda Tavad kants ganmanaTleblobis arsi? “ganma-
naTlebloba — ambobs kanti — aris adamianis gamosvla misi arasrulyofilebidan,
sadac is imyofeboda isev sakuTari braleulobiT. Tavis mxriv, arasrul-
yofileba sxva araferia, Tu ara uunaroba mavanma isargeblos sakuTari gansjiT,
xolo arasrulyofileba misive braleulobiT, aris gansjiT operirebis
uunaroba, aramed adamianis gaubedaoba gareSe vinmes Carevis gareSe gamoiyenos
sakuTari gansja. aqedan, ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi devizia — geyos
vaJkacoba gamoiyeno sakuTari Wkua” (1.27).
sizarmace da gaubedavoba adamianis gonebis zedamxedvelebad aqcevs
Semecnebis miRwevis iseT mniSvnelovan instrumentebs, rogoricaa mecnierebis
debulebebi da formulebi. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi saSualeba
TviTganaTlebaa, Tumca mis gzas rom adamiani daadges, mas saaamisod gambedaoba
da, rac mTavaria Tavisufleba esaWiroeba. Tuki adamiani Tavisi Tavisuflebis
Segnebidan amova da ganaTlebis gzas daadgeba, maSin “zedamxedvelebs” pozitiuri
rolis Sesrulebac ki SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavad moxsnian ra adamianis ara-
srulfasovnebis uRels, Tavs mouyrian adamianTa garkveul jgufebs da
mouwodeben maT iazrovnon damoukideblad.
kantis am citataSi, ganmanaTleblobis cnebis analizis konteqstSi, figu-
rirebs ramdenime fundamenturi termini. ganmanaTleblobis kantiseuli
gagebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gansjis gonismier
unars da personis pasuxismgeblobas imoqmedos sakuTari gansjis karnaxiT, sxva,
gareSe Zalebis dauxmareblad. “gareSe Zalebi” am SemTxvevaSi, Zalze farTe
moculobis terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc eklesiis, aseve xelisuflebis
avtoritets. es ki niSnavs, rom kantis ganmanaTleblobis cneba moicavs
individualizms, racionalizms, individis Tavisuflebas da gambedaobas
imoqmedos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.
am ramodenime mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels Soris, kantis Semdgom daxasi-
aTebebSi wina planze wamoiwevs Tavisufleba da goneba, romlebic
urTierTTanamSromlobas sajaro xasiaTs SesZenen da ganaTlebas saxalxo
xasiaTs mianiWeben.
ganaTlebisaken swrafva aris aRmavali epoqis moTxovna, progresis da mas
veravin, maT Soris verc qveynis umaRlesi xelisufleba ver SeaCerebs. kantis
SefasebiT, misi epoqa ar aris ganaTlebuli. is jer mxolod ganmanaTleblobis,
anu fridrixis epoqaa. prusiis mmarTveli kants warmoedgina Tavisebur laissez-
faire-stad kulturis, aRmsareblobis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. igi ar ereva,
magaliTad, religiis sakiTxebSi. uars ambobs miiTvisos Semwynareblis tituli da
acxadebs, rom Tavad moqalaqeebis saqmea gadawyviton Tavisi rwmenis sakiTxebi.
sindisis sakiTxebSi adamianTa pozicia unda gamomuSavdes ara vinmes
zedamxedvelobiT, aramed sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT. aqcentireba religiis
sakiTxebze aq Segnebulia, radgan, rogorc kanti SeniSnavs, Cveulebriv
xelisufleba ar cdilobs Caerios iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gansazRvraven
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aris mTlianad gonebiT nakarnaxebi swrafva sikeTisaken. aseTia, magaliTad,
adamianSi “Cadebuli” WeSmariti codna RmerTis Sesaxeb an misi sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebisaken miswrafeba.
adamiani aris Tavisufali buneba. bunebaSi ki arsebobs marTvis ori forma:
universaluri anu RvTaebrivi da partikularuli anu aRmoCenadi adamianTa
mikrosamyaroSi. am ukanasknelSi adamianis goneba asrulebs igive funqcias, rasac
RmerTi samyaroSi. aqedag gagebuli politikuri erToba TavisTavis mmarTveli
adamianebi arian. Tavisufal adamianTa erToba ganamtkicebs kanoni, konstitucia,
romelic homogenuria yvela individis mimarT. adamianTa am erTobaSi
gamoiricxeba individualuri sikeTis miRweva saerTo sikeTis miRwevis gareSe.
amitom, Tuki vinme moisurvebs saxelmwifos daarsebas, es moxdeba imdenad,
ramdenadac es miswrafeba gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs mTeli xalxis nebas. aqedan
ukve SeiZleba gamoyvanili iyos konvencionaluri (konstituciuri)
xelisuflebis ori mTavari principi:
a) Tanxmoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoba adamianTa moralur Tavi-
suflebas da
b) marTva, romelic eyrdnoba Tanxmobas.
Tavad xelisuflebis saukeTeso formis garkvevis mcdelobisas, aqvineli
cdilobda aristoteles Sexedulebebi moergo Sua saukuneebis
sazogadoebisaTvis. igi laparakobs Sereul monarqiaze, rogorc mmarTvelobis
saukeTeso formaze. Sereuli monarqiis aqvineliseuli formis gasagebad unda
gavixsenoT inglisSi, XV saukuneSi henri VI karze umaRlesi mosamarTle,
swavluli, ser jon forteski (Fortescue), romelic naSromSi “inglisis
mmarTveloba” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda samefo xelisuflebis or formas:
sakuTriv samefo mmarTvelobas (dominium regale-sa) da politikur da samefo
mmarTvelobas (dominium politicum et regale-s). pirveli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi,
mefe xalxs marTavs Tavis mier dadgenili kanonebis Sesabamisad. meore
SemTxvevaSi mefe xalxs marTavs mxolod im kanonebiT, romlebic mowonebulia
Tavad xalxis mier. mmarTvelobis es ukanaskneli forma SemdgomSi ganviTarda
rogorc konstituciuri monarqia da, rodesac Toma aqvineli saubrobs Sereul
reJimze, samefo xelisuflebis qveS swored aseT mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. sxva
mxriv, Sereuli reJimi nawilobriv samefoa, radgan mas saTaveSi udgas erTi piri,
nawilobriv es aris aristokratia anu im pirTa mmarTveloba, vinc Sesabamisi
avtoritetiT aris mosili da, nawilobriv, ki es aris demokratia, radgan qveynis
mmarTvelebi arCeulni arian xalxis mier.
literatura
1.Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Augustine in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (176-205 pp.)
2.Muhsin Mahdi - Alfarabi in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph
Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).
3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).
4.А.Х. Касымжанов - Абу-Наср аль-Фараби. Изд. «Мысль», Москва, 1982 in: “ History of
Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of
Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).
35
 nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)
XV-XV saukuneebis florencieli politikuri moRvawe da politikuri
filosofiis Teoretikosi, nikolo makiaveli mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad
iyo dakavSirebuli florenciis respublikasTan, sadac erTi periodi
mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi eWira. respublikis dacemis Semdeg,
makiavelis politikuri karierac dasrulda. mediCebis florenciaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg, 1512 wels, makiaveli kancleris postidan gadaayenes da sxva respub-
likelebis msgavsad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas Camoaciles. arcTu asakovanma
kacma, makiavelim darCenili cxovreba politkur Teorias miuZRvna da unda
iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiT is gacilebiT ufro iRbliani gamodga, vidre
praqtikosi politikosis rolSi. makiaveli dRemde iTvleba saetapo mniSvnelobis
avtorad, erTgvar Semobrunebis wertilad politikur TeoriaSi. makiavelis
politikuri ideebi gadmocemulia Semdeg cnobil SromebSi: “mTavari”, “flo-
renciis istoria”, “komentarebi titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”.
makiavelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT “mTavars”.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas. maTi uari verafers avnebs
xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolod zRudavs xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa
raodenobas am pirebis saxiT. isini sxva qveynis moqalaqeebiviT iqnebian, radgan
rogorc ki Camoyalibdeba saxelmwifo, maSin xelSekrulebaSi monawileoba-
armonawileoba, praqtikulad sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevas utoldeba.
religiis sakiTxebSi ruso araTanmimdevrulia. cnobili faqtia, rom man
mrwamsi gamoicvala da protestantizmi kaTolicizmze gacvala. “aRsarebaSi”
rusos mier mxiarulad aRwerili es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruso seriozulad
ar aRiqvamda arc erTs da arc meores. ruso laparakobs rwmenis sazogadoebriv
aRmsareblobaze, romlis statiebsac suvereni unda adgendes. saxelmwifos
marTalia ar SeuZlia maTi rwmenis moqalaqeebisaTvis davaldebuleba, magram is
ki SeuZlia, rom qveynidan gaaZevos yvela, vinc am rwmenis gareT darCeba.
literatura:

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia

1. Ж.Ж.Руссо Рассуждение о происхождении неравенства между людьми в кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wvlili, ris gamoc makiaveli dafasebulia poli- Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.
tiuri Teoriis avtorTa Soris, aris politikuri Teoriis daniSnulebis 2. Ж.Ж.Руссо – О политической экономии. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва
xelaxali gadaazreba aratradiciul konteqstSi. unda, amave dros, gaviT- 1969.
valiswinoT, rom makiaveli misi droisaTvis, zogjer specifikuri amoca-
nebisaTvis werda, rac cxadia, zegavlenas iqoniebda mis Semoqmedebaze. magram 3. Ж.Ж.Руссо – Об общественном договоре или принцины политического права. В кн.
miuxedavad aseTi lokaluri miznebisa, makiavelis gamoTqmuli aqvs araerTi Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.
sayuradRebo mosazreba iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba yovelTvis Zalze 4. J.J Rousseau. 3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”.
didi iyo kacobriobisaTvis. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987
klasikuri politikuri Teoria antikuri tradiciis kvalad amuSavebda (248-275 pp.).
gansxvavebul interpretaciebs adamianis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
aqtiobis Sesaxeb da yuradRebas amaxvilebda iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo
samarTlianoba sazogadoebaSi, mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formebi, idealuri
saxelmwifo mowoba da a.S. makiaveli zogadad miuyveba iseT klasikur paradigmas
rogoricaa saerTo sikeTe, Tumca, sruliad miuReblad eCveneba is gzebi, romlis
daxmarebiTac klasikuri politkuri Teoria cdilobda mis miRwevas. es gzebi
umeteswilad utopiuri iyo. makiaveli bavSvur warmodgenebad miiCnevda iseTi
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebs rogoricaa, vTqvaT, platonis saxelmwifo,
romelic realurad aravis enaxa, Tumca bevrs ki msjelobdnen masze. mediCisadmi
miZRvnil winasityvaobaSi makiaveli wers mis mier gadmocemul codnaze: “...
romelic Tanadroul cxovrebaze xangrZlivi dkvirvebis da warsulis
gulmodgine Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZina ... (1.92) ... rac amdeni wlis mnZilze
uricxvi simZimilisa, Tu WirTaTmenis fasad Seviswavle da Sevimecne, da, rac ar
Semimkia, arc amivsia vrceli wiaRsvlebiT, arc maRalfardovani Tu mikibul-
mokibuli sityvebiT, anda rogoric gnebavT garegnuli samkaulebiT, romlebiTac
ara erTi da ori avtori kazmavs xolme Tavis Txzulebas. radgan me msurda
naSromis mTavari samkauli yofiliyo an Sinaarsis simarTle da Txrobis simkacre,
an — araferi” (1.93).
amgvari midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, klasikuri Teoriebis standartebi
naklovanni arian imis gamo, rom maTi realurad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. ra
Tqma unda, romelime mmarTvelma SeiZleba saxelmwifo mowyobis standartebad
zemaRali idealebi SearCios. man SeiZleba xalxs Tavic Seayvaros rogorc
sikeTisa da saTnoebis msaxurma da Semdeg Zalze swrafad daeces, radgan
Zalauflebas, rogorc wesi, inarCunebs ara is, visi gamorCeuli siyvarulic aqvs
xalxs, aramed is, visic ufro metad eSiniaT.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, makiaveli cdilobs warmosaxviT-sasurveli
politikidan kvleva realuri politikuri sinamdvilisaken Semoabrunos.
realuri politika ki imis irgvliv trialebs, rasac adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi

36 81
unda iyos iseTi, rom miwa sakmarisi aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa
gamosakvebad, romlebic imdeni unda iyvnen, ramdenic SeiZleba gamoikvebos am
miwiT. ZalTa swored aseTi balansi qmnis mosaxleobis ZalTa maqsimums” (3.186).
kanonebis konkretuli struqtura ganisazRvreba im mimarTebebidan, romel-
sac saxelmwifo amyarebs Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan. suverenis saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebidan, mravali Sualeduri formis gavliT, gamoiyvaneba politikuri
kanonebi. isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad kanonebs.
mimarTebaTa meore formas warmoadgenen organizmis calkeuli wevrebis
mimarTeba erTmaneTTan, anu mimarTeba mTal organizmTan. am kanonebis buneba
iseTia, rom yoveli moqalaqe marTalia sruliad damoukidebelia meore
moqalaqisagan, magram samagierod damokidebulia samoqalaqo Temze. am
mimarTebidan warmoiSveba samoqalaqo kanonebi.
mesame tipis mimarTeba myardeba adamiansa da kanons Soris, daumor-
Cileblobasa da sasjels Soris. am mimarTebidan gamoiyvaneba sisxlis samarTlis
kanonebi. Tumca es kanonebi gansakuTrebuli saxis kanonebs ki ar warmoadgenen,
aramed sxva kanonebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul saxes.
da bolos, kanonebis meoTxe tipi, romelic yvela moqalaqes gulSi unda iyos
Cadebuli da, romlebic CamoTvlilTa Soris, rusos azriT, yvelaze ufro
miSvnelovania, aris kanonebi, romlebic gamoxataven saxelmwifos WeSmarit arss,
aris zneoba, Cveulebani, sazogadoebrivi azri (3.190-191).
politikur organizmSi mamoZravebel Zalad ganasxvaveben Zalas da nebas. es
ori termini rusos asocirebuli aqvs pirveli aRmasrelebel, xolo meore
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs
da mxolod xalxs. rusos es msjeloba aris erTgvari preludia mmarTvelobis
formebis dasaxasiaTeblad. suverens SeuZlia, jer erTi, mmarTveloba gadasces
mTel xalxs an mis nawils da aseT SemTxveveSi saqme gveqneba demokratiasTan. unda
iTqvas, rom ruso mainc da mainc didi mowonebiT ar egebeba demokratiul
mmarTvelobas. is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratia, am terminis sruli
mniSvnelobiT, arasdros arsebula da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. namdvili
demokratia ufro RmerTebis kuTvnilebaa, vidre adamianebis. rusos ara mxolod
WeSmariti demokratiis miRweva miaCnia SeuZleblad, aramed ar moswons arc
warmomadgenlobiTi forma demokratiisa. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli moqalaqis
valia uSualod iyos CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. am moTxovnis Teoriuli
safuZveli rusos argumentaciaSi ase JRers: “suvereniteti ar SeiZleba vinmes
mier iyos warmodgenili iseve, rogorc is ar SeiZleba iyos gaucxoebuli. is
arsebiTad mdgomareobs saerTo nebaSi, xolo nebas ki ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes
sxva” (3.221-222). aqedan ruso askvnis, rom e.w. “xalxis deputatebi” sulac ar arian
xalxis warmomadgenlebi. ruso ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kanoni,
romelic ar aris damtkicebuli xalxis mier, ar SeiZleba realurad CaiTvalos
kanonad.
im SemTxveveSi, rodesac suvereni mmarTvelobas miandobs mcire raodenobis
adamianebs da maSin saqme gvaqvs aristokratiul mmarTvelobasTan. arsebobs
aristokratiis ramdenime saxe: bunebrivi, arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi. pirveli
maTgani damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxTa istoriis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. am
formebs Soris mesame forma rusos yvelaze ufro uvargisad miaCnia, xolo meore
yvelaze ukeTesad, radgan, sakuTrivi azriT, swored isaa aristokratia.
Tu mmarTveloba koncentrirebulia erTaderTi mmarTvelis xelSi, maSin
qveyanaSi monarqiuli mmarTvelobaa. monarqi rusosaTvis aris krebiTi arseba,
romelic warmodgenilia fizikuri piris saxiT.
mTavrobis daniSvna ar aris xelSekruleba. mTavrobis daniSvna kanonia (3.226).
mTavrobis daniSvnis aqti Sedgeba ori qvemdebare aqtisagan. es gaxlavT a)kanonis
dadgena da b)kanonis Sesrulebisagan. pirveliT suvereni adgens samTavrobo
korpusis arsebobas, xolo meoreTi xalxi asaxelebs mTavrobas. erTaderTi
kanoni, romelic mosaxleobis erTsulovan Tanxmobas saWiroebs, aris
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. am asociaciaSi Sesvla mopqalaqis Tavisufali
nebis aqtia da mas veravin aiZulebs SeuerTdes asociacias. magram ra moxdeba, Tu
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRmoCndeban adamianebi, vinc am
xelSekrulebis winaaRmdegia? es, fiqrobs ruso, sulac ar uSlis xels
80
akeTebs da ara imis irgvliv, rasac is unda akeTebdes. makiaveli xSirad msjelobs
imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTa mavanma da rac man gaakeTa, aris Tu ara is, rac mas
unda gaekeTebina. amasTan, makiaveli ar erideba pirdapir saTqmels. epoqis
politikuri samyaro mkacria da daundobeli, xolo adamiani Tavisi bunebiT,
borotebasTanaa naziarebi (1. 219). am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Zalze sainteresod JRers, magaliTad, “mTavaris” pirveli Tavis saTauri: “ram-
dennairia samTavro da ra gziT SeiZleba maTi dapyroba”. am saTaurSi sain-
teresod JRers ara imdenad eqstremizmi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, isic ipyrobs
yuradRebas, aramed mTlianad am Tavis pragmatuli xasiaTi. makiaveli ubralod ki
ar aRwers movlenebs, aramed aRwers savsebiT konkretuli praqtikuli
rCevisaTvis.
kvlevis mimarTulebis aseT Semobrunebas realobisaken gambedaoba esaWiro-
eboda, radgan makiavelis epoqa gamoirCeoda erTgvari keklucobiT antikuri
epoqisadmi. iqmneboda paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac avtorebi antikuri
politikuri kategoriebiT operirebdnen, xolo realuri politikuri praqtika
ki sruliad sapirispiro iyo msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqciebisa. misi kvlevis
zogdmeTodologiuri paradigmis da am ukanasknelis klasikuri Teoriebisgan
gansxvavebis Taobaze, makiaveli wers: “da raki vici, rom Cemamdec bevrs uweria am
sakiTxze, vSiSob, rom TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTvan, Tuki TviTonac davapireb
davwero rame, miT umetes, rom yvelaze mkveTrad swored am sakiTxis ganxilvisas
vemijnebi sxvebis Tvalsazriss. magram, raki Cemi ganzraxva gaxldaT, raRac
sasargeblo mimeca misTvis, vinc isurvebda Caswvdomoda zemoaRnisnuli sakiTxis
arss, amitom ufro marTebulad miviCnie warmomeCina sagnis namdvili buneba da
ara moCvenebiTi garsi, romliTac mas mosaven sxvebi. bevrs Seuqmnia Tavisi
warmosaxviT respublikebi, Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc
smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi. magram erTia rogor
cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni da maT Soris imxela
sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla
xdeba — umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavis dRegrZelobas” (1.170-171).
klasikuri filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, rogorc gvaxsovs, imis
garkvevis mcdeloba iyo, Tu rogori reJimia yvelaze samarTliani. avtorebi
eZebdnen erTaderT swor reJims, romelSic gaSlili iqneboda erTaderTi swori
cxovrebis wesi. avtorebis umravlesoba saukeTeso mmarTvelebad filosofosebs
asaxelebda (filosofosis sxvadasxva gagebis variaciebiT), romlebic saxel-
mwifo cxovrebas Rrma inteleqtualur spekulaciebs unda uqvemdebarebdnen.
sxvagvarad es imas niSnavda, rom saukeTeso politikuri reJimis gamarTleba
sruliad arapolitikuri kategoriebis moxmobiT xorcieldeboda. pirveli, rac
makiavelma gaakeTa, is gaxlavT, rom politika sakuTar niadagze daayena da uari
Tqva mis daqvemdebarebaze arapolitikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. gansakuTrebiT es
Seexeba politikuri fenomenis da moralis gaTavisuflebas maSindeli gaba-
tonebuli Teologiisagan, romelsac hqonda pretenzia, rom universalurad
gamoyenebadi WeSmaritebebis mflobeli iyo. amgvari programis ganxorcielebas
makiaveli Seecada ori mimarTulebiT: mis epoqaSi arsebuli politikuri
reJimebis legitimurobis uzrunvelyofiT da, meore, konvencionalurobis
fenomenis Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeniT. es ukanaskneli wamowyeba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan, marTalia klasikuri politikuri Teoria pirdapir,
uxeSad ar uaryofda konvencionalurobas, magram samagierod, imiT, rom cdi-
lobda politikuri mravalferovnebis erT universalur naturaluri xasiaTis
standartze reducirebas, saqmiT sapirispiros akeTebda. ase, magaliTad,
adamianis qcevis interpretirebisas, klasikuri Teoria, bibliur WeSmaritebebze
dayrdnobiT, misaRebad Tvlida srulyofilebisaken mimarTul qcevas, romelic
amave dros gagebuli iyo universalur nimuSad yvela adamianis, yvela xalxisa da
yvela epoqisaTvis. msgavs standartebSi makiavels ar moswons swored misi
universaluri xasiaTi, romelic damangrevlad miaCnia rogorc sazogadoebis,
aseve eklesiisaTvis, radgan maTi sazRvrebis uzomod gafarToebis gamo, erTsac
da meoresac gaurkvevlobas sZens.
37
 2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis da
maTi marTvis teqnologiebi
makiavelis Sromebis kiTxvisas kargad igrZnoba epoqis xasiaTi. aq mxed-
velobaSi mxolod is ki ar gvaqvs, rom politikuri movlenebi fasdeba antikuri
xanis zneobriv politikuri kategoriebis an qristianobis eklesiis swavlebis
safuZvlis gareSe, aramed TviT politikuri institutebi da politikis subiq-
tebi. karolingebis epoqis Semdeg evropaSi mtkiced moikida fexi memkvid-
reobiTma mmarTvelobam. Seiqmna dinastiebi, romelTac mTeli samTavroebi, rig
SemTxvevebSi samefoebi ekuTvnodaT. omis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis
italiaze, profesiad iqca. amitom, umravles SemTxevaSi, saxalxo laSqars
daqiravebuli kondoterebi cvlian. zogierTi avantiuristis kariera, rogorc
sforcebis SemTxvevaSi milanSi, Zalze warmatebuli gamodis da isini mTavris
savarZels ikaveben. sxvebi, magaliTad, mediCebi florenciaSi, xelisuflebisaken
gzas TavianTi finansuri Zlierebis safuZvelze ikafaven.
saxelmwifoebi ki am dros arsebobs ori saxisa, respublikebi da samTavroebi.
Tavad samTavroebi ramdenimenairia: saeklesio samTvro, romlis nimuSsac papis
sabrZanebli warmoadgenda, meore, dapyrobiT mopovebuli da Semdeg,
memkvidreobiT miRebuli. arsebobs samTavros kidev erTi tipi, romelsac
makiaveli “samoqalaqo samTavros” uwodebs. aseTi saxelmwifos mmarTvelic erTi
pirovnebaa, magram is mTavari arc memkvidreobiT gamxdara da arc teritoriis
dapyrobiT. rodesac kerZo piri borotmoqmedebisa, Tu sxva ram autaneli
Zaladobis gziT ki ara, aramed Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis keTilganwyobis Sedegad
xdeba mTavari, aseT mmarTvelobas SeiZleba samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ewodos
(1.139).
respublikuri mmarTvelobaze makiaveli msjelobs “komentarebSi titus
liviusis pirvel dekadaze” da “florenciis istoriaSi”. am ukanasknelSi, itali-
uri respublikebidan makiaveli ganixilavs genius, veneciis da gansakuTrebiT,
florenciis mowyobas da mmarTvelobas. qalaqi florencia dayofili iyo 6
nawilad. qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda or moqalaqes.
ase, rom mTeli mmarTveloba anu senati Sedgeboda 12 wevrisagan, romelTac
uxucesebs (anziani) uwodebdnen. uxucesebi marTavdnen qalaqis popolanur
nawils. xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: qalaqis moqalaqeebi, xelosnebi,
vaWrebi. uxucesebis sakrebulos Semadgenloba ganaxlebadi iyo yovelwliurad.
1250 wels florenciaSi ganxorcielda saqalaqo mmarTvelobis reforma da
qalaqis popolanuri nawilis xelmZRvaneloba daevala kapitans. mTel qalaqs, e.i.
rogorc plebeur nawils aseve nobilitets marTavda podesta. kapitani da
podesta florenciaSi iyo ori samoxeleo Tanamdeboba, romelTa ZiriTadi saqme
moqalaqeTa Soris arsebuli davebis aRmofxvra iyo. marTlwesrigs respublikaSi
ganaxorcielebda soflis raionebSi 76, xolo uSualod qalaqSi 20 SeiaraRebuli
razmi. am razmebSi ganTavsebuli iyo mTeli florenciis brZolisunariani
axalgazrdoba, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen pirveli daZaxebisTanave iaraR-
asxmulni gamocxadebuliyvnen winaswarmiTiTebul razmSi (2.56).
italiis memkvidreobiTi samTavros tipur nimuSs warmoadgenda milani.
milanis aRzeveba daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac is SeuerTda fridrix barbarosas
winaaRmdeg Seqmnil italiuri qalaqebis kavSirs. XIII saukunidan milanSi
pirvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dela toresis da viskontis gvarebi. brZola am
ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. viskontebis bolo STamomavali iyo filipo
viskonti, romelsac vaJi ar hyavda da Sedegad samTavros marTva gadavida
sforcas gvarze. memkvidreobiTi samTavro, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis ufro
myar reJims warmoadgens. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba misi mmarTvelisaTvis imas
aqvs, rom man ar daarRvios winaprebis mier SemoRebuli marTvis wesi da rigi.
arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac samTavro memkvidreobiT ki ekuTvnis mmarTvels,
magram mas mainc ZaliT uwevs misi SemoerTeba. aseT samTavroSi reJimis
ganmtkiceba yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre misi mopoveba. makiaveli
aq miuTiTebs xalxis ucvlel iluziaze, romlis mixedviTac yoveli axali
mmarTveli Zvelze ukeTesia. daswyisSi is mxars uWers axal mmarTvels, magram mas
Semdeg, rac xalxi Tavis Secdomas gaacnobierebs, reJimis SenarCuneba Zneldeba.
38
dadebiTia. aseTi ram arsebobs da sworad is qmnis sazogadoebrivi kavSiris
safuZvels. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi erTiandebian saerTo interesebis
safuZvelze, romelTa mizansac saerTo sikeTe warmoadgens. Tu davsvamT kiTxvas,
raSi mdgomareobs xalxisaTvis saerTo sikeTe, ruso miuTiTebs or ZiriTad
fenomenze _ Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze. Tavisuflebaze, radgan
yovelgvari damokideuleba, kerZo pirze, amcirebs saxelmwifos Zalas da
Tanasworobaze imitom, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebs mis gareSe (3.188). swored
mis misaRwevad iqmneba saerTo neba, romlis realizaciasac warmoadgens suvereni.
“suvereniteti, romelic mxolod saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa, arasdros ar
SeiZleba gaucxovdes. suvereni sxva araferia, Tu ara koleqtiuri arseba.,
romelic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos mxolod sakuTari TaviT. SavsebiT
SesaZlebelia vinmesTvis Zalauflebis gadacema, magram ara nebisa” (3.168).
Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom rusos Tvalsazrisi suverenis Sesaxeb
TandaTanobiT iseTi SinaarsiT ivseba, romelic ufro hobsis absolutisturi
TeoriisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom
suvereni rusosaTvis aris xalxi. rusos mtkiceba adamianis individualuri
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, ar flobs did damarwmunebel Zalas im totalobis fonze,
rasac Seadgens xalxi, rogorc suvereni. individis bedi rusos saxelmwifoSi
kargad Cans erT aseT fragmentSi: “visac sakuTari sicocxlis SenerCuneba surs
sxvis xarjze, mzad unda iyos maTTvis sakuTari sicocxlis gasaRebad, Tu es
saWiri Seiqna. ... rodesac mas eubnebian ‘saxelmwifos sWirdeba rom Sen mokvde’ —
maSin is unda mokvdes, radgan mxolod am pirobiT cxovrobda is aqamde
usafrTxod da imitomac, rom misi cxovreba mxolod bunebis wyaloba ki ar aris,
aramed saCuqaria, romelic garkveuli pirobebis fasad man miiRo
saxelmwifosagan” (3.175).
suverenis yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba kidev ufro mZimdeba mas Semdeg, rac
ruso uars ambobs imaze, rac monteskiesaTvis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa erT-
erTi mTavari piroba iyo - xelisuflebis danawilebis principze. ruso
akritikebs “Cvens politikosebs”, romelTac ar esmiT suverenis arsi da mijnaven
mis iseT gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa Zala da neba. anu mijnaven sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amis Sedegad erTmaneTSia
aRreuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis gamovlenis formebi da umaRlesi
xelisuflebis nawilebi. suvereni — rogorc xalxis nebis gamovlena, rogorc
umaRlesi xelisufleba, daunawevrebelia. amisda miuxedavad, ruso mainc
ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs. sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba ekuTvnis mxolod xalxs. rac Seexeba mTavrobas, is aris
gamaSualebeli organizmi, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobas xalxsa da
suverens Soris, axorcielebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve politikur
Tavisuflebebs.
4. saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos rangSi ruso ganixilavs respublikis cnebas. “respublika” ru-
sos enaze ewodeba nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic imarTeba depersonalizebuli
xelisuflebiT, anu kanonebiT. amitom respublka SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos ara
mxolod demokratiiTa da aristokratiiT, aramed nebismieri mmarTvelobis
formiT, romelsac saerTo neba ganagebs, romelis faqtiurad aris kidec kanoni.
es ki niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia mmarTvelis mier sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba
suverenTan. Tavis mxriv, kanonebi mxolod moqalaqeTa asociaciis pirobebia.
yvela organizmi ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis da maT Soris saxelmwifoc.
saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur organizms, sxva organizmebis msgavsad,
arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamis sivrce. rusos msjelobebis mTeli wyeba
mimarTulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos optimaluri
zoma. am zomis gasarkvevad rusos Semoaqvs ori kriteriumi _ teritoria da
mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos zoma gamoiyvaneba am ori elementis
kombinaciidan, romelic sakmaod martivi msjelobiT dgindeba: “saxelmwifos
Seadgenen adamianebi, xolo adamianebs kvebavs miwa. amrigad, mimarTeba maT Soris
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 3.suverenis cneba.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, yoveli individi Sedis ra sakuTar TavTan
xelSekrulebaSi, Tavis Tavze iRebs, ase vTqvaT, ormag valdebulebas a) rogorc
suverenis wevri kerZo pirebis mimarT da b) rogorc sxelmwifos wevri suverenis
mimarT. Tu individi ormag mimarTebaSi imyofeba amiT suverenTan, Tavad
suverenis mimarTeba mxolod erTadgiliania. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusos
mixedviT suvereni Tavad xalxia, SegviZlia aqedan gamomdinare gaviazroT mis
kompetencia, romelic avtoris mier aRiwereba ase: “ramdenadac suverens
sakuTari Tavis ganxilva mxolod erTi mimarTebiT SeuZlia, is aRmoCndeba kerZo
piris mdgomareobaSi da radganac es asea, maSin ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba
arsebobdes araviTari ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic savaldebulo iqneboda
xalxisaTvis mTlianobSi. savaldebulo misTvis ar aris arc sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba”(3.162-163). Tumca xalxs SeuZlia aiRos valdebuleba ucxos
mimarT, sakuTari Tvis mimarT raime valdebulebis aRebas xalxis mier ruso
gamoricxavs. suvereni, ra Tqma unda, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT,
magram am xelSekrulebas misTvis ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. de jure mas SeuZlia
xelSekrulebis darRveva, de facto ar daarRvevs mas, radgan im aqtis darRveva,
romlis wyalobiTac is arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebas niSnavs. suverens
ar gaaCnia arc sakuTari Tavis, arc misi Semadgeneli individebis interesebis
sawinaaRmdego ganzraxva. is aris erTaderTi politikuri subieqti, romelSiac
xorciekdeba de facto- de jure mxareebis sruli Taxvedra. mxolod imis gamo, rom
arsebobs, suvereni yovelTvis aris is, rac unda iyos (3.163).
niSnavs Tu ara aRwerili viTareba individis srul daqvemdebarebas
sazogadoebisadmi? ruso sapirispiroSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. individs, misi
azriT, mainc rCeba Tavisufali qmedebis veli. “yovel individs — wers is —
rogorc adamians, SeiZleba hqondes Tavisufali neba, romelic sapirispiroa, ar
emTxveva saerTo nebas, romelic aqvs mas rogorc moqalaqes. misma kerZo
interesebma mas SeiZleba STaunergon gansxvavebuli azri imisagan, rasac saerTo
interesebi moiTxovs” (3.163). niSnavs Tu ara es, rom individs SeuZlia ganudges,
ar daeTanxmos saerTo nebas? ra moxdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi? rusos azriT,
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseT SemTxvevebsac. Tu vinme uars ityvis dae-
morCilos serTo nebas, mas sapirispiros aiZulebs mTeli organizmi, rac imas
niSvans, rom mas aiZuleben iyos Tavisufali. es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSek-
rulebis pirobiT. yovel moqalaqes, xelSekruleba uqvemdebarebs ra samSoblos,
imavdroulad aTavisuflebs yovelgvari piradi damokidebulebisagan. es
viTareba warmoadgens politikuri manqanis saidumlos da mis ZiriTad
mamoZravebel Zalas.
aseT Sedegebamde midis ruso yovel individSi orgvari nebis fenomenis
daSvebis Sedegad, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. rogorc moqalaqe, individi
emorCileba saerTo nebas, magram amave dros, mas rogorc adamians Tavisufali
moqmedebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi, rasac aq aRvniSnavT “ori nebiT”,
aris oradgiliani relacia — erTi individisa sakuTar TavTan, meore ki
saxelmwifosTan, anu sxvebTan. aRniSnuli relaciis buneba, romelic mTlad
naTeli rodia rusos msjelobebSi, iZens Semdgom dakonkretebas samoqalaqo
samarTlis konteqstSi. am normebis mixedviT, aravis evaleba Seasrulos is
valdebulebani, romelic man aiRo sakuTari Tavis winaSe, radgan erTia
valdebuleba sakuTar TavTan da meore valdebuleba mTelTan romlis wevrebic
Cven varT. igive viTarebis eqstrapolacia individualuri adamianidan suverevze,
STambeWdav Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, Tu mTeli xalxi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas,
mas Zala eqneba yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis suverenTan mimarTebiT, magram igive
gadawyvetileba veraviTar valdebulebas ver daadebs Tavad suverens. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmneboda situacia raRac msgavsi imisa, roca suverens SeuZlia
SemoiRos kanoni, romlisaganac is ver gaaTavisuflebda sakuTar Tavs, rac
ewinaaRmdegeba politikuri organizmis bunebas (3.162).
ra qmnis xelSekrulebis sazrisismier safuZvels? arsebobs Tu ara raRac
iseTi, riskenac mimarTulia yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmeva? rusos pasuxi
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am zogadi daxasiaTebebis gverdiT, makiaveli iZleva ufro konkretul
rekomendaciebs da miTiTebebs. ase magaliTad, saokupacio eqspedicia ucxo
qveyanaSi warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu mTavari moaxerxebs kargi
urTierTobis damyarebas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. mosaxleobis keTil-
ganwyobis mosapoveblad ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba iq arsebuli
Cvevebis, yofis da gadasaxadebis akrefis wesis ucvlelad SenarCunebaa. Semdeg,
gacilebiT ufro iolia erTenovani an moanTesave enaze mosaubre samTavros
xelSi Cagdeba. magram Tu moxerxda gansxvavebuli eTnosiT dasxlebuli qveynis
xelSi Cagdeba, aq mravalricxovani siZneleebi iCenen Tavs da yvela maT dsaZleva
erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesi xerxi, dampyrobis axal dakavebul teritoriebze
gadasaxleba iqneba, rogorc es ganaxorciela TurqeTis sulTanma konstan-
tinepolis dakavebis Semdeg. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi gadasaxleba ar
xerxdeba, saukeTeso gza iqneba dakavebul teritoriebze koloniebis daarseba.
ucxo eTnosiT dakompleqtebuli axalSenebi dampyrobTa mcvelebis rols
Seasruleben da mis reJims moemsaxurebian. es gza gacilebiT ufro iafia, vidre am
qveyanaSi mobiluri samxedro korpusis SenarCuneba, romelic mudmiv mzad-
yofnaSi unda iyos swrafad gadaadgildes konfliqtis zonaSi. makiavelis es
rekomendacia gasagebs xdis Zveli imperiebis, magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis
calkeuli regionebis eTniur siWreles da xalxTa gansaxlebis arabunebriv
formebs.
warmatebuli samxedro kampania ucxo qveyanaSi mxolod saokupacio razmebis
xelmZRvanelis moxerxebulobasa da SorsmWvretelobaze ki ar aris damokid-
ebuli, aramed im reJimis bunebaze, romelic arsebobs dasakavebel teritoriaze.
arsebobs uzomod centralizebuli da SedarebiT Tavisufali regionebis
Semcveli smTavroebi. maT yvelaze ufro karg nimuSebs, makiavelisaTvis, TurqeTi
da safrangeTi warmoadgenda. TurqeTSi arsebobda erTaderTi mbrZanebeli,
sulTani, xolo yvela danarCeni misi ymebi iyvnen. rodesac TurqeTis romelime
warCinebuli ama Tu im sanjayis samarTavad midioda, mosaxleoba mis brZanebebs
asrulebda mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi sulTanis
nebas ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTSi xelisufleba aRweilisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli iyo. mefes aq uamravi patara mbrZanebeli exvia Tavs, romelTac
Tavad hyavdaT sxva mravali qveSevrdomi. xelisuflebis organizaciis aseTi
gansxvavebuli formebis gamo, gacilebiT ufro Znelia iseTi qveynis dapyroba,
rogorc ki TurqeTia, magram Tu am mimarTulebiT vinmes bedma gauRima, ukve
dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro ioli gaxdeba, vidre
safrangeTisnair qveyanaSi, sadac regionebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi da
mmarTvelTa damoukidebloba centraluri xelisuflebisagan gacilebiT ufro
didia da, amitom, yovel maTganTan praqtikulad calke samxedro-politikuri
urTierTobebi iqneba gasabmeli.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTveli, samxedro konfliqtis, Sendgomi
mosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis motiviT, gaumarTlebel
daTmobebze midis. aseTi daTmobebi, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis uaRresd
wamgebiania, radgan am gziT verc oms ver avicilebT, da teritoriebsac
davkargavT.
3.samxedro saqme
damoukidebeli gansjis Temaa makiavelisaTvis samxedro saqmis organizacia
samTavroSi. omi da samxedro saqme am epoqis saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes mxares
warmoadgenda, romelic ganapirobebda mis Zlierebas. saxelmwifos Zalas
makiaveli am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politiuri praqtikidan gamomdinare,
gansazRvravs, bunebrivia, ara mrewvelobis potencialiT an omis saWiroebisaTvis
gadanaxuli finansebis maragiT, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobiT da samxedro
ZaliT. Tuki davsvamdiT kiTxvas _ “riT SeiZleba gaizomos ama Tu im saxelmwifos
Zliereba”? _ makiavelis pasuxi masze aseTia: Tu samTavros hyavs
mravalricxovani laSqari (risTvisac aucilebelia rogorc mravalricxovani
mosaxleoba, aseve didZali simdidre), romelic skadris pasuxs gascemda yvela
39
momxvdurs ise, rom dasaxmereblad ar mimarTavda aravis sxvas, aseTi samTavro
Zlieria (1.145).
samxedro saqmis mniSvneloba makiavelisaTvis gadauWarbebladaa Sefasebuli
da is politikis warmarTvis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad gvevlineba. “am xelovnebis
Zala - wers makiaveli — imdenad didia, rom ara marto Zalauflebas unarCunebs
mas, vinc mTavrad Sobila, aramed kerZo pirsac aRazevebs xolme mTavris
simaRlemde. ... am xelovnebis ugulvebelyofa samTavros dakargvis ZiriTad
iaraRad gvevlineba, xolo misi zedmiwevniT floba — samTavros dauflebis
saSualebad” (1.166). mTavari, politikuri moRvawe, imavdroulad meomaricaa.
Tundac Sidapolitikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, makiavelis epoqidan jer
kidev Zalze Sors aris im dromde, rodesac gaimijneba samxedro da politikuri
sakiTxebi. piriqiT, makiavelisaTvis sruliad auxsnelia SemTxveva, Tuki mas vime
aRmoaCenda, rodesac SeiaraRebuli xalxi (samxedroebi) emorCilebian
uiaraRoebs (politikosebs) da uiaraRo ki uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs iaraRasxmulTa
garemocvaSi (1.166-167). Tumca, es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar
gansxvavdeba politikosi meomrisagan. arsebobs meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis
mizezic, romeliz amozrdilia adamianis naklovani, mxecuri bunebidan. “unda
gvaxsovdes, wers makiaveli, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe — erTia brZola
kanonebis, xolo meore brZola Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamia-
nebisaTvis, meore ki mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,
Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia,
rom Tanabrad warmatebiT ibrZodes rogrc mxeci da rogorc kaci” (1.182).
yoveli saxelmwifos safuZveli makiavelisaTvis kargad gawvrTnili laSqari
da kargi saxelmwifo kanonebia. es ori ram erTmaneTs avsebs, radgan kargad
gawvrTnili laSqari warmoudgenelia kargi kanonebis gareSe, xolo kargi laSqari
Tavad uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi kargi kanonebis Seuferxebel dacvas.
samxedro Zalebi rogorc wesi organizebulia Semdegi saxiT:
1. upirveles yovlisa igi Sedgeba mTavris sakuTri SeiaraRebuli
nawilebisagan. Semdeg,
2. daqiravebuli profesionali meomrebisagan;
3. maSveli jarisagan da bolos,
4. Sereuli Zalebisagan.
makiavelis miaCnda, rom maSveli da daqiravebuli jari qveynisaTvis Zalze
wamgebiania. italiis misi periodis mZime mdgomareobas, avtori swored
daqiravebulTa ukontrolo parpaSiT xsnis qveyanaSi, romelic aseT viTarebaSi,
dacvis gareSea darCenili. daqiravebulebi pirvelad italiaSi papebma d
Tavisufali qalaqebis mcxovreblebma Semoiyvanes imis gamo, rom araferi
gaegebodaT omis xelovnebisa da iZulebulebi iyvnen ucxoeli profesionalebi
moewviaT.
aranakleb dazaralda qveyana maSveli jarisagan. “maSvel Zalas” makiaveli
uwodebs mezobeli Zlieri qveynis (am periodSi italielebisaTvis aseTi iyo
safrangeTi) samxedro Zalas, romelic Txovnis safuZvelze Semovida qveyanaSi. am
samxedro Zalis problema isaa, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlis Semdeg, mas metad
eZneleba qveynis datoveba da axal dampyroblad gadaiqceva xolme.
oms aristotele igive rigis movelenebSi aTavsebda, rogorc nadirobas.
cnebaTa aseTi daaxloebis gamamarTlebel sabuTad is gvTavazobda ideas, rom
nadirobac da omic, orive Semosavalze orientirebuli saqmianobaa.
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni oms yovelgvari ubedurebis wyarod
miiCnevvda da mas mtrobisa da megobrobis terminebSi aRwerda. makiavelis
mosazrebebi omis Sesaxeb, rogorRac iTavsebs irive avtoris Tvalsazriss. omi —
fiqrobs igi _ or mtrul mxarse Soris CaRdeba, magram is ar aris TviTmizani.
omis mizani imdenad mtris ganadgureba ki ar aris, ramdenadac sakuTari
keTildReobis uzrunveyofa. amrigad, oms praqtikuli sazrisi gaaCnia. “yvela
imis mizani, visac ki odesme omi dauwyia, yovelTvis imaSi mdgomareobda _ rac
savsebiT gonivrulia _ rom Tavad gamdidrebuliyvnen, xolo mteri ufro
gaeRaribebinaT. sxva arafrisTvis ar sWirdebaT gamarjveba, xolo mosaxveWeli ki
imitom unaT, rom kidev ufro gazardon Tavisi Zala da daasuston mowinaaRmdege.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelTvis, roca gamarjvebam ufro Raribi gagxada,
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2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba
“emilSi” (wigni II, $35) ruso laparakobs daqvemdebarebis or wesze: erTi aris
adamianis damokidebuleba sagnebze, xolo meore sxva adamianebze (rac
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi iqmneba). pirveli damokidebuleba arafer
naklovans ar aCens adamianebSi. rac Seexeba meores, Tu is mouwesrigebel
mdgomareobaSi iqna, aucileblad ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba
samarTals, romelic mTlianad konvencionalur safuZvelazea amozrdili.
imisaTvis, rom konvencia Sedges, adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos. Tavisufleba
adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTebelia da masze uaris Tqma adamianur bunebaze uaris
Tqmas utoldeba. marTalia, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT axali Zalebis Seqmna, magram
maT SeuZliaT ukve arsebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da erTi mimarTulebiT wayvana.
es SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, romlis mizania asociaciis
iseTi formis povna, romelic SemosazRvravs da icavs saerTo ZaliT asociaciis
TiToeul wevris pirovnebas, da qonebas da romlis wyalobiTac, yoveli adamiani,
sxvebTan gaerTianebiT, amave dros, emorCileba mxolod sakuTar Tavs da iseTive
Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric manamde iyo (3.160). ruso aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa,
aseTi sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, Ria saxiT, ar dafiqsirebula arsad. magram
misi punqtebi identuria yvela droSi yvela xalxisaTvis da isini miRebulia xmis
amouReblad. Tu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas ganveyenebiT yvela im punqtSi,
romelic ar Seadgens mis arsebas, aRmovaCenT, rom is daiyvaneba Semdeg
debulebebamde: yoveli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTrebaSi gadascems da umorCilebs
Tavis pirovnebas da mTel Tavis Zalebs erTiani nebis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,
ris Sedegedac, yvela CvenTagani gadaiqceva mTelis mouwyvetel nawilad” (3.161).
ase iqmneba pirobiTi koleqtiuri mTeli, romelic imdeni pirisagan Sedgeba,
ramdenic erTiandeba masSi. aRniSnuli aqtis ZaliT, es mTeli iZens Tavis
erTianobas, Tavis saerTo me-s, sicocxles, da nebas. is aris iuridiuli piri, sxva
pirTa gaerTianebiT Seqmnili, romelic amieridan iwodeba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebad, respublikad an politikur organizmad. am gaerTianebis wevrebi
pasiur mdgomareobaSi myofs, mas uwodeben saxelmwifos, xolo aqtiur
mdgomareobaSi ganxiluls ki suverens. erTianobaSi ganxiluli Tavad asociaciis
wevrebi xalxad iwodeba, xolo Tu maT cal-calke aviRebT, isini Seadgenen
moqalaqeebs. maTve SeiZleba qveSevrdomebi ewodoT imdenad, ramdenadac isini am
saxelmwifos kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. ruso sazogedoebrivi xelSekrulebis
konstituciaSi ganasxvavebs “yvelas nebas” da “saerTo nebas”. mxolod am
ukamasknels kravs saerTo interesebi da mxolod es uakanaskneli qmnis erTian
subieqts maSin, rodesac pirveli aris kerZo interesebis krebuli. swored
saerTo neba qmnis rusos Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan elements, rogoricaa
suvereni.
ra saxis cvlilebebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT bunebrivi mdgomareobidan
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi? adamianSi samarTlianobis
grZnoba Seenacvleba instinqts da amiT adamianis qcevas eniWeba iseTi zneobrivi
xasiaTi, romelsac is aqamde sruliad moklebuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac samarTlis
grZniba Sescvlis midrekilebebs, vnebebze amaRldeba valdebulebis grZnoba.
aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, adamiani dakargavs bevr Tvisebas, romelic manamde,
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi hqonda. Tumca, amasTanave SeiZens bevr axal niSans,
romeli mas ufro keTilSobils da ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofs gaxdis.
praqtikulad, samoqalaqo xelSekruleba adamians gamogleijs cxovelur yofas
da SezRuduli arsebidan, gonier arsebad aqcevs. adamiani kargavs bunebiT
Tavisuflebas, romlis sazRvarsac individis fizikuri Zala warmoadgenda da
iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, romelic sarTo nebiTaa SezRuduli. davurToT
am samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas moraluri Tavisufleba da maSin ufro meti
safuZvlianobiT SegveZleba ganvsazRvroT Tavisuflebis zogadi cneba, radgan
moraluri Tvisufleba aris is, rac adamians aqcevs Tavis Tavis uflad. mxolod
sakuTari survilebis da vnebebis karnaxiT moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara
monoba maSin, rodesac im kanonis mixedviT moqmedeba, romelic Tavad daudgine
sakuTar Tavs, aris WeSmariti Tavisufleba.
77
kanoni aq ar muSaobs.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris.
erTia bunebrivi, anu fizikuri uTanasworoba, rodesac adamianebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa asaki,
janmrTeloba, sxeulebrivi, Tu gonebrivi Zalebi da, a.S. meorea pirobiTi, anu
politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli konvenciis
safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs
aiZulebs morCilebas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da
Tqva _ “es Cemia”! (1.72). vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo, fiqrobs ruso,
romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasTvis saerToa, is
gadaarCenda kacobriobas. miT ufro, rom aseT xanaSi “sakuTrebaze” saubari jer
naadrevia, radgan unda gasuliyo sakmao xani, raTa adamians Sesabamisi idea
gasCenoda. sinamdvileSi, veluri adamianis pirveli grZnoba sakuTari arsebobis
SegrZneba iyo, xolo misi pirveli sazrunavi TviTSenarCuneba. SimSilma da sxva
grZnobebma adamiani aiZula eZebna TviTSenarCunebis gzebi. pirvelyofil jogad
adamianebi gaerTiandnen ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevis moTxovnilebiT. aqedan
gaCnda saerTo interesebis gacnobiereba, rasac mosdevs urTierTvaldebu-
lebebis idea da enis, komunikaciis saWiroeba. ase movdivarT ojaxis ideamde,
xolo ojaxi ukve Tavad aris sakuTrebis pirveli, Taviseburi forma, radgan
ojaxi aris patara sazoagdoeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “sazogadoebriv
xelSekrulebaSi” ruso ojaxs sazogadoebis gareT ayenebs, radgan dRevandel
konvencionalur sazogadoebaSic ojaxi rCeba erTaderT bunebiT formad. magram
mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizrdebian, maT SeuZliaT bunebiTi TavisuflebiT
isargeblon, magram Tu isini gaagrZeleben mSoblebTan cxovrebas, aseTi ojaxi
ukve konvencionaluria (3.153).
swored aq Cndeba pirvelad sakuTreba: “im wuTidan, rogorc ki erT adamians
gauCndeba meoris saWiroeba, rogorc ki adamianebma SeamCnies, rom Zalze
sasargebloa or kacze meatad sakuTrebis momoarageba _ gaqreba Tanasworoba.
Sroma aucileblobad iqceva. sazogadoebis am mimaTulebiT ganviTarebas xeli
Seuwyo metalis aRmoCenam da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam. miwis ganviTrebas
Tan axlavs misi danawileba. rogorc ki gaaCnda sakuTreba miwaze, maSinve gaCnda
samarTalic, romelsac unda daekanonebina es sakuTreba. ruso aq imeorebs lokis
debulebas, rom sakuTreba Sromis safuZvelze warmoiSveba, radgan adamians
araferi hqonda Sromis garda nivTisaTvis rom miematebina.
sakuTrebis ufleba, rogorc ruso fiqrobs, gansxvavebulia im uflebaTagan,
romlebic bunebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinareoben. mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda
sakuTreba, avtomaturadve ar gaCenila uTanasworoba. es ukanaskneli gaCnda mas
Semdeg, sakuTrebas daemata bunebiTi uTanasworobac. swored am ori elementis
erTianobam Seadgina politikuri anu samoqalaqo uTanasworoba.
sazogadoebbis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzas ruso ase warmogvidgens: simdidris
sawyisi wyaroebis miwa da saqoneli. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebam memekvidreobiTi
xasiaTi miiRo, man Zalze swrafad daiwyo zrda. adamianTa samflobeloebis
SexebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, Semdgomi zrda mxolod erTmaneTis xarjze iyo
SesaZlebeli. aqedan, warmoiSva Zaladoba, Zarcva, mezoblebis damoneba da maTi
qonebis miTviseba. adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas mohyva Sexla-
Semoxla. damkvidrda Zlieris ufleba, ris Semdegac viTarebis Semdgomi svla
hobsis, mudmivi omis scenariT mimdinareobs. omi sruldeba adamianTa
gaerTianebiT, romlis iniciatori mdidaria. gaerTianebis Sedgi aris
politikuri organizmi. Cndebian mmarTvelebi da marTulebi, romelTa
urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba. am ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba
politikuri mmarTveloba, romelic isev xalxis arCeulia, Tumca xelSekrulebis
orive mxarea valdebuli daicvas misiT gaTvaliswinebuli kanonebi. adamianebma
xom mmarTveli airCies ara imisaTvis, rom damonebodnen, aramed imisaTvis,
TavianTi Tavisuflebis dasacavad.
76
vidre manamde iyavi, xolo dapyrobebma dagasusta, maSin Sen an gascdi im miznis
sazRvrebs, risTvisac omi daiwye, an ver miaRwie mas” (2.225).
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi
calke ganxilvis sagania mTavris, rogorc politikosis persona. ganixileba
misi damokidebuleba rogorc xalxis farTo masebTan, aseve garemocvis mimarT.
rogori unda iyos politikosi, rogori unda iyos mTavri, unda eSinodeT misi, Tu
sayovelTao saxalxo siyvaruliT unda iyos garemoculi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
makiavelis azrs xalxis meryevi guneba-ganwyobis Taobaze, pasuxi am kiTxvaze
Zneli ar unda iyos. am Tvalsazriss makiaveli kidev ufro amZimebs xakxis
Tvisebebis iseTi kategoriebiT daxasaTebisas, rogoricaa adamianTa biwieri
buneba, umaduroba, orguleba da a.S. rac Seexeba mTavris garemocvas, is Zalze
frTxilad unda SirCes. arsebobs erTi utyuari wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu
ramdenad vargisia qveSevrdomi. Tu is sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro metad
zrunavs, vidre mTavrisa da saxelmwifos saqmeebze, aseTi msaxuri ndobas ar
imsaxurebs. Tumca, garemocvasTan mimarTebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tu ra individualuri TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli politiuri lideri.
makiavelisTvis es Tvisebebi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mmarTvelis konceptidan ki ar
gamoiyvaneba analitikurad, aramed aiReba reluri politikuri politikuri
praqtikidan. swored am praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT ambobs avtori, rom zogi
mTavari guluxvad iwodeba, zogic Zunwad, wuwkad, qalaCunad da a.S. msgavs
kvliafikaciebSi mniSvnelovania is, rom mTavari, ramdenadac is rogorc
politikuri lideri sxvebisagan amaRlebulia, sazogadoebis TvalSi erTi
romelime gamorCeuli TvisebiTaa daxasiaTebuli da sxva misi Tvisebebi
SeumCneveli rCeba. ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnavi iqneboda, rom moiZebnebodes yvela
RirsebiT Semkuli mTavari, romelic arasodes ar SebRalavda am Rirsebebs,
magram sinamdvileSi aseTi pirovneba iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, ramdenadac mTavari
upirveles yovlisa politikuri lideria, misi ZiriTadi safiqrali politikuri
warmatebaa da ara zneobriv srulyofaze dReniadag zrunva. swored amitom,
mTavari pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac
SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos. yvela SemTxvevaSi makiavelis mixedviT,
politiuri amocanebi lideris pirveli rigis orientirs Seadgens. sazRvriT
situaciebSi, rodesac warmovidgenT an marTlac arsebobs realuri konfliqti
politikuri moRvawis moralur kredosa da realur politikur praqtikas Soris,
politikoss SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios sazogadoebriv azrs an sakuTar sulier
miswrafebebs. miT ufro, “Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, aris zogi ram, rac SeiZleba
siqveled mogveCvenos, magram gardauval daRupvas uqadis mTavars, romelic
miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas, da aris zogic iseTi rame, rac
biwierad gamoiyureba, magram simSvides da keTildReobas uqadis mas” (1.172).
am Tvalsazrisis, romelic saboloo dafuZnebas politikuri moralis cnebaSi
poulobs, gagrZelebad unda miviCnioT mTavris xelgaSlilobis aRwera mwerlis
mier. ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobisaTvis xelgaSlili xelisufali wuwuraqsa da
Zunwze umjobesia. magram makiaveli iolad gvixatavs sapirispiro suraTs,
rodesac xelgaSlili da qveli xelisufalis saxelis SeZenis msurveli
politikuri lideri rogor TandaTanobiT gadadis gadasaxadebis zrdaze da
gamocarielebuli xazinis Sevsebaze. Sesabamisad, is, vinc erT dros qvelis
saxels atarebda, axla xalxis Semaviwroveblad da myvlefavis saxelis mqone
xdeba. aviRoT axla im mTavris mier xalxisaTvis gaRebuli daxmareba, vinc aqamde
Zunwad iyo cnobili. makiaveli gvarwmunebs, rom mis mier gaRebuli wyaloba
orjer ufro faseuli iqneba sazogadoebis TvalSi. saerTod araferia
gulixvobaze swrafad milevadi ram. rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi
Sansi grCeba momavalSic aseTive darCe. amitom, mTavars ar unda aRelvebdes
Zunwis saxeli, miT ufro, Tu momavalSi is iZulebuli ar gaxdeba tyavi gaaZros
Tavis qveSevrdomebs da autaneli mmarTvelis reputacia moipovos. Tu mxolod
Zunwis saxels moixveWavs, mTavari iZulebuli gaxdeba Seurigdes erT im
samarcxvino biwierebaTagans, romelic isev mis taxts ganamtkiceben, maSin,
41
rodesac, Tu gaRaribdeba, da mosaxleobis yvlefas daiwyebs, maSin is ver ascdeba
verc sircxvils da verc siZulvils.
politikosis moRvaweoba erTgvari TamaSia, rolia Sesasrulebeli. yvela
xedavs imas, radac gvaCveneben Tavs da Zalze cota Tu grZnobs ra aris mavani
sinamdvileSi. mTavari yovelTvis unda iyos frTxili warmoTqmuli sityvis
mimarT. is mudam unda cdilobdes, rom mis bages ar dascdes raime iseTi, romelic
beWeddasmuli ar iqneba iseTi sityvebiT rogoricaa siyvaruli, patiosneba,
adamianuroba da morwmunoeba. Sedegad, msmenels igi yovelive amis xorcSesxmul
xatebad warmoudgeba.
sxva mxriv, keTilgonierebis karnaxiT, mTavari ar unda gadaegos erTxel
micemul sityvas, Tu erTguleba misTvis saziano aRmoCndeba. Tu aRar arseboben
mizezebi, romelTac mTavrs aRTqma daadebines, igi Tavisufalia Tavis
gadawyvetilebaSi. SeiZleba uamravi magaliTis moyvana, Tu ramdeni xelSekruleba
darCenila uqmad da mizans aRwevda is, vinc melas rols asrulebda.
am daxasiaTebam, agreTve iman, rom “mTavars” is mediCebis memkvidres uZRvnis,
ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom makiaveli aSkara, faruli, Tu ra gnebavT formiT
monarqiuli diqtaturis an tiraniis momxrea. saTanado RirsebebiT Semkul
erTmmarTvelSi, is ufro kanonierebis aRmsrulebels xedavs. visac waukiTxavs
florenciis gauTavebeli SidaaSlilobebis makiaveliseuli aRwerebi, is gagebiT
moekideba makiavelis simpaTias erTmmarTvelisadmi, Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom ZiriTad Rirebulebas am SemTxvevaSi mwerlisaTvis kanoni da kanonierebis
dacva warmoadgens: “saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cudad mowyobil
respublikebs, xSirad icvlian mTavrobebs da marTvelobis wess, rasac isini,
rogorc SecdomiT fiqroben, Tavisufalidan monur mdgomareobaSi ki ar
gadayavT, aramed monuridan uwesrigi TviTnebobis mdgomareobaSi. ... da Tuki
moxdeba, arada es xdeba Zalze iSviaTad, rom bedis wyalobiT, romelime
saxelmwifoSi gamoCndeba sakmarisad brZeni, wesieri da Zalmosili moqalaqe,
romelic SesZlebda yvelnisaTvis iseTi kanonebis micemas, rom an
daakmayofilebda popolanebis da nobilitetis miswrafebebs, an daTrgunavda da
borotebis qmnis saSualebas mouspobda maT _ maSin am saxelmwifos ufleba
eqneba sakuTar Tavs Tavisufali, xolo mis mTavrobas myari da Zlieri uwodos.
samarTlian kanonebze da swor weswyobilebaze damyarebuli aseTi sxelmwifo,
sxvebis msgavsad SemdegSi aRar saWiroebs usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis romelime
erTi kacis saTnoebas” (2.143).
mixedavad imisa, rom yoveli politikosisaTvis aucilebelia amdeni
wvrilmanis gaTvaliswineba da gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva, raTa man warmatebas
miaRwios, arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba yvelafers win arudges da
individualurad Zlieri politikosi savsebiT xelmocarul adamianad
warmogvidginos. es raRac, makiavelis rwmeniT, aris bediswera. mTavars marTebs
gaiTvaliswinos isic, rom amqveyniur movlenebze bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet
zegvlenas iqoniebs RmerTi da bediswera. saerTod am movlenaze fiqrma bevr
avtorSi warmoSva qvietizmis idea, romelic, rakiRa amqveynad yvelaferi RvTis
nebiTa da bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli, srul uazrobad miiCnevs wamatebisaTvis
brZolas da mondomebas. makiavelis, swams bedisweris, da, ra Tqma unda, swams
RmerTis, magram mainc ar iziarebs absolutur determinizms. ZiriTadi misi
argumenti Tavisufali nebis fenomens emyareba, romlis arsebobaSi makiavelis
eWvi ar epareba. “rakiRa dauSvebelia Cveni Tavisufali nebis ugulvebelyofa, me
mzad var WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba, rom bediswera ganapirobebs
Cveni moqmedebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars, mTlianad Tu ara odnav nakleb
mainc Cven gvandobs. ... asevea bediswerac, romelic Tavis Zalmosilebas avlens iq,
sadac aravis uzrunia imaze, rom sapirispiro Zala daexvedrebina misTvis, da
romelic mZvinvarebas mimarTavs im mxares, sadac ar eguleba misi damaokebeli
jebirebi Tu simagreebi” (1.223).
42
uswreben goniT aqtivobas.. erTi maTgani adamians ubiZgebs izrunos sakuTar
TviTSenarCunebaze, meore ki zizRis grZnobiT aRgvavsebs, rodesac vxedavT sxva
mgrZnobiare arsebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Cveni msgavsi arsebis daRupvas. Tu am or
sawyiss, fiqrobs ruso, mesames, Tanacxovrebis princips davumatebT, SegveZleba
gamoviyvanoT bunebiTi samarTlis yvela danarCeni kanoni. ase magaliTad, maTi
gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom vidre adamians ar gauCndeba
TanagrZnobisadmi bunebrivi Semakavebeli impulsebi, manamde is vnebas ar
miayenebs sxvas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca iZulebulia Tavi daicvas.
gamokvlevam adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, unda “daiWiros” is
momenti, rodesac bunebisa da Zaladobis adgili uflebam daikava da pirveli ori
dauqvemdebara kanons ise, rom amas mohyva saswauli da ufro Ronieri daemorCila
ufro susts, xolo xalxma iyida warmosaxviTi simSvidis bedniereba. amrigad,
meTodi, romlis gamoyenebasac ruso problemis analizisaTvis cdilobs,
gulisxmobs: a) ganyenebas faqtiuri masalidan da b) ara imdenad istoriaze
dayrdnobas, aramed daSvebebs da da maTgan gamomdinare pirobebis kvlevas,
romlebic saganTa bunebas ufroSeesabameba, vidre namdvil warmoSobas.
am gafrTxilebis fonze, ruso cdilobs gakvriT mainc Seexos im avtorebis
Tvalsazriss, romlebic bunebiT mdgomareobas ikvlevdnen. adamianis bunebiTi
yofa maT mier sxvadasxvanairadaa daxatuli. Tu hobsi mas warmoidgenda
Zalmomreobis sferod, grociusi da pufendorfi, piriqiT, Tvlidnen, rom
adamiani bunebiT iseTi mfrTxali arsebaa, rom SeuZlebelia is Zaladobis momxre
iyos. adamianis pirveli niSani, romliTac ruso interesdeba, aris ena. am sakiTxze
rusos calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom ruso adamianis
“bunebiT mdgomareobaze” msjelobisas, mxedvelobaSi iqoniebs pirvelyofili
adamianis yofas, romelic imTaviTve mWernetyveli rodia. ena, rogorc amaSi
kondiliakis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, SeZenilia da Tanac xangrZlivi gamocdilebis
safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, enaze msjeloba rusos esaWiroeba daskvnas — bunebam
Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom adamianebi erTmaneTTan
daaxloebuliyvnen da egrZnoT urTierTsaWiroeba. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT
— wers ruso — Tu risTvis SeiZleba dasWirdes adamians meore adamiani ufro
metad, vidre maimuns an mgels Wirdeba Tavisi msgavsi” (1.62). Tuki romelime erT
adamians marTlac hqond amgvari saWiroeba, auxsneli rCeba, ram ubiZga kavSirze
wasasvlelad meores. da bolos, gadaulaxav problemad rCeba is, Tu rogor
moaxerxes maT molaparakeba. bolos, ruso Semdegnairad ajamebs Tavis
mosazrebebs adamianis pirvelyofili arsebobis Taobaze: tyeSi mawanwala veluri
adamiani, sulac ar gamoirCeoda SromismoyvareobiT. mas ar hqonda sacxovrebeli,
ar hqonda ena da ar saWiroebda Tavis msgavsebTan kontaqts Tavis gasatanad. ar
arsebobda arc ganaTleba da arc progresi. unayofod mravldebodnen Taobebi,
radgan TiToeuli maTgani igive wertilidan iwyebda, saidanac winamorbedi.
mTeli saukuneebi miedineboda pirvelyofil velurobaSi: modgma ukve beberi iyo,
roca adamiani bavSvad rCeboda. ruso wers: “me gamudmebiT mimtkiceben, rom ufro
Zlieri aucileblad daCagravda am dros ufro susts. magram minda amixsnan, Tu
ras gulisxmoben “CagvraSi”. imas, rom erTni ibatoneben Zalis gamoyenebiT da
meoreni daemorCilebian maT yvela survils. magram es xom igive viTarebaa,
romelsac Cvens irgvliv myofTa Soris vamCnev, Tumca ver gamigia, rogor
SeiZleba igive viTareba velurTa Soris arsebuliyo, romelTaTvisac bolomde
gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ras niSnavs damoneba da batonoba” (1.70). SegviZlia
davuSvaT, rom erTma velurma meores waarTva gamoqvabuli, nanadirevi, magram
gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia man aiZulos vinme mis sasargeblod imuSaos,
radgan amis mcdelobiT is Tavs ufro mZime dReSi Caigdebs, vidre manamde iyo. is
xom mudmivad Cemi yarauli unda gaxdes, rom ar gaviqce, an raime ar movparo, an
sulac ar movkla. riskenac rusos msjelobis wayvana surs is gaxlavT, rom
bunebiT situaciaSi ar arsebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizmebi.
ruso akeTebs daskvnas, rom monoba SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndes, rac
adamianebs gauCndebaT urTierTsaWiroeba. imisaTvis, rom adamiani daimono, is
unda Caayeno jer iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom arseboba gauZneldes meore adamianis
gareSe. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes.
adamiani Tavisufalia yvelafrisagan, maT Soris kanonisaganac, xolo Zalis
75
 Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria
warmoSobiT Sveicarelma, Jenevis moqalaqem, rusom yvelaze didi zegavlena
iqonia mis Tanamedrove frangul sazogadoebaze im avtorebs Soris, romelTa
kvlevis mTavari obieqti politikuri da socialuri problemebi iyo.
Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis principebis radikaluri formiT dacvam, rogorc
savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavda berki, ara mxolod moamzada franguli
revolucia, aramed gansazRvra misi odiozuri mxareebic. ruso sruliad sxva
poziciebze idga, vidre monteskie. Tavisufleba, romelic misi pirveli ZiriTadi
sakvlevi kategoriaa, man warmogvidgina rogorc adamianis mouwyveteli da
bunebrivi ufleba, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeboda mTeli maSindeli sazogadoebrivi
wyoba da Sesabamisad, mis Teorias, romelic Tavisuflebis fenomenis
relizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, misi sazogadoebisaTvis damangreveli Zala
hqonda.
rusom pirvelad saxeli mas Semdeg gaiTqva, rac diJonis mecnierebaTa
akademiam 1750 wels gamoacxada konkursi Sromaze “Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebis
ganviTarebam sazogadoebis zneobis progress xeli”? rusos Txzuleba, romelmac
umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleoda. SromaSi
gamoxatuli ideologia Znelad egueboda ganmanaTleblobis progresistul xazs
da, SesaZloa, met saerTos gviandeli leikistebis moZraobasTan poulobda.
miuxedavad amisa, rusos Semdegi Sromebi politikur Temebze, meti optimizmiT
gamoirCeoda. zogierTi maT franguli revoluciis bibliadac ki aRiqvamda.
marTlac da rusomde aravis moucia ubiri xalxis politikuri uflebamosilebis
aseTi damajerebeli dafuZneba. xalxi mis TxzulebebSi gamoyvanilia politikuri
movlenebis ZiriTad subieqtad da piruTvnel msajulad. uflebamosilebebis
aseTi dasabuTebis fonze, ra gasakviria safrangeTSi exilaT demosis iseTi
arnaxuli aRzeveba, rogoric manamde ar hqonia arc erT xalxs arc erT qveyanaSi.
rusos politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi Semdegi Sromebis
mixedviT: “gaazrebani adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis gaCenis Sesaxeb” (1754);
“politikuri ekonomia” (1755); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1752).
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tema, romelic aqtiurad ganixileboda
rusos winamorbed iseT avtorebTan, rogoric iyo hobsi, loki monteskie,
Sesabamis gagrZelebas da gamoyenebas povebs rusos doqtrinaSi. ganaTlebis
problemebze Seqmnil naSromSi, “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, pirveli, rasac
bavSvze dakvirvebisas aRmoaCens ruso bavSvze dakvirvebisas, aris misi bunebiTi
Tavisufleba, romelic SemdgomSi SezRuduli unda gaxdes mravali sazo-
gadoebrivi pirobiTobiT da aTasgvari politikuri meqanizmebiT. pirveli
mniSvnelovani Tezisi, romelsac ruso wamoayenebs “gaazrebebSi adamianTa Soris
uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”, Seexeba, erTi mxriv, im uTanasworobis
bunebiTad rom arsebobs adamianebs Soris da meore mxriv, im uTanasworobas
Soris gamijvnas, romelic gaCenilia Tavad adamianTa ZalisxmeviT (1.31). kvlevis
gavrcelebuli modelis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis Sesaswavlad, jer unda ganvi-
xiloT adamiani pirvelSobili, daumaxinjebeli saxiT da, mxolod amis safuZ-
velze unda vcadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor Seiqmna
uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi.
adamianTa yofas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aregulirebs bunebiTi samarTali.
ras warmoadgens is konkretulad ioli aRmosaCeni rodia, radgan sxvadasxva
avtorTan mis sxvadasxva interpretacias vpoulobT. Seswavlis erTi gza
gulisxmobs dakvirvebas pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maTi cxovrebis wesis da
valdebulebebis analizs. meore gza iqneba, Tu am Temaze Seqmnil politikur
literaturas gverdiT gadavdebT da davakvirdebiT Tavad adamianis sulis
umartives impulsebs. am gziT aRmovaCenT or umTavres sawyiss, romlebic win
74
5.politikuri moralis cneba
makiaveli gamorCeuli figuraa politikuri azris istoriaSi ara mxolod
zogadmeTodologiuri novaciebisaTvis, ara mxolod imitom, misi Sromebi
warmoadgenen erTgvar Semobrunebis punqts klasikuri Teoriidan kvlevis
sruliad axali paradigmebisaken, aramed imitomac, rom daamkvidra politikuri
moralis kategoria, rogorc sakuTriv politikuri mecnierebebis kategoria da
gamijna is Cveulebrivi adamianuri moralis cnebisagan. am viTarebis
gauTvaliswinebloba orgvar problemas Segviqmnis. jer erTi, gaugebari
dagvrCeba “mTavarSi” gadmocemuli makiavelis ZiriTadi ideebis safuZveli da
Sesabamisad gaugebari dagvrCeba makiavelis politikuri filosofiac da meore,
araferi gveqneba sapirispirod saTqmeli gavrcelebul, ukve veRar vityviT
banalobaze, aramed yalb mosazrebaze, TiTqos yovelgvari politika amoraluris
da siyalbis sferoa. SevexoT jer meore sakiTxs ufro farTod.
CvenSi didi gavrceleba moipova Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac, politika
zogadad amoraluri saqmianobaa, xolo politikosebi zneobasTan mwyralad
myofi xalxi. SesaZloa, bolo TxuTmeti wlis qarTuli sinamdvile amgvari
SefasebebisaTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens, magram msgavs msjelobebs
safuZvlad udevs erTi sakamaTo dispozicia. kerZod, politikosebis ama Tu im
qcevis moralurobaze msjeloben ara politiuri moralis sferodan gamomdinare
(dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disputSi Cabmuli qarTveli inteleqtuale-
bis naxevrisTvis mainc sruliad ucnobia amgvari kategoria), aramed Cveulebrivi
adamianuri zneobrivi kodeqsis safuZvelze, rac ontiuri sferoebis aRrevas
iwvevs. ra Tqma unda, adamiani zneobrivi arsebaa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs misi
yoveldRiuri yofa zneobrivi kategoriebiT SevafasoT. amaSi miuRebeli
araferia. sakamaToa, mxolod, marTlzomiereba imisa, igive Sefasebis wesi rom
gavavrceloT adamianis moRvaweobis sxva iseT sferoebze, romelTac moralis
Tanaswori suverenuloba gaaCniaT. garda imisa, rom adamiani moraluri arsebaa,
is aris socialuri, esTeturi, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.
arseba. SegviZlia Tu ara igive movimoqmedoT TiToeuli am sferos mimarT da
vTqvaT, rom ama da am qveynis ekonomika amoraluria, amoraluria medicina da
eqimebi (romelTa mizani, Tu aristoteles davujerebT adamianis absoluturi
janmrTeloba unda iyos, magram sinamdvileSi absoluturi qonebis mopovebaa) da
a.S. ? ar vapirebT vTqvaT, rom am da msgavs kiTxvebze martivi da calsaxa pasuxebi
arsebobs. risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs, is gaxlavT rom dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlo
pasuxi didadaa damokidebuli ufro zogad poziciaze. miuxedavad sxva poziciis
arsebobisa, is, vinc icavs ontiuri sferoebis suverenulobas da momxre ar aris
maTi erTmaneTSi aRrevisa (makiavelis erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia ki swored am
poziciis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs), winaaRmdegi iqneba Sesabamisi sferoebis
kategoriebis aRrevisac. moralur da amoralur politikaze saubari, am azriT,
msgavsi iqneba “rentabeluri ekonomikuri dargebis mSvenierebaze” an “respi-
ratoruli daavadebebis devianturobaze” diskusiebisa. amrigad, politika, am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis specifikuri moRvaweobis suverenui sferoa da
Tu Cven gvsurs misi wminda saxiT warmodgena, Tavi unda SevikavoT politikaze
arapolitikuri kategoriebiT saubrisagan.
magram ra aris politikuri morali? ra gansxvavebaa massa da Cveulebriv
adamianur morals Soris? Cveulebrivi qcevis moraluroba-amoralurobis
kriteriumi qcevis motivaciaa. Tuki vinmem ixsna wyalwaRebuli, es kidev ar
niSnavs, rom Cveni gmiri saTnoebis gansaxierebaa. marTlac, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom
dazaralebuli soliduri qonebis patronia da misi gadarCeniT sakuTari
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba hqondaT miznad, qceva keTilad
namdvilad ver CaiTvleba.
yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT, moraluroba politikaSi ganisazRvreba ara
qcevis motividan, aramed, rogorc makiaveli gvaswavlis, miRebuli Sedegidan. Tu
Sedegi damRupvelia, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra motivebi amoZravebda politikoss.
jer erTi, aseTi motivaciis dasadgenad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs da
meore, dabejiTebiTac rom vicodeT sawyisi keTili ganzraxvebis Taobaze, Znelia
moralurad CavTvaloT didi ubedurebis momtani saqcieli (anu cnobili
43
gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT, “mSvenieri grZnobebiT iqmneba cudi literatura”).
politikuri moralis swored aseTi gagebaa SemoTavazebuli makiavelis mier
“mTavarSi”, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, es naSromi gaugebari dagvrCeba da
iZulebulni gavxdebiT SevuerTdeT yalb interpretatorTa im jgufs, romelic
makiavelis politikaSi amoralizmis Semotanis iniciatorad gvisaxavs.
Cveulebrivi zneobriobisagan gansxvavebuli, politikuri moralis reversuli
buneba, romelic orientirs Sedegebze iRebs, erTi SexedviT paradoqsul
Sefasebebs gamoaTqmevinebs makiavelis, rodesac is sisastikiT ganTqmul
moRvawes saTnoebis gansaxierebad gvixasiaTebs, xolo mSvidobismoyvare
sazogadoebas qveynis damRupvel xalxad. “Cezare borjas sastik kacad Tvlidnen,
magram swored am sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi romaniaSi, gaaerTiana,
daaSoSmina da Semoiriga igi. Tu kargad avwon-davwoniT yovelive amas, im
daskvnemde mivalT, rom is ufro gulmowyale iyo, vidre florencieli xalxi,
romelsac surda sastikis saxeli aecilebina Tavidan da pistoiis daqcevas ki
Seuwyo xeli “(1.177) da, Semdeg: “egec ar iyos, yvela kacisa da, miT umetes,
mTavarTa moqmedebas, romelTac gansasjelad ver warudgen sasamarTlos, misi
saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT afaseben. amitom, mTavarma dae, mxolod
gamarjvebisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis izrunos da saSualebebs,
romliTac am mizans aRweven, yovelTvis patiosnad da qeba-didebis Rirsad
Seracxaven, vinaidan brbos mxolod saqmis garegnuli mxare da saboloo Sedegi
xiblavs” (1.185).
literatura
1.nikolo makiaveli — mTavari. gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi. 1984.
(gv.92-233)
2.Николло Макиавелли – История флоренции. Изд. «Наука», 1987
44
saxis gansazRvreba: esaa aucilebeli, kanonieri da sabediswero ufleba, romelic
uzarmazar vals adebs gadasaxdelad dampyrobs, raTa man SesZlos iyos
pirnaTeli adamianuri bunebis winaSe (1.168).
5.geografiuli determiizmi
erT-erTi damsaxureba socialuri Teoriis winaSe, romelsac sxvadasxva saxis
literaturaSi aucileblad vipovniT monteskies aqtivSi, gaxlavT misi e.w.
geografiuli determinizmi. marTalia, SeniSvnebs saxelmwifos mdebareobaze
dedamiwis ama Tu im adgilas da am mdebareobis zegavlenaze Sesabamisi
saxelmwifos politikaze, vkiTxulobT Zvel avtorebTanac (aristotele,
ciceroni), magram monteskie uTuod pirveli iyo, romelmac cada saxelmwifoTa
kanonmdebloba da politikuri struqtura misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, haviT
da sxva faqtorebiT aexsna.
Zalze mokled monteskies Sexedulebebi am mimarTulebiT ase SeiZleba
gadmoices: CrdiloeTis hava mkacria da cxovrebisaTvis mzime pirobebs qmnis.
samxreTisa ki piriqiT; rbili hava aiolebs sakvebis mopovebas da Sesabamisad, aq
adamians arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumis mosapoveblad mciredic ki yofnis.
didi xnis manZilze, aseT pirobebSi cxovrebam adamianebSi gamoimuSava Sesabamisi
xasiaTebi da Sesabamisi cxobrebis wesi, ramac zegavlena iqonia maT politikur da
socialur yofaze. ase magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebi gamoirCevian gonebrivi da
misi zegavleniT sxeulis sizantiT, teqnikis da teqnologiebis dabali doniT.
igive viTareba gansazRvravs despotiebis moZalebas am regionSi da Tavisuflebis
did deficits. aqedanve SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi religiuri kanonic. ase
magaliTad, mahmadis kanoni, romelic krZalavs Rvinis smas, TviT arabeTis cxeli
havis kanonia. amaze mogviTiTebs msgavs klimatSi mcxovreb karTagenelTa kanoni,
romelic aseve krZalavda Rvinis smas. samxreTis xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,
evropelTa winaprebi, germanelebi iseT pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom maT
saarsebod mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad vnebebi aq
gacilebiT mSvidi iyo, xolo Sromismoyvareoba gacilebiT didi. da a.S.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavis geografiul determinizmSi
monteskie ar wasula ise Sors, rom adamianTa monoba an Tavisufleba am
faqtoridan gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mis nawerebSi vxvdebiT dRevandeli
mkiTxvelisaTvis daujerebel msjelobebs SavkanianTa Sesaxeb. misi azriT,
SavkanianTa monad qcevis praqtika savsebiT misaRebia, radgan:
• Saqari Zalze gaZvirdeboda, lerwami rom monebs ar daemuSavebinaT samxreT
amerikaSi;
• isini Tavidan fexebamde savkanianebi arian da imdenad miWyletili cxviri
aqvT, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi Sebraleba;
• SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom RmerTma — uaRresad brZenma arsebam — suli
da miT ufro keTili suli Cado mTlianad Sav sxeulebSi;
• SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom isini adamianebi arian, radgan Tu maT
adamianebad miviCnevT, maSin saeWvo gaxdeba Cven Tavad varT Tu ara
qristianebi (1.270).
literatura:
1.Sarl lui monteskie — kanonTa goni.
2. David Lowenthal – Ch. L. Montesquieu, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .
73
monteskies gansazRvrebiT, kanoni moqalaqis qcevas aregulirebs, xolo zne ki
adamianisa (1.332). am gamijvniT dafiqsirebulia antikuri tradiciisagan
gansxvavebuli, albaT ufro makiavelisturi pozicia. monteskie ar miiCnevs, rom
morali da politika erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. piriqiT, saqme ufro
TiToeuli maTganis sferos avtonomiurobas exeba.
4. omis Sesaxeb
avtori ganixilavs aristoteles droidan xSiard ganxilul sakiTxs saxel-
mwifos zomebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba igive saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. ara mxolod sakiTxis dasmaSi, aramed misi gaazrebaSiac
avtori aristoteles miyveba: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos arc Zalian mcire, magram
arc Zalian didi. saukeTeso teritoriis mqone saxelmwifoebad miCneulia
safrangeTi da espaneTi. gansakuTrebiT momgebiani pozicia aqvs safrangeTs,
romlis dedaqalaqi qveynis SuaSia ganlagebuli. es mas saSualebas aZlevs
Tanabrad gaanawilos Tavisi Zalebi qveynis nebismier sazRvramde.
arsebul respublikebs Soris Siangani konstituciiT, gare TavdasxmisaTvis
yvelaze mouxerxebelia Sveicariis an holandiis msgavsi federaciuli
gaerTianeba. Tu federaciis wevrebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba da tamnamSromloba
sufevs is zalze mouxerxebeli dasapyrobia rogorc gare mtrisaTvis
(centraluri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Semadgeneli subeqtebi isev
gaagrZeleben brZolas), aseve SidaaSlilobis SemTxvevaSiac (ajanyeba erT
romelime provinciaSi SeiZleba warmatebiT SeCerebuli iyos danarCen
provinciebSi). respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebi safrTxis moaxloebisas
cdiloben erTmaneTs daexmaron da saamisod politikur da samxedro kavSirebs
deben. amisagan gansxvavebiT despotia sapirispirod iqceva _ is msxverplad
gaiRebs qveynis romelime erT nawils, gaaukacrielebs sasazRvro raionebs raTa
SeinarCunon xeluxleblad saxelmwifos birTvi. aseTi samxedro praqtika ufro
misaRebia did teritoriis mqone despotiebisaTvis, vidre patarebisaTvis. Tu
despotiebi erTmaneTs Seesevian xolme, monarqiaSi omebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
monarqiebi Cveulebriv cixe-simagreebis mTeli sistemiT arian daculebi (amgvar
gamagrebul punqtebs ufrTxian despotiaSi), rac mters Zalze urTulebs yoveli
gojis dakavebas.
TiToeuli reJimis TavdacviTi potencialis am daxasiaTebis Semdeg,
monteskie exeba ufro zogadi xasiaTis sakiTxs da saubrobs saxelmwifoebis
TavdasxmiT da TavdacviT Zalebze. es ori ram ki erTidaigove ar aris. arseboben
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa TavdasxmiTi potenciali gacilebiT sWarbobs
TavdacviTs. aseTia, magaliTad inglisi. saxelmwifos WeSmariti Zala imiT ki ar
ganisazRvreba, rom mas uadviledeba sxvebis dapyroba, aramed imiT, rom masze
Tavdasxmaa Zneli (1.160-161).
avtori saxelmwifoTa cxovrebas adamianebis cxovrebas adarebs. rogorc
adamians aqvs Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ufleba moklas Tavdamsxmeli, aseve erT
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba omi awarmoos meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da es omi
monteskies mie samartlianad iTvleba. is amarTlebs omis dawyebasac, Tu
saxelmwifo xedavs, rom mSvidobis gagrZeleba misTvis daRupvis tolfasi
iqneboda. omis uflebidan gamomdinareobs dapyrobis uflebac. rodesac erTi
qveyana daipyrobs meores, igi mas oTxi SesaZlo wesiT eqceva:
• Tavis Tavze iRebs mis marTvas igive kanonebiT, rac am dapyrobil qveyanas
manamde hqonda da TavisTvis itovebs mxolod zogad politikur mmar-
Tvelobas;
• cvlis dapyrobili qveynis kanonebs;
• angrevs sazogadoebas da fantavs mas sxvadasxva regionebSi;
• amoJlets yvela moqalaqes.
avtori ganmartavs, rom yvela “moqalaqis amoJleta” ar niSnavs dapyrobil
qveyanaSi adamianebis gawyvetas. moqalaqe SeiZleba daiRupos ise, rom adamiani
gadarCes (1.165). monteskies am mosazrebis ukan dgas “dapyrobis uflebis” Semdegi
72
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia
Tomas mori daibada ingliseli sasamarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo
oqsfordis universitetSi da henri VIII samsaxuSi ekava sakmaod maRali Tanam-
debobebi. iyo jer lankasteris sahercogos, xolo Semdeg inglisis kancleri.
megobrobda holandiel humanistTan, erazm roterdamelTan. naSromma “utopiam”
mas saqveyno saxeli moupova. mors gadulaxavi problemebi Seeqmna mas Semdeg, rac
henri VIII Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada. mori ar iziarebda
protestantul Tvalsazriss da erTgulebda romis paps. protestantizmis
gavrceleba inglisSi mas qristianobis sawinaarmdego aqciad, qristianuli
eklesiis gaxleCvis dasawyisad miaCnda. am motivaciiT, man fici ar misca henri VIII,
rogorc inglisis eklesiis meTaurs. Sedegad, Tomas mori saxelmwifo Ralatis
braldebiT jer tauerSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo Semdeg wels sikvdiliT dasajes.
1886 wels kaTolikurma eklesiam mori wmindanad Seracxa.
“utopia” gamoica 1516 wels levenSi (belgia). is aris ori nawilisagan
Semdgari nawarmoebi, romelic ararsebuli kunZulis, utopiis politikur da
socialur wyobas. naSromis berZnuli sityvebisagan nawarmoebi saxelwodeba “u-
topia”, rac daaxloebiT SeiZleba “uadgilod” an “adgilis armqoned” iTargmnos,
mkiTxvels mianiSnebda, rom wignSi laparaki iyo realurad ararsebul
saxelmwifoze. wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba inglisis politikuri da
socialuri wyobis mZafr kritikas, xolo meore nawilSi gadmocemulia utopiuri
saxelmwifos pozitiuri Sinaarsi. wignis kompozicia imgvarad aris Sekruli, rom
kritikulad Sefasebuli inglisis saxelmwifo mowyoba utopielTa saxelmwifos
srul antipods warmoadgens.
platonis saxelmwifoze saubrisas, avRniSneT gansxvaveba platonis idealur
saxelmwifosa da moris utopias Soris. axla kvlav gavimeorebT ra azrs maT Soris
arsebiTi gansxvavebis Taobaze, gvinda mivuTiToT saerTo momentebzedac. mori,
ra Tqma unda, icnobs platonios saxelmwifos Teorias da iziarebs bevr mis ideas.
es exeba rogorc qonebriv sakiTxebs, aseve utopiuri saxelmwifos yofis
calkeul detalebs.
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea
mori albaT erT-erTi pirvelia maT Soris, vinc Tavisi Sromis kritikul
nawilSi Zalze mZafrad ayenebda socialuri uTanasworobis problemas da saxavda
gzebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. xalxis mZime mdgomareoba, romlis aRwerasac is
dauzareblad ubrundeba xolme sxvadasxva gverdebze, Cans erT-erTi mZlavri
impulsi iyo “utopiis” Sesaqmnelad.
mori asaxelebs or mTavar mizezs qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis
asaxsnelad: erTi gaxlavT gauTavebeli konfliqturi urTierTobebi mezobel
qveynebTan, rac xelisuflebas aiZulebda mudmiv sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi yoloda
soliduri samxedro Zala. misi Senaxva ki Zalze Zviri ujdeboda gadasaxadebis
gadamxdelebs.
meore, mizezad mori imas asaxelebs, rom am dros inglisSi “cxvarma SeWama
adamiani”. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma, romelic SemdgomSi qveyanaSi kapitalizmis
ganviTarebiT gamowveuli socialuri kataklizmebis formula gaxda, xatovnad
asaxavs inglisSi mimdinare realur procesebs. kerZod, inglisis msxvil
qalaqebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis rentabelobam mZlavri biZgi misca soflis
raionebSi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSlas. cvlilebas saTaveSi memamuleebi
Caudgnen, romelTaTvis sasoflo sameurneo produqciis moyvanaze ufro
momgebiani, matylis warmoeba gaxda. daiwyo cxvris intensiuri moSeneba da
maTTvis aucilebeli saZovrebisaTvis sivrcis uzrunvelsayofad glexobis
masiuri ayra sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. daingra soflebi, daingra meurneobis
tradiciuli wesi. gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala srulad ver Seisruta
ganviTarebadma qalaqebma. darCa uamravi usaxlkaro mawanwala, romelTac
maTxovrobiT da qurdbacacobiT gahqonda Tavi. Seqmnili diskomfortis
45
aRmosafxvrelad, xelisuflebam Zalze mkacri kanonebi miiRo maT winaaRmdeg.
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tomas mori aRniSnavda, rom qurdobisaTvis
sikvdiliT dasja yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan jer erTi, is adekvaturia —
fulis warTmevisaTvis ar SeiZleba kacs wavarTvaT sicocxle — da meorec, is
sulac ar spobs qurdobas. aranakleb uvargisi Cans es kanoni im TvalsazrisiTac,
rom erTi da igive sasjelia dawesebuli qurdobisa da mkvlelobisaTvis. vinc
aqamde mxolod Zarcvas dasjerdeboda, axla SeiZleba mowmis mosaspobad
mkvlelobazedac ki wavides. amitom kanoni boritebas ki ar aRmofxvravs, piriqiT,
amravlebs mas.
mori gvTavazobs konkretul RonisZiebebs viTarebis gamosasworelad:
• fermerebis, soflebis gamanadgureblebma an aRadginon soflebi, an miscen
amis saSualeba imaT, visac Sesabamisi survili d mondomeba gaaCnia;
• mdidrebs SeezRudoT sasoflo savargulebis Sesyidvis ganusazRvreli
ufleba, SeizRudos monopoliebi da aikrZalos muqTaxorebis rCena;
• aRdges soflebSi matylis damuSaveba da miwaTmoqmedeba.
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi mainc konkretuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad
mimarTuli nabijebia. arsebobs socialur ubedurebaTa ufro zogadi mizezi —
kerZo sakuTreba. sadac batonobs kerZo sakuTreba, sadac yvelaferi fuliT
izomeba — wers avtori — TiTqmis SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saqmeTa sworad da
warmatebiT marTva. sxvagvarad aseT sazogadoebaSi gamarTlebulad unda
CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso yvelaze ufro uRirsebs
xvdeba, an is, rom yvelaferi xalxis mxolod Zalze mcire nawils aqvs
ganawilebuli da, warmoidgine, rom isinic ver cxovroben rogorc saWiroa,
danarCenebs ki srul siRatakeSi ZvrebaT suli (1. 64-65).
qonebrivi gaTanasworebis ideas mori platonis analogiuri ideis
avtoritetiT mosavs. qonebrivi Tanasworoba, iseve rogorc platonisaTvis,
misTvisac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wyaroa da piriqiT, kerZo sakuTreba
sazogadoebrivi erTianobis rRvevis ZiriTad mizezad saxeldeba. ramdenadac
kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia, mori moiTxovs miwis nakveTebis
moculobis an fulis odenobisaTvis garkveuli zRvaris dawesebas. amasTan,
avtoris mier qonebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad Semotanilia Tanabari
da samarTliani ganawilebis meqanizmi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom SezRudvebi qonebis
moxveWaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod nobilitetze, aramed mefezedac. masac
uwesdeba garkveuli zRvari, romelic aregulirebs mis qonebas.
qonebrivi sakiTxis mogvareba qmnis aseT suraTs: utopiaSi araferi piradi ar
arsebobs, yvela sazogado saqmes emsaxureba. ... aq ki, sadac qoneba serToa,
gaWirvebaSi Cavardnis aravis eSinia, Tuki saxelmwifo beRlis gavsebaze izrunebs.
radgan dovlaTs isini Tanabrad inawileban da ar zunwoben, iq ar arsebobs Raribi
da upovari. da, Tumc ki TiToeuls piradi qoneba ar gaaCnia, mainc yvela
mdidaria” (1. 136).
safiqrebelia, mSromeli xalis duxWiri cxovrebis TanagrZnobiT, mors
gamoumuSavda Sromisadmi Zalze specifiuri damokidebuleba, romelic gamoixata
totaluri Sromis moTxovnasa da muqTaxorebis kritika-SeviwrovebaSi.
muqTaxorebis rigebs Seadgenen: qalebi, mRvdlebi, berebi, keTilSobilebi da maTi
ojaxebi, maTxovrebi. muqTaxorobis sawinaaRmdegod mors SemoRebuli aqvs raRac
savaldebulo SromiTi begaris msgavsi. “utopiaSi” xSirad waawydebiT imis msgavs
frazebs, rogoricaa - “yvela qals da kacs erTi saqme aqvs — miwaTmoqmedeba —
romlisganac aravin Tavisufldeba”. ... “aravin ijdes uqmad” da a.S. aseTi “SromiTi
begara”, romelic mxolod fizikur saqmianobas gulisxmobs, vrceldeba
jariskacebzec da mecnierebzedac, radgan arc erTi maTganis saqmianoba Sromad
ar iTvleba.
moqalaqeebis SromiTi valdebuleba SemdgomSi utopiuri sazogadoebis sxva
SezRudvebis wyarod iqceva. kerZod, izRudeba moqalaqeTa gadaadgileba qveynis
SigniT. es ki xdeba ara adamianTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis surviliT, aramed isev
muSaxelis deficitis gaCenis safrTxidan gamomdinare. moris rekomendaciiT,
46
daxasiaTebiT cdilobs, Tumca aqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: “Cemi saqme araa Seviswavlo,
marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT.
vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva
araferi mainteresebs” (1.192).
rasac ingliselebis politikuri mowyoba sakuTar moqalaqeebs aZlevs, es
gaxlavT samoqalaqo simSvide da qveynis Sida stabiluroba. “moqalaqis
politikuri Tavisufleba aris is sulieri simSvide, romelic TiToeulis
usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs; imisaTvis, rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba,
saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba (1.182).
amisaTvis ki xelisuflebis sam Stod danawileba erTi upirvelesi pirobaTagania.
xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovnas cxadad vafiqsirebT ukve lokis
TeoriaSi. manamde, hobsisaTvis es idea Tumca ucnobi ar yofila, magram
revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis ubedurebTa gaTvaliswinebiT, hobsma araTu
uari Tqva am principze, aramed dagmo is da saxelmwifosaTvis Zalze mavned
miiCnia. monteskie lokze ufro Sors wavida, radgan savsebiT garkveviT mianiSna
sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze, rogorc xelisuflebis iseT damoukidebel
damoukidebel Stoze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos politiuri Tavisufleba. is
wers: “Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba
gancalkevebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi
SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba
moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan
mosamarTle TviTon iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli
gaxdes. yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi
korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas ... ” (1.182). amasTan meti
obieqturobisaTvis, monteskie moiTxovs mosamarTleebis xalxis farTo
wreebidan arCevas.
meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac unda uzrnvelyos politiuri
Tavisufleba, aris xalxis monawileoba qveynis marTvaSi. “vinaidan, Tavisufal
saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba,
TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs
unda ekuTvnodes” (1.184). saxalxo mmarTveloba, romelsac monteskie moiTxovs,
ar aris berZnuli demokratiis ubralo gadamRereba. berZnuli demokratiis
uSualo formisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskie laparakobs warmomadgenlobiT
demokratiaze. misi azriT, uSualo demokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomadgen-
lobiTi forma saWiroa jer erTi imitom, rom did saxelmwifoebSi mosaxleobis
simravlis gamo sxva gza ar arsebobs, meore imitom, rom “warmomadgenlebi”
monteskiesaTvis profesionalebi arian (“... SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa.
xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa demokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba”
(1.185) ). ufro metic, Zveli demokratiebis nakls is swored imaSi xedavs, rom
qveynis marTvas uSualod cdilobda xalxi, risi unaric mas ar hqonda.
warmomadgenlobis instituti Semoitanes ara Zvelma berZnebma an romaelebma,
aramed germanelma tomebma, romlebic, evropis sxvadasxva regiunebSi
gabneulebi, saerTo yrilobaze warmomadgenlebs agzavnidnen.
da bolos mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori politikuri Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelsayofad aris armiis swori organizacia. ramdenadac armia aRmas-
rulebel xelisufelbas eqvemdebareba, saWiroa armiis xalxis warmomadgenlebiT
dakompleqteba da misi ganmsWvalva saxalxo suliskveTebiT. amisaTvis ki
saukeTeso saSualebaa jariskacebis ufleba flobdnen sakmao qonebas da meore,
iyvnen pasuxismgebelni TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.
Tu politikuri Tavisulebis ZiriTadi garantori xelisuflebis ganawilebaa,
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi marTebul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobazea
damokidebuli, radgan sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis qcevis Tavisufleba
ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad daculad grZnobs is Tavs (1.212; 213). garda
amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebulisazogadoebaSi
gabatonebul zneobaze da Cvevebze. zneobas, rogorc vxedavT, aq TiTqmis
kanonTan gaTanabrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli, rac savsebiT esadageba
avtoris Tvalsazriss kanonsa da znes Soris arsebui gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.
71
 3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba
“Tavisufleba” zogadad mravalmniSvnelovnebiT gamoirCeva. erT SemTxvevaSi
is SeiZleba niSnavdes, vTqvaT tiranis damxobis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi
xelisuflebis arCevis uflebas, sxvagan SeiaraRebis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas da a.S. Tu yuradRebiT gadavavlebT Tvals am
daxasiaTebebs, maTSi ufro politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba Cans, vidre
“Tavisuflebis” romelime sxvamniSvneloba. arada, “Tavisuflebaze” SegviZlia
visaubriT rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis azriT, aseve socialuri da ufro
zogadi, metefizikuri Tavisuflebis azriT. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT anu,
rogorc monteskie uwodebs “filosofiuri” mniSvnelobiT, Tavisufleba
SeiZleba ganisazRvros ase: “filosofiuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis
mier Tavisi nebis ganxorcielebaSi ... imSexedulebaSi, rom moqalaqes SeuZlia
sakuTari nebis ganxorcieleba” (1.213).
qveyana, romelSiac kanonebi uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebas, monteskies azriT,
aris inglisi. inglisis politikur yofaze dakvirvebam monteskie miiyvana
Tvalsazrisamde, romelis saWirod sTvlis xelisuflebis samad dayofas.
monteskies mier xelisuflebis danawilebis modeli gansxvavdeba lokiseuli
modelisagan. loki calke gamoyofda sagareo politikis warmaTvis funqcias da
mas uwodebda “federaciuls”. amasTan, loks erTad hqonda mocemuli Sida
kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo kanonmmdebloba da maT aerTianebda erTi saxel-
wodebis, “aRmasrulebelis” qveS. imiT, rom saSinao da sagareo kanonmdebloba
erT korpusSi gaaerTiana da maTgan gamijna sasamarTlo kanonmdebloba,
monteskiem moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis meti garantia Seqmna. monteskie adarebda
ra ingliselTa politikur Tavisuflebas antikuri periodis demokratiis
Tavisuflebebs, upiratesobas pirvels aniWebda. ingliselebma, misi azriT,
gamoaRviZes xalxis masiuri energia da erTmaneTi SeazRudvines nobilitets da
Tems. magram ingliselebis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba Cans umTavresad
kriminallur samarTalSi. arsebobs oTxi saxis kriminali: religiis
sawinaaRmdego, moralis sawinaaRmdego, simSvidis sawinaRmdego da, bolos,
uSiSroebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. monteskies azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos
Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo devna moraluri an religiuri
SecodebisaTvis, garda zogoerTi aRviraxsnilobisa.
amas mosdevs inglisis saxelmwifos Tavisufal moqalaqeTa yofis Sefaseba,
raSiac monteskie ufro dadebiT elementebs xedavs. aq erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli
monarqiis da respublikis saukeTeso formebis Tvisebebi. saxelmwifos
Zalauflebis siZliere uzrunvelyofilia masSi xalxis masiuri monawileobiT,
Tumca es ise xdeba, rom amiT ar izRudeba individualizmi — yoveli konkretuli
piris moqmedebis areali Tavisufalia. es yvelaze kargad Cans religiis
sakiTxebSi; religia individebis privatuli saqmea da masTan dakavSirebiT
araviTari maiZulebeli instanciebi ar erevian saqmeSi.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom monteskie mijnavs politikuri Tavisuflebis
cnebas samoqalaqo Tvisuflebis cnebisagan. msgavsi gamijvna safuZvlad uZevs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bunebis da principebis gaazrebas dasavlur
azrovnebaSi. monteskie asxvavebs kanonebs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, rac
uzrunvelyofs politikur Tavisuflebas da kanonebs moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT
(1.179). politikuri Tavisufleba, avtoris azriT, aris imis gakeTeba, risi
gakeTebac SegviZlia rom gvsurdes da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, risi
gakeTebis survili SeiZleba rom ar gvqondes. erTi sityviT, Tavisufleba aris
kanoniT dasaSvebis keTebis ufleba (1.180).
monteskies miaCnia, rom politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis swrafva
aisaxeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos bunebasa da struqturaze. Tu gadavxedavT
zogierTi saxelmwifos wyobas da kanonebs, cxadi gaxdeba, am saxelmwifos
mizanic. ase magaliTad, romaelTa mizani teritoriebis gafarToeba iyo,
lakedemonelebisa — omi, iudevelebis — religia, CineTis — simSvide da a.S.
arsebobs erTi saxelmwifo, romlis mizani, moqalaqeta politikuri
TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofaa da es saxelmwifo, avtoris azriT, aris inglisi.
amitom igi Tavisuflebis Temis analizs am saxemwifos institutebis da kanonebis
70
mezobel raionSi aucilebel saqmeze wasuli moqalaqe unda iRebdes specialur
nebarTvas da iq asrulebdes savaldebulo samuSaos. Cans mors imedi hqonda, rom
qveyanaSi, sadac yvela gamwarebiT muSaobs da produqti Tanabrad nawildeba,
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis maRali done.
utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. monebad aqceven ara omSi datyvevebulebs an
monebis Svilebs, aramed im Tanamoqalaqeebs, visac sikvdili aqvT misjili an
utopiaSi, an sxva qveyanaSi. sainteresoa, rom SromiTi valdebulebebis
TvalsazrisiT, Tu monis borkilebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, gansxvaveba
moqalaqesa da monas Soris mxolod raodenobrivia. moqalaqe Sromobs 6 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi, mona “maradJams”.
sxva sakiTxebi
sxva sakiTxebdan, romelTa gadmocemas mori nakleb dros rodi uTmobs Tavis
naSromSi aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, morma
SeinarCuna ojaxis fenomeni. saerTo colebsa da Svilebze is arsad laparakobs.
Tumca qorwinebas Camocilebuli aqvs sakraluri Sinaarsi da is qceulia
samoqalaqo aqtad. samagierod, swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi TiTqmis platonur
stilSia gadawyvetili. yoveli bavSvi 5 wlis asakamde, ojaxis gareT, ZiZaTa
TavSesafarSi izrdeba. aRiarebs ra swavlis did rols moqalaqeebis aRzrdis
saqmeSi, mors saWirod miaCnia ganaTlebis mkacri regulireba xelisuflebis mier.
sagangebod miCenilma moxeleebma unda uzrunvelyon sajaro kiTxva. ganaTleba,
rogorc sulieri siamovnebis miniWebis saSualeba, cxovrebis bednierebis wyarod
cxaddeba.
moqalaqeTa tansacmeli utopiaSi uniformasaviTaa da is gansxvavdeba mxolod
imis mixedviT,Tu ra asakis adamians mosavs. qveynis SigniT ar funqcionirebs
fuli. marTalia arsebobs bankebis msgavsi dawesebulebebi, magram maT sagareo
vaWrobis da omis SemTvevaSi saxsrebis gaRebis amocana ekisrebaT.
qveynis nameti mosaxleoba Tanabrad gansaxldeba qveynis teritoriaze sxva da
sxva raionebSi. mosaxleobis Sida migracias gegmazomierad axorcielebs
saxelmwifos xelisufleba. utopielebi ar eridebian kooniebis daarsebas ucxo
teritoriebze da arc omze amboben uars sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.
omis mizezia an samSoblos dacva da momxvduris gandevna, an tiraniiT
Seviwrovebuli xalxebis daxmareba. omisaTvis samzadisi Tanabrad vrceldeba
rogorc qalze, aseve mamakacze. orive gadis samxedro wvrTnas. utopielTa armia
moxaliseebisagan Sedgeba. omis warmoebisas, SeiaraRebul Setakebas mxolod
ukiduresi niSvneloba aqvs. Tanac, am dros utopielebi Zalze ufrTxildebian
sakuTar mosaxleobas da cdiloben brZolebSi pirvel rigSi daqiravebulebi
gaoiyenon. Tumca, isini warmatebis misaRwevad amjobineben sxva mravalferovan
gzebs mimarTon, maT Sorisaa: mtris meTauris mokvla, mtris mosyidva, gaTiSvis
politika, mtrebis winaaRmdeg mezobeli xalxebis waqezeba da a.S.
qveynis politikuri institutebis aRweras mori SedarebiT nakleb dros
uTmobs. naxsenebia senati, saxalxo kreba da rigi Tanamdebobis pirebis
arCeviTobac, magram mTlianobaSi aRwera Zunwia da mraval kiTxvas tovebs.
mTlianobaSi, qveynis politikur institutebze STabeWdilebas gviqmnis moris
mier aRwerili socialuri struqturebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro metadaa
moris interesis sagani.
literatura
1. Tomas mori — utopia. Tsu gamomc., 1983.
2. Алберто Петручани – Вымысел и поучение. «Утопия» Томаса Мора как исходная модель.
В кн. «Утопия и утопическое мышление». Изд. «Прогресс», Москва 1991. (стр. 98-113).
47
 Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani”
liberaluri filosofiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis daxasiaTeba SegviZlia daviwyoT Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebis gad-
mocemiT. mis politikur SromebSi warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani
debuleba, romelic SemdgomSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba liberalizmisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hobss ar Ralatobs arc gadmocemis stili da arc siTamame,
mis nawerebSi mainc SeiniSneba erTgvari araTanmimdevruloba, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, im epoqis sirTuliT unda avxsnaT, romelSiac hobss mouwia cxovreba da
moRvaweoba. mwerlis araTanmimdevruloba, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, ufro
konkretulad, Cans gamowveulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: jer erTi, revoluciis
epoqis Tavad politikuri movlenebis uaRresad rTuli da bundovani xasiaTiT,
rac mkvlevars problemas uqmnida maT Sesaxeb martivi da calsaxad gasagebi
msjelobebis da daskvnebis gadmosacemad; meore, mwerlis mdgomareobiT, rome-
lic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia dapirispirebuli politikuri ZalebisaTvis.
grZeli parlamentis xanaSi, 1640 wlidan, manamde mefisadmi loialuri hobsi
ingliss gaerida. frangul emigraciaSi myofi, hobsi gadaurCa revoluciis qaoss
da samoqalaqo oms. samSobloSi hobso mxolod 1651 wels kromvelis nebarTviT
dabrunda. diqtatori, Cans kmayofili iyo met-naklebad neitralur inglisel
inteleqtualebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobiT. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom
hobss jer saxelmwifo mdivnis posti SesTavazes, xolo Semdeg, daavales
moemzadebina britanuli universitetebis reformis proeqti.
igive 1651 wels, londonSi gamoica hobsis naSromi “leviaTani”, romelmac mis
avtors msoflio saxelTan erTad emigracieSi myofi klerikalebis da
roialistebis risxva moutana. kritikosebis mier “leviaTani” aRqmuli iqna iseT
naSromad, romelic revolucionerebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. hobss
revoluciisadmi simpaTiis garda, aTeistoba dabralda. traqtatis Sinaarss rom
Tavi davaneboT, mat gasaRizianeblad sakmarisi iqneboda mxolod naSromis
gamoce,is garekani, romelzedac gamosaxul Zlevamosili saxelmwifos simbolos,
leviaTans, kromvelis saxe hqonda.
samefo xelisuflebis restavraciam mZime mdgomareobaSi Cayena hobsi. misi
“leviaTani” akrZaluli literaturis siaSi moxvda.. damatebiT, mas mefem
aukrZala religiur da politikur Temebze Sromebis gamoqveyneba. albaT, swored
es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac misi Semdegi mniSvnelovani politikuri
xasiaTis naSromi, “behemoti, anu grZeli parlamenti” ar gamoqveynda. am SromaSi
hobsi ganixilavda samoqalaqo omis mizezebs imgvarad, rom samefo xelisuflebis
TvalSi reabilitacias cdilobda.
rebilitaciis ufro aSkara mcdelobas warmoadgenda 1668 wels laTinur
enaze gamocemuli “leviaTani”. is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda inglisuri
variantisagan, radgan hobsma axal gamocemas sakmaod ucvala saxe. ase magaliTad,
termin “saxelmwifos” aRmniSvnelad inglisur variantSi gamoiyeneboda
revolucionerebisaTvis saTuTi sityva “Commonwelth” maSin, rodesac laTinur
oreulSi mis adekvatur terminad aRebuli iqna “civitas”, xolo umravles
SemTxvevaSi ki “monarchia”. laTinur “leviaTanSi” avtorma amoiRo inglisuri
gamocemis araerTi paragrafi da Caanacvla iseTi TavebiT, romlebic, Tu
xelisuflebis mimarT loialobis nimuSad ar gamodgeboda, neitraluri pozicia
mainc unda daefiqsirebina. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom garekanze leviaTanis
gamosaxulebaSi kromvelis saxes mefis saxe Caenacvla.
am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, sruli reabilitacia samefo karze hobsma ver
SesZlo. yvelas esmoda, rom mTavarma saTqmelma ukve gaiJRera. esec ar iyos,
gadamuSavebuli “leviaTanic” Seicavda araerT iseT mtkicebas, romelic savsebiT
sakmarisi iyo Tavisuflebisa da sxva arsebiTi liberaluri Rirebulebebis
dasafuZneblad.
48
2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris
monteskiesaTvis kanonebi mimarTebebia. isini arseboben obieqturad da
aucileblobiT. monteskie upirispirdeba Tomistur tradicias, romelic
pozitiur samarTals gaigebda maradiul, naturalur da gamocxadebul
kanonebTan kvaSirSi. kanonis saboloo wyaro, Tomistiuri tradiciiT, RmerTia.
saerTo sikeTis gaTvaliswinebiT kanons adgenda mmarTveli. amgvari Tval-
sazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies mier kanonis gansazRvreba jer erTi
adgils aRar tovebda saswaulebisaTvis da meorec kanons gaigebs maradiul
aucileblobad, romelsac gamokveTili racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. RvTaebrivi da
naturalisturi teleologiis Tavidan mocilebiT, monteskie imedovnebda
mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb aeyvana kartezianuli da niutonianuri fizikis
doneze. kanonebis Sesabamisobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi moyavs
mmarTvelobis yvela elementi da amdenad maTi Tanmimdevruli analizi
monteskies Wirdeba saxelmwifos meqanizmis funqcionirebis sruli suraTis
dasadgenad.
SevexoT jer respublikas. respublikaSi siqvele sxva araferia, Tu ara
respublikis siyvaruli. respublikis siyvaruli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
Jams, igive TviT demokratiis siyvarulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanasworobis
(romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs ufro demokratiisaTvis) da zomierebis (rac
ganmsazRvreli xdeba aristokratiisaTvis) siyvarulze daiyvaneba. gaTanabrebis
principis moqmedeba demokratiis pirobebSi, pirvel rigSi Tanaswor qveynis
samsaxurs gulisxmobs. Tu am mimarTebiT gansxvavebebi arseboben, es isev
Tanasworobis principis zeobis gamo, radgan marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,
margam SeZlebiT ki gansxvavebulad axerxeben qveynis samsaxurs. respub-
likisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo adamianebis fenis Seqmna. saSualo fena
zomierebiT da gonivrulobiT gamoirCeva da ganuxrelad ukavSirebs sakuTar
keTildReobas saxelmwifos keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siqvele
Sesabamis emociur ganwyobas gulisxmobs, monteskie savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis
saWirod mis ganmtkicebas kanoniT. “imisaTvis, rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba
giyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni”.
rogor SeuZlia kanons Tanasworobis da zomierebis uzrunvelyofa?
istoriulad amis sxvadasxva gza iyo napovni. erTi maTgani moiTxovda miwis
Tanabrad ganawilebas. sxva gza areguilrebda memkvidreobis kanonebs da a.S. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanasworobis damyareba Tundac demokratiaSi, sadac
Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, Zalze Znelia da bevr riskebTanaa
dakavSirebuli, yvelaze gonivrulad unda CavTvaloT am mimarTebiT Semotanili
is kanonebi, romlebic uTanasworobis SesazRudad qobenriv cenzs awesebs da
amcirebs gansxvavebebs. amis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleba socialuri fenebis
regulireba gadasaxadebiT, Tu mdidrebi daibegrebian ufro metad, vidre
naklebad SeZlebuli ojaxebi.
Tu respublikuri mmarTvelobidan monarqiaze gadavinacvlebT, orien-
tirebulni unda viyoT Rirsebaze, romelic am tipis mmarTvelobis principia.
kanonebic, cxadia, misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos. kanonebma aq ar unda imoqmedon
keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad. es wodeba Tavad daicavs sakuTar Tavs.
kanonebis didi nawili unda mimarTuli iyos memkvidreobiTobis gasarkvevad,
radgan Rirseba aq mibmulia gvarze, mamulze da memkvidreobaze. monarqia ufro
myari saxelmwifoa, vidre despotia, radgan masSi ramdenime fena arsebobs,
romlebic morgebulni arian saxelmwifosTan da mmarTvelobis wesTan.
rac Seexeba despotias, ramdenadac aq mmarTvelobis mTavari principi SiSia,
dabeCavebuli xalxi bevr kanonebs ar saWiroebs. sakmarisia ori-sami martivi wesi,
romlebic uyoymanod aRsruldeba. despotoaSi saxelmwifos usafTxoeba igive
despotis dacvaa. rac mis gareT xdeba despots naklebad aRelvebs. misi ZiriTadi
mizani siwynarea, Tumca siwynare aq mSvidobis macne sulac ar aris. yvelaferi
damyarebulia Zaladobaze, magram Zalis patroni saxelmwifo ki ar aris, aramed
armia, romelic marTalia saxelmwifos dasacavad ki Seiqmna, magram
despotisaTvis isic safrTxes warmoadgens. despoturi saxelmwifoebis tipur
nimuSebad monteskie islamur qveynebs da moskovitias ganixilavs.
69
monteskies interpretaciiT, principSi marTvaze uaris Tqmis kanons emyareba.
sabuTebad mas moaqvs misi epoqis TurqeTis sasulTno d papis marTveloba. orive
politikuri reJimis ZiriTadi knoni gulisxmobs umaRlesi xelisuflis mier
marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davidarabis Tavidan acileba da mis gadabarebas
pirveli vezirisaTvis.
mmarTveobis samive formas Sesabamisi principebi aqvs. ra aris principi?
principis cnebs monteskie bunebis cnebasTan SepirispirebaSi gansazRvravs:
“mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom misi buneba
aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi moyavs.
pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia,
romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben” (1.48).
am gansazRvrebaSi, uTuod aris garkveuli filosofiuri xasiaTis problema,
romelsac Cven aq ar ganvixilavT, Tumca, davafiqsirebT. kerZod, gansazRvrebaSi
aSkarad igrZnoba antkiuri politikuri filosofiis kvali. Zveli berZnebic,
msgavsadve “bunebas” gansazRvravdnen, rogorc imgvar raimes, rac sagans aqcevs
imad, rac is aris saboloo jamSi. monteskiec raRac msgavss ambobs, magram
principis saxiT bunebas umatebs kidev mis amamoZravebel moments. amgvari
mamoZravebeli berZnuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad zedmeti iyo, radgan
buneba ara mxolod sagnis saxe iyo, aramed am saxis mimcemic. aqedan, aSkaraa, rom
Tumca terminologiis mniSvnelovani nawili monteskiesTan klasikuria, misi
xasiaTi arsebiTadaa Secvlili da Cvenc sakvlev Temad SegviZlia viguloT am
cvlilebis mizezebi, xasiaTi da sazRvrebi.
aqamde aRiwera mmarTvelobis formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli kanonebi, Tumca
aRiniSna TiToeuli mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli buneabc. kerZod,
respublikis buneba xalxis mmarTvelobaSia, monarqiisa kanonebiT mmarTvel
xelmwifeSi, xolo despotiisa ki erTmarTvelis nebasurvilebSi.
rac Seexeba TiToeuli maTganis mamoZravebel principebs, demokratiis
principad avtori miiCnevs siqveles (SeiZl. saTnoebas), monarqiisa — Rirsebas,
xolo despotiis principad — SiSs. monarqiaSi, wers monteskie, yvelafers
gansazRvreavs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotiaSi ki mmarTvelis mudam SemarTuli
xeli.. rac Seexeba respublikur mmarTvelobas, sulerTia is warmodgenili iqneba
demokratiiT, Tu aristokratiiT, igi saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels da es
damatebiTi mamoZravebeli aris siqvele. siqvelis moSla moqalaqeebis cxovrebis
wesis degradaciis sawindaria. Tu, magaliTad, adre Tavisufleba surdaT kanonis
Sesabamisad, siqvelis dacemis Semdeg, moqalaqeebi Tavisuflebas kanonis
sawinaaRmdegod moiTxoven. respublikuri marTvelobis pirobebSi standartul
siqveleTa Soris SegviZlia vixiloT: samSoblos siyvaruli, ltolva WeSmariti
didebisaken, Tavdadeba, sakuTari interesebis Sewirva da a.S. siqveleze
msjelobisas abtors mxedvelobaSi politikuri siqvele aqvs, Tumca, aRniSnavs,
rom is moraluri siqvelecaa, radgan misi mizani sayovelTao keTildReobaa.
respublikuri mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba
axasiaTebdes calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs (1.53). amitom
monarqiuli reJimis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli aris Rirseba. misi damaxasiaTebeli
qcevis gansakuTrebuli kodeqsiTa da preferenciebiT. Rirsebis kodeqsi
moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi, ris gareSe is Tavs
Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs.
da bolos, despotiis mTavari principi, rogorc iTqva, SiSia. despotiaSi
xelmwifis garda yvela monaa da gasagebia, rom mona mudmiv SiSSi unda gyavdes,
raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. amasTan monis SiSi ar aris carieli warmosaxvis
TamaSiT Seqmnili safrTxobela. monis SiSi aRmocenebulia realur niadagze da
gulisxmobs despotis mudam SemarTul xels, romelic, rogorc ki modundeba, im
donemde, rom aRar ZaluZs saxelmwifos Tundac pirvel waCinebulTa TavisTvis
sasurvel dros dasja,, despotiis simyares maSinve niadagi ecleba.
ganxiluli sami principi marTvis TiToeuli formis ideidan gamomdinareobs.
monteskie aRniSnavs, rom es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos ar arsebobs gamonaklisebi.
magram rac ueWvelia, is gaxlavT, rom am principebis ganuxorcielebloba
TiToeul marTvelobis formas naklovans xdis.
68
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi
aristoteluri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac miaCnda, rom aris ra
politikuri arseba, adamiani arsebobs mxolod politikur mdgomareobaSi,
hobsis azriT, adamianTa politikur yofas, win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomareoba.
bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRweriT hobsi cdilobs ukeT aCvenos, Tu ra
xdomilebebi ganapirobebs saxelmwifos warmoSobas.
pirveli Tezisi, romelsac hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis gasacnobad
gvTavazobs, liberalizmis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gvaxsovs, rom
platonma sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo imis mtkicebas, rom adamianebi bunebiT
araTanasworni arian. hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwerisas amis sapirispiro
postulatidan amodis. is wers: “bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi
unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT,
rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri an Wkviania, magram Tu maT yvelas
erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arcTu ise
didia, rom romelime adamians mis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis
raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis
analogiuri ufleba” (1.149).
hobsis am citataSi sayuradReboa Semdegi kontraversia: a) hobsi, rogorc
vxedavT, sulac ar laparakobs imaze, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan seriuli
warmoebis produqtebiviT ganusxvavebelni arian. is mxolod imas ambobs, rom maT
Soris umniSvnelo sxvaobidan ar gamomdinareobs romelime maTganis gamorCeuli
ufleba akeTebdes an flobdes raimes. b) Tuki romelime adamians aqvs
samarTlebrivi safuZveli sxvisgan gansxvavebiT moiTxovos an flobdes raimes, es
safuZveli ar momdinareobs misi bunebrivi Tvisebebidan.
es ukanaskneli debuleba hobsis amocanadac ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT, radgan
vxedavT ra sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-politikur diferenciacias da
amave dros viziarebT Teziss bunebiTi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, albaT, (am
SemTxvevaSi hobsis) politikur Teorias unda movTxovoT agvixsnas, ra qmnis aseT
gansxvavebas.
hobsi gvTavazobs Semdeg amxsnel nabijebs: adamianebs Soris unarebis
erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis wyaro. bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluti konfliqtis viTareba — yvelas omi yvelas
winaaRmdeg. mas aRvivebs adamianis Tandayolili iseTi mankierebani, rogoricaa
undobloba, metoqeoba, didebis wyurvili. pirvelis mizeziT adamianebi ibrZvian
usafrTxoebisaTvis, meoris — nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad, xolo mesamis gamo ki
Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad.
imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor unda gavigoT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,
hobsi aseT ganmartebas aZlevs oms: omi ar aris mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.
konfliqtebs Soris arsebobs Sualedebi, romlis drosac metoqeebi avlenen
aSkara samzadiss an mzaobas SetakebisaTvis. rogorc “cud amindSi” igulisxmeba
dro wvimasa da wvimas Soris, aseve omi aris periodi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebisa da
maT Soris arsebuli droiTi Sualedebis. mTeli danarCeni dro mSvidobad
iwodeba.
mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre xorcieldeba totaluri urTierT-
mtroba, da undobloba, rodesac ZalaSia principi — “adamiani adamianisaTvis
mgelia” — aravin grZnobs Tavs daculad. fizikurad gacilebiT sust adamians
Zalze iolad SeuZlia sicocxle mouswrafos masze ufro Zliers. aRniSnul
viTarebas didad ganapirobebs saerTo xelisuflebis ararseboba. sadac ar
arsebobs xelisufleba, iq ar asrsebobs arc samarTali da kanoni da, Sesabamisad,
verc erT qmedebaze ver vityviT samarTliania is, Tu usamarTlo. rasakvirvelia,
rom amgvar viTarebaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs daucvelad grZnobs (1.154).
hobss Zalze surs, rom mis mier adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwera ar
daemsgavsos fiqcias, ar miiRos miTiuri gamonagonis xasiaTi. amitom kiTxvaze,
sad SeiZleba viguloT aseTi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, is gvapasuxobs, rom amgvar
mdgomareobaSi arian amerikaSi mcxobrebi tomebi da ara mxolod isini. aseTive
situaciaSi arian adamianebi revoluciebisa da didi socialuri areulobebis
dros. magram, sdac ar unda xdebodes msgavsi ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamians
49
surs gamovides situaciidan. aseT dros mas vnebebi (sikvdilis SiSi, miswrafeba
usafrTxo da komfortuli cxobrebisaken) da goneba. lorens bernsi, Tavis
hobsis politikuri filosofiisadmi miZRvnil SromaSi imgvarad aRwers
viTarebas, TiTqos hobsis TeoriaSi gonebis roli bunebiTi samarTlis
principebis dadgenaSi umniSvnelo iyos. is wers: “bunebiTi mdgomareoba
gamoiyvaneba adamianis vnebebidan; es ki niSnavs, rom Cven mogviwevs gavigoT, Tu
rogoria adamianis bunebrivi midrekilebebi, raTa CamovayaliboT swori
politikuri wesrigi. ... Sedegad, TviTSegadarCena, SiSis, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis
SiSis gamo, Zalze mniSvnelovan, ganmsazRvrel vnebad iqceva” (2.357). Cven
vfiqrobT, rom miuxedavad adamianis emociuri samyaros didi mniSvnelobisa,
Tundac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ganmsazRvreli mainc gonebaa, radgan swored
goneba axdens adamianis bunebiTi uflebebidan bunebiTi kanonebis gamoyvanas da
amiT dasabams aZlevs politikur da socialur wesrigs. ra gansxvavebaa bunebiT
uflebasa da bunebiT kanons Soris?
aristotele ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan saxemlwifo kanonmdeblobis
bunebiT da konvencionalur wyaros (ix. “nikomaqes eTika” 1134 b 18-20). mis
msgavsad, hobsi saubrobs bunebiTi uflebis (jus naturale) da bunebiTi kanonis (lex
naturalis) Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli aris adaminis
Tavisufleba sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenos yvela is
saSualeba, romelsac saWirod CaTvlis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebiTi kanoni
aris gonebis proskripcia, mocemuli zogadi samoqmedo wesis saxiT, romelic
adamians ukrZalavs imis keTebas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa iseve,
rogorc imis ugulvebelyofas, rac igivesaTvis sasargebloa (1.155). amrigad,
gansxvaveba jus-sa da lex-s Soris emsgavseba gansxvavebas Tavisuflebasa da
valdebulebas Soris erTi da igive xdomilebis mimarT. Tu pirveli afiqsirebs
adamianis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas akeTos misTvis saWiro ram, meore ayalibebs
amis gakeTebis valdebulebas. amasTan, ukanasknelis bunebiTobaze SegviZlia
visaubroT imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis bunebiT moniWebuli gonebrivi uarebiT
dgindeba da gamoiyvaneba bunebiTi uflebebisagan.
am gamijvnis Semdeg, gasagebia, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani
mTlianad jus naturale-s moqmedebis zonaSi imyofeba, radgan araferi
avaldebulebs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr uari sTqvas nebismier aqciaze,
romelsac ki misTvis saWirod CaTvlis. es viTareba bunebiTi samarTlis enaze,
SeiZleba dafiqsirdes formuliT — “yvelas bunebiTi ufleba yvelaferze”.
magram, ramdenadac arsebul viTarebaSi aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis elementaruli
garantia da arseboba momravlebul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saqmeSi ereva
goneba, romelic ayalibebs ramdenime bunebiT kanons. maT Soris: 1. an unda
ganvamtkicoT mSvidoba, an unda yvela SesaZlo xerxiT uzrunvelyoT sakuTari
usafrTxoeba. Semdeg, 2. Tu mSvidobaze Tanaxmaa erTi mxare, maSin meore
valdebulia uari sTqvas Tavis uflebaze yvela sagnis mimarT im xarisxiT, ra
xarisxiTac sxva ityvis uars igiveze da a.S. am wesiT sul gamoyvanilia cxrameti
kanoni da rigi damatebiTi principebi, romelTac unda uzrunvelyon niadagi
bunebiTi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze gadasasvlelad. am gziT
midian adamianebi sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamde, romelic sxva araferia, Tu
ara bunebiTi uflebebis urTierTze gadatana, anu uflebaTa gacvla (1.159; 161.).
hobsi miuTiTebs, rom bunebiTi kanonebi maradiulia. magram amave dros ar
unda dagvaviwydes arc is, rom isini geometriuli wesiT deducirebulia
bunebiTi uflebidan. aq adgili ar aris e.w. geometriuli meTodis deskrip-
ciisaTvis. masze damakmayofilebel warmodgena eqneba imas, vinc icnobs am
meTodiT agebul spinozas “eTikas”. magram, im viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
kanonad wodebuli Tezisebi swored asea deducirebuli avtoris Tavis miwuruls
akeTebs Semdeg SeniSvnas: “gonebis am ganCinebeba adamianebi Cveulebriv kanonebs
uwodeben, rac sinamdvileSi ar Seesatyviseba maT arsebas. es preskripciebi
mxolod daskvnebi an Teoremebia imis Taobaze, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa
SenarCunebas da dacvas maSin, romdesac kanoni, sakuTrivi zriT, gulisxmobs imis
mer gaxorcielebul ganCinebas, visac sxvisi mbrZaneblobis ufleba aqvs. Tumca,
Tu Cven am Teoremebs RvTisagan boZebulebad ganvixilavT, maSin isini
50
dayofas arCeviTobis principTan mimarTebiT. ase magaliTad, romaelebma mTeli
TavianTi mosaxleoba qonebrivi diferenciaciaze dayrdnobiT, eqvs klasad,
romlebic Tavis mxriv centuriebad iyofodnen, (igulisxmeba servius tuliusis
kanonmdebloba) dayves. rac ufro maRali iyo fena, miT ufro naklebi moqalaqe
Sedioda masSi. bolo centuriebi moicavda RaribTa yvelaze did masas. mas Semdeg,
rac TiTo centurias TiTo xma mieniWa, mTelma sazogadoebrivma wyobam
gamokveTili aristokratiuli ieri miiRo.
gansxvavebuli organizacia misca solonma aTnis respublikas, romlis fenebi
dlagda ara imis mixedviT vis SeeZlo aerCia, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vin
SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli.
am magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monteskie askvnis, rom respublikis pirveli
kanonia xmis micemis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa garkveva da danawileba-
organizacia.
respublikuri mmarTvelobis meore umniSvnelovanesi kanoni ukve arCeviT
procedurebs Seexeba. ZvelTaganve aq uamravi sakiTxi arsebobs wilisyrasa da
arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, xmis micemi Ria da farul saxeebs da a.S. monteskies
miaCnia, rom demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari kanoni gulisxmobs, rom Tu xalxi xmas
aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos.
Tu respublikas mmarTvelobis aristokratiuli formisaken aqvs gadaxra,
maSin saukeTeso iqneba is mmarTveloba, romelSiac Raribebi mosaxleobis
umciresobas Seadgenen da piriqiT. es ki imitom, rom aristokratiuli
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, wers monteskie, xalxi araraobaa (1.42).
amrigad, rom SvajamoT, respublikuri mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli
kanonebi, SegviZlia maTi aseTi saxiT dalageba:
• xmis mqone moqalaqeTa ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;
• saarCevno xmis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;
• moqalaqeTa stratifikacia;
• moqalaqeTa balotirebis wesis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da, bolos,
• xmis micemis forma da wesi.
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs ara
xalxs, aramed erT, umaRles mmarTvels. aq yovelgvari politikuri da
samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea, romelic qveyanas ganagebs
ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebi
aucileblobiT iTvaliswineben Zalauflebis Sualedur rgolebs, romliTac
unda ganxorcieldes monarqis xelisufleba. uZiriTadesi kanoni aseT funqcias
Tavadaznaurobas aniWebs: “Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar
aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa” —gveubneba es kanoni. am Sualeduri
saxelisuflebo korpusis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, monarqias aqvs didi Sansi
gadaiqces despotiad.
Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monarqiaSi SeiZleba
gamoiyos Semdegi saxis subordinaciuli elementebi:
• xelmwife;
• didebulebi (nobiliteti);
• Tavadaznauroba.
ramdenadac monarqias despoturi mmarTvelobisagan kanonebis mocemuloba
ganasxvavebs, amdenad Sualeduri, Tavadaznaurobis garda, monarqias sWirdeba
kanonebis “Semnaxavi” korpusi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs ra, Tavadaznaurobis
tradiciul agdebul damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT, Tvali eWireba maT
arsrulebaze. aq monteskie sakmaod bundovnas saubrobs, Tumca gasagebia, rom
mas, dawunebuli monarqis sabWosagan gansxvavebiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sadeputato
korpusi da parlamenti.
da bolos, despotia, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi forma,
67
hobsisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies omis mdgomareobad aqvs gaazrebuli.
sazogadoebaSi adamianebs uqrebaT SiSi iseve, rogorc Tanasworoba grZnoba. maT
nacvlad yalibdeba sakuTari Zalis SegrZneba, rac saomar Setakebebs uZevs
safuZvlad. sazogadoebaSi gaCaRebuli omi orgvaria: omi sazogadoebebs Soris
da omi adamianebs Soris. am orgvari omis Sedegad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi saxis
kanoni:
• kanonebi, romlebic arsegulireben urTierTobas sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris;
saerTaSoriso samarTali.
• kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben urTierTobas erT sazogadoebaSi mmar-
Tvelebs da marTulebs Soris. es kanonebi Seadgenen politikuri samarTlis
masalas, rasac unda davumatoT,
• kanonebi igive sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (moqalaqeTa Soris) urTi-
erTobebs rom aregulirebs da Seadgens samoqalaqo samarTals.
aRniSnuli kanonebis TiToeul jgufs, moqmedebis Sesabamisi mimarTuleba
aqvs. saerTaSoriso, anu xalxTa samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebs Sorisi
urTierTobis, omis da mSvidobis, savaWro kavSirebis da a.S. sakiTxebs. amgvar
problemebs erTmaneTs Soris mTavrobebi wyveten da, gasagebia, amitom, rom maTi
arseboba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis da, politikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas.
politikuri sazogadoeba an politikuri mdgomareoba, romlis SigniTac
politikuri kanonebi moqmedeben, monteskies mixedviT, iqmneba yvela calkeuli
Zalauflebis (mamisa Svilebze, qmrisa colze batonisa msaxurze) gaerTianebis
Sedegad. da bolos, politikuri sazogadoebis Sesqmnelad gaerTianebuli
Zalauflebebi gulisxmoben moqalaqeTa nebis gaerTianebas, rac ukve iZleva
samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. monteskie kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom es sxvadasxva
kanonebi gonebis gansxvavebuli relaciebis Sedegebia da ar aRniSnaven sxvadasxva,
Tundac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferoebs. amitom SemdgomSi cal-
calke aRar ganixileba politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi. mimarTebebs Soris
did zegavlenas axdens rogorc qveynebis fizikuri monacemebi, aseve am
faqtorebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli xalxTa gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi.
Sesabamiad, Cven viRebT xalxebis gansxvavebul kanonebs, Tumca, maT safuZvlad
SesaZloa gonebis erTi da igive relacia idos.
samarTlianad iwodebian kanonebad” (1.185). bunebiTi kanonebi, Sinaarsis mixdeviT,
emTxvevian samoqalaqo kanonebs. bunebiTi kanonebi, ityvis ufro gvian hobsi,
sulac ar arian kanonebi am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro
sxvadasxva saxis principebs warmoadgenen, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianebis
ganwyoba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo wesrigisaken. mxolod saxelmwifos
xeldasmiT, misi umaRlesi warmomadgenlis gansakuTrebuli brZanebulebiT
iqcevian isini samoqalaqo kanonebad (1. 283).
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba
pirovnebis (personis) cneba saWiroa saxelmwifos hobsiseuli koncefciis
srulyofilad gasaazreblad. uzenaesi persona, rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gaxdeba
naTeli aris saxelmwifo. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ra konkretuli Sinaarsi
ideba am cnebaSi, unda gavarkvioT jer “personis” ra mxareebze akeTebs aqcents
hobsi.
pirovneba aris is, visi sityvebi an moqmedebebi ganixileba, an rogorc misi
sakuTari, an rogorc sxva adamianis sityvebi da moqmedebebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
pirovneba bunebrivia, meore SemTxvevaSi — xelovnuri. sityva pirovnebis,
laTinuri “person”-is Sesatyvisad berZnebi iyenebdnen “προσωπον”-s, romelic
aRniSnavda saxes, gamometyvelebas msgavsad imisa, rogorc laTinuri persona
gamoxatavda morTulobas, adamianis gare Sesaxedaobas. am mniSvnelobiT
gamoixateboda es termini Teatris moqmed pirTa morTulobis mimarT da
umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda morTulobis swored im nawils, romelic
faravda saxes, anu aRniSnavda niRabs. Teatris sferodan am terminma Semdeg
gadainacvla sasamarTlosaken da aRniSnavda yvela sityvis warmomTqmel am
momqmed pirs. amitom, pirovneba (persona) aris momqmedi (Tu sityviT gamosvlas
moqmedebis nairsaxeobad gavigebT), piri. sul erTia sasamarTloSi, scenaze, Tu
yofiT viTarebebSi. aqve igulisxmeba, rom es piri Tavis moqmedebebSi an Tavis
Tavs warmoadgens, an sxvas.
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba

2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi finaluri mizezi imisa, ratomac amjobineben saxelmwifos saxiT lagams
Tavisuflebismoyvare adamianebi, aris zrunva TviTgadarCenaze da cxovrebis
ukeTes pirobebze.saxelmwifos daarsebiT adamianebi cdiloben daarwion Tavi
monteskie ganasxvavebs sul sami tipis mmarTvlobas: respublikas (saxalxo
omis ubadruk yofas, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi vnebebs rom mouxvevia
mmarTvelobas mTeli xalxis an misi nawilis saSualebiT), monarqias (erTmarTveobas
Tavs. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xom ar arsebobs aSkara Zalaufleba, romelic
kanonis Sesabamisad) da despotias (aseve erTmarTvelobas yovelgvari kanonis gareSe,
dasjis muqariT aiZulebda adamianebs SeesrulebinaT bunebiTi kanonebi.
mmarTvelis survilebis mixedviT). TiToeul maTganze avtori cal-calke ayalibebs
xelSekruleba maxvilis gareSe — fiqrobs hobsi — mxolod carieli sityvaa,
marTvis ganmsazRvrel kanonebsa da principebs. Tu mmarTvelobis am formebs
romelic adamians ver miscems usafrTxoebis garantias.
SevadarebT antikuri avtorebis mier ganxilul formebs, TvasaCino gaxdeba Tavad
maSin, ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo Sedga? SegviZlia Tu
formebis mwiro raodenoba. es ar aris SemTxveviTi ori TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,
ara, vTqvaT, aristoteles kvalad CavTvaloT, rom erTad Tavmoyrili soflebis
minteskie makiavelis Semdeg, naklebad interesdeba saxelmwifos idealuri
garkveuli raodenoba Seadgens saxelmwifos? Tu saxelmwifos erT-erTi
proeqtebiT da cdilobs aRweros arsebuli viTareba. swored am midgomis Sedegia mis
ZiriTadi funqcia adamianTa usafrTxoebaa, erTi mizniT Tavmoyrili adamianebis
mier naSromSi moyvanili mdidari empiriul-istoriuli masala. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
didi masa xom sakmarisi unda iyos amisaTvis? hobss mravlad moyavs aseTi SesaZlo
meore, rac unda davafiqsiroT, is gaxlavT, rom am periodis evropuli politikuri
kiTxvebis sxvadasxva variaciebi imisaTvis, rom negatiuri pasuxis marTebulobaSi
wyoba met-naklebad homogenuria. principSi, makiavelis kvalad, monteskiec saubrobs
dagvarwmunos. marTlac, Tuki adamianTa mxolod didi raodenobaa saknarisi
respublikaze da samTavroze, cxadia maTi sxvadasxva variaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari sajaro xelisuflebis gaeSe daculi iyos bunebiTi
respublikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori, demokratiis
uflebebi da TiToeulma Tavi usafrTxod igrZnos, ratom ar SeiZleba igive
(mTeli xalxis marTvelobis) an aristokratiis (misi nawilis) formiT.
gavrceldes mTel kacobriobaze? magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom
imisaTvis, rom adamianTa xelSekrulebas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi da
xalxma SesZlos mmarTvelTa dasaxeleba-arCeva. xalxs Tavad ar SeiZlia kargi
xangrZlivad, ara raRac mokle periodiT, aregulirebdes sazogadoebriv
marTva, magram mas SeuZlia kargi mmarTvelebis arCeva. SeiZleba uamravi
urTierTobebs, garda adamianTa masisa da Tavad SiSveli xelSekrulebisa,
magaliTis moxmoba Zveli istoriidan, romelic daadasturebda xalxis bunebriv
saWiroa kidev raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs am xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas. es raRac
unars gaarCios Rirseuli xelmZRvaneli uRirsosagan. ramdenadac demokratiaSi
aris sajaro xelisufleba, romelis sasjelis SiSis qveS amyofebda adamianebs da
Zalze mniSvnelovania arCevnebi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xalxis fenebad
66 51
mimarTavda maT saerTo miznebis Sesasruleblad.
rogor, ris safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas sajaro xelisufleba? hobsi wers:
“aseTi sajaro xelisufleba ... SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi gziT,
kerZod, mTeli Zalauflebis, adamianTa Zalis erT adamianSi an adamianTa
sakrebuloSi TavmoyriT” (1.196). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba
xalxis warmomadgeneli unda iyos da TiTueulma moqalaqem sakuTari neba unda
dauqvemdebaros saerTo nebis matarebel personas. aseTi erTianoba — hobsis
azriT — ufro metia, vidre ubralo Tanxmoba an, gnebavT erTsulovneba. es aris
realuri erTianoba xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli erT personaSi imgvarad,
rom xelSekrulebis TiToeul monawile yovel sxva monawilesTan erTad, am erT
personas an sakrebulos Tvlis sakuTari Tavis marTvis uflebis matareblad.
“Tuki aseT raimes adgili eqna — wers hobsi — maSin am wesiT erT personaSi
gaerTianebuli adamianTa erTianoba, iwodeba saxelmwifod, laTinurad — civitas.
aseTia didi leviaTanis, an ufro meti pativis migebiT rom vTqvaT — im mokvdavi
RmerTis dbadeba, romelsac ukvdavi RmerTis safarqveS myofni unda
vumadlodeT mSvidobas da dacvas” (1.196). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos
yoveli wevri Tavis ufllebamosilebas gadaabarebs erT an ramdenime pirs, am
ukanasknelTa xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelic sruliad
sakmarisia saxelmwifos yoveli wevris, mTeli xalxis nebis misamarTad gare mtris
winaaRmdeg an SidaaSlilobis aRsakveTad. am SeniSvnebisa da dazustebebis Semdeg,
saxelmwifos gansazRvreba sabolood ase JRers: “saelmwifo aris erTiani
persona, romlis moqmedebaze pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis dadebiT aiRo
didi raodenobis xalxma, imisTvis, rom am erT personas SesZleboda yvela maTi
Zalis da saxsaris gamoyeneba imgvarad, rogorc is saWirod CaTvlida maTive
mSvidobisa da dacvisaTvis” (1.197). am erTiani personis matarebels ewodeba
suvereni, anu is, vinc aris umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebeli da, vinc
xelSekrilebis ZaliT wamoadgens yvelas. yvela danarCens ewodeba qveSevrdomi.
am umaRlesi postis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an unda gamoyenebuli iyos
fizikuri Zala da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba moxveWiT miRebuli saxelmwifo,
an moqalaqeebma unda dadon nebayoflobiTi xelSekruleba da maSin Cven miviRebT
politikur saxelmwifos.
saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teoria Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs
liberaluri frTis sxva warmomadgenlebTan. is gansakuTrebiT sruladaa
damuSavebuli rusosTan. rusosagan gansxvavebiT, hobsis xelSekrulebis Teoriis
specifika isaa, rom xelSekruleba ideba mxolod qveSevrdomebs Soris da ara
qveSevrdomebs da suverens Soris. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, hobsi uaryofs
suverenis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis marTlzomierebas. hobsi pirdapir
wers, rom am wesiT saxelmwifos Semdgenlebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT axali
xelisuflebis dadeba, romlis ZaliTac isini morCilebas axal pirs gamouc-
xadebdnen. amitom, aravis aqvs monarqis damxobis, qveynis qaosSi Cagdebis da axali
suverenis arCevis ufleba. es wesi, ramdenadme paradoqsulad, ar icvleba arc
maSin, rodesac suvereni daarRvevs raime valdebulebas (1.199). SegviZlia
aRvniSnoT, rom rusos xelSekrulebis Teoriam, romelic subieqtebad mzolod
moqalaqeebs ki ara, aramed TiToeul moqalaqesTan suverenis mier dadebul
garigebasac gulisxmobda, savsebiT logikurad CaTvala SesaZleblad, am
ukanaskneli pasuxismgebloba xedSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis dar-
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi. aman ki revoluciis Teoriuli dasabuTebas gauxsna gza.
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi
hobsi calke aRar ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos xelSek-
rulebiTi dafuZneba mxolod monarqiul saxelmwifoze vrceldeba, Tu yvela
danarCen formazedac, radgan dadebiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod naTlad
gamosWvivis mis msjelobebSi. aseTi pozicia SesaZloa gaugebrobis wyaro gaxdes,
Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT misi zogierTi SeniSvna. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba
saxelmwifo mowyobis iseT formas, rogoricaa tirania. ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,
52
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni”
“kanonTa goni” cnobili frangi ganmanaTleblis, monteskies ZiriTadi naS-
romia, romliTac man msoflio saxeli moipova. naSromi or tomad gamovida 1748
wels. “kanonTa goni” ar yofila monteskies pirveli nawarmoebi socialur-
politikur sakiTxebze. sazogadoebis yuradReba monteskiem jer kidev 1721 wels
miipyro, rodesac “sparsuli werilebi” gamoaqveyna, rasac 1734 wels mohyva misi
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba — “gaazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis
Sesaxeb”. miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli nawarmoebebi originalobiTa da azris
siTamamiT gamoirCeoda, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedrebian “kanonTa gons”,
romelzedac monteskiem oci weli imuSava da unda iTqvas savsebiT gamar-
Tlebuladac, radgan ortomiani gamokvleva warmoadgenda imdroindeli
politikuri mecnierebis erTgvar enciklopedias, an iqneb umjobesia vTqvaT,
Semajamebel naSroms. gamokvlevaSi Tavi moiyara istoriis, politikuri Teoriis,
filosofiis, sociologiis, samarTlisa da saxlemwifoTmcodneobis sakiTxebis
mTelma wyebam. TiToeul maTganSi monteskiem ara mxolod SesaniSnavi gan-
swavluloba gamoavlina, aramed Rrmaazrovain da damajerebeli pasuxebi gasca
mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. monteskies politikuri Sexedulebebis
gadmocemisas, Cven swored am naSromis ZiriTad momentebs ganvixilavT.
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi
monteskies naSromi im kanonebis bunebis, suliskveTebis Sesaxebaa
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas rom uZevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, upirveles
yovlisa, saWiroa gavecnoT Tavad kanonis cnebas. kanonis erTi gansazRvreba
identobis niSans svams adamianis gonebas da kanons Soris. kanoni, am azriT, igive
adamianis gonebaa, romlis sxvadasxva mimarTebebi iZleva politikuri da
samoqalaqo kanoonebis saxiT gonebis mimarTebaTa kerZo SemTxvevebs. kanonis
monteskies meore definicia ar gansxvavdeba am cnebis standartuli,
filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebisagan. kerZod, “kanonebi, am sityvis
yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT — aRniSnavs monteskie — aucilebeli mimarTebebia,
romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan” (1.30). es gansazRvreba, cxadia
yvela saganze, da maT Soris, Tu mas azrovnebis sagnad ganvixilavT, adamianzec
vrceldeba. rogorc fizikuri arseba, adamiani, mTlianad bunebis kanonebis
gavlenis qveS imyofeba. magram misi fizikuri mxare ar aris erTaderTi, romelic
bunebis zegavlenas eqvemdebareba. bunebis principebi vrceldeba adamianis
yofazedac da amitom, vidre adamianis sazogadoebriv yofis kanonebs
SevexebodeT, is unda ganvixiloT im mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs
sazogadoebrivs. bunebrivi mdgomareobis Temis analiziT, montekie exmaureba
hobsis Semdeg damkvidrebul tradicias, Tumca, gansxvavebas bunebiT samarTalsa
da sazogadoebriv samarTals Soris, jer kidev aristotele atarebda.
ra daxasiaTebas aZlevs monteskie adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi? mis mier
SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTeba hobsis poziciis sruliad sapirispiroa. kerZod,
ganxilvis nimuSad aRebuli “tyeebSi mokankale velurebi”, misi azriT, Zalze
Sors dganan hobsis mier aRwerili mebrZoli suliskveTebis mqone
adamianebisagan, romlebasc gaCaRebuli hqondaT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.
piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis uZlurebis grZnoba da
SiSis gancdaa pirveli. amitom, bunebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia ara
omis mdgomareoba, aramed mSvidoba. meore, rac adamianebs ubiZgebs moq-
medebisaken, SimSili da sakvebis Ziebis moTxovnilebaa. mesame, sapirispiro
sqesebs Soris urTierTltolva, rac adamianTa pirveli daaxloebis wyaroa. da
bolos, meoTxe da saboloo damakavSirebeli momenti, aris cnobierebis, Semec-
nebis aqtiurobis Sedegi, rac adamianebs Soris aCens im saxis kavSirebs, rac ar
gaaCniaT cxovelebs. sazogadoebrivad cxovrebis survili, ambobs monteskie,
meoTxe, bunebrivi kanonia (1.34).
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis specifika, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis sawyis etapze,
65
mareglirebeli kanonebis miReba, magram ara misi mospoba an miTviseba. da bolos,
d) sakanonmdeblo organos ar SeuZlia sxvis xelSi gadasces kanonis gamocemis
ufleba. “mxolod xalxs SeuZlia saxelmwifos formis gansazRvra da amas is
akeTebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeqmniT da maTi daniSvniT, vis xelSiac
iqneba es xelisufleba” (1.345). am SezRudvebis garda, gasaTvaliswunebelia isic,
rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens sakrebulos, romlis Semadgen-
loba mTlianad icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am sakrebulos wevrebis
daSlis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian da sxva moqalaqeebis msgavsad
emorCilebian sxelmwifos kanonebs. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sxva prin-
cipebze mowyobis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, Tu sakrebulos Semadgenloba mudmivia
an erTi adamianis xelSia), arsebobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe.
ramdenadac kanonebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, magram gamiznulebi arian
xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis, saxelmwifo saWiroebs myar Zalas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs maT ganxorcielebas, an ganxorcielebis kontrols. xelisuflebis am
gansxvavebuli funqciidan gamomdinare, loki moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebisagan gaimijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi piriT, romelic umaRlesi
aRmasrulebeli iqneba. Tu es piri an monawileobs amave dros sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebaSi, is mTlianad angariSvaldebulia mis mimarT. aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani niSania misi mudmiv samuSao mdgomareobaSi yofna.
marTlac, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,Tuki is Seikribeba drodadro, uproblemod
gaarTmevs Tavs dakisrebl amocanas, rasac ver vityviT aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, agreTve
axali arCevnebis daniSvna sakanonmdeblo sakrebuloSi. es SeiZleba orgvarad
ganxorcieldes: an amgvari arCevnebis pirobebi gawerilia konstituciaSi da maSin
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas isRa darCenia, rom zogado xelmZRvaneloba gauwios am
arCevnebs, an aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs da aRmasrulebeli Tavad gansazRvravs mis
vadebs da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs.
loki saubrobs xelisuflebis kidev erT Stoze, romelic Tanamedrove
politikur praqikasa da TeoriaSi ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxiT.
Tumca Tavad lokic SeniSnavs paragrafis bolos, rom xelisufleis am Stos
aRmasrulebelisagan damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, SesaZloa wamgebianic ki
iyos saxelmwfosaTvis. es aris, e.w. federaluri xelisufleba. federaluri
xelisufleba igive aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa misi im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu
Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dkavebulia sazogedoebis municipa-
luri kanonebis aRsrulebiT Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, federaluri
xelisuflebis sazrunavia sazogadoebis sagareo interesebis dacva da qveynis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am federalur xelisuflebas, rig SemTxvevebSi,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, magram misi specifikidan
gamomdinare, Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xalisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, is
naklebad uwevs angariSs qveyanaSi momqmed mdgrad kanonmdeblobas. aq gacilebiT
metia damokidebuli im pasuxismgebeli pirebis gonierebasa da ostatobaze, visac
saxelmwifom politikis es sfero miando.
marTalia saxlemwifoSi realurad arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela sxva, saboloo jamSi masze maRali
instanciac arsebobs. saboloo Zalauflebis wyaro mainc xalxia, romelsac, Tu
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba uvargisia, SeuZlia gadaaayenos an Sescvalos
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis Semadgenloba (1.349). Tu aseTi ram moxda, es niSnavs,
rom xelisufleba daubrunda pirvelwyaros, radgan sazogadoeba, xalxi yovelTvis
inarCunebs uflebas sakuTari Tavis xsnisaTvis warmoadgendes uzenaes
saxelisuflebo Zalas saxelmwifoSi, romelic misi miznebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.
literatura:
1. 1. Джон Локк – «Два трактата о правлении», в кн. Джон Локк, Избранные произведения в
трех томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1988., том 3 (c. 263-290; 306-356).
2. Laurence Berns – John Locke, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .
64
rom moZalade suverenis xelisufleba (gnebavT, Zaladobis principuli forma
rom aviRoT saxelmwifos formirebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac saxelmwifo
dapyrobebis Sedegad iqmneba) xelSekrulebis Sedegia? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis
SegviZlia mivakiTxoT hobsis mier berZnuli terminis “ δεσποτηζ“ (batoni,
patroni) analizs.
rodis xdeba mavani ama Tu im piris batoni? pasuxisaTvis hobsi laparakobs
damonebis erT formaze — omSi mopovebul monebze. mavani batoni xdeba ara maSin,
rodesac is daamarcxebs, miwaze dascems metoqes, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg,
rodesac es ukanaskneli sakuTari sicocxlis fasad gamarjvebulis sakuTreba
xdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom TviT am sazRvriT SemTxvevaSiac urTierTobas batonsa da
monas Soris xelSekruleba adgens. aqedan, Znelia ar aris igive principebis
gavrceleba ZaladobiT mopovebul saxelmwifo suverenobis im formaze, romelic
Zaladobrivi gziT Camoyalibda. es ki niSnavs, rom moZalade xelisufalze
zustad igive principebi xorcieldeba, romelic vrceldeba Cveulebrivi
xelSekrulebiT warmoSobil xelisuflebis sxva formaze (1.226).
saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ras
warmoadgens am saxelmwifoSi is, vinc warmoadgens yvelas da TiToeuls, anu ras
warmoadgens suvereni. (1.209). am principis Sesabamisad, hobsisaTvis arsebobs
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sul sami ZiriTadi forma: monarqia, aristokratia da
demokratia. rac Seexeba tiraniasa da oligarqias, isini mxolod monarqiis da
aristokratiis uaryofiTi nairsaxeobebia. ufro zustad, “tirania” da
“oligarqia” aris negatiuri daxasiaTebebi monarqiisa da aristokratiisaTvis. es
sami ZiriTadi forma imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, Tu romeli maTgani ufro
gamosadegia ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebaSi — qveSevrdomebis usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofaSi. hobsi miuTiTebs, rom kriteriumad aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia
aviRoT interesebis Tanxvedra. sadac sazogadoebis interesebi yvelaze metad
emTxveva xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomTa interesebs, iq ufro ukeT realizdeba
saxelmwifos funqciebi da amocanebi. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, monarqiaSi xdeba,
radgan monarqis saxels, didebas da simdidres gansazRvravs misi qveSevrdomebis
saxeli, dideba da simdidre. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gvarwmunebs, hobsi,
demokratiasa da aristokratiaSi, isini, vinc suverens ganaxorcieleben, maTi
piradi interesebi gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos interesebisagan.
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi
Cven ukve viciT, rom “suvereniT”, hobsis TeoriaSi, aRiniSneba xelisuflebis
uzenaesi piri, sul erTia am pirs warmoadgens erTi adamiani, Tu adamianTa jgufi.
rogorc vnaxeT, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT fuZndeba aseTi
saxelmwifo posti, romelsac ikavebs esa Tu is adamiani, Semdeg kontraqtis
gauqmeba masTan da axali kontraqtis dadeba sxva pirTan aRar SeiZleba. suverenis
xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi formaa misi sakuTari nebiT postidan
gadadgoma. ramdenadme paradoqsulad es niSani vrceldeba ara mxolod im tipis
suverenze, romelic warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aramed
imazedac, vinc suverenuli uflebebi moipova Zalis gamoyenebiT da Cven ukve
viciT, rom hobsi am or saxes Soris principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs. maT Soris
msgavsebaa SiSis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tu suverenis posti politikurad
myardeba, amisaken adamianebs ubiZgebs erTmaneTis SiSi, xolo Tu saxelmwifo
yalibdeba dapyrobiT, maSin SiSis sagani dampyroblis Zalmomreobaa. TviT aseT
SemTxvevaSic, mxolod sakuTari nebiT gadadgoma iqneba suverenis xelisuf-
lebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi forma.
amis garda, suverens aqvs sxva niSnebic, romelic SemosazRvravs mis Zala-
uflebasa da kompetencias. SevexoT ramdenime maTgans. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes,
rom suverenis yvela ufleba momdinareobs misi, rogorc qveSevrdomebis
usafrTxoebis garantorobidan. Sesabamisad, pirveli misi uflebaa iyos saboloo
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic exeba misi qveSevrdomebis
mSvidobas da dacvas.
53
 • igive mosazrebebiT igi uflebamosilia gansajos saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli
literaturis avkargianoba. daadginos principebi imisa, Tu ra saxis
literaturaa saWiro da romeli avtorebi unda iyvnen rekomendirebulni;
• suverens ekuTvnis, agreTve gansakuTrebuli aqtis ufleba, romelic adgens
sakuTrebis uflebas (da sakuTreba ki arsebobs mxolod adamianTa
politikur mdgomareobaSi, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas
yvelaferze aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba), mis sazRvrebs da kanonebs sakuTrebis
irgvliv arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mosagvareblad;
• suvereni iTavsebs umaRlesi mosamarTlis funqciasac, rodesac sadavo
xdeba Tavad kanoni, sulerTia, es kanoni aris bunebiTi, Tu samoqalaqo;
• suverenis kompetenciaSi Sedis omis da mSvidobis sakiTxebi. is aris
umaRlesi mTavarsardali da marTavs qveynis SeiaraRebul Zalebs;
• suvereni Tavad irCevs yvela samoqalaqo pirs, rogorc samxedro, aseve
samoqalaqo Tanamdebobaze. mas SeuZlia warCinebis niSnebiT daajildovos
yvela piri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. daRildoebaSi
Sedis rogorc Rirsebis sxvadasxva ordeniT, aseve titulebiT da qonebiT
dajildoeba.
am ZiriTadi uflebebis garda, ra Tqma unda, kidev arsebobs sxva uflebebic,
romelTa CamoTvlas aq aRar gavagrZelebT. ufro mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze,
rom suverens am funqciebis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. amave dros, arsebobs sruliad
sxva saxis sakiTxebis rigi, romelTa gadawyveta suverens SeuZlia sruliad
usafrTxod miandos romelime Tavis qveSevrdoms. aseTia, magaliTad, fulis
moWra, mcirewlovanTa memkvidreobis sakiTxebi, bazris regulirebis problemebi
da sxva. magram mas ar SeuZlia gaasxvisos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia,
radgan Tu is mTavarsardlobas sxvas Caabarebs, maSin, realur Zalas moklebuli,
veRarc umaRles mosamarTleobas ganaxorcielebs. Tu is uars ityvis qveynis
finansebis gankargvaze, maSin ver gamokvebavs jars da a.S.
hobsis es da yvela sxva msgavsi msjelobebi garkveul komentarebs saWiroebs.
jer erTi, isini metyveleben imaze, rom arsebobs suverenis kompetenciis
ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi da araarsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da rom arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebis suverenis cnebis gareT gatana angrevs mis kompetencias. garda
amisa, hobsis kvalifikaciebidan sakmaod naTlad Cans, rom igi mowinaaRmdegea
xelisuflebis danawilebisa. suvereni aris rogorc umarlesi kanonmdebeli,
aseve umaRlesi aRmasuflebeli moxele da mosamarTle. avtori arc malavs, rom
aq laparakia arsebiT ZalTa danawilebaze. mizezi misi aseTi poziciisa, aris
samoqalaqo omi, rac hobsis azriT, ori xelisuflebis, ori armiis logikuri
Sedegi iyo. formula “gaxleCili samefo ar SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos” (1.206) -
swored am viTarebas afiqsirebs.
umaRlesi xelisufalis xelSi aseTi Zlauflebis koncentracia bunebrivad
warmoSobs eWvs qveSevrdomTa saerTo mdgomareobis Taobaze. isini SeiZleba
ukmayofiloni gaxdnen monarqiiT da TavianTi uuflebobiT. hobsi SeniSnavs, rom
sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebiT raRac ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs da rpm is
araferia im sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, rac politikur cxovrebas moaqvs bunebiTi
mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu vityviT, rom mmarTvelobis monarqiuli
formaa qveSevrdomTaTvis mZime, avtors amazedac aqvs pasuxi (sxva sakiTxia, ra
Tqma unda, gaviziarebT Tu ara Cven mas), rom viTareba didiad gansxvavebuli ar
aris arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, radgan, rogorc gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi vela TavianT ubedurebas,
mmarTvelobis am wess miaweren. “xelisufleba ki — SeniSnavs hobsi — rodesac is
miaRwevs Tavis srlyofil formas, erTgvaria yvela mis formaSi” (1.208).
54
mier yovel sxva wevrTan d TiToeuli iRebs valdebulebas daemorCilos da mihyves
umravlesobis nebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis romelime wevrs rCeba Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebis Tavisufleba, maSin xelSekruleba Semdgarad ar
CaiTvleba (1.318).
rodesac svaven kiTxvas bunebrivi mdgomareobis realurobis Taobaze, loki
marTalia aRiarebs istoriuli cnobebis ar arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
ganxorcielda es gadasvla, magram miaCnia, rom aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT TiTqos
gadasvlas saerTod ar hqonda adgili. realur nimuSad, loki asaxelebs romis da
venecis istorias (1.320). amrigad — askvnis magaliTebis mimoxilvis Semdeg loki —
maTi politikuri szogadoebebi yvela daiwyo nebayoflobiTi kavSirebiT da
urTierTTanxmobiT adamianebisa, romlebic mmarTvelebis arCevisas da
mmarTvelobis formebis SerCevaSi moqmdebdnen Tavisuflad (1.321). lokis es
mosazreba sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac aq SegviZlia davafiqsiroT
“sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ufro da ufro didi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.
marTlac, jer laparaki iyo iseT gaerTianebaze, romelSiac ikveTeba adamianTa
saerTo neba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTrebis dacva. Semdeg koncefciaSi, mis
aucilebel pirobad, Semovida sasamarTlo, Semdeg xelisuflebis danawileba,
umravlesobis mmarTveloba da axla, bolos vigebT, rom sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mmarTvelis da mmarTvelobis formebis arCeviTobas.
ganvixiloT axla calke saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi.
5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebidan, loki detalurad ganixilavs mxolod
demokratias, oligarqias da monarqias. monarqiaSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv,
memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo meore mxriv ki, arCeviTi monarqia. rac Seexeba
ara mmarTvelobis romelime konkretul formas, aramed zogadad saxelmwifos,
rogorc aseTs, loki mas aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs: “saxelmwifos qveS me
yovelTvis vgulisxmob ara demokratias, an mmarTvelobis sxva romelime formas,
aramed nebismier damoukidebel sazogadoebas, romelsac laTinebi ‘civitas’-s
uwodebdnen, rasac Cven enaze ukeT Seesabameba “commonwelth” (1.338)
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma — wers loki — irkveva imis mixedviT, Tu vis
xelSia umaRlesi xelisufleba. amasTan, umaRles xelisuflebaze saubrisas,
loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba. arc erTi
ganCineba, romelic sanqcionirebuli ar aris xalxis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis mier, ar SeiZleba Sevides ZalaSi, radgan swored aseTi
sanqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs es ganCineba saxalxo Tanxmobis Zalas. zogadad
ki “sakanonmdebloa xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs ufleba miuTiTos, Tu rogor
unda iyos gamoyenebuli saxelmwifos Zala imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iyos
Tanamegobroba da misi wevrebi” (1.346). sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, lokis mixedviT, mas gaaCnia
mniSvnelovani SezRudvebi. kerZod, a) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesi
xelisuflebis formaa, magram is Zalze Sors aris misi moqalaqeebisadmi
absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebis flobisagan. es mtkiceba avtors
gamoyavs im Tezisisgan, rom aravis aqvs absoluturi, despoturi Zalaufleba
sakuTar Tavze da Tu aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT individebs, gasagebia, rom maT ar
SuZliaT gadascen es xelisufleba sxvas. bunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia
kacobriobis SenarCuneba; b) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes despoturi myisieri ganCinebebis saSualebiT. piriqiT, misi
mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes winaswar cnobil, mdgrad kanonmdeblobas, rasac
ganaxorcieleben specialurad amisaTvis arsebuli pirebi; g)umaRlesi
xelisufleba uflebamosili ar aris sakuTreba CamoarTvas romelime adamians
misi Tanxmobis gareSe. es gasagebia, radgan rogorc araerTxel iTqva,
xelisufleba iqmneba sakuTrebis dasacavad, risTviac adamianebi erTiandebian
sazogadoebd. aqedan, saxelmwifos da, maSasadame, xelisuflebis arsebobis
winapiroba sakuTrebis flobaa; xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis
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 4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
RmerTma adamiani iseTi Seqmna, rom is yovelTvis eswrafvis sazogadoebaSi
yofnas. pirveli sazogadoeba Sedgeboda qmrisa da colisagan, ramac biZgi misca
sazogadoebis warmoSobas — mSoblebi da Svilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, amas
daemata batons da msaxuris asociaciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mmarTvelic
aris da marTulic, aseTi sazogadoeba, rac ar unda didi iyos is, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar aris politikuri sazogadoeba. loki araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari mizania sakuTrebis SenarCuneba (1.310).
politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma TiToeulma
wevrma nebayoflobiT uari Tqva sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari qonebis dacvis
bunebiT uflebaze da es ufleba gadasca sazogadoebas, romelsac nebismier dros
SeuZlia mimarTos dxmarebisaTvis, im SemTxvevebis garda, romelic gamoricxulia
am sazogadoebis kanonebiT. es ki gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris kerZo sasa-
marTloebs da maT adgils, rogorc Suamavali, ikavebs saxelmwifo. amrigad, Tu
adamianebi garTianebulni arian erT mTlianobad ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da
sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic
uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebi da dasajos
damnaSaveebi — maSin vaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadeba (1.311). Tu adamianebs aseTi
kanoni da sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT da yoveli individi Tavadaa rogorc
mosmarTle, aseve jalaTi, maSin es xalxi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.
politikuri sazogadoebis da mmarTvelobis mTavri mizani sakuTrebis
SenarCunebaa imitom, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia
ramdenime mizezis gamo, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa: a) dadgenili kanonis
ararseboba, romelic iqneboda samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis sazomi; b) kanonebSi
ganswavluli, mcodne da miukerZoebebli mosamarTlis ar arseboba; da bolos, g)
ar arsebobs Zala, romelic kanonebs moiyvanda moqmedebaSi.
loki bevrs laparakobs sasamarTlos mniSvnelobasa da funqciebze, Tumca
sasamarTlo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelisuflebo Sto, mis SromaSi ar figu-
rirebs. loki calke gamoyofs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, calke aRmas-
rulebel xelisuflebas. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze
gadasasvlelad, orive saWirod miaCnia (1.312). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, is
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawiladaa warmodgenili: da amas gadavyavarT
bunebrivi mdgomareobidan saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac Cndeba mosamarTle,
romelsc aqvs ufleba gadaWras yvela sadavo sakiTxi da aunazRauros zarali,
romelic SeiZleba miadges saxelmwifos nebismier wevrs.
es mosamarTle warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an mis mier daniSnul
Tanamdebobis pirs. am mosazrebidan loks gamoyavs mtkiceba, monarqiuli
mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sazoagdoebasTan SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. marTlac,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania Tavidan aicilos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is niSani,
romlis drosac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavis saqmeSi mosamarTle. es ki
xorcieldeba imgvari saxelisuflebo organizaciis SeqmniT, romelsac miakiTxavda
yovel wuTs adamiani. Tu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piri, romelsac araviTari
saWiroeba ara aqvs aseT dawesebulebas mimarTos, maSin es piri (gasagebia, rom aq
laparakia monarqze) bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. marTlac, monarqad yofna
gulisxmobs, rom am pirs abaria rogorc sakanonmdeblo, asve aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba da ar arsebobs mosamarTle, romelsac is mimarTavda saqmis gasarCevad.
Cven ukve viciT, rom politikuri sazogadoeba Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi uars
amboben ra bunebiT Tavisuflebaze (adamianebi ki bunebiT Tavisuflebi, Tanasworebi da
damoukideblebi ibadebian da amitom erTaedrTi gza sxvis Zalauflebas
daqvemdebarebisa aris am adamianebis sakuTari uari Tavis Tavisuflebaze) im mizniT,
rom sxva adamianebTan erTad uzrunvelyon usafrTxo da bednieri cxovreba. rogorc ki
adamianebi amgvarad gaerTiandebian politikur organizmad, im droidan umravlesobas
eZleva ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba da imoqmedos sxvebis saxeliTac (1.317). rac
Seexeba umciresobas, is rogorc erTiani organizmis nawili, valdebulia daemorCilos
umravelesobis mosazrebas da imoqmedos maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. swored
amitom aris xolme rom sakanonmdeblo organizaciebSi umravlesobis azri mTelis
azradaa miCneuli. amrigad, xelSekruleba organizebulia sazogadoebis yoveli wevris
62
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba
Zalze zogadad Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas subieqtma
ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli qceva. am qcevis mTavari moqmedi agenti, yvela
SemTxvevaSi adamiania da ara misi calkeuli mxare. ase magaliTad, rodesac
saubaria metyvelebis Tu Tu nebis Tavisuflebaze, aq yovelTvis adamianis
Tvisufleba igulisxmeba. igulisxmeba, rom mas araferi uwevs winaaRmdegobas
gaakeTos is, saiTac misi neba, survili, Tu midrekileba ubiZgebs. Tavisufleba
savsebiT Seesatyviseba SiSs. Tu adamiani kanonis SiSiT asrulebs saxelmwifo
valdebulebebs, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom is ar aris Tavisufali. igive
mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tavisuflebis RvTaebriv aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT.
RmerTs rom ar surdes adamianis Tavisufleba, maSin Tavisufeli nebis arseboba
winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda RvTaebriv wesrigTan.
magram arsebobs sul sxva saxis SemzRudveli garemoebebi, romelTac ufro
xelovnuri xasiaTi aqvT da momdinareoben im xelSekrulebidan, romlis ZaliTac
adamianebma Seqmnes samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba. am mimarTulebiT uzrun-
velyofili adamianis Tavisufleba iqneba samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, anu rogorc
hobsi uwodebs, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba
vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela im sferoze, romelsac suverenma
mdumared auara gverdi. maT Sorisaa yidva-gayidvis Tavisufleba, sacxovrebeli
adgilis SerCevis Tavisufleba, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisuf-
leba, sakvebi, cxovrebis wesi bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrdis
Tavisufleba da, mravali, mravali sxva, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris
kanonmdeblobaSi. sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSiac yvela
msgavsi detali gaTvaliswinebuli da reglamentirebuli iqneboda. igulisxmeba,
rom qveSevrdomebs am mimarTulebiT sruli Tavisufleba aqvT. es Tavisufleba,
amasTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudvel ZalauflebasTan. qalaq
lukas mcxovreblebs iseve aqvT valdebulebebi xelisuflebis mimarT, rogorc
konstantinepolis mcxovreblebs. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba erTgvaria rogorc
monarqiaSi, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi (1.237).
garda im Tavisuflebebisa, romlebic qveSevrdomebs gaaCniaT yofiT situ-
aciebis umetes nawilSi, rig SemTxvevebSi maT rCebaT Tavisufleba TviT
suverenTan mimarTebiTac ki. aseTia, magaliTad, viTareba, rodesac suvereni qve-
Sevrdoms mosakvdineblad miuCens vinmes (mniSvneloba ara aqvs, am dros,
qveSevrdomi msjavrdadebulia Tu ara), yvela SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdoms rCeba
Tavdacvis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba. meorea viTareba, rodesac vinme da-
kiTxvaze imyofeba. adamiani valdebuli ar aris aRiaros danaSauli, radgan arc
erT xelSekrulebas ar SeuZlia daavaldebulos adamiani daidanaSaulos Tavi da
a.S.
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi
saxelmwifos finansuri keTildReoba damokidebulia produqtis siWarbeze,
momzadebaze, gagzavnaze daniSnulebis adgilze da mis ganawilebaze moqalaqeTa
Soris. produqtis siWarbe ganisazRvreba Sromaze da adamianis gulmodginebaze.
adamianis Sroma, hobsis azriT, aris saqoneli, rac yvelaze ufro cxadad imaSi
vlindeba, rom igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos nebismier sxva saqonelze.
sakuTrebis ganawilebis problema yvela mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umaRles
xelisuflebas miekuTvneba. sakuTrebis Semotana saxelmwifos arsebobis piro-
bebSi, xorcieldeba suverenis mier. hobsis es mtkiceba ufro wonadi gaxdeba mas
Semdeg, rac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq laparakia ara imdenad calkeuli nivTebis
flobaze, aramed sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrel saxeebze. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma
am periodSi aris sakuTreba miwaze, romlis ganawilebisa da SenarCunebis
sakiTxebSi, cxadia, ereva suvereni.
calke exeba hobsi fulis arss, mis bunebas da funqciebs saxelmwifoSi.
Tavidan is laparakobs oqro-vercxlis Sesaxeb, romelTac igi yvela sagnis
Rirebulebis xelsayrel sazoms uwodebs. am sazomis saSualebiT, adamians
55
SeuZlia Tan waiyolos Tavisi qoneba, sadac ki wava. Rirebulebis am sazomisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelsac saerTaSoriso mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro valutis
funqcias ufro asrulebs, hobsi saubrobs kidev adgilobriv monetazedac, anu
fulis imgvar erTeulze, romelsac ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mxolod adgilobriv
bazarze aqvs gamoyeneba.
saxelmwifosac hyavs STamomavloba, Svilebi. saxelmwifos Svilebi misi
koloniebia. kolonistebs hobsi gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: “es aris adamianTa
jgufebi, meTauris, gubernatoris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic gagzavnilia
saxelmwifos mier im mizniT, rom daasaxlos sxva qveyana, romelsac an adreve ar
hyavda mosaxleoba, an es mosaxleoba dakarga omebis gamo” (1.271). arsebobs
koloniis sul mcire ori saxe. erT SemTxvevaSi, kolonia, Tavisi axal-
mosaxleebiT, Tavisufldeba suverenis qveSevrdomobidan da misTvis gadasaxadis
gadaxdis valdebulebisagan. igi ayalibebs damoukidebel saxelmwifos. aseTi iyo
Zveli samyaros koloniebis umravlesoba. saxelmwifo, saidanac es koloniebi
gamovidnen metropoliad, deda saxelmwifod iwodeba da masTan koloniebs
SesaniSnavi ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSrebi hqondaT. rac Seexeba
kolonialobis meore formas, mis yvelze gavrcelebul formad hobsi romis
kolonializms miiCnevs, romlisaTvis, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba uqonda
koloniis samarTlebriv da politikur daqvemdebarebas metropoliisadmi, rac,
rogorc varaudoben, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis sazRvrebis zrdis wyaro Seiqmna,
magram, meore mxriv, warmoSobda mudmiv daZabulobas romsa da mii calkeul
provinciebs Soris.
sayuradReboa, rom kolonializmis swored am or formaze aCerebs
yuradRebas adam smiTi Tavis “erebis simdidris mizezebSi”, oRond sakiTxs
gacilebiT ufro detalurad exeba mas rogorc zogadpolitikuri kuTxiT, aseve
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis TalsazrisiTac. axla, ramdenadac am sakiTxis ufro
detaluri gadmocemis arc droa da arc adgili, Cven ubralod SegviZlia
davafiqsiroT, rom koloniebis problemis kvlevis prioriteti Tomas hobss
ekuTvnis
literatura
1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и
гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль».
Москва 1965., том 2 (c. 149-169; 192-244; 265-272).
2. Laurence Berns – Thomas Hobbes., in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss
and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (?-? pp.).
56
mSromeli adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Semovida (1.277).
aRniSnuli msjelobebi kidev erTi implikaciis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod,
Sroma qmnis gansxvavebas saganTa RirebulebebSi. ueWvelia, rom damuSavebul da
daumuSavebel miwis nakveTebs sxvadasxva fasi eqnebaT iseve, rogorc arsebobs
gansxvaveba dakrefil da bazarze gamotanil nayofs da igive xis nayofs Soris
xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi.
nivTis vinmes sakuTrebaSi gadasvlas ar sWirdeba danarCeni adamianebis
Tanxmoba, raime konvencia. nivTi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi jer bunebam, xolo
Semdeg sazogadoebrivma xelSekrulebam moaTavsa da mis iqedan gamoyvana
SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis safuZvelze. Sroma ganamtkicebs adamianis
sakuTrebas nivTze gonebis kanonebis karnaxiT. is gveubneba, rom indielis mier
monadirebuli iremi misi sakuTrebaa. es igive bunebis kanonia. bunebis kanoni
gangvisazRvravs ara mxolod sakuTrebis arsebas, aramed mis zomasac, anu imas, Tu
ramdenis sakuTrebaze SeuZlia adamians hqondes pretenzia saerTo
mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebidan. sakuTari Sromis fasad adamians SeuZlia
imdenis miTviseba, ramdenic saWiroa misTvis, vidre nivTi ar daiwyebs gafuWebas.
rac zomis am kanons scildeba, is ukve sxvisi sakuTrebis sferoSia.
mocemul istoriul momentSi - ambobs loki — sakuTrebad iqceva ara imdenad
is, rac modis miwaze, aramed Tavad miwa. miwac SeiZleba zomis farglebSi
ganisazRvros. kerZod, miwis is nakveTi, romelic SeuZlia daamuSaos erTma
adamianma da sakmarisad moixmaros masze moyvanili produqti, aris am adamianis
sakuTreba. erT dros miwis nakveTis amgvarad miTviseba ar uqmnida problemebs
sxva adamianebs, radgan miwa sakmaod iyo. sakuTrebis wesi ambobs — yovel adamians
unda hqondes imdeni, ramdenis miTvisebasac is SesZlebs. ufro metisadmi
miswrafeba, vidre es Wirdeba adamians, Secvala saganTa Sinagani Rirebuleba. aq
loki ise msjelobs, rom Cndeba azri, TiTqos Tavdapirveli miTviseba da
sakuTreba iyo samarTliani, rac mas Semdeg dairRva, rac gaCnda fuli da oqrom
SeiZina is Rirebuleba, romelic mas dRes gaaCnia. miwis nakveTis miTvisebiT xom
sulac ar dazaralebula sxva. am miwaze axla gacielebiT meti modis, vidre mis
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas.
is, rac dasawyisSi sakuTrebad iqca Sromis saSualebiT, SemdgomSi, sazo-
gadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ZaliT iqna aseTad nacnobi. oqros vercxls da
briliants Rirebuleba mianiWa TviTnebobam an xelSekrulebam, Torem maT
TavisTavad araviTari sargebeli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da uzrun-
velyofisavis ar moaqvs. lokis mier fuli ganisazRvreba rogorc grZelvadiani
nivTi, romelic SeiZleba gaufuWeblad iyos adamianis sakuTrebaSi didi xnis
manZilze da romelic konvencionalurad gaxdeba sxva saWiro nivTebze gacvlis
saSualeba. is gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis Rirebulebis sazomi. Tumca, loki
SeniSnavs, rom is aseTia mxolod konvencionalurad da, rom realuri sazomi
mainc Sromaa. qonebrivi Tanasworobis balansi irRveva mas Semdeg, rac Cndeba
fuli rogorc dagrovebis saSualeba. magram Tavad qonebrivi uTanasworobis
gaCena, lokis azriT, xorcieldeba sazogadoebis xelSekrulebis gareT, mas
Semdeg, rac Cumi SeTanxmebiT, oqrosa da vercxls miaweres Rirebuleba da misi
fulad gamoyeneba daiwyes. saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi sakuTrebas da miwis
mflobelobas gansazRvravs arsebuli konstituciebi.
magram, ras warmoadgens “Cumi SeTanxmeba”? am terminTan dakavSirebiT rigi
siZneleebi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba Tavad terminis Sinaarss. garda
amisa, gaurkvevelia, Cumi Tanxmoba avaldebulebs Tu ara adamians moiqces iseve,
rogorc Cveulebrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT Cumi
Tanxmoba da ra saxis funqcionireba gaaCnia mas, loki ambobs Semdegs: “yoveli
adamiani, romelic flobs an iyenebs romelime saxelmwifos teritorias, iZleva
Cum Tanxmobas. aq laparakia ara mxolod sakuTrebis flobaze, aramed saboloo
jamSi, adamianis Tavad arsebobaze mocemuli teritoriis farglebSi” (1.332). Tu
romelime pirovneba SeTanxmebaSi Sedis saxelmwifosTan, es niSnavs, rom
SeTanxmebis sagani xdeba am pirovnebis sakuTrebac. Tu piri SexebaSi modis
saxelmwifos teritoriaSi Semaval miwasTan (an mflobelobis, an masze moyvanil
produqtze sakuTrebis azriT) is imyofeba Cumi Tanxmobis mdgomareobaSi.
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ki. amitom, bunebiT Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma, sicocxleze uaris Tqmis
tolfasia. loks aq mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba aqvs, rom, adamiani flobs
absolutur Zalauflebas Tavis Tavze, romlis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. yvelaze
ufro mZime monobis pirobebSiac ki mas yovelTvis rCeba Sansi uari Tqvas
sicocxelze da am SesaZleblobas is verafriT gaasxvisebs. magram igive msjeloba
imasac aRniSnavs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani ar flobs absolutur
Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze (winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi ra daudgeboda am
Tavisufleis gasxvisebas) da amitom Tuki monoba Tavisuflebis dakargvad
gaviazreT, is realurad ar arsebobs, radgan rogor SeuZlia vinmes gasces is
rasac Tavad ar flobs (1.275). Tuki vinme moindimebda waerTmia CvenTvis
Tavisufleba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi _ ambobs loki — maSin is amiT moindemebda
waerTmia CvenTvis yvelaferi danarCeni, rdgan Tavisufleba yvelaferi
danarCenis safuZvelia (1.271). danarCenSi aq SeviZlia vigulisxmoT mravali ram
da maT Soris adamianis Sansi Sevides sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi sxva
adamianebTan. es ki niSnavs, rom bunebiTi Tavisufleba, rogorc es principi
saerToa klasikuri liberaluri doqtrinebis umravlesobisaTvis, aris
saxelmwifos arsebobis winapiroba.
bunebiTi Tavisuflebis garda, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi
Tavisuflebac. adamiani Tavisufalia sazogadoebaSi maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba
araviTar sxva kanons, garda imisa, rac dadgenilia sazogadoebrivi xelSekru-
lebiT. loki akritikebs Tavisuflebis gavrcelebul gagebas, romlis mixedviTac
Tavisufalia is, vinc akeTebs imas, rac surs rom gaakeTos da am dros ar aris
SezRuduli araviTari kanoniT. am Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, loki fiqrobs,
rom mmarTvelobis politikuri sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin,
Tu is cxovrobs kanonis Sesabamisad. loki aRniSnavs, rom kanoni, misi sakuTrivi
azriT, imdenad Sezudvas ki ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac saxelmZRvanelo wesebs
Tavisufali da gonieri adamianisaTvis da adgens mxolod imas, rac mxolod
sikeTis momtania kanonmorCilTaTvis. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapiris-
pirod, kanonis mizani sulac ar aris Tavisuflebis mospoba da adamianis
SezRudva, aramed misi Tavisuflebis Senaxva da gafarToeba.Tavisuflebis
ganxorcieleba xom mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac aravin gaviwrovebs, es ki mxolod
maSin gveqneba, rodesac arsebobs da funqcionirebs kanoni. adamiani ibadeba
Tavisufal gonier arsebad, magram saWiroa gavides garkveuli dro, imisaTvis,
rom man gonebis gamoyeneba SesZlos da misiT ixelmZRvanelos. xolo gonebis
principebiT cxovreba igive Tavisuflebis tolfasia.
amrigad, Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebloba misdio Sens survils da
imoqmedo misi karnaxiT yvela im sferoSi, romelic ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. Tu
amisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani damokidebulia sxva adamianis araprognozirebad,
bundovan da cvalebad nebaze, is, cxadia, Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba.
3.sakuTreba
sakuTreba ar arsebobs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. RmerTma dedamiwa da
yvelaferi is, rac masze izrdeba adamianebs uboZa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom is
yvelas sakuTrebaa da ara romelime erTi maTganis. sakuTreba — rogorc loki
gvarwmunebs — aris pirovnebis nawili da am piris garda ravisa aqvs masze ufleba.
ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi avtors? udavoa, rom adamianis Sroma da misi xeliT
gakeTebuli saqme mSromels ekuTvnis. Tu adamiani raRacas ukeTebs imas, rac
bunebrivad arsebobs; daTess, moimkis, erTi sityviT, saxes, arsebobis formas
ucvlis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofs, es niSnavs, rom am dros, Tavisi
saqmianobiT iseT rames uerTebs bunebrivs, rac mas ekuTvnis da rac am sagans mis
sakuTrebad aqcevs. es raRac aris Sroma. swored Sromis saSualebiT gamoyavs
adamians esa Tu is nivTi im saerTo sakuTrebidan, romelSiac is bunebam moaTavsa.
ramdenadac Sroma mSromelis bunebrivi sakuTrebaa, amdenad sxvas aravisa aqvs
ufleba pretenzia ganacxados am nivTze, romelsac erTxel mainc miekara
mSromeli. Sromas Seaqvs gansxvaveba sazogados da kerZos Soris, radgan man iseTi
ram miumata nivTs, rac am saganSi ar Caudevs bunebas. yovelive amiT, nivTi
60
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb
jon loki cnobilia rogorc empirizmis, asociaciuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli. loki aris Zalze mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtori tolerantizmis
da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. politikur problemebze lokis ZiriTadi Sromaa “ori
traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelsiac man daicva da ganaviTara hobsis
liberalizmi. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelsiac jer mocemulia ser
robert filmeris doqtrinis sarkastuli kritika, xolo meore nawilSi
dalagebulia lokis sakuTari liberalistuli doqtrina. ser robert filmeri,
romelsac loki ase daundoblad akritikebs Tavis naSromSi, gaxlavT is avtori,
romelmac Tavs ido hobsis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli
saxelmwifos Teoriis kritika da am mizniT gamoaqveyna sakuTari nawarmoebi _
“patriarqi” — romelSiac is monarqiuli politikuri sistemis (konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, laparaki iyo stiuartebis samefo gvarze) RvTaebrivi warmoSobis
doqtrinis ganviTarebas cdilobda. filmeris es mcdeloba ar yofila
restavrirebuli samefo karis mxolod gulismosagebi maamebluri aqcia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi namdvilad ar Rirda masze yuradRebis SeCereba. filmeris mizans,
“levaTanSi” warmodgenili saxelmwifos konvencionaluri Teoriis uaryofa
warmoadgenda, risTvisac is aviTarebda moanarqiuli xelisuflebis sul
sxvagvari warmoSobis Tvalsazriss. “leviaTanSi” wamoyenebul Teorias dam-
cvelad loki moevlina. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar iyo filmeris
doqtrinis ususurobis demonstarcia. lokma, Cans, gaiTvaliswina hobsis Teoriis
susti mxareebi da scada gaeSala konvencionalizmis pozitiuri Sinaarsi.
lokis meore traqtati iwyeba erTgvari zogadi poziciis moniSvniT, romelic
lokTan saerTo unda hqondes yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Zaladoba ar aris da, rom arsebobs sul sxva
sawyisebi, gansxvavebuli mxecebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “Zalismieri samarT-
lisagan”. amitom, am poziciis sapirispirod warmodgenili unda iyos politikuri
xelisuflebis alternaliuli dafuZneba.
filmeris Teoria emyareboda ojaxis mamis Zalauflebis eqstrapolacias
monarqiaze. es sakiTxi axali ar aris. igi cnobilia jer kidev antikuri
politikuri Teoriidan. gavixsenoT, misi analizi aristotelesTan. lokic
arsitoteles kvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT saxelmwifo moxelis
Zalaufleba kerZo pirze, mamisa — Svilze, batonis Zalaufleba Tavis msaxurebze,
qmrisa — colze da, bolos monaTmflobelisa — monebze. yvela aRniSnuli
mimarTeba aris ZalauflebiTia, margam ara yvela maTgania politikuri. am
ukanasknels mxolod pirveli wyvili warmoadgens da mis bunebaSi gasarkvevad,
unda jer politikuri Zalauflebis fenomeni gaviazroT. politikuri
Zalaufleba — gansazRvravs loki — aris sakuTrebis da adamianTa dacvisaTvis
aucilebeli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba, im kanonebis gamocemis ufleba,
romlebic, damatebiT, saSualebas mogvcemda gamogveyenebina saerTo Zalisxmeva,
raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos aRniSnuli kanonebis Sesruleba da saxelmwifos
usafrTxoeba gare Tavdasxmebis SemTxvevaSi (1.263). vnaxoT axla, Tu ra principebs
emyareba politikuri Zalaufleba, ra unda vigulisxmoT mis fundamentSi.
vidre uSualod lokis argumentacias SevexebodeT, gvinda oriode sityviT
SevCerdeT lokis mier masalis gadmocemis maneraze, romelic Camohgavs wlebis
Semdeg, hegelis mier gamoyenebul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobda sakvlevi
obieqtis carieli cnebis aRebas dasawyisSi, romelic TandaTan unda Sevsebuliyo
pozitiuri SinaarsiT. amis msgavsad, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRmovaCenT, rom
naSromSi loki araerTxel ubrundeba Tundac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
fenomens, magram Temis yoveli xelaxali garCevis dros ueWveli xdeba, rom
gacilebiT meti viciT sakiTxze, vidre wina gverdebze vicodiT.
57
 1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba lokis interpretaciiT, gulisxmobs
adamianTa srul Tavisuflebas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. adamiani akeTebs
yvelafers, rac misTvis sasargeblod uCans bunebis kanonis sazRvrebSi.
Tavisuflebis garda, igive mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanasworobis
mdgomareobac, rodesac mTel samarTlebriv sivrceze aravis aqvs sxvaze metis
ufleba. mosazrebaTa simtkicisaTvis, loki aq axsenebs, cnobil inglisel
Teologs da samarTalmcodnes, riCard hukers (1554-1600) rvatomiani naSromis —
“The Laws of Eclesiastical Polity” — avtors, romelic Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda
gaetarebina azri saxelwifos xelSekrulebiT safuZvelze warmoSobis da samefo
xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb).
Tumca, am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, axlave SegviZlia davafiqsiroT
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. hobsTan adamianTa
bunebrivi mdgomareoba ZiriTadad negatiur terminebSia aRwerili. is aris raRac
velurTa, winaciviluri cxovrebis msgavsi ram, saidanac unda moxdes gadasvla
samoqalaqo, anu politikur mdgomareobaze. rac Seexeva loks, bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan mas ori fenomeni ainteresebs — Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba.
lokisaTvis gadamwyveti azri aqvs imas, rom erTic da meorec, adamianis bunebiTi
maxasiaTebelia da ara SeZenili.
adamianis Tavisufleba unda gavmijnoT TviTnebobisagan. bunebiTad adamians
aqvs Tavisufleba, magram ara TviTneboba ganaxorcielos Tudac bunebis
sawinaaRmdego ram. vTqvaT mas ar aqvs ufleba moiklas Tavi an moklas sxva, Tuki
es moesurveba. bunebiT mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebic wvdomadi da
interpretirebadia adamianis gonebisaTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi kanonia.
bunebis kanoni da gonebis kanoni erTgvaria, radgan, is vinc bunebis kanonebs
gadaabijebs, dadgeba gonebis kanonebs miRma. bunebiTis da gonebrivis aseT
daaxloeba SemdgomSi Zalze Sors mimaval Sedegebs moitans. jerjerobiT, iqedan
rasac, lokis azriT, goneba gvkarnaxobs, SegviZlia davafiqsiroT pirveli
bunebiTi kanoni, romelic adamians meore adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs da
zogadad mowinaaRmdegea Zaladobisa. meore kanoni, pirvels exmianeba da miiCnevs,
rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos TiToeuli maTgani, vinc ki pirvel
bunebis kanons daarRvevs.
bunebiTi samarTali lokisaTvis raRac realuria da ara mkvlevris xelT
arsebuli xelsayreli konstruqcia, romelic gagviiolebs movlenebis axsnas.
sabuTad gamodgeba romelime saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis gamamtyunebeli
sasamarTlo ganaCeni. bunebiTis garda romeli samarTali unda edos am ganaCens
safuZvlad, Tu aRniSnuli piri mocemuli qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT dgas?
pasuxi aq erTia — mas bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze sjian. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, sasjels igive funqcia aqvs, rac sxva standartul SemTxvevebSi _ es
aris samagieros migeba danaSaulisaTvis da momaval SesaZlo borotqmedebaTa
prevencia. loks kidev moyavs sxva magaliTebi, romlebSiac Cans, rogorc
bunebiTi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTali. maTi cal-calke fenomenebad dafiqsireba,
warmoSobs kiTxvas maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis Taobaze, rasac loki Semdeg
axsnas aZlevs: “... yoveli qveynis samoqalaqo kanonebi, samarTlianebi arian
imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis kanonebs emyarebian, regulirdebian da
interpretirdebian mis safuZvelze” (1.268).
axla vfiqrobT met-naklebad gasagebia gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis
poziciebidan bunebiTi samarTlis mimarT. magram aseTive sicxade rodi gvaqvs
saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis mimarT. piriqiT, Tu bunebiTi samarTali da
ufro zogadad samarTlianoba iseTi TavSekavebulia da zomieri, rogorc amas
loki gvixatavs, maSin gaugebaria saxelmwifos Seqmnis saWiroeba. lokis pasuxi am
kiTxvaze, romelsac axla gadmovcemT, mTlad damajereblad ver JRers.
im faqtidan, rom bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze adamianebi gana-
xorcieleben aRmasrulebel xelisufelbas, maTi vnebebisa da miswrafebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, advili dasaSvebia, rom isini ver SeinarCuneben obieqturobas,
rac areulobis da ukmayofilebis wyaro gaxdeba. amitom, agrZelebs loki, ra
58
gasakviria, rom RmerTma daawesa samoqalaqo mmarTveloba adamianTa TviTnebobis
SesazRudaT (1.269). es pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia ara imitom, rom RmerTi
dainteresebuli ar iqnebod adamianebs moewyoT samarTliani cxovreba da, Tu
aseTi ram mxolod saxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli, maSasadame saxelmwifoc, aramed
imitom, rom RmerTi yvela arsebuli movlenisa saboloo mizezia da amitom masze
dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos warmoSobis axsna, Zalian bundovania, radgan Cven
gvainteresebs ara saboloo, aramed uaxloesi mizezi. loki rogorRac
iTvaliswinebs am viTarebas da kidev erTxel emyareba hukeris Sromas, romlis
citirebiTac migvaniSnebs ukve antikurobaSi cnobil saxelmwifos warmoSobis
erT-erT mizezze — miswrafeba Rirseuli da uzrunvelyofili arsebobisaken
adamianebs Tanacxovrebisaken ubiZgebs. ase iqmneba saxelmwifo (1.270).
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom lokis midgoma adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobisadmi,
hobsisgan gansxvavebulia. amaSi kidev erTxel SegviZlia davrwmundeT, lokis
aseTi pasuxiT kiTxvaze — “sad arsebobs an sad arsebobdnen aseT bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi”? — yvela damoukidebeli Temis mmarTveli bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi myofad unda miviCnioT imitom, rom ara yoveli xelSekruleba
daasrulebs adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobas (adamianebma SeiZleba erTmaneTTan
mravali xelSekruleba dadon da mainc darCnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi), aramed
mxolod is, romelSiac adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seadginon erTi sazogadoeba, erTi
politiuri sxeuli. magram asaxsneli xom swored es aris — Tu bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi mraval xelSekrulebas deben rTmaneTTan, da avad Tu
kargad rogorRac Tavsac icaven, cxovroben Temebad da a.S. maSin ra iwvevs
saxelmwifos warmoSobas? pasuxi romelic lokma warmoadgina, aradamakma-
yofilebelia.
loki kidev bevrjer Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad
adamianTa saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas. erTi pasuxis mixedviT, aseT safuZvels
mSvidobisaker swrafva warmoadgens. marTlac, gonebis principebis Sesabamisad
cxovreba gamoricxavs mudmivi omis warmoebas adamianTa Soris. arsebobs mniS-
vnelovani gansxvaveba omis mdgomereobas da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris.
bunebrivia mdgomareoba, rodesac ar arsebobs saerTo mosamarTle, romelic
miukerZoeblad gaarCevda modave mxareebs Soris da aRasrulebda ganaCens. Zala
gamoyenebis uflebis garaSe, imisda miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo mo-
samarTle, qmnis omis mdgomareobas. omisagan Tavis daRweva, ai mTavari mizezi imi-
sa, ratomac ayalibeben adamianebi sazogadoebas da amboben uars bunebriv mdgo-
mareobaze (1.173). omi Sewydeba maSin, Tu iarsebebs iseTi Zala, romelsac SegiZlia
mimarTo gaWirvebis dros daxmarebisaTvis da es daxmareba realuri iqneba.
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi
lokis liberalizmis erT-erTi amosavali Tezisi gulisxmobs, rom yvela
adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia (1.292). es Tanasworoba ar unda gaviogoT
absoluturad. loks SesaniSnavad esmis, rom adamianebi mravali niSniT arian
gansxvavebulni da, amitom maT Soris Tanasworobis arsebobis mtkiceba am
gansxvavebulobaTa srul nivelirebaSi ar gamoixateba. adamianebi gansxvavdebian
asakiT, saTnoebiT warmomavlobiT, nacnob-megobrebis wriT, gavleniT da a.S.
uamravi sxva niSniT. magram es gansxvevebani ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom yvela
adamiani Tanaswori iyos iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebiT, anu laparakia adamianTa
Tanabar uflebaze iyvnen bunebiTi Tavisuflebis mqoneni. aseT axsnas
Tavisuflebis problemis analizisaken gadavyavarT.
loki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs bunebiT Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas
sazogadoebaSi. adamiani bunebiT Tavisufalia maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba
amqveynad masze maRla mdgom araviTar Zalauflebas, ar emorCileba sxva adamianis
arc kanonebs da arc nebas, aramed xelmZRvanelobs mxolod bunebis kanoniT. aseT
dros bunebis kanoni erTaderTi SemzRudveli barieria sakuTari survilebis
aRsrulebis gzaze. es bunebrivi Tavisufleba adamianis mouwyveteli
kuTvnilebaa. adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas bunebiT Tavisuflebaze ise, rom
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadges misi pirovnuli usafrTxoeba da TviT sicocxlec
59
 1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba lokis interpretaciiT, gulisxmobs
adamianTa srul Tavisuflebas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. adamiani akeTebs
yvelafers, rac misTvis sasargeblod uCans bunebis kanonis sazRvrebSi.
Tavisuflebis garda, igive mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanasworobis
mdgomareobac, rodesac mTel samarTlebriv sivrceze aravis aqvs sxvaze metis
ufleba. mosazrebaTa simtkicisaTvis, loki aq axsenebs, cnobil inglisel
Teologs da samarTalmcodnes, riCard hukers (1554-1600) rvatomiani naSromis —
“The Laws of Eclesiastical Polity” — avtors, romelic Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda
gaetarebina azri saxelwifos xelSekrulebiT safuZvelze warmoSobis da samefo
xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb).
Tumca, am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, axlave SegviZlia davafiqsiroT
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. hobsTan adamianTa
bunebrivi mdgomareoba ZiriTadad negatiur terminebSia aRwerili. is aris raRac
velurTa, winaciviluri cxovrebis msgavsi ram, saidanac unda moxdes gadasvla
samoqalaqo, anu politikur mdgomareobaze. rac Seexeva loks, bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan mas ori fenomeni ainteresebs — Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba.
lokisaTvis gadamwyveti azri aqvs imas, rom erTic da meorec, adamianis bunebiTi
maxasiaTebelia da ara SeZenili.
adamianis Tavisufleba unda gavmijnoT TviTnebobisagan. bunebiTad adamians
aqvs Tavisufleba, magram ara TviTneboba ganaxorcielos Tudac bunebis
sawinaaRmdego ram. vTqvaT mas ar aqvs ufleba moiklas Tavi an moklas sxva, Tuki
es moesurveba. bunebiT mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebic wvdomadi da
interpretirebadia adamianis gonebisaTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi kanonia.
bunebis kanoni da gonebis kanoni erTgvaria, radgan, is vinc bunebis kanonebs
gadaabijebs, dadgeba gonebis kanonebs miRma. bunebiTis da gonebrivis aseT
daaxloeba SemdgomSi Zalze Sors mimaval Sedegebs moitans. jerjerobiT, iqedan
rasac, lokis azriT, goneba gvkarnaxobs, SegviZlia davafiqsiroT pirveli
bunebiTi kanoni, romelic adamians meore adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs da
zogadad mowinaaRmdegea Zaladobisa. meore kanoni, pirvels exmianeba da miiCnevs,
rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos TiToeuli maTgani, vinc ki pirvel
bunebis kanons daarRvevs.
bunebiTi samarTali lokisaTvis raRac realuria da ara mkvlevris xelT
arsebuli xelsayreli konstruqcia, romelic gagviiolebs movlenebis axsnas.
sabuTad gamodgeba romelime saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis gamamtyunebeli
sasamarTlo ganaCeni. bunebiTis garda romeli samarTali unda edos am ganaCens
safuZvlad, Tu aRniSnuli piri mocemuli qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT dgas?
pasuxi aq erTia — mas bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze sjian. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, sasjels igive funqcia aqvs, rac sxva standartul SemTxvevebSi _ es
aris samagieros migeba danaSaulisaTvis da momaval SesaZlo borotqmedebaTa
prevencia. loks kidev moyavs sxva magaliTebi, romlebSiac Cans, rogorc
bunebiTi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTali. maTi cal-calke fenomenebad dafiqsireba,
warmoSobs kiTxvas maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis Taobaze, rasac loki Semdeg
axsnas aZlevs: “... yoveli qveynis samoqalaqo kanonebi, samarTlianebi arian
imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis kanonebs emyarebian, regulirdebian da
interpretirdebian mis safuZvelze” (1.268).
axla vfiqrobT met-naklebad gasagebia gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis
poziciebidan bunebiTi samarTlis mimarT. magram aseTive sicxade rodi gvaqvs
saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis mimarT. piriqiT, Tu bunebiTi samarTali da
ufro zogadad samarTlianoba iseTi TavSekavebulia da zomieri, rogorc amas
loki gvixatavs, maSin gaugebaria saxelmwifos Seqmnis saWiroeba. lokis pasuxi am
kiTxvaze, romelsac axla gadmovcemT, mTlad damajereblad ver JRers.
im faqtidan, rom bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze adamianebi gana-
xorcieleben aRmasrulebel xelisufelbas, maTi vnebebisa da miswrafebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, advili dasaSvebia, rom isini ver SeinarCuneben obieqturobas,
rac areulobis da ukmayofilebis wyaro gaxdeba. amitom, agrZelebs loki, ra
58
gasakviria, rom RmerTma daawesa samoqalaqo mmarTveloba adamianTa TviTnebobis
SesazRudaT (1.269). es pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia ara imitom, rom RmerTi
dainteresebuli ar iqnebod adamianebs moewyoT samarTliani cxovreba da, Tu
aseTi ram mxolod saxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli, maSasadame saxelmwifoc, aramed
imitom, rom RmerTi yvela arsebuli movlenisa saboloo mizezia da amitom masze
dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos warmoSobis axsna, Zalian bundovania, radgan Cven
gvainteresebs ara saboloo, aramed uaxloesi mizezi. loki rogorRac
iTvaliswinebs am viTarebas da kidev erTxel emyareba hukeris Sromas, romlis
citirebiTac migvaniSnebs ukve antikurobaSi cnobil saxelmwifos warmoSobis
erT-erT mizezze — miswrafeba Rirseuli da uzrunvelyofili arsebobisaken
adamianebs Tanacxovrebisaken ubiZgebs. ase iqmneba saxelmwifo (1.270).
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom lokis midgoma adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobisadmi,
hobsisgan gansxvavebulia. amaSi kidev erTxel SegviZlia davrwmundeT, lokis
aseTi pasuxiT kiTxvaze — “sad arsebobs an sad arsebobdnen aseT bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi”? — yvela damoukidebeli Temis mmarTveli bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi myofad unda miviCnioT imitom, rom ara yoveli xelSekruleba
daasrulebs adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobas (adamianebma SeiZleba erTmaneTTan
mravali xelSekruleba dadon da mainc darCnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi), aramed
mxolod is, romelSiac adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seadginon erTi sazogadoeba, erTi
politiuri sxeuli. magram asaxsneli xom swored es aris — Tu bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi mraval xelSekrulebas deben rTmaneTTan, da avad Tu
kargad rogorRac Tavsac icaven, cxovroben Temebad da a.S. maSin ra iwvevs
saxelmwifos warmoSobas? pasuxi romelic lokma warmoadgina, aradamakma-
yofilebelia.
loki kidev bevrjer Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad
adamianTa saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas. erTi pasuxis mixedviT, aseT safuZvels
mSvidobisaker swrafva warmoadgens. marTlac, gonebis principebis Sesabamisad
cxovreba gamoricxavs mudmivi omis warmoebas adamianTa Soris. arsebobs mniS-
vnelovani gansxvaveba omis mdgomereobas da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris.
bunebrivia mdgomareoba, rodesac ar arsebobs saerTo mosamarTle, romelic
miukerZoeblad gaarCevda modave mxareebs Soris da aRasrulebda ganaCens. Zala
gamoyenebis uflebis garaSe, imisda miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo mo-
samarTle, qmnis omis mdgomareobas. omisagan Tavis daRweva, ai mTavari mizezi imi-
sa, ratomac ayalibeben adamianebi sazogadoebas da amboben uars bunebriv mdgo-
mareobaze (1.173). omi Sewydeba maSin, Tu iarsebebs iseTi Zala, romelsac SegiZlia
mimarTo gaWirvebis dros daxmarebisaTvis da es daxmareba realuri iqneba.
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi
lokis liberalizmis erT-erTi amosavali Tezisi gulisxmobs, rom yvela
adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia (1.292). es Tanasworoba ar unda gaviogoT
absoluturad. loks SesaniSnavad esmis, rom adamianebi mravali niSniT arian
gansxvavebulni da, amitom maT Soris Tanasworobis arsebobis mtkiceba am
gansxvavebulobaTa srul nivelirebaSi ar gamoixateba. adamianebi gansxvavdebian
asakiT, saTnoebiT warmomavlobiT, nacnob-megobrebis wriT, gavleniT da a.S.
uamravi sxva niSniT. magram es gansxvevebani ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom yvela
adamiani Tanaswori iyos iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebiT, anu laparakia adamianTa
Tanabar uflebaze iyvnen bunebiTi Tavisuflebis mqoneni. aseT axsnas
Tavisuflebis problemis analizisaken gadavyavarT.
loki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs bunebiT Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas
sazogadoebaSi. adamiani bunebiT Tavisufalia maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba
amqveynad masze maRla mdgom araviTar Zalauflebas, ar emorCileba sxva adamianis
arc kanonebs da arc nebas, aramed xelmZRvanelobs mxolod bunebis kanoniT. aseT
dros bunebis kanoni erTaderTi SemzRudveli barieria sakuTari survilebis
aRsrulebis gzaze. es bunebrivi Tavisufleba adamianis mouwyveteli
kuTvnilebaa. adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas bunebiT Tavisuflebaze ise, rom
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadges misi pirovnuli usafrTxoeba da TviT sicocxlec
59
ki. amitom, bunebiT Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma, sicocxleze uaris Tqmis
tolfasia. loks aq mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba aqvs, rom, adamiani flobs
absolutur Zalauflebas Tavis Tavze, romlis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. yvelaze
ufro mZime monobis pirobebSiac ki mas yovelTvis rCeba Sansi uari Tqvas
sicocxelze da am SesaZleblobas is verafriT gaasxvisebs. magram igive msjeloba
imasac aRniSnavs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani ar flobs absolutur
Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze (winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi ra daudgeboda am
Tavisufleis gasxvisebas) da amitom Tuki monoba Tavisuflebis dakargvad
gaviazreT, is realurad ar arsebobs, radgan rogor SeuZlia vinmes gasces is
rasac Tavad ar flobs (1.275). Tuki vinme moindimebda waerTmia CvenTvis
Tavisufleba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi _ ambobs loki — maSin is amiT moindemebda
waerTmia CvenTvis yvelaferi danarCeni, rdgan Tavisufleba yvelaferi
danarCenis safuZvelia (1.271). danarCenSi aq SeviZlia vigulisxmoT mravali ram
da maT Soris adamianis Sansi Sevides sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi sxva
adamianebTan. es ki niSnavs, rom bunebiTi Tavisufleba, rogorc es principi
saerToa klasikuri liberaluri doqtrinebis umravlesobisaTvis, aris
saxelmwifos arsebobis winapiroba.
bunebiTi Tavisuflebis garda, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi
Tavisuflebac. adamiani Tavisufalia sazogadoebaSi maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba
araviTar sxva kanons, garda imisa, rac dadgenilia sazogadoebrivi xelSekru-
lebiT. loki akritikebs Tavisuflebis gavrcelebul gagebas, romlis mixedviTac
Tavisufalia is, vinc akeTebs imas, rac surs rom gaakeTos da am dros ar aris
SezRuduli araviTari kanoniT. am Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, loki fiqrobs,
rom mmarTvelobis politikuri sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin,
Tu is cxovrobs kanonis Sesabamisad. loki aRniSnavs, rom kanoni, misi sakuTrivi
azriT, imdenad Sezudvas ki ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac saxelmZRvanelo wesebs
Tavisufali da gonieri adamianisaTvis da adgens mxolod imas, rac mxolod
sikeTis momtania kanonmorCilTaTvis. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapiris-
pirod, kanonis mizani sulac ar aris Tavisuflebis mospoba da adamianis
SezRudva, aramed misi Tavisuflebis Senaxva da gafarToeba.Tavisuflebis
ganxorcieleba xom mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac aravin gaviwrovebs, es ki mxolod
maSin gveqneba, rodesac arsebobs da funqcionirebs kanoni. adamiani ibadeba
Tavisufal gonier arsebad, magram saWiroa gavides garkveuli dro, imisaTvis,
rom man gonebis gamoyeneba SesZlos da misiT ixelmZRvanelos. xolo gonebis
principebiT cxovreba igive Tavisuflebis tolfasia.
amrigad, Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebloba misdio Sens survils da
imoqmedo misi karnaxiT yvela im sferoSi, romelic ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. Tu
amisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani damokidebulia sxva adamianis araprognozirebad,
bundovan da cvalebad nebaze, is, cxadia, Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba.
3.sakuTreba
sakuTreba ar arsebobs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. RmerTma dedamiwa da
yvelaferi is, rac masze izrdeba adamianebs uboZa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom is
yvelas sakuTrebaa da ara romelime erTi maTganis. sakuTreba — rogorc loki
gvarwmunebs — aris pirovnebis nawili da am piris garda ravisa aqvs masze ufleba.
ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi avtors? udavoa, rom adamianis Sroma da misi xeliT
gakeTebuli saqme mSromels ekuTvnis. Tu adamiani raRacas ukeTebs imas, rac
bunebrivad arsebobs; daTess, moimkis, erTi sityviT, saxes, arsebobis formas
ucvlis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofs, es niSnavs, rom am dros, Tavisi
saqmianobiT iseT rames uerTebs bunebrivs, rac mas ekuTvnis da rac am sagans mis
sakuTrebad aqcevs. es raRac aris Sroma. swored Sromis saSualebiT gamoyavs
adamians esa Tu is nivTi im saerTo sakuTrebidan, romelSiac is bunebam moaTavsa.
ramdenadac Sroma mSromelis bunebrivi sakuTrebaa, amdenad sxvas aravisa aqvs
ufleba pretenzia ganacxados am nivTze, romelsac erTxel mainc miekara
mSromeli. Sromas Seaqvs gansxvaveba sazogados da kerZos Soris, radgan man iseTi
ram miumata nivTs, rac am saganSi ar Caudevs bunebas. yovelive amiT, nivTi
60
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb
jon loki cnobilia rogorc empirizmis, asociaciuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli. loki aris Zalze mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtori tolerantizmis
da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. politikur problemebze lokis ZiriTadi Sromaa “ori
traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelsiac man daicva da ganaviTara hobsis
liberalizmi. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelsiac jer mocemulia ser
robert filmeris doqtrinis sarkastuli kritika, xolo meore nawilSi
dalagebulia lokis sakuTari liberalistuli doqtrina. ser robert filmeri,
romelsac loki ase daundoblad akritikebs Tavis naSromSi, gaxlavT is avtori,
romelmac Tavs ido hobsis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli
saxelmwifos Teoriis kritika da am mizniT gamoaqveyna sakuTari nawarmoebi _
“patriarqi” — romelSiac is monarqiuli politikuri sistemis (konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, laparaki iyo stiuartebis samefo gvarze) RvTaebrivi warmoSobis
doqtrinis ganviTarebas cdilobda. filmeris es mcdeloba ar yofila
restavrirebuli samefo karis mxolod gulismosagebi maamebluri aqcia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi namdvilad ar Rirda masze yuradRebis SeCereba. filmeris mizans,
“levaTanSi” warmodgenili saxelmwifos konvencionaluri Teoriis uaryofa
warmoadgenda, risTvisac is aviTarebda moanarqiuli xelisuflebis sul
sxvagvari warmoSobis Tvalsazriss. “leviaTanSi” wamoyenebul Teorias dam-
cvelad loki moevlina. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar iyo filmeris
doqtrinis ususurobis demonstarcia. lokma, Cans, gaiTvaliswina hobsis Teoriis
susti mxareebi da scada gaeSala konvencionalizmis pozitiuri Sinaarsi.
lokis meore traqtati iwyeba erTgvari zogadi poziciis moniSvniT, romelic
lokTan saerTo unda hqondes yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Zaladoba ar aris da, rom arsebobs sul sxva
sawyisebi, gansxvavebuli mxecebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “Zalismieri samarT-
lisagan”. amitom, am poziciis sapirispirod warmodgenili unda iyos politikuri
xelisuflebis alternaliuli dafuZneba.
filmeris Teoria emyareboda ojaxis mamis Zalauflebis eqstrapolacias
monarqiaze. es sakiTxi axali ar aris. igi cnobilia jer kidev antikuri
politikuri Teoriidan. gavixsenoT, misi analizi aristotelesTan. lokic
arsitoteles kvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT saxelmwifo moxelis
Zalaufleba kerZo pirze, mamisa — Svilze, batonis Zalaufleba Tavis msaxurebze,
qmrisa — colze da, bolos monaTmflobelisa — monebze. yvela aRniSnuli
mimarTeba aris ZalauflebiTia, margam ara yvela maTgania politikuri. am
ukanasknels mxolod pirveli wyvili warmoadgens da mis bunebaSi gasarkvevad,
unda jer politikuri Zalauflebis fenomeni gaviazroT. politikuri
Zalaufleba — gansazRvravs loki — aris sakuTrebis da adamianTa dacvisaTvis
aucilebeli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba, im kanonebis gamocemis ufleba,
romlebic, damatebiT, saSualebas mogvcemda gamogveyenebina saerTo Zalisxmeva,
raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos aRniSnuli kanonebis Sesruleba da saxelmwifos
usafrTxoeba gare Tavdasxmebis SemTxvevaSi (1.263). vnaxoT axla, Tu ra principebs
emyareba politikuri Zalaufleba, ra unda vigulisxmoT mis fundamentSi.
vidre uSualod lokis argumentacias SevexebodeT, gvinda oriode sityviT
SevCerdeT lokis mier masalis gadmocemis maneraze, romelic Camohgavs wlebis
Semdeg, hegelis mier gamoyenebul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobda sakvlevi
obieqtis carieli cnebis aRebas dasawyisSi, romelic TandaTan unda Sevsebuliyo
pozitiuri SinaarsiT. amis msgavsad, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRmovaCenT, rom
naSromSi loki araerTxel ubrundeba Tundac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
fenomens, magram Temis yoveli xelaxali garCevis dros ueWveli xdeba, rom
gacilebiT meti viciT sakiTxze, vidre wina gverdebze vicodiT.
57
SeuZlia Tan waiyolos Tavisi qoneba, sadac ki wava. Rirebulebis am sazomisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelsac saerTaSoriso mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro valutis
funqcias ufro asrulebs, hobsi saubrobs kidev adgilobriv monetazedac, anu
fulis imgvar erTeulze, romelsac ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mxolod adgilobriv
bazarze aqvs gamoyeneba.
saxelmwifosac hyavs STamomavloba, Svilebi. saxelmwifos Svilebi misi
koloniebia. kolonistebs hobsi gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: “es aris adamianTa
jgufebi, meTauris, gubernatoris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic gagzavnilia
saxelmwifos mier im mizniT, rom daasaxlos sxva qveyana, romelsac an adreve ar
hyavda mosaxleoba, an es mosaxleoba dakarga omebis gamo” (1.271). arsebobs
koloniis sul mcire ori saxe. erT SemTxvevaSi, kolonia, Tavisi axal-
mosaxleebiT, Tavisufldeba suverenis qveSevrdomobidan da misTvis gadasaxadis
gadaxdis valdebulebisagan. igi ayalibebs damoukidebel saxelmwifos. aseTi iyo
Zveli samyaros koloniebis umravlesoba. saxelmwifo, saidanac es koloniebi
gamovidnen metropoliad, deda saxelmwifod iwodeba da masTan koloniebs
SesaniSnavi ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSrebi hqondaT. rac Seexeba
kolonialobis meore formas, mis yvelze gavrcelebul formad hobsi romis
kolonializms miiCnevs, romlisaTvis, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba uqonda
koloniis samarTlebriv da politikur daqvemdebarebas metropoliisadmi, rac,
rogorc varaudoben, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis sazRvrebis zrdis wyaro Seiqmna,
magram, meore mxriv, warmoSobda mudmiv daZabulobas romsa da mii calkeul
provinciebs Soris.
sayuradReboa, rom kolonializmis swored am or formaze aCerebs
yuradRebas adam smiTi Tavis “erebis simdidris mizezebSi”, oRond sakiTxs
gacilebiT ufro detalurad exeba mas rogorc zogadpolitikuri kuTxiT, aseve
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis TalsazrisiTac. axla, ramdenadac am sakiTxis ufro
detaluri gadmocemis arc droa da arc adgili, Cven ubralod SegviZlia
davafiqsiroT, rom koloniebis problemis kvlevis prioriteti Tomas hobss
ekuTvnis
literatura
1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и
гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль».
Москва 1965., том 2 (c. 149-169; 192-244; 265-272).
2. Laurence Berns – Thomas Hobbes., in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss
and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (?-? pp.).
56
mSromeli adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Semovida (1.277).
aRniSnuli msjelobebi kidev erTi implikaciis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod,
Sroma qmnis gansxvavebas saganTa RirebulebebSi. ueWvelia, rom damuSavebul da
daumuSavebel miwis nakveTebs sxvadasxva fasi eqnebaT iseve, rogorc arsebobs
gansxvaveba dakrefil da bazarze gamotanil nayofs da igive xis nayofs Soris
xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi.
nivTis vinmes sakuTrebaSi gadasvlas ar sWirdeba danarCeni adamianebis
Tanxmoba, raime konvencia. nivTi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi jer bunebam, xolo
Semdeg sazogadoebrivma xelSekrulebam moaTavsa da mis iqedan gamoyvana
SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis safuZvelze. Sroma ganamtkicebs adamianis
sakuTrebas nivTze gonebis kanonebis karnaxiT. is gveubneba, rom indielis mier
monadirebuli iremi misi sakuTrebaa. es igive bunebis kanonia. bunebis kanoni
gangvisazRvravs ara mxolod sakuTrebis arsebas, aramed mis zomasac, anu imas, Tu
ramdenis sakuTrebaze SeuZlia adamians hqondes pretenzia saerTo
mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebidan. sakuTari Sromis fasad adamians SeuZlia
imdenis miTviseba, ramdenic saWiroa misTvis, vidre nivTi ar daiwyebs gafuWebas.
rac zomis am kanons scildeba, is ukve sxvisi sakuTrebis sferoSia.
mocemul istoriul momentSi - ambobs loki — sakuTrebad iqceva ara imdenad
is, rac modis miwaze, aramed Tavad miwa. miwac SeiZleba zomis farglebSi
ganisazRvros. kerZod, miwis is nakveTi, romelic SeuZlia daamuSaos erTma
adamianma da sakmarisad moixmaros masze moyvanili produqti, aris am adamianis
sakuTreba. erT dros miwis nakveTis amgvarad miTviseba ar uqmnida problemebs
sxva adamianebs, radgan miwa sakmaod iyo. sakuTrebis wesi ambobs — yovel adamians
unda hqondes imdeni, ramdenis miTvisebasac is SesZlebs. ufro metisadmi
miswrafeba, vidre es Wirdeba adamians, Secvala saganTa Sinagani Rirebuleba. aq
loki ise msjelobs, rom Cndeba azri, TiTqos Tavdapirveli miTviseba da
sakuTreba iyo samarTliani, rac mas Semdeg dairRva, rac gaCnda fuli da oqrom
SeiZina is Rirebuleba, romelic mas dRes gaaCnia. miwis nakveTis miTvisebiT xom
sulac ar dazaralebula sxva. am miwaze axla gacielebiT meti modis, vidre mis
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas.
is, rac dasawyisSi sakuTrebad iqca Sromis saSualebiT, SemdgomSi, sazo-
gadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ZaliT iqna aseTad nacnobi. oqros vercxls da
briliants Rirebuleba mianiWa TviTnebobam an xelSekrulebam, Torem maT
TavisTavad araviTari sargebeli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da uzrun-
velyofisavis ar moaqvs. lokis mier fuli ganisazRvreba rogorc grZelvadiani
nivTi, romelic SeiZleba gaufuWeblad iyos adamianis sakuTrebaSi didi xnis
manZilze da romelic konvencionalurad gaxdeba sxva saWiro nivTebze gacvlis
saSualeba. is gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis Rirebulebis sazomi. Tumca, loki
SeniSnavs, rom is aseTia mxolod konvencionalurad da, rom realuri sazomi
mainc Sromaa. qonebrivi Tanasworobis balansi irRveva mas Semdeg, rac Cndeba
fuli rogorc dagrovebis saSualeba. magram Tavad qonebrivi uTanasworobis
gaCena, lokis azriT, xorcieldeba sazogadoebis xelSekrulebis gareT, mas
Semdeg, rac Cumi SeTanxmebiT, oqrosa da vercxls miaweres Rirebuleba da misi
fulad gamoyeneba daiwyes. saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi sakuTrebas da miwis
mflobelobas gansazRvravs arsebuli konstituciebi.
magram, ras warmoadgens “Cumi SeTanxmeba”? am terminTan dakavSirebiT rigi
siZneleebi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba Tavad terminis Sinaarss. garda
amisa, gaurkvevelia, Cumi Tanxmoba avaldebulebs Tu ara adamians moiqces iseve,
rogorc Cveulebrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT Cumi
Tanxmoba da ra saxis funqcionireba gaaCnia mas, loki ambobs Semdegs: “yoveli
adamiani, romelic flobs an iyenebs romelime saxelmwifos teritorias, iZleva
Cum Tanxmobas. aq laparakia ara mxolod sakuTrebis flobaze, aramed saboloo
jamSi, adamianis Tavad arsebobaze mocemuli teritoriis farglebSi” (1.332). Tu
romelime pirovneba SeTanxmebaSi Sedis saxelmwifosTan, es niSnavs, rom
SeTanxmebis sagani xdeba am pirovnebis sakuTrebac. Tu piri SexebaSi modis
saxelmwifos teritoriaSi Semaval miwasTan (an mflobelobis, an masze moyvanil
produqtze sakuTrebis azriT) is imyofeba Cumi Tanxmobis mdgomareobaSi.
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 4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
RmerTma adamiani iseTi Seqmna, rom is yovelTvis eswrafvis sazogadoebaSi
yofnas. pirveli sazogadoeba Sedgeboda qmrisa da colisagan, ramac biZgi misca
sazogadoebis warmoSobas — mSoblebi da Svilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, amas
daemata batons da msaxuris asociaciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mmarTvelic
aris da marTulic, aseTi sazogadoeba, rac ar unda didi iyos is, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar aris politikuri sazogadoeba. loki araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari mizania sakuTrebis SenarCuneba (1.310).
politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma TiToeulma
wevrma nebayoflobiT uari Tqva sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari qonebis dacvis
bunebiT uflebaze da es ufleba gadasca sazogadoebas, romelsac nebismier dros
SeuZlia mimarTos dxmarebisaTvis, im SemTxvevebis garda, romelic gamoricxulia
am sazogadoebis kanonebiT. es ki gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris kerZo sasa-
marTloebs da maT adgils, rogorc Suamavali, ikavebs saxelmwifo. amrigad, Tu
adamianebi garTianebulni arian erT mTlianobad ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da
sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic
uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebi da dasajos
damnaSaveebi — maSin vaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadeba (1.311). Tu adamianebs aseTi
kanoni da sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT da yoveli individi Tavadaa rogorc
mosmarTle, aseve jalaTi, maSin es xalxi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.
politikuri sazogadoebis da mmarTvelobis mTavri mizani sakuTrebis
SenarCunebaa imitom, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia
ramdenime mizezis gamo, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa: a) dadgenili kanonis
ararseboba, romelic iqneboda samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis sazomi; b) kanonebSi
ganswavluli, mcodne da miukerZoebebli mosamarTlis ar arseboba; da bolos, g)
ar arsebobs Zala, romelic kanonebs moiyvanda moqmedebaSi.
loki bevrs laparakobs sasamarTlos mniSvnelobasa da funqciebze, Tumca
sasamarTlo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelisuflebo Sto, mis SromaSi ar figu-
rirebs. loki calke gamoyofs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, calke aRmas-
rulebel xelisuflebas. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze
gadasasvlelad, orive saWirod miaCnia (1.312). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, is
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawiladaa warmodgenili: da amas gadavyavarT
bunebrivi mdgomareobidan saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac Cndeba mosamarTle,
romelsc aqvs ufleba gadaWras yvela sadavo sakiTxi da aunazRauros zarali,
romelic SeiZleba miadges saxelmwifos nebismier wevrs.
es mosamarTle warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an mis mier daniSnul
Tanamdebobis pirs. am mosazrebidan loks gamoyavs mtkiceba, monarqiuli
mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sazoagdoebasTan SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. marTlac,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania Tavidan aicilos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is niSani,
romlis drosac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavis saqmeSi mosamarTle. es ki
xorcieldeba imgvari saxelisuflebo organizaciis SeqmniT, romelsac miakiTxavda
yovel wuTs adamiani. Tu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piri, romelsac araviTari
saWiroeba ara aqvs aseT dawesebulebas mimarTos, maSin es piri (gasagebia, rom aq
laparakia monarqze) bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. marTlac, monarqad yofna
gulisxmobs, rom am pirs abaria rogorc sakanonmdeblo, asve aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba da ar arsebobs mosamarTle, romelsac is mimarTavda saqmis gasarCevad.
Cven ukve viciT, rom politikuri sazogadoeba Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi uars
amboben ra bunebiT Tavisuflebaze (adamianebi ki bunebiT Tavisuflebi, Tanasworebi da
damoukideblebi ibadebian da amitom erTaedrTi gza sxvis Zalauflebas
daqvemdebarebisa aris am adamianebis sakuTari uari Tavis Tavisuflebaze) im mizniT,
rom sxva adamianebTan erTad uzrunvelyon usafrTxo da bednieri cxovreba. rogorc ki
adamianebi amgvarad gaerTiandebian politikur organizmad, im droidan umravlesobas
eZleva ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba da imoqmedos sxvebis saxeliTac (1.317). rac
Seexeba umciresobas, is rogorc erTiani organizmis nawili, valdebulia daemorCilos
umravelesobis mosazrebas da imoqmedos maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. swored
amitom aris xolme rom sakanonmdeblo organizaciebSi umravlesobis azri mTelis
azradaa miCneuli. amrigad, xelSekruleba organizebulia sazogadoebis yoveli wevris
62
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba
Zalze zogadad Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas subieqtma
ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli qceva. am qcevis mTavari moqmedi agenti, yvela
SemTxvevaSi adamiania da ara misi calkeuli mxare. ase magaliTad, rodesac
saubaria metyvelebis Tu Tu nebis Tavisuflebaze, aq yovelTvis adamianis
Tvisufleba igulisxmeba. igulisxmeba, rom mas araferi uwevs winaaRmdegobas
gaakeTos is, saiTac misi neba, survili, Tu midrekileba ubiZgebs. Tavisufleba
savsebiT Seesatyviseba SiSs. Tu adamiani kanonis SiSiT asrulebs saxelmwifo
valdebulebebs, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom is ar aris Tavisufali. igive
mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tavisuflebis RvTaebriv aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT.
RmerTs rom ar surdes adamianis Tavisufleba, maSin Tavisufeli nebis arseboba
winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda RvTaebriv wesrigTan.
magram arsebobs sul sxva saxis SemzRudveli garemoebebi, romelTac ufro
xelovnuri xasiaTi aqvT da momdinareoben im xelSekrulebidan, romlis ZaliTac
adamianebma Seqmnes samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba. am mimarTulebiT uzrun-
velyofili adamianis Tavisufleba iqneba samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, anu rogorc
hobsi uwodebs, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba
vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela im sferoze, romelsac suverenma
mdumared auara gverdi. maT Sorisaa yidva-gayidvis Tavisufleba, sacxovrebeli
adgilis SerCevis Tavisufleba, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisuf-
leba, sakvebi, cxovrebis wesi bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrdis
Tavisufleba da, mravali, mravali sxva, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris
kanonmdeblobaSi. sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSiac yvela
msgavsi detali gaTvaliswinebuli da reglamentirebuli iqneboda. igulisxmeba,
rom qveSevrdomebs am mimarTulebiT sruli Tavisufleba aqvT. es Tavisufleba,
amasTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudvel ZalauflebasTan. qalaq
lukas mcxovreblebs iseve aqvT valdebulebebi xelisuflebis mimarT, rogorc
konstantinepolis mcxovreblebs. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba erTgvaria rogorc
monarqiaSi, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi (1.237).
garda im Tavisuflebebisa, romlebic qveSevrdomebs gaaCniaT yofiT situ-
aciebis umetes nawilSi, rig SemTxvevebSi maT rCebaT Tavisufleba TviT
suverenTan mimarTebiTac ki. aseTia, magaliTad, viTareba, rodesac suvereni qve-
Sevrdoms mosakvdineblad miuCens vinmes (mniSvneloba ara aqvs, am dros,
qveSevrdomi msjavrdadebulia Tu ara), yvela SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdoms rCeba
Tavdacvis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba. meorea viTareba, rodesac vinme da-
kiTxvaze imyofeba. adamiani valdebuli ar aris aRiaros danaSauli, radgan arc
erT xelSekrulebas ar SeuZlia daavaldebulos adamiani daidanaSaulos Tavi da
a.S.
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi
saxelmwifos finansuri keTildReoba damokidebulia produqtis siWarbeze,
momzadebaze, gagzavnaze daniSnulebis adgilze da mis ganawilebaze moqalaqeTa
Soris. produqtis siWarbe ganisazRvreba Sromaze da adamianis gulmodginebaze.
adamianis Sroma, hobsis azriT, aris saqoneli, rac yvelaze ufro cxadad imaSi
vlindeba, rom igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos nebismier sxva saqonelze.
sakuTrebis ganawilebis problema yvela mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umaRles
xelisuflebas miekuTvneba. sakuTrebis Semotana saxelmwifos arsebobis piro-
bebSi, xorcieldeba suverenis mier. hobsis es mtkiceba ufro wonadi gaxdeba mas
Semdeg, rac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq laparakia ara imdenad calkeuli nivTebis
flobaze, aramed sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrel saxeebze. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma
am periodSi aris sakuTreba miwaze, romlis ganawilebisa da SenarCunebis
sakiTxebSi, cxadia, ereva suvereni.
calke exeba hobsi fulis arss, mis bunebas da funqciebs saxelmwifoSi.
Tavidan is laparakobs oqro-vercxlis Sesaxeb, romelTac igi yvela sagnis
Rirebulebis xelsayrel sazoms uwodebs. am sazomis saSualebiT, adamians
55
 • igive mosazrebebiT igi uflebamosilia gansajos saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli
literaturis avkargianoba. daadginos principebi imisa, Tu ra saxis
literaturaa saWiro da romeli avtorebi unda iyvnen rekomendirebulni;
• suverens ekuTvnis, agreTve gansakuTrebuli aqtis ufleba, romelic adgens
sakuTrebis uflebas (da sakuTreba ki arsebobs mxolod adamianTa
politikur mdgomareobaSi, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas
yvelaferze aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba), mis sazRvrebs da kanonebs sakuTrebis
irgvliv arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mosagvareblad;
• suvereni iTavsebs umaRlesi mosamarTlis funqciasac, rodesac sadavo
xdeba Tavad kanoni, sulerTia, es kanoni aris bunebiTi, Tu samoqalaqo;
• suverenis kompetenciaSi Sedis omis da mSvidobis sakiTxebi. is aris
umaRlesi mTavarsardali da marTavs qveynis SeiaraRebul Zalebs;
• suvereni Tavad irCevs yvela samoqalaqo pirs, rogorc samxedro, aseve
samoqalaqo Tanamdebobaze. mas SeuZlia warCinebis niSnebiT daajildovos
yvela piri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. daRildoebaSi
Sedis rogorc Rirsebis sxvadasxva ordeniT, aseve titulebiT da qonebiT
dajildoeba.
am ZiriTadi uflebebis garda, ra Tqma unda, kidev arsebobs sxva uflebebic,
romelTa CamoTvlas aq aRar gavagrZelebT. ufro mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze,
rom suverens am funqciebis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. amave dros, arsebobs sruliad
sxva saxis sakiTxebis rigi, romelTa gadawyveta suverens SeuZlia sruliad
usafrTxod miandos romelime Tavis qveSevrdoms. aseTia, magaliTad, fulis
moWra, mcirewlovanTa memkvidreobis sakiTxebi, bazris regulirebis problemebi
da sxva. magram mas ar SeuZlia gaasxvisos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia,
radgan Tu is mTavarsardlobas sxvas Caabarebs, maSin, realur Zalas moklebuli,
veRarc umaRles mosamarTleobas ganaxorcielebs. Tu is uars ityvis qveynis
finansebis gankargvaze, maSin ver gamokvebavs jars da a.S.
hobsis es da yvela sxva msgavsi msjelobebi garkveul komentarebs saWiroebs.
jer erTi, isini metyveleben imaze, rom arsebobs suverenis kompetenciis
ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi da araarsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da rom arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebis suverenis cnebis gareT gatana angrevs mis kompetencias. garda
amisa, hobsis kvalifikaciebidan sakmaod naTlad Cans, rom igi mowinaaRmdegea
xelisuflebis danawilebisa. suvereni aris rogorc umarlesi kanonmdebeli,
aseve umaRlesi aRmasuflebeli moxele da mosamarTle. avtori arc malavs, rom
aq laparakia arsebiT ZalTa danawilebaze. mizezi misi aseTi poziciisa, aris
samoqalaqo omi, rac hobsis azriT, ori xelisuflebis, ori armiis logikuri
Sedegi iyo. formula “gaxleCili samefo ar SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos” (1.206) -
swored am viTarebas afiqsirebs.
umaRlesi xelisufalis xelSi aseTi Zlauflebis koncentracia bunebrivad
warmoSobs eWvs qveSevrdomTa saerTo mdgomareobis Taobaze. isini SeiZleba
ukmayofiloni gaxdnen monarqiiT da TavianTi uuflebobiT. hobsi SeniSnavs, rom
sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebiT raRac ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs da rpm is
araferia im sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, rac politikur cxovrebas moaqvs bunebiTi
mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu vityviT, rom mmarTvelobis monarqiuli
formaa qveSevrdomTaTvis mZime, avtors amazedac aqvs pasuxi (sxva sakiTxia, ra
Tqma unda, gaviziarebT Tu ara Cven mas), rom viTareba didiad gansxvavebuli ar
aris arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, radgan, rogorc gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi vela TavianT ubedurebas,
mmarTvelobis am wess miaweren. “xelisufleba ki — SeniSnavs hobsi — rodesac is
miaRwevs Tavis srlyofil formas, erTgvaria yvela mis formaSi” (1.208).
54
mier yovel sxva wevrTan d TiToeuli iRebs valdebulebas daemorCilos da mihyves
umravlesobis nebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis romelime wevrs rCeba Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebis Tavisufleba, maSin xelSekruleba Semdgarad ar
CaiTvleba (1.318).
rodesac svaven kiTxvas bunebrivi mdgomareobis realurobis Taobaze, loki
marTalia aRiarebs istoriuli cnobebis ar arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
ganxorcielda es gadasvla, magram miaCnia, rom aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT TiTqos
gadasvlas saerTod ar hqonda adgili. realur nimuSad, loki asaxelebs romis da
venecis istorias (1.320). amrigad — askvnis magaliTebis mimoxilvis Semdeg loki —
maTi politikuri szogadoebebi yvela daiwyo nebayoflobiTi kavSirebiT da
urTierTTanxmobiT adamianebisa, romlebic mmarTvelebis arCevisas da
mmarTvelobis formebis SerCevaSi moqmdebdnen Tavisuflad (1.321). lokis es
mosazreba sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac aq SegviZlia davafiqsiroT
“sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ufro da ufro didi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.
marTlac, jer laparaki iyo iseT gaerTianebaze, romelSiac ikveTeba adamianTa
saerTo neba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTrebis dacva. Semdeg koncefciaSi, mis
aucilebel pirobad, Semovida sasamarTlo, Semdeg xelisuflebis danawileba,
umravlesobis mmarTveloba da axla, bolos vigebT, rom sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mmarTvelis da mmarTvelobis formebis arCeviTobas.
ganvixiloT axla calke saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi.
5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebidan, loki detalurad ganixilavs mxolod
demokratias, oligarqias da monarqias. monarqiaSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv,
memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo meore mxriv ki, arCeviTi monarqia. rac Seexeba
ara mmarTvelobis romelime konkretul formas, aramed zogadad saxelmwifos,
rogorc aseTs, loki mas aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs: “saxelmwifos qveS me
yovelTvis vgulisxmob ara demokratias, an mmarTvelobis sxva romelime formas,
aramed nebismier damoukidebel sazogadoebas, romelsac laTinebi ‘civitas’-s
uwodebdnen, rasac Cven enaze ukeT Seesabameba “commonwelth” (1.338)
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma — wers loki — irkveva imis mixedviT, Tu vis
xelSia umaRlesi xelisufleba. amasTan, umaRles xelisuflebaze saubrisas,
loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba. arc erTi
ganCineba, romelic sanqcionirebuli ar aris xalxis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis mier, ar SeiZleba Sevides ZalaSi, radgan swored aseTi
sanqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs es ganCineba saxalxo Tanxmobis Zalas. zogadad
ki “sakanonmdebloa xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs ufleba miuTiTos, Tu rogor
unda iyos gamoyenebuli saxelmwifos Zala imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iyos
Tanamegobroba da misi wevrebi” (1.346). sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, lokis mixedviT, mas gaaCnia
mniSvnelovani SezRudvebi. kerZod, a) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesi
xelisuflebis formaa, magram is Zalze Sors aris misi moqalaqeebisadmi
absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebis flobisagan. es mtkiceba avtors
gamoyavs im Tezisisgan, rom aravis aqvs absoluturi, despoturi Zalaufleba
sakuTar Tavze da Tu aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT individebs, gasagebia, rom maT ar
SuZliaT gadascen es xelisufleba sxvas. bunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia
kacobriobis SenarCuneba; b) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes despoturi myisieri ganCinebebis saSualebiT. piriqiT, misi
mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes winaswar cnobil, mdgrad kanonmdeblobas, rasac
ganaxorcieleben specialurad amisaTvis arsebuli pirebi; g)umaRlesi
xelisufleba uflebamosili ar aris sakuTreba CamoarTvas romelime adamians
misi Tanxmobis gareSe. es gasagebia, radgan rogorc araerTxel iTqva,
xelisufleba iqmneba sakuTrebis dasacavad, risTviac adamianebi erTiandebian
sazogadoebd. aqedan, saxelmwifos da, maSasadame, xelisuflebis arsebobis
winapiroba sakuTrebis flobaa; xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis
63
mareglirebeli kanonebis miReba, magram ara misi mospoba an miTviseba. da bolos,
d) sakanonmdeblo organos ar SeuZlia sxvis xelSi gadasces kanonis gamocemis
ufleba. “mxolod xalxs SeuZlia saxelmwifos formis gansazRvra da amas is
akeTebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeqmniT da maTi daniSvniT, vis xelSiac
iqneba es xelisufleba” (1.345). am SezRudvebis garda, gasaTvaliswunebelia isic,
rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens sakrebulos, romlis Semadgen-
loba mTlianad icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am sakrebulos wevrebis
daSlis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian da sxva moqalaqeebis msgavsad
emorCilebian sxelmwifos kanonebs. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sxva prin-
cipebze mowyobis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, Tu sakrebulos Semadgenloba mudmivia
an erTi adamianis xelSia), arsebobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe.
ramdenadac kanonebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, magram gamiznulebi arian
xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis, saxelmwifo saWiroebs myar Zalas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs maT ganxorcielebas, an ganxorcielebis kontrols. xelisuflebis am
gansxvavebuli funqciidan gamomdinare, loki moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebisagan gaimijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi piriT, romelic umaRlesi
aRmasrulebeli iqneba. Tu es piri an monawileobs amave dros sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebaSi, is mTlianad angariSvaldebulia mis mimarT. aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani niSania misi mudmiv samuSao mdgomareobaSi yofna.
marTlac, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,Tuki is Seikribeba drodadro, uproblemod
gaarTmevs Tavs dakisrebl amocanas, rasac ver vityviT aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, agreTve
axali arCevnebis daniSvna sakanonmdeblo sakrebuloSi. es SeiZleba orgvarad
ganxorcieldes: an amgvari arCevnebis pirobebi gawerilia konstituciaSi da maSin
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas isRa darCenia, rom zogado xelmZRvaneloba gauwios am
arCevnebs, an aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs da aRmasrulebeli Tavad gansazRvravs mis
vadebs da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs.
loki saubrobs xelisuflebis kidev erT Stoze, romelic Tanamedrove
politikur praqikasa da TeoriaSi ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxiT.
Tumca Tavad lokic SeniSnavs paragrafis bolos, rom xelisufleis am Stos
aRmasrulebelisagan damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, SesaZloa wamgebianic ki
iyos saxelmwfosaTvis. es aris, e.w. federaluri xelisufleba. federaluri
xelisufleba igive aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa misi im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu
Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dkavebulia sazogedoebis municipa-
luri kanonebis aRsrulebiT Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, federaluri
xelisuflebis sazrunavia sazogadoebis sagareo interesebis dacva da qveynis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am federalur xelisuflebas, rig SemTxvevebSi,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, magram misi specifikidan
gamomdinare, Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xalisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, is
naklebad uwevs angariSs qveyanaSi momqmed mdgrad kanonmdeblobas. aq gacilebiT
metia damokidebuli im pasuxismgebeli pirebis gonierebasa da ostatobaze, visac
saxelmwifom politikis es sfero miando.
marTalia saxlemwifoSi realurad arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela sxva, saboloo jamSi masze maRali
instanciac arsebobs. saboloo Zalauflebis wyaro mainc xalxia, romelsac, Tu
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba uvargisia, SeuZlia gadaaayenos an Sescvalos
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis Semadgenloba (1.349). Tu aseTi ram moxda, es niSnavs,
rom xelisufleba daubrunda pirvelwyaros, radgan sazogadoeba, xalxi yovelTvis
inarCunebs uflebas sakuTari Tavis xsnisaTvis warmoadgendes uzenaes
saxelisuflebo Zalas saxelmwifoSi, romelic misi miznebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.
literatura:
1. 1. Джон Локк – «Два трактата о правлении», в кн. Джон Локк, Избранные произведения в
трех томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1988., том 3 (c. 263-290; 306-356).
2. Laurence Berns – John Locke, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .
64
rom moZalade suverenis xelisufleba (gnebavT, Zaladobis principuli forma
rom aviRoT saxelmwifos formirebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac saxelmwifo
dapyrobebis Sedegad iqmneba) xelSekrulebis Sedegia? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis
SegviZlia mivakiTxoT hobsis mier berZnuli terminis “ δεσποτηζ“ (batoni,
patroni) analizs.
rodis xdeba mavani ama Tu im piris batoni? pasuxisaTvis hobsi laparakobs
damonebis erT formaze — omSi mopovebul monebze. mavani batoni xdeba ara maSin,
rodesac is daamarcxebs, miwaze dascems metoqes, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg,
rodesac es ukanaskneli sakuTari sicocxlis fasad gamarjvebulis sakuTreba
xdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom TviT am sazRvriT SemTxvevaSiac urTierTobas batonsa da
monas Soris xelSekruleba adgens. aqedan, Znelia ar aris igive principebis
gavrceleba ZaladobiT mopovebul saxelmwifo suverenobis im formaze, romelic
Zaladobrivi gziT Camoyalibda. es ki niSnavs, rom moZalade xelisufalze
zustad igive principebi xorcieldeba, romelic vrceldeba Cveulebrivi
xelSekrulebiT warmoSobil xelisuflebis sxva formaze (1.226).
saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ras
warmoadgens am saxelmwifoSi is, vinc warmoadgens yvelas da TiToeuls, anu ras
warmoadgens suvereni. (1.209). am principis Sesabamisad, hobsisaTvis arsebobs
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sul sami ZiriTadi forma: monarqia, aristokratia da
demokratia. rac Seexeba tiraniasa da oligarqias, isini mxolod monarqiis da
aristokratiis uaryofiTi nairsaxeobebia. ufro zustad, “tirania” da
“oligarqia” aris negatiuri daxasiaTebebi monarqiisa da aristokratiisaTvis. es
sami ZiriTadi forma imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, Tu romeli maTgani ufro
gamosadegia ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebaSi — qveSevrdomebis usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofaSi. hobsi miuTiTebs, rom kriteriumad aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia
aviRoT interesebis Tanxvedra. sadac sazogadoebis interesebi yvelaze metad
emTxveva xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomTa interesebs, iq ufro ukeT realizdeba
saxelmwifos funqciebi da amocanebi. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, monarqiaSi xdeba,
radgan monarqis saxels, didebas da simdidres gansazRvravs misi qveSevrdomebis
saxeli, dideba da simdidre. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gvarwmunebs, hobsi,
demokratiasa da aristokratiaSi, isini, vinc suverens ganaxorcieleben, maTi
piradi interesebi gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos interesebisagan.
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi
Cven ukve viciT, rom “suvereniT”, hobsis TeoriaSi, aRiniSneba xelisuflebis
uzenaesi piri, sul erTia am pirs warmoadgens erTi adamiani, Tu adamianTa jgufi.
rogorc vnaxeT, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT fuZndeba aseTi
saxelmwifo posti, romelsac ikavebs esa Tu is adamiani, Semdeg kontraqtis
gauqmeba masTan da axali kontraqtis dadeba sxva pirTan aRar SeiZleba. suverenis
xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi formaa misi sakuTari nebiT postidan
gadadgoma. ramdenadme paradoqsulad es niSani vrceldeba ara mxolod im tipis
suverenze, romelic warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aramed
imazedac, vinc suverenuli uflebebi moipova Zalis gamoyenebiT da Cven ukve
viciT, rom hobsi am or saxes Soris principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs. maT Soris
msgavsebaa SiSis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tu suverenis posti politikurad
myardeba, amisaken adamianebs ubiZgebs erTmaneTis SiSi, xolo Tu saxelmwifo
yalibdeba dapyrobiT, maSin SiSis sagani dampyroblis Zalmomreobaa. TviT aseT
SemTxvevaSic, mxolod sakuTari nebiT gadadgoma iqneba suverenis xelisuf-
lebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi forma.
amis garda, suverens aqvs sxva niSnebic, romelic SemosazRvravs mis Zala-
uflebasa da kompetencias. SevexoT ramdenime maTgans. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes,
rom suverenis yvela ufleba momdinareobs misi, rogorc qveSevrdomebis
usafrTxoebis garantorobidan. Sesabamisad, pirveli misi uflebaa iyos saboloo
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic exeba misi qveSevrdomebis
mSvidobas da dacvas.
53
mimarTavda maT saerTo miznebis Sesasruleblad.
rogor, ris safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas sajaro xelisufleba? hobsi wers:
“aseTi sajaro xelisufleba ... SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi gziT,
kerZod, mTeli Zalauflebis, adamianTa Zalis erT adamianSi an adamianTa
sakrebuloSi TavmoyriT” (1.196). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba
xalxis warmomadgeneli unda iyos da TiTueulma moqalaqem sakuTari neba unda
dauqvemdebaros saerTo nebis matarebel personas. aseTi erTianoba — hobsis
azriT — ufro metia, vidre ubralo Tanxmoba an, gnebavT erTsulovneba. es aris
realuri erTianoba xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli erT personaSi imgvarad,
rom xelSekrulebis TiToeul monawile yovel sxva monawilesTan erTad, am erT
personas an sakrebulos Tvlis sakuTari Tavis marTvis uflebis matareblad.
“Tuki aseT raimes adgili eqna — wers hobsi — maSin am wesiT erT personaSi
gaerTianebuli adamianTa erTianoba, iwodeba saxelmwifod, laTinurad — civitas.
aseTia didi leviaTanis, an ufro meti pativis migebiT rom vTqvaT — im mokvdavi
RmerTis dbadeba, romelsac ukvdavi RmerTis safarqveS myofni unda
vumadlodeT mSvidobas da dacvas” (1.196). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos
yoveli wevri Tavis ufllebamosilebas gadaabarebs erT an ramdenime pirs, am
ukanasknelTa xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelic sruliad
sakmarisia saxelmwifos yoveli wevris, mTeli xalxis nebis misamarTad gare mtris
winaaRmdeg an SidaaSlilobis aRsakveTad. am SeniSvnebisa da dazustebebis Semdeg,
saxelmwifos gansazRvreba sabolood ase JRers: “saelmwifo aris erTiani
persona, romlis moqmedebaze pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis dadebiT aiRo
didi raodenobis xalxma, imisTvis, rom am erT personas SesZleboda yvela maTi
Zalis da saxsaris gamoyeneba imgvarad, rogorc is saWirod CaTvlida maTive
mSvidobisa da dacvisaTvis” (1.197). am erTiani personis matarebels ewodeba
suvereni, anu is, vinc aris umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebeli da, vinc
xelSekrilebis ZaliT wamoadgens yvelas. yvela danarCens ewodeba qveSevrdomi.
am umaRlesi postis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an unda gamoyenebuli iyos
fizikuri Zala da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba moxveWiT miRebuli saxelmwifo,
an moqalaqeebma unda dadon nebayoflobiTi xelSekruleba da maSin Cven miviRebT
politikur saxelmwifos.
saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teoria Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs
liberaluri frTis sxva warmomadgenlebTan. is gansakuTrebiT sruladaa
damuSavebuli rusosTan. rusosagan gansxvavebiT, hobsis xelSekrulebis Teoriis
specifika isaa, rom xelSekruleba ideba mxolod qveSevrdomebs Soris da ara
qveSevrdomebs da suverens Soris. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, hobsi uaryofs
suverenis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis marTlzomierebas. hobsi pirdapir
wers, rom am wesiT saxelmwifos Semdgenlebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT axali
xelisuflebis dadeba, romlis ZaliTac isini morCilebas axal pirs gamouc-
xadebdnen. amitom, aravis aqvs monarqis damxobis, qveynis qaosSi Cagdebis da axali
suverenis arCevis ufleba. es wesi, ramdenadme paradoqsulad, ar icvleba arc
maSin, rodesac suvereni daarRvevs raime valdebulebas (1.199). SegviZlia
aRvniSnoT, rom rusos xelSekrulebis Teoriam, romelic subieqtebad mzolod
moqalaqeebs ki ara, aramed TiToeul moqalaqesTan suverenis mier dadebul
garigebasac gulisxmobda, savsebiT logikurad CaTvala SesaZleblad, am
ukanaskneli pasuxismgebloba xedSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis dar-
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi. aman ki revoluciis Teoriuli dasabuTebas gauxsna gza.
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi
hobsi calke aRar ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos xelSek-
rulebiTi dafuZneba mxolod monarqiul saxelmwifoze vrceldeba, Tu yvela
danarCen formazedac, radgan dadebiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod naTlad
gamosWvivis mis msjelobebSi. aseTi pozicia SesaZloa gaugebrobis wyaro gaxdes,
Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT misi zogierTi SeniSvna. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba
saxelmwifo mowyobis iseT formas, rogoricaa tirania. ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,
52
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni”
“kanonTa goni” cnobili frangi ganmanaTleblis, monteskies ZiriTadi naS-
romia, romliTac man msoflio saxeli moipova. naSromi or tomad gamovida 1748
wels. “kanonTa goni” ar yofila monteskies pirveli nawarmoebi socialur-
politikur sakiTxebze. sazogadoebis yuradReba monteskiem jer kidev 1721 wels
miipyro, rodesac “sparsuli werilebi” gamoaqveyna, rasac 1734 wels mohyva misi
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba — “gaazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis
Sesaxeb”. miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli nawarmoebebi originalobiTa da azris
siTamamiT gamoirCeoda, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedrebian “kanonTa gons”,
romelzedac monteskiem oci weli imuSava da unda iTqvas savsebiT gamar-
Tlebuladac, radgan ortomiani gamokvleva warmoadgenda imdroindeli
politikuri mecnierebis erTgvar enciklopedias, an iqneb umjobesia vTqvaT,
Semajamebel naSroms. gamokvlevaSi Tavi moiyara istoriis, politikuri Teoriis,
filosofiis, sociologiis, samarTlisa da saxlemwifoTmcodneobis sakiTxebis
mTelma wyebam. TiToeul maTganSi monteskiem ara mxolod SesaniSnavi gan-
swavluloba gamoavlina, aramed Rrmaazrovain da damajerebeli pasuxebi gasca
mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. monteskies politikuri Sexedulebebis
gadmocemisas, Cven swored am naSromis ZiriTad momentebs ganvixilavT.
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi
monteskies naSromi im kanonebis bunebis, suliskveTebis Sesaxebaa
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas rom uZevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, upirveles
yovlisa, saWiroa gavecnoT Tavad kanonis cnebas. kanonis erTi gansazRvreba
identobis niSans svams adamianis gonebas da kanons Soris. kanoni, am azriT, igive
adamianis gonebaa, romlis sxvadasxva mimarTebebi iZleva politikuri da
samoqalaqo kanoonebis saxiT gonebis mimarTebaTa kerZo SemTxvevebs. kanonis
monteskies meore definicia ar gansxvavdeba am cnebis standartuli,
filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebisagan. kerZod, “kanonebi, am sityvis
yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT — aRniSnavs monteskie — aucilebeli mimarTebebia,
romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan” (1.30). es gansazRvreba, cxadia
yvela saganze, da maT Soris, Tu mas azrovnebis sagnad ganvixilavT, adamianzec
vrceldeba. rogorc fizikuri arseba, adamiani, mTlianad bunebis kanonebis
gavlenis qveS imyofeba. magram misi fizikuri mxare ar aris erTaderTi, romelic
bunebis zegavlenas eqvemdebareba. bunebis principebi vrceldeba adamianis
yofazedac da amitom, vidre adamianis sazogadoebriv yofis kanonebs
SevexebodeT, is unda ganvixiloT im mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs
sazogadoebrivs. bunebrivi mdgomareobis Temis analiziT, montekie exmaureba
hobsis Semdeg damkvidrebul tradicias, Tumca, gansxvavebas bunebiT samarTalsa
da sazogadoebriv samarTals Soris, jer kidev aristotele atarebda.
ra daxasiaTebas aZlevs monteskie adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi? mis mier
SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTeba hobsis poziciis sruliad sapirispiroa. kerZod,
ganxilvis nimuSad aRebuli “tyeebSi mokankale velurebi”, misi azriT, Zalze
Sors dganan hobsis mier aRwerili mebrZoli suliskveTebis mqone
adamianebisagan, romlebasc gaCaRebuli hqondaT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.
piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis uZlurebis grZnoba da
SiSis gancdaa pirveli. amitom, bunebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia ara
omis mdgomareoba, aramed mSvidoba. meore, rac adamianebs ubiZgebs moq-
medebisaken, SimSili da sakvebis Ziebis moTxovnilebaa. mesame, sapirispiro
sqesebs Soris urTierTltolva, rac adamianTa pirveli daaxloebis wyaroa. da
bolos, meoTxe da saboloo damakavSirebeli momenti, aris cnobierebis, Semec-
nebis aqtiurobis Sedegi, rac adamianebs Soris aCens im saxis kavSirebs, rac ar
gaaCniaT cxovelebs. sazogadoebrivad cxovrebis survili, ambobs monteskie,
meoTxe, bunebrivi kanonia (1.34).
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis specifika, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis sawyis etapze,
65
hobsisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies omis mdgomareobad aqvs gaazrebuli.
sazogadoebaSi adamianebs uqrebaT SiSi iseve, rogorc Tanasworoba grZnoba. maT
nacvlad yalibdeba sakuTari Zalis SegrZneba, rac saomar Setakebebs uZevs
safuZvlad. sazogadoebaSi gaCaRebuli omi orgvaria: omi sazogadoebebs Soris
da omi adamianebs Soris. am orgvari omis Sedegad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi saxis
kanoni:
• kanonebi, romlebic arsegulireben urTierTobas sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris;
saerTaSoriso samarTali.
• kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben urTierTobas erT sazogadoebaSi mmar-
Tvelebs da marTulebs Soris. es kanonebi Seadgenen politikuri samarTlis
masalas, rasac unda davumatoT,
• kanonebi igive sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (moqalaqeTa Soris) urTi-
erTobebs rom aregulirebs da Seadgens samoqalaqo samarTals.
aRniSnuli kanonebis TiToeul jgufs, moqmedebis Sesabamisi mimarTuleba
aqvs. saerTaSoriso, anu xalxTa samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebs Sorisi
urTierTobis, omis da mSvidobis, savaWro kavSirebis da a.S. sakiTxebs. amgvar
problemebs erTmaneTs Soris mTavrobebi wyveten da, gasagebia, amitom, rom maTi
arseboba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis da, politikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas.
politikuri sazogadoeba an politikuri mdgomareoba, romlis SigniTac
politikuri kanonebi moqmedeben, monteskies mixedviT, iqmneba yvela calkeuli
Zalauflebis (mamisa Svilebze, qmrisa colze batonisa msaxurze) gaerTianebis
Sedegad. da bolos, politikuri sazogadoebis Sesqmnelad gaerTianebuli
Zalauflebebi gulisxmoben moqalaqeTa nebis gaerTianebas, rac ukve iZleva
samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. monteskie kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom es sxvadasxva
kanonebi gonebis gansxvavebuli relaciebis Sedegebia da ar aRniSnaven sxvadasxva,
Tundac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferoebs. amitom SemdgomSi cal-
calke aRar ganixileba politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi. mimarTebebs Soris
did zegavlenas axdens rogorc qveynebis fizikuri monacemebi, aseve am
faqtorebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli xalxTa gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi.
Sesabamiad, Cven viRebT xalxebis gansxvavebul kanonebs, Tumca, maT safuZvlad
SesaZloa gonebis erTi da igive relacia idos.
samarTlianad iwodebian kanonebad” (1.185). bunebiTi kanonebi, Sinaarsis mixdeviT,
emTxvevian samoqalaqo kanonebs. bunebiTi kanonebi, ityvis ufro gvian hobsi,
sulac ar arian kanonebi am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro
sxvadasxva saxis principebs warmoadgenen, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianebis
ganwyoba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo wesrigisaken. mxolod saxelmwifos
xeldasmiT, misi umaRlesi warmomadgenlis gansakuTrebuli brZanebulebiT
iqcevian isini samoqalaqo kanonebad (1. 283).
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba
pirovnebis (personis) cneba saWiroa saxelmwifos hobsiseuli koncefciis
srulyofilad gasaazreblad. uzenaesi persona, rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gaxdeba
naTeli aris saxelmwifo. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ra konkretuli Sinaarsi
ideba am cnebaSi, unda gavarkvioT jer “personis” ra mxareebze akeTebs aqcents
hobsi.
pirovneba aris is, visi sityvebi an moqmedebebi ganixileba, an rogorc misi
sakuTari, an rogorc sxva adamianis sityvebi da moqmedebebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
pirovneba bunebrivia, meore SemTxvevaSi — xelovnuri. sityva pirovnebis,
laTinuri “person”-is Sesatyvisad berZnebi iyenebdnen “προσωπον”-s, romelic
aRniSnavda saxes, gamometyvelebas msgavsad imisa, rogorc laTinuri persona
gamoxatavda morTulobas, adamianis gare Sesaxedaobas. am mniSvnelobiT
gamoixateboda es termini Teatris moqmed pirTa morTulobis mimarT da
umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda morTulobis swored im nawils, romelic
faravda saxes, anu aRniSnavda niRabs. Teatris sferodan am terminma Semdeg
gadainacvla sasamarTlosaken da aRniSnavda yvela sityvis warmomTqmel am
momqmed pirs. amitom, pirovneba (persona) aris momqmedi (Tu sityviT gamosvlas
moqmedebis nairsaxeobad gavigebT), piri. sul erTia sasamarTloSi, scenaze, Tu
yofiT viTarebebSi. aqve igulisxmeba, rom es piri Tavis moqmedebebSi an Tavis
Tavs warmoadgens, an sxvas.
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba

2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi finaluri mizezi imisa, ratomac amjobineben saxelmwifos saxiT lagams
Tavisuflebismoyvare adamianebi, aris zrunva TviTgadarCenaze da cxovrebis
ukeTes pirobebze.saxelmwifos daarsebiT adamianebi cdiloben daarwion Tavi
monteskie ganasxvavebs sul sami tipis mmarTvlobas: respublikas (saxalxo
omis ubadruk yofas, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi vnebebs rom mouxvevia
mmarTvelobas mTeli xalxis an misi nawilis saSualebiT), monarqias (erTmarTveobas
Tavs. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xom ar arsebobs aSkara Zalaufleba, romelic
kanonis Sesabamisad) da despotias (aseve erTmarTvelobas yovelgvari kanonis gareSe,
dasjis muqariT aiZulebda adamianebs SeesrulebinaT bunebiTi kanonebi.
mmarTvelis survilebis mixedviT). TiToeul maTganze avtori cal-calke ayalibebs
xelSekruleba maxvilis gareSe — fiqrobs hobsi — mxolod carieli sityvaa,
marTvis ganmsazRvrel kanonebsa da principebs. Tu mmarTvelobis am formebs
romelic adamians ver miscems usafrTxoebis garantias.
SevadarebT antikuri avtorebis mier ganxilul formebs, TvasaCino gaxdeba Tavad
maSin, ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo Sedga? SegviZlia Tu
formebis mwiro raodenoba. es ar aris SemTxveviTi ori TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,
ara, vTqvaT, aristoteles kvalad CavTvaloT, rom erTad Tavmoyrili soflebis
minteskie makiavelis Semdeg, naklebad interesdeba saxelmwifos idealuri
garkveuli raodenoba Seadgens saxelmwifos? Tu saxelmwifos erT-erTi
proeqtebiT da cdilobs aRweros arsebuli viTareba. swored am midgomis Sedegia mis
ZiriTadi funqcia adamianTa usafrTxoebaa, erTi mizniT Tavmoyrili adamianebis
mier naSromSi moyvanili mdidari empiriul-istoriuli masala. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
didi masa xom sakmarisi unda iyos amisaTvis? hobss mravlad moyavs aseTi SesaZlo
meore, rac unda davafiqsiroT, is gaxlavT, rom am periodis evropuli politikuri
kiTxvebis sxvadasxva variaciebi imisaTvis, rom negatiuri pasuxis marTebulobaSi
wyoba met-naklebad homogenuria. principSi, makiavelis kvalad, monteskiec saubrobs
dagvarwmunos. marTlac, Tuki adamianTa mxolod didi raodenobaa saknarisi
respublikaze da samTavroze, cxadia maTi sxvadasxva variaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari sajaro xelisuflebis gaeSe daculi iyos bunebiTi
respublikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori, demokratiis
uflebebi da TiToeulma Tavi usafrTxod igrZnos, ratom ar SeiZleba igive
(mTeli xalxis marTvelobis) an aristokratiis (misi nawilis) formiT.
gavrceldes mTel kacobriobaze? magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom
imisaTvis, rom adamianTa xelSekrulebas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi da
xalxma SesZlos mmarTvelTa dasaxeleba-arCeva. xalxs Tavad ar SeiZlia kargi
xangrZlivad, ara raRac mokle periodiT, aregulirebdes sazogadoebriv
marTva, magram mas SeuZlia kargi mmarTvelebis arCeva. SeiZleba uamravi
urTierTobebs, garda adamianTa masisa da Tavad SiSveli xelSekrulebisa,
magaliTis moxmoba Zveli istoriidan, romelic daadasturebda xalxis bunebriv
saWiroa kidev raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs am xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas. es raRac
unars gaarCios Rirseuli xelmZRvaneli uRirsosagan. ramdenadac demokratiaSi
aris sajaro xelisufleba, romelis sasjelis SiSis qveS amyofebda adamianebs da
Zalze mniSvnelovania arCevnebi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xalxis fenebad
66 51
surs gamovides situaciidan. aseT dros mas vnebebi (sikvdilis SiSi, miswrafeba
usafrTxo da komfortuli cxobrebisaken) da goneba. lorens bernsi, Tavis
hobsis politikuri filosofiisadmi miZRvnil SromaSi imgvarad aRwers
viTarebas, TiTqos hobsis TeoriaSi gonebis roli bunebiTi samarTlis
principebis dadgenaSi umniSvnelo iyos. is wers: “bunebiTi mdgomareoba
gamoiyvaneba adamianis vnebebidan; es ki niSnavs, rom Cven mogviwevs gavigoT, Tu
rogoria adamianis bunebrivi midrekilebebi, raTa CamovayaliboT swori
politikuri wesrigi. ... Sedegad, TviTSegadarCena, SiSis, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis
SiSis gamo, Zalze mniSvnelovan, ganmsazRvrel vnebad iqceva” (2.357). Cven
vfiqrobT, rom miuxedavad adamianis emociuri samyaros didi mniSvnelobisa,
Tundac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ganmsazRvreli mainc gonebaa, radgan swored
goneba axdens adamianis bunebiTi uflebebidan bunebiTi kanonebis gamoyvanas da
amiT dasabams aZlevs politikur da socialur wesrigs. ra gansxvavebaa bunebiT
uflebasa da bunebiT kanons Soris?
aristotele ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan saxemlwifo kanonmdeblobis
bunebiT da konvencionalur wyaros (ix. “nikomaqes eTika” 1134 b 18-20). mis
msgavsad, hobsi saubrobs bunebiTi uflebis (jus naturale) da bunebiTi kanonis (lex
naturalis) Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli aris adaminis
Tavisufleba sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenos yvela is
saSualeba, romelsac saWirod CaTvlis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebiTi kanoni
aris gonebis proskripcia, mocemuli zogadi samoqmedo wesis saxiT, romelic
adamians ukrZalavs imis keTebas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa iseve,
rogorc imis ugulvebelyofas, rac igivesaTvis sasargebloa (1.155). amrigad,
gansxvaveba jus-sa da lex-s Soris emsgavseba gansxvavebas Tavisuflebasa da
valdebulebas Soris erTi da igive xdomilebis mimarT. Tu pirveli afiqsirebs
adamianis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas akeTos misTvis saWiro ram, meore ayalibebs
amis gakeTebis valdebulebas. amasTan, ukanasknelis bunebiTobaze SegviZlia
visaubroT imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis bunebiT moniWebuli gonebrivi uarebiT
dgindeba da gamoiyvaneba bunebiTi uflebebisagan.
am gamijvnis Semdeg, gasagebia, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani
mTlianad jus naturale-s moqmedebis zonaSi imyofeba, radgan araferi
avaldebulebs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr uari sTqvas nebismier aqciaze,
romelsac ki misTvis saWirod CaTvlis. es viTareba bunebiTi samarTlis enaze,
SeiZleba dafiqsirdes formuliT — “yvelas bunebiTi ufleba yvelaferze”.
magram, ramdenadac arsebul viTarebaSi aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis elementaruli
garantia da arseboba momravlebul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saqmeSi ereva
goneba, romelic ayalibebs ramdenime bunebiT kanons. maT Soris: 1. an unda
ganvamtkicoT mSvidoba, an unda yvela SesaZlo xerxiT uzrunvelyoT sakuTari
usafrTxoeba. Semdeg, 2. Tu mSvidobaze Tanaxmaa erTi mxare, maSin meore
valdebulia uari sTqvas Tavis uflebaze yvela sagnis mimarT im xarisxiT, ra
xarisxiTac sxva ityvis uars igiveze da a.S. am wesiT sul gamoyvanilia cxrameti
kanoni da rigi damatebiTi principebi, romelTac unda uzrunvelyon niadagi
bunebiTi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze gadasasvlelad. am gziT
midian adamianebi sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamde, romelic sxva araferia, Tu
ara bunebiTi uflebebis urTierTze gadatana, anu uflebaTa gacvla (1.159; 161.).
hobsi miuTiTebs, rom bunebiTi kanonebi maradiulia. magram amave dros ar
unda dagvaviwydes arc is, rom isini geometriuli wesiT deducirebulia
bunebiTi uflebidan. aq adgili ar aris e.w. geometriuli meTodis deskrip-
ciisaTvis. masze damakmayofilebel warmodgena eqneba imas, vinc icnobs am
meTodiT agebul spinozas “eTikas”. magram, im viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
kanonad wodebuli Tezisebi swored asea deducirebuli avtoris Tavis miwuruls
akeTebs Semdeg SeniSvnas: “gonebis am ganCinebeba adamianebi Cveulebriv kanonebs
uwodeben, rac sinamdvileSi ar Seesatyviseba maT arsebas. es preskripciebi
mxolod daskvnebi an Teoremebia imis Taobaze, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa
SenarCunebas da dacvas maSin, romdesac kanoni, sakuTrivi zriT, gulisxmobs imis
mer gaxorcielebul ganCinebas, visac sxvisi mbrZaneblobis ufleba aqvs. Tumca,
Tu Cven am Teoremebs RvTisagan boZebulebad ganvixilavT, maSin isini
50
dayofas arCeviTobis principTan mimarTebiT. ase magaliTad, romaelebma mTeli
TavianTi mosaxleoba qonebrivi diferenciaciaze dayrdnobiT, eqvs klasad,
romlebic Tavis mxriv centuriebad iyofodnen, (igulisxmeba servius tuliusis
kanonmdebloba) dayves. rac ufro maRali iyo fena, miT ufro naklebi moqalaqe
Sedioda masSi. bolo centuriebi moicavda RaribTa yvelaze did masas. mas Semdeg,
rac TiTo centurias TiTo xma mieniWa, mTelma sazogadoebrivma wyobam
gamokveTili aristokratiuli ieri miiRo.
gansxvavebuli organizacia misca solonma aTnis respublikas, romlis fenebi
dlagda ara imis mixedviT vis SeeZlo aerCia, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vin
SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli.
am magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monteskie askvnis, rom respublikis pirveli
kanonia xmis micemis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa garkveva da danawileba-
organizacia.
respublikuri mmarTvelobis meore umniSvnelovanesi kanoni ukve arCeviT
procedurebs Seexeba. ZvelTaganve aq uamravi sakiTxi arsebobs wilisyrasa da
arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, xmis micemi Ria da farul saxeebs da a.S. monteskies
miaCnia, rom demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari kanoni gulisxmobs, rom Tu xalxi xmas
aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos.
Tu respublikas mmarTvelobis aristokratiuli formisaken aqvs gadaxra,
maSin saukeTeso iqneba is mmarTveloba, romelSiac Raribebi mosaxleobis
umciresobas Seadgenen da piriqiT. es ki imitom, rom aristokratiuli
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, wers monteskie, xalxi araraobaa (1.42).
amrigad, rom SvajamoT, respublikuri mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli
kanonebi, SegviZlia maTi aseTi saxiT dalageba:
• xmis mqone moqalaqeTa ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;
• saarCevno xmis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;
• moqalaqeTa stratifikacia;
• moqalaqeTa balotirebis wesis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da, bolos,
• xmis micemis forma da wesi.
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs ara
xalxs, aramed erT, umaRles mmarTvels. aq yovelgvari politikuri da
samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea, romelic qveyanas ganagebs
ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebi
aucileblobiT iTvaliswineben Zalauflebis Sualedur rgolebs, romliTac
unda ganxorcieldes monarqis xelisufleba. uZiriTadesi kanoni aseT funqcias
Tavadaznaurobas aniWebs: “Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar
aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa” —gveubneba es kanoni. am Sualeduri
saxelisuflebo korpusis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, monarqias aqvs didi Sansi
gadaiqces despotiad.
Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monarqiaSi SeiZleba
gamoiyos Semdegi saxis subordinaciuli elementebi:
• xelmwife;
• didebulebi (nobiliteti);
• Tavadaznauroba.
ramdenadac monarqias despoturi mmarTvelobisagan kanonebis mocemuloba
ganasxvavebs, amdenad Sualeduri, Tavadaznaurobis garda, monarqias sWirdeba
kanonebis “Semnaxavi” korpusi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs ra, Tavadaznaurobis
tradiciul agdebul damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT, Tvali eWireba maT
arsrulebaze. aq monteskie sakmaod bundovnas saubrobs, Tumca gasagebia, rom
mas, dawunebuli monarqis sabWosagan gansxvavebiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sadeputato
korpusi da parlamenti.
da bolos, despotia, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi forma,
67
monteskies interpretaciiT, principSi marTvaze uaris Tqmis kanons emyareba.
sabuTebad mas moaqvs misi epoqis TurqeTis sasulTno d papis marTveloba. orive
politikuri reJimis ZiriTadi knoni gulisxmobs umaRlesi xelisuflis mier
marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davidarabis Tavidan acileba da mis gadabarebas
pirveli vezirisaTvis.
mmarTveobis samive formas Sesabamisi principebi aqvs. ra aris principi?
principis cnebs monteskie bunebis cnebasTan SepirispirebaSi gansazRvravs:
“mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom misi buneba
aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi moyavs.
pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia,
romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben” (1.48).
am gansazRvrebaSi, uTuod aris garkveuli filosofiuri xasiaTis problema,
romelsac Cven aq ar ganvixilavT, Tumca, davafiqsirebT. kerZod, gansazRvrebaSi
aSkarad igrZnoba antkiuri politikuri filosofiis kvali. Zveli berZnebic,
msgavsadve “bunebas” gansazRvravdnen, rogorc imgvar raimes, rac sagans aqcevs
imad, rac is aris saboloo jamSi. monteskiec raRac msgavss ambobs, magram
principis saxiT bunebas umatebs kidev mis amamoZravebel moments. amgvari
mamoZravebeli berZnuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad zedmeti iyo, radgan
buneba ara mxolod sagnis saxe iyo, aramed am saxis mimcemic. aqedan, aSkaraa, rom
Tumca terminologiis mniSvnelovani nawili monteskiesTan klasikuria, misi
xasiaTi arsebiTadaa Secvlili da Cvenc sakvlev Temad SegviZlia viguloT am
cvlilebis mizezebi, xasiaTi da sazRvrebi.
aqamde aRiwera mmarTvelobis formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli kanonebi, Tumca
aRiniSna TiToeuli mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli buneabc. kerZod,
respublikis buneba xalxis mmarTvelobaSia, monarqiisa kanonebiT mmarTvel
xelmwifeSi, xolo despotiisa ki erTmarTvelis nebasurvilebSi.
rac Seexeba TiToeuli maTganis mamoZravebel principebs, demokratiis
principad avtori miiCnevs siqveles (SeiZl. saTnoebas), monarqiisa — Rirsebas,
xolo despotiis principad — SiSs. monarqiaSi, wers monteskie, yvelafers
gansazRvreavs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotiaSi ki mmarTvelis mudam SemarTuli
xeli.. rac Seexeba respublikur mmarTvelobas, sulerTia is warmodgenili iqneba
demokratiiT, Tu aristokratiiT, igi saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels da es
damatebiTi mamoZravebeli aris siqvele. siqvelis moSla moqalaqeebis cxovrebis
wesis degradaciis sawindaria. Tu, magaliTad, adre Tavisufleba surdaT kanonis
Sesabamisad, siqvelis dacemis Semdeg, moqalaqeebi Tavisuflebas kanonis
sawinaaRmdegod moiTxoven. respublikuri marTvelobis pirobebSi standartul
siqveleTa Soris SegviZlia vixiloT: samSoblos siyvaruli, ltolva WeSmariti
didebisaken, Tavdadeba, sakuTari interesebis Sewirva da a.S. siqveleze
msjelobisas abtors mxedvelobaSi politikuri siqvele aqvs, Tumca, aRniSnavs,
rom is moraluri siqvelecaa, radgan misi mizani sayovelTao keTildReobaa.
respublikuri mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba
axasiaTebdes calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs (1.53). amitom
monarqiuli reJimis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli aris Rirseba. misi damaxasiaTebeli
qcevis gansakuTrebuli kodeqsiTa da preferenciebiT. Rirsebis kodeqsi
moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi, ris gareSe is Tavs
Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs.
da bolos, despotiis mTavari principi, rogorc iTqva, SiSia. despotiaSi
xelmwifis garda yvela monaa da gasagebia, rom mona mudmiv SiSSi unda gyavdes,
raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. amasTan monis SiSi ar aris carieli warmosaxvis
TamaSiT Seqmnili safrTxobela. monis SiSi aRmocenebulia realur niadagze da
gulisxmobs despotis mudam SemarTul xels, romelic, rogorc ki modundeba, im
donemde, rom aRar ZaluZs saxelmwifos Tundac pirvel waCinebulTa TavisTvis
sasurvel dros dasja,, despotiis simyares maSinve niadagi ecleba.
ganxiluli sami principi marTvis TiToeuli formis ideidan gamomdinareobs.
monteskie aRniSnavs, rom es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos ar arsebobs gamonaklisebi.
magram rac ueWvelia, is gaxlavT, rom am principebis ganuxorcielebloba
TiToeul marTvelobis formas naklovans xdis.
68
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi
aristoteluri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac miaCnda, rom aris ra
politikuri arseba, adamiani arsebobs mxolod politikur mdgomareobaSi,
hobsis azriT, adamianTa politikur yofas, win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomareoba.
bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRweriT hobsi cdilobs ukeT aCvenos, Tu ra
xdomilebebi ganapirobebs saxelmwifos warmoSobas.
pirveli Tezisi, romelsac hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis gasacnobad
gvTavazobs, liberalizmis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gvaxsovs, rom
platonma sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo imis mtkicebas, rom adamianebi bunebiT
araTanasworni arian. hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwerisas amis sapirispiro
postulatidan amodis. is wers: “bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi
unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT,
rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri an Wkviania, magram Tu maT yvelas
erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arcTu ise
didia, rom romelime adamians mis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis
raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis
analogiuri ufleba” (1.149).
hobsis am citataSi sayuradReboa Semdegi kontraversia: a) hobsi, rogorc
vxedavT, sulac ar laparakobs imaze, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan seriuli
warmoebis produqtebiviT ganusxvavebelni arian. is mxolod imas ambobs, rom maT
Soris umniSvnelo sxvaobidan ar gamomdinareobs romelime maTganis gamorCeuli
ufleba akeTebdes an flobdes raimes. b) Tuki romelime adamians aqvs
samarTlebrivi safuZveli sxvisgan gansxvavebiT moiTxovos an flobdes raimes, es
safuZveli ar momdinareobs misi bunebrivi Tvisebebidan.
es ukanaskneli debuleba hobsis amocanadac ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT, radgan
vxedavT ra sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-politikur diferenciacias da
amave dros viziarebT Teziss bunebiTi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, albaT, (am
SemTxvevaSi hobsis) politikur Teorias unda movTxovoT agvixsnas, ra qmnis aseT
gansxvavebas.
hobsi gvTavazobs Semdeg amxsnel nabijebs: adamianebs Soris unarebis
erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis wyaro. bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluti konfliqtis viTareba — yvelas omi yvelas
winaaRmdeg. mas aRvivebs adamianis Tandayolili iseTi mankierebani, rogoricaa
undobloba, metoqeoba, didebis wyurvili. pirvelis mizeziT adamianebi ibrZvian
usafrTxoebisaTvis, meoris — nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad, xolo mesamis gamo ki
Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad.
imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor unda gavigoT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,
hobsi aseT ganmartebas aZlevs oms: omi ar aris mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.
konfliqtebs Soris arsebobs Sualedebi, romlis drosac metoqeebi avlenen
aSkara samzadiss an mzaobas SetakebisaTvis. rogorc “cud amindSi” igulisxmeba
dro wvimasa da wvimas Soris, aseve omi aris periodi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebisa da
maT Soris arsebuli droiTi Sualedebis. mTeli danarCeni dro mSvidobad
iwodeba.
mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre xorcieldeba totaluri urTierT-
mtroba, da undobloba, rodesac ZalaSia principi — “adamiani adamianisaTvis
mgelia” — aravin grZnobs Tavs daculad. fizikurad gacilebiT sust adamians
Zalze iolad SeuZlia sicocxle mouswrafos masze ufro Zliers. aRniSnul
viTarebas didad ganapirobebs saerTo xelisuflebis ararseboba. sadac ar
arsebobs xelisufleba, iq ar asrsebobs arc samarTali da kanoni da, Sesabamisad,
verc erT qmedebaze ver vityviT samarTliania is, Tu usamarTlo. rasakvirvelia,
rom amgvar viTarebaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs daucvelad grZnobs (1.154).
hobss Zalze surs, rom mis mier adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwera ar
daemsgavsos fiqcias, ar miiRos miTiuri gamonagonis xasiaTi. amitom kiTxvaze,
sad SeiZleba viguloT aseTi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, is gvapasuxobs, rom amgvar
mdgomareobaSi arian amerikaSi mcxobrebi tomebi da ara mxolod isini. aseTive
situaciaSi arian adamianebi revoluciebisa da didi socialuri areulobebis
dros. magram, sdac ar unda xdebodes msgavsi ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamians
49
 Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani”
liberaluri filosofiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis daxasiaTeba SegviZlia daviwyoT Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebis gad-
mocemiT. mis politikur SromebSi warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani
debuleba, romelic SemdgomSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba liberalizmisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hobss ar Ralatobs arc gadmocemis stili da arc siTamame,
mis nawerebSi mainc SeiniSneba erTgvari araTanmimdevruloba, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, im epoqis sirTuliT unda avxsnaT, romelSiac hobss mouwia cxovreba da
moRvaweoba. mwerlis araTanmimdevruloba, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, ufro
konkretulad, Cans gamowveulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: jer erTi, revoluciis
epoqis Tavad politikuri movlenebis uaRresad rTuli da bundovani xasiaTiT,
rac mkvlevars problemas uqmnida maT Sesaxeb martivi da calsaxad gasagebi
msjelobebis da daskvnebis gadmosacemad; meore, mwerlis mdgomareobiT, rome-
lic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia dapirispirebuli politikuri ZalebisaTvis.
grZeli parlamentis xanaSi, 1640 wlidan, manamde mefisadmi loialuri hobsi
ingliss gaerida. frangul emigraciaSi myofi, hobsi gadaurCa revoluciis qaoss
da samoqalaqo oms. samSobloSi hobso mxolod 1651 wels kromvelis nebarTviT
dabrunda. diqtatori, Cans kmayofili iyo met-naklebad neitralur inglisel
inteleqtualebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobiT. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom
hobss jer saxelmwifo mdivnis posti SesTavazes, xolo Semdeg, daavales
moemzadebina britanuli universitetebis reformis proeqti.
igive 1651 wels, londonSi gamoica hobsis naSromi “leviaTani”, romelmac mis
avtors msoflio saxelTan erTad emigracieSi myofi klerikalebis da
roialistebis risxva moutana. kritikosebis mier “leviaTani” aRqmuli iqna iseT
naSromad, romelic revolucionerebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. hobss
revoluciisadmi simpaTiis garda, aTeistoba dabralda. traqtatis Sinaarss rom
Tavi davaneboT, mat gasaRizianeblad sakmarisi iqneboda mxolod naSromis
gamoce,is garekani, romelzedac gamosaxul Zlevamosili saxelmwifos simbolos,
leviaTans, kromvelis saxe hqonda.
samefo xelisuflebis restavraciam mZime mdgomareobaSi Cayena hobsi. misi
“leviaTani” akrZaluli literaturis siaSi moxvda.. damatebiT, mas mefem
aukrZala religiur da politikur Temebze Sromebis gamoqveyneba. albaT, swored
es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac misi Semdegi mniSvnelovani politikuri
xasiaTis naSromi, “behemoti, anu grZeli parlamenti” ar gamoqveynda. am SromaSi
hobsi ganixilavda samoqalaqo omis mizezebs imgvarad, rom samefo xelisuflebis
TvalSi reabilitacias cdilobda.
rebilitaciis ufro aSkara mcdelobas warmoadgenda 1668 wels laTinur
enaze gamocemuli “leviaTani”. is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda inglisuri
variantisagan, radgan hobsma axal gamocemas sakmaod ucvala saxe. ase magaliTad,
termin “saxelmwifos” aRmniSvnelad inglisur variantSi gamoiyeneboda
revolucionerebisaTvis saTuTi sityva “Commonwelth” maSin, rodesac laTinur
oreulSi mis adekvatur terminad aRebuli iqna “civitas”, xolo umravles
SemTxvevaSi ki “monarchia”. laTinur “leviaTanSi” avtorma amoiRo inglisuri
gamocemis araerTi paragrafi da Caanacvla iseTi TavebiT, romlebic, Tu
xelisuflebis mimarT loialobis nimuSad ar gamodgeboda, neitraluri pozicia
mainc unda daefiqsirebina. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom garekanze leviaTanis
gamosaxulebaSi kromvelis saxes mefis saxe Caenacvla.
am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, sruli reabilitacia samefo karze hobsma ver
SesZlo. yvelas esmoda, rom mTavarma saTqmelma ukve gaiJRera. esec ar iyos,
gadamuSavebuli “leviaTanic” Seicavda araerT iseT mtkicebas, romelic savsebiT
sakmarisi iyo Tavisuflebisa da sxva arsebiTi liberaluri Rirebulebebis
dasafuZneblad.
48
2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris
monteskiesaTvis kanonebi mimarTebebia. isini arseboben obieqturad da
aucileblobiT. monteskie upirispirdeba Tomistur tradicias, romelic
pozitiur samarTals gaigebda maradiul, naturalur da gamocxadebul
kanonebTan kvaSirSi. kanonis saboloo wyaro, Tomistiuri tradiciiT, RmerTia.
saerTo sikeTis gaTvaliswinebiT kanons adgenda mmarTveli. amgvari Tval-
sazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies mier kanonis gansazRvreba jer erTi
adgils aRar tovebda saswaulebisaTvis da meorec kanons gaigebs maradiul
aucileblobad, romelsac gamokveTili racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. RvTaebrivi da
naturalisturi teleologiis Tavidan mocilebiT, monteskie imedovnebda
mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb aeyvana kartezianuli da niutonianuri fizikis
doneze. kanonebis Sesabamisobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi moyavs
mmarTvelobis yvela elementi da amdenad maTi Tanmimdevruli analizi
monteskies Wirdeba saxelmwifos meqanizmis funqcionirebis sruli suraTis
dasadgenad.
SevexoT jer respublikas. respublikaSi siqvele sxva araferia, Tu ara
respublikis siyvaruli. respublikis siyvaruli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
Jams, igive TviT demokratiis siyvarulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanasworobis
(romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs ufro demokratiisaTvis) da zomierebis (rac
ganmsazRvreli xdeba aristokratiisaTvis) siyvarulze daiyvaneba. gaTanabrebis
principis moqmedeba demokratiis pirobebSi, pirvel rigSi Tanaswor qveynis
samsaxurs gulisxmobs. Tu am mimarTebiT gansxvavebebi arseboben, es isev
Tanasworobis principis zeobis gamo, radgan marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,
margam SeZlebiT ki gansxvavebulad axerxeben qveynis samsaxurs. respub-
likisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo adamianebis fenis Seqmna. saSualo fena
zomierebiT da gonivrulobiT gamoirCeva da ganuxrelad ukavSirebs sakuTar
keTildReobas saxelmwifos keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siqvele
Sesabamis emociur ganwyobas gulisxmobs, monteskie savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis
saWirod mis ganmtkicebas kanoniT. “imisaTvis, rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba
giyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni”.
rogor SeuZlia kanons Tanasworobis da zomierebis uzrunvelyofa?
istoriulad amis sxvadasxva gza iyo napovni. erTi maTgani moiTxovda miwis
Tanabrad ganawilebas. sxva gza areguilrebda memkvidreobis kanonebs da a.S. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanasworobis damyareba Tundac demokratiaSi, sadac
Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, Zalze Znelia da bevr riskebTanaa
dakavSirebuli, yvelaze gonivrulad unda CavTvaloT am mimarTebiT Semotanili
is kanonebi, romlebic uTanasworobis SesazRudad qobenriv cenzs awesebs da
amcirebs gansxvavebebs. amis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleba socialuri fenebis
regulireba gadasaxadebiT, Tu mdidrebi daibegrebian ufro metad, vidre
naklebad SeZlebuli ojaxebi.
Tu respublikuri mmarTvelobidan monarqiaze gadavinacvlebT, orien-
tirebulni unda viyoT Rirsebaze, romelic am tipis mmarTvelobis principia.
kanonebic, cxadia, misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos. kanonebma aq ar unda imoqmedon
keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad. es wodeba Tavad daicavs sakuTar Tavs.
kanonebis didi nawili unda mimarTuli iyos memkvidreobiTobis gasarkvevad,
radgan Rirseba aq mibmulia gvarze, mamulze da memkvidreobaze. monarqia ufro
myari saxelmwifoa, vidre despotia, radgan masSi ramdenime fena arsebobs,
romlebic morgebulni arian saxelmwifosTan da mmarTvelobis wesTan.
rac Seexeba despotias, ramdenadac aq mmarTvelobis mTavari principi SiSia,
dabeCavebuli xalxi bevr kanonebs ar saWiroebs. sakmarisia ori-sami martivi wesi,
romlebic uyoymanod aRsruldeba. despotoaSi saxelmwifos usafTxoeba igive
despotis dacvaa. rac mis gareT xdeba despots naklebad aRelvebs. misi ZiriTadi
mizani siwynarea, Tumca siwynare aq mSvidobis macne sulac ar aris. yvelaferi
damyarebulia Zaladobaze, magram Zalis patroni saxelmwifo ki ar aris, aramed
armia, romelic marTalia saxelmwifos dasacavad ki Seiqmna, magram
despotisaTvis isic safrTxes warmoadgens. despoturi saxelmwifoebis tipur
nimuSebad monteskie islamur qveynebs da moskovitias ganixilavs.
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 3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba
“Tavisufleba” zogadad mravalmniSvnelovnebiT gamoirCeva. erT SemTxvevaSi
is SeiZleba niSnavdes, vTqvaT tiranis damxobis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi
xelisuflebis arCevis uflebas, sxvagan SeiaraRebis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas da a.S. Tu yuradRebiT gadavavlebT Tvals am
daxasiaTebebs, maTSi ufro politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba Cans, vidre
“Tavisuflebis” romelime sxvamniSvneloba. arada, “Tavisuflebaze” SegviZlia
visaubriT rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis azriT, aseve socialuri da ufro
zogadi, metefizikuri Tavisuflebis azriT. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT anu,
rogorc monteskie uwodebs “filosofiuri” mniSvnelobiT, Tavisufleba
SeiZleba ganisazRvros ase: “filosofiuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis
mier Tavisi nebis ganxorcielebaSi ... imSexedulebaSi, rom moqalaqes SeuZlia
sakuTari nebis ganxorcieleba” (1.213).
qveyana, romelSiac kanonebi uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebas, monteskies azriT,
aris inglisi. inglisis politikur yofaze dakvirvebam monteskie miiyvana
Tvalsazrisamde, romelis saWirod sTvlis xelisuflebis samad dayofas.
monteskies mier xelisuflebis danawilebis modeli gansxvavdeba lokiseuli
modelisagan. loki calke gamoyofda sagareo politikis warmaTvis funqcias da
mas uwodebda “federaciuls”. amasTan, loks erTad hqonda mocemuli Sida
kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo kanonmmdebloba da maT aerTianebda erTi saxel-
wodebis, “aRmasrulebelis” qveS. imiT, rom saSinao da sagareo kanonmdebloba
erT korpusSi gaaerTiana da maTgan gamijna sasamarTlo kanonmdebloba,
monteskiem moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis meti garantia Seqmna. monteskie adarebda
ra ingliselTa politikur Tavisuflebas antikuri periodis demokratiis
Tavisuflebebs, upiratesobas pirvels aniWebda. ingliselebma, misi azriT,
gamoaRviZes xalxis masiuri energia da erTmaneTi SeazRudvines nobilitets da
Tems. magram ingliselebis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba Cans umTavresad
kriminallur samarTalSi. arsebobs oTxi saxis kriminali: religiis
sawinaaRmdego, moralis sawinaaRmdego, simSvidis sawinaRmdego da, bolos,
uSiSroebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. monteskies azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos
Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo devna moraluri an religiuri
SecodebisaTvis, garda zogoerTi aRviraxsnilobisa.
amas mosdevs inglisis saxelmwifos Tavisufal moqalaqeTa yofis Sefaseba,
raSiac monteskie ufro dadebiT elementebs xedavs. aq erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli
monarqiis da respublikis saukeTeso formebis Tvisebebi. saxelmwifos
Zalauflebis siZliere uzrunvelyofilia masSi xalxis masiuri monawileobiT,
Tumca es ise xdeba, rom amiT ar izRudeba individualizmi — yoveli konkretuli
piris moqmedebis areali Tavisufalia. es yvelaze kargad Cans religiis
sakiTxebSi; religia individebis privatuli saqmea da masTan dakavSirebiT
araviTari maiZulebeli instanciebi ar erevian saqmeSi.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom monteskie mijnavs politikuri Tavisuflebis
cnebas samoqalaqo Tvisuflebis cnebisagan. msgavsi gamijvna safuZvlad uZevs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bunebis da principebis gaazrebas dasavlur
azrovnebaSi. monteskie asxvavebs kanonebs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, rac
uzrunvelyofs politikur Tavisuflebas da kanonebs moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT
(1.179). politikuri Tavisufleba, avtoris azriT, aris imis gakeTeba, risi
gakeTebac SegviZlia rom gvsurdes da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, risi
gakeTebis survili SeiZleba rom ar gvqondes. erTi sityviT, Tavisufleba aris
kanoniT dasaSvebis keTebis ufleba (1.180).
monteskies miaCnia, rom politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis swrafva
aisaxeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos bunebasa da struqturaze. Tu gadavxedavT
zogierTi saxelmwifos wyobas da kanonebs, cxadi gaxdeba, am saxelmwifos
mizanic. ase magaliTad, romaelTa mizani teritoriebis gafarToeba iyo,
lakedemonelebisa — omi, iudevelebis — religia, CineTis — simSvide da a.S.
arsebobs erTi saxelmwifo, romlis mizani, moqalaqeta politikuri
TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofaa da es saxelmwifo, avtoris azriT, aris inglisi.
amitom igi Tavisuflebis Temis analizs am saxemwifos institutebis da kanonebis
70
mezobel raionSi aucilebel saqmeze wasuli moqalaqe unda iRebdes specialur
nebarTvas da iq asrulebdes savaldebulo samuSaos. Cans mors imedi hqonda, rom
qveyanaSi, sadac yvela gamwarebiT muSaobs da produqti Tanabrad nawildeba,
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis maRali done.
utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. monebad aqceven ara omSi datyvevebulebs an
monebis Svilebs, aramed im Tanamoqalaqeebs, visac sikvdili aqvT misjili an
utopiaSi, an sxva qveyanaSi. sainteresoa, rom SromiTi valdebulebebis
TvalsazrisiT, Tu monis borkilebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, gansxvaveba
moqalaqesa da monas Soris mxolod raodenobrivia. moqalaqe Sromobs 6 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi, mona “maradJams”.
sxva sakiTxebi
sxva sakiTxebdan, romelTa gadmocemas mori nakleb dros rodi uTmobs Tavis
naSromSi aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, morma
SeinarCuna ojaxis fenomeni. saerTo colebsa da Svilebze is arsad laparakobs.
Tumca qorwinebas Camocilebuli aqvs sakraluri Sinaarsi da is qceulia
samoqalaqo aqtad. samagierod, swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi TiTqmis platonur
stilSia gadawyvetili. yoveli bavSvi 5 wlis asakamde, ojaxis gareT, ZiZaTa
TavSesafarSi izrdeba. aRiarebs ra swavlis did rols moqalaqeebis aRzrdis
saqmeSi, mors saWirod miaCnia ganaTlebis mkacri regulireba xelisuflebis mier.
sagangebod miCenilma moxeleebma unda uzrunvelyon sajaro kiTxva. ganaTleba,
rogorc sulieri siamovnebis miniWebis saSualeba, cxovrebis bednierebis wyarod
cxaddeba.
moqalaqeTa tansacmeli utopiaSi uniformasaviTaa da is gansxvavdeba mxolod
imis mixedviT,Tu ra asakis adamians mosavs. qveynis SigniT ar funqcionirebs
fuli. marTalia arsebobs bankebis msgavsi dawesebulebebi, magram maT sagareo
vaWrobis da omis SemTvevaSi saxsrebis gaRebis amocana ekisrebaT.
qveynis nameti mosaxleoba Tanabrad gansaxldeba qveynis teritoriaze sxva da
sxva raionebSi. mosaxleobis Sida migracias gegmazomierad axorcielebs
saxelmwifos xelisufleba. utopielebi ar eridebian kooniebis daarsebas ucxo
teritoriebze da arc omze amboben uars sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.
omis mizezia an samSoblos dacva da momxvduris gandevna, an tiraniiT
Seviwrovebuli xalxebis daxmareba. omisaTvis samzadisi Tanabrad vrceldeba
rogorc qalze, aseve mamakacze. orive gadis samxedro wvrTnas. utopielTa armia
moxaliseebisagan Sedgeba. omis warmoebisas, SeiaraRebul Setakebas mxolod
ukiduresi niSvneloba aqvs. Tanac, am dros utopielebi Zalze ufrTxildebian
sakuTar mosaxleobas da cdiloben brZolebSi pirvel rigSi daqiravebulebi
gaoiyenon. Tumca, isini warmatebis misaRwevad amjobineben sxva mravalferovan
gzebs mimarTon, maT Sorisaa: mtris meTauris mokvla, mtris mosyidva, gaTiSvis
politika, mtrebis winaaRmdeg mezobeli xalxebis waqezeba da a.S.
qveynis politikuri institutebis aRweras mori SedarebiT nakleb dros
uTmobs. naxsenebia senati, saxalxo kreba da rigi Tanamdebobis pirebis
arCeviTobac, magram mTlianobaSi aRwera Zunwia da mraval kiTxvas tovebs.
mTlianobaSi, qveynis politikur institutebze STabeWdilebas gviqmnis moris
mier aRwerili socialuri struqturebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro metadaa
moris interesis sagani.
literatura
1. Tomas mori — utopia. Tsu gamomc., 1983.
2. Алберто Петручани – Вымысел и поучение. «Утопия» Томаса Мора как исходная модель.
В кн. «Утопия и утопическое мышление». Изд. «Прогресс», Москва 1991. (стр. 98-113).
47
aRmosafxvrelad, xelisuflebam Zalze mkacri kanonebi miiRo maT winaaRmdeg.
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tomas mori aRniSnavda, rom qurdobisaTvis
sikvdiliT dasja yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan jer erTi, is adekvaturia —
fulis warTmevisaTvis ar SeiZleba kacs wavarTvaT sicocxle — da meorec, is
sulac ar spobs qurdobas. aranakleb uvargisi Cans es kanoni im TvalsazrisiTac,
rom erTi da igive sasjelia dawesebuli qurdobisa da mkvlelobisaTvis. vinc
aqamde mxolod Zarcvas dasjerdeboda, axla SeiZleba mowmis mosaspobad
mkvlelobazedac ki wavides. amitom kanoni boritebas ki ar aRmofxvravs, piriqiT,
amravlebs mas.
mori gvTavazobs konkretul RonisZiebebs viTarebis gamosasworelad:
• fermerebis, soflebis gamanadgureblebma an aRadginon soflebi, an miscen
amis saSualeba imaT, visac Sesabamisi survili d mondomeba gaaCnia;
• mdidrebs SeezRudoT sasoflo savargulebis Sesyidvis ganusazRvreli
ufleba, SeizRudos monopoliebi da aikrZalos muqTaxorebis rCena;
• aRdges soflebSi matylis damuSaveba da miwaTmoqmedeba.
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi mainc konkretuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad
mimarTuli nabijebia. arsebobs socialur ubedurebaTa ufro zogadi mizezi —
kerZo sakuTreba. sadac batonobs kerZo sakuTreba, sadac yvelaferi fuliT
izomeba — wers avtori — TiTqmis SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saqmeTa sworad da
warmatebiT marTva. sxvagvarad aseT sazogadoebaSi gamarTlebulad unda
CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso yvelaze ufro uRirsebs
xvdeba, an is, rom yvelaferi xalxis mxolod Zalze mcire nawils aqvs
ganawilebuli da, warmoidgine, rom isinic ver cxovroben rogorc saWiroa,
danarCenebs ki srul siRatakeSi ZvrebaT suli (1. 64-65).
qonebrivi gaTanasworebis ideas mori platonis analogiuri ideis
avtoritetiT mosavs. qonebrivi Tanasworoba, iseve rogorc platonisaTvis,
misTvisac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wyaroa da piriqiT, kerZo sakuTreba
sazogadoebrivi erTianobis rRvevis ZiriTad mizezad saxeldeba. ramdenadac
kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia, mori moiTxovs miwis nakveTebis
moculobis an fulis odenobisaTvis garkveuli zRvaris dawesebas. amasTan,
avtoris mier qonebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad Semotanilia Tanabari
da samarTliani ganawilebis meqanizmi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom SezRudvebi qonebis
moxveWaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod nobilitetze, aramed mefezedac. masac
uwesdeba garkveuli zRvari, romelic aregulirebs mis qonebas.
qonebrivi sakiTxis mogvareba qmnis aseT suraTs: utopiaSi araferi piradi ar
arsebobs, yvela sazogado saqmes emsaxureba. ... aq ki, sadac qoneba serToa,
gaWirvebaSi Cavardnis aravis eSinia, Tuki saxelmwifo beRlis gavsebaze izrunebs.
radgan dovlaTs isini Tanabrad inawileban da ar zunwoben, iq ar arsebobs Raribi
da upovari. da, Tumc ki TiToeuls piradi qoneba ar gaaCnia, mainc yvela
mdidaria” (1. 136).
safiqrebelia, mSromeli xalis duxWiri cxovrebis TanagrZnobiT, mors
gamoumuSavda Sromisadmi Zalze specifiuri damokidebuleba, romelic gamoixata
totaluri Sromis moTxovnasa da muqTaxorebis kritika-SeviwrovebaSi.
muqTaxorebis rigebs Seadgenen: qalebi, mRvdlebi, berebi, keTilSobilebi da maTi
ojaxebi, maTxovrebi. muqTaxorobis sawinaaRmdegod mors SemoRebuli aqvs raRac
savaldebulo SromiTi begaris msgavsi. “utopiaSi” xSirad waawydebiT imis msgavs
frazebs, rogoricaa - “yvela qals da kacs erTi saqme aqvs — miwaTmoqmedeba —
romlisganac aravin Tavisufldeba”. ... “aravin ijdes uqmad” da a.S. aseTi “SromiTi
begara”, romelic mxolod fizikur saqmianobas gulisxmobs, vrceldeba
jariskacebzec da mecnierebzedac, radgan arc erTi maTganis saqmianoba Sromad
ar iTvleba.
moqalaqeebis SromiTi valdebuleba SemdgomSi utopiuri sazogadoebis sxva
SezRudvebis wyarod iqceva. kerZod, izRudeba moqalaqeTa gadaadgileba qveynis
SigniT. es ki xdeba ara adamianTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis surviliT, aramed isev
muSaxelis deficitis gaCenis safrTxidan gamomdinare. moris rekomendaciiT,
46
daxasiaTebiT cdilobs, Tumca aqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: “Cemi saqme araa Seviswavlo,
marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT.
vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva
araferi mainteresebs” (1.192).
rasac ingliselebis politikuri mowyoba sakuTar moqalaqeebs aZlevs, es
gaxlavT samoqalaqo simSvide da qveynis Sida stabiluroba. “moqalaqis
politikuri Tavisufleba aris is sulieri simSvide, romelic TiToeulis
usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs; imisaTvis, rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba,
saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba (1.182).
amisaTvis ki xelisuflebis sam Stod danawileba erTi upirvelesi pirobaTagania.
xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovnas cxadad vafiqsirebT ukve lokis
TeoriaSi. manamde, hobsisaTvis es idea Tumca ucnobi ar yofila, magram
revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis ubedurebTa gaTvaliswinebiT, hobsma araTu
uari Tqva am principze, aramed dagmo is da saxelmwifosaTvis Zalze mavned
miiCnia. monteskie lokze ufro Sors wavida, radgan savsebiT garkveviT mianiSna
sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze, rogorc xelisuflebis iseT damoukidebel
damoukidebel Stoze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos politiuri Tavisufleba. is
wers: “Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba
gancalkevebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi
SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba
moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan
mosamarTle TviTon iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli
gaxdes. yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi
korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas ... ” (1.182). amasTan meti
obieqturobisaTvis, monteskie moiTxovs mosamarTleebis xalxis farTo
wreebidan arCevas.
meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac unda uzrnvelyos politiuri
Tavisufleba, aris xalxis monawileoba qveynis marTvaSi. “vinaidan, Tavisufal
saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba,
TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs
unda ekuTvnodes” (1.184). saxalxo mmarTveloba, romelsac monteskie moiTxovs,
ar aris berZnuli demokratiis ubralo gadamRereba. berZnuli demokratiis
uSualo formisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskie laparakobs warmomadgenlobiT
demokratiaze. misi azriT, uSualo demokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomadgen-
lobiTi forma saWiroa jer erTi imitom, rom did saxelmwifoebSi mosaxleobis
simravlis gamo sxva gza ar arsebobs, meore imitom, rom “warmomadgenlebi”
monteskiesaTvis profesionalebi arian (“... SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa.
xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa demokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba”
(1.185) ). ufro metic, Zveli demokratiebis nakls is swored imaSi xedavs, rom
qveynis marTvas uSualod cdilobda xalxi, risi unaric mas ar hqonda.
warmomadgenlobis instituti Semoitanes ara Zvelma berZnebma an romaelebma,
aramed germanelma tomebma, romlebic, evropis sxvadasxva regiunebSi
gabneulebi, saerTo yrilobaze warmomadgenlebs agzavnidnen.
da bolos mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori politikuri Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelsayofad aris armiis swori organizacia. ramdenadac armia aRmas-
rulebel xelisufelbas eqvemdebareba, saWiroa armiis xalxis warmomadgenlebiT
dakompleqteba da misi ganmsWvalva saxalxo suliskveTebiT. amisaTvis ki
saukeTeso saSualebaa jariskacebis ufleba flobdnen sakmao qonebas da meore,
iyvnen pasuxismgebelni TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.
Tu politikuri Tavisulebis ZiriTadi garantori xelisuflebis ganawilebaa,
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi marTebul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobazea
damokidebuli, radgan sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis qcevis Tavisufleba
ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad daculad grZnobs is Tavs (1.212; 213). garda
amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebulisazogadoebaSi
gabatonebul zneobaze da Cvevebze. zneobas, rogorc vxedavT, aq TiTqmis
kanonTan gaTanabrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli, rac savsebiT esadageba
avtoris Tvalsazriss kanonsa da znes Soris arsebui gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.
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monteskies gansazRvrebiT, kanoni moqalaqis qcevas aregulirebs, xolo zne ki
adamianisa (1.332). am gamijvniT dafiqsirebulia antikuri tradiciisagan
gansxvavebuli, albaT ufro makiavelisturi pozicia. monteskie ar miiCnevs, rom
morali da politika erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. piriqiT, saqme ufro
TiToeuli maTganis sferos avtonomiurobas exeba.
4. omis Sesaxeb
avtori ganixilavs aristoteles droidan xSiard ganxilul sakiTxs saxel-
mwifos zomebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba igive saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. ara mxolod sakiTxis dasmaSi, aramed misi gaazrebaSiac
avtori aristoteles miyveba: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos arc Zalian mcire, magram
arc Zalian didi. saukeTeso teritoriis mqone saxelmwifoebad miCneulia
safrangeTi da espaneTi. gansakuTrebiT momgebiani pozicia aqvs safrangeTs,
romlis dedaqalaqi qveynis SuaSia ganlagebuli. es mas saSualebas aZlevs
Tanabrad gaanawilos Tavisi Zalebi qveynis nebismier sazRvramde.
arsebul respublikebs Soris Siangani konstituciiT, gare TavdasxmisaTvis
yvelaze mouxerxebelia Sveicariis an holandiis msgavsi federaciuli
gaerTianeba. Tu federaciis wevrebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba da tamnamSromloba
sufevs is zalze mouxerxebeli dasapyrobia rogorc gare mtrisaTvis
(centraluri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Semadgeneli subeqtebi isev
gaagrZeleben brZolas), aseve SidaaSlilobis SemTxvevaSiac (ajanyeba erT
romelime provinciaSi SeiZleba warmatebiT SeCerebuli iyos danarCen
provinciebSi). respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebi safrTxis moaxloebisas
cdiloben erTmaneTs daexmaron da saamisod politikur da samxedro kavSirebs
deben. amisagan gansxvavebiT despotia sapirispirod iqceva _ is msxverplad
gaiRebs qveynis romelime erT nawils, gaaukacrielebs sasazRvro raionebs raTa
SeinarCunon xeluxleblad saxelmwifos birTvi. aseTi samxedro praqtika ufro
misaRebia did teritoriis mqone despotiebisaTvis, vidre patarebisaTvis. Tu
despotiebi erTmaneTs Seesevian xolme, monarqiaSi omebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
monarqiebi Cveulebriv cixe-simagreebis mTeli sistemiT arian daculebi (amgvar
gamagrebul punqtebs ufrTxian despotiaSi), rac mters Zalze urTulebs yoveli
gojis dakavebas.
TiToeuli reJimis TavdacviTi potencialis am daxasiaTebis Semdeg,
monteskie exeba ufro zogadi xasiaTis sakiTxs da saubrobs saxelmwifoebis
TavdasxmiT da TavdacviT Zalebze. es ori ram ki erTidaigove ar aris. arseboben
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa TavdasxmiTi potenciali gacilebiT sWarbobs
TavdacviTs. aseTia, magaliTad inglisi. saxelmwifos WeSmariti Zala imiT ki ar
ganisazRvreba, rom mas uadviledeba sxvebis dapyroba, aramed imiT, rom masze
Tavdasxmaa Zneli (1.160-161).
avtori saxelmwifoTa cxovrebas adamianebis cxovrebas adarebs. rogorc
adamians aqvs Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ufleba moklas Tavdamsxmeli, aseve erT
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba omi awarmoos meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da es omi
monteskies mie samartlianad iTvleba. is amarTlebs omis dawyebasac, Tu
saxelmwifo xedavs, rom mSvidobis gagrZeleba misTvis daRupvis tolfasi
iqneboda. omis uflebidan gamomdinareobs dapyrobis uflebac. rodesac erTi
qveyana daipyrobs meores, igi mas oTxi SesaZlo wesiT eqceva:
• Tavis Tavze iRebs mis marTvas igive kanonebiT, rac am dapyrobil qveyanas
manamde hqonda da TavisTvis itovebs mxolod zogad politikur mmar-
Tvelobas;
• cvlis dapyrobili qveynis kanonebs;
• angrevs sazogadoebas da fantavs mas sxvadasxva regionebSi;
• amoJlets yvela moqalaqes.
avtori ganmartavs, rom yvela “moqalaqis amoJleta” ar niSnavs dapyrobil
qveyanaSi adamianebis gawyvetas. moqalaqe SeiZleba daiRupos ise, rom adamiani
gadarCes (1.165). monteskies am mosazrebis ukan dgas “dapyrobis uflebis” Semdegi
72
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia
Tomas mori daibada ingliseli sasamarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo
oqsfordis universitetSi da henri VIII samsaxuSi ekava sakmaod maRali Tanam-
debobebi. iyo jer lankasteris sahercogos, xolo Semdeg inglisis kancleri.
megobrobda holandiel humanistTan, erazm roterdamelTan. naSromma “utopiam”
mas saqveyno saxeli moupova. mors gadulaxavi problemebi Seeqmna mas Semdeg, rac
henri VIII Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada. mori ar iziarebda
protestantul Tvalsazriss da erTgulebda romis paps. protestantizmis
gavrceleba inglisSi mas qristianobis sawinaarmdego aqciad, qristianuli
eklesiis gaxleCvis dasawyisad miaCnda. am motivaciiT, man fici ar misca henri VIII,
rogorc inglisis eklesiis meTaurs. Sedegad, Tomas mori saxelmwifo Ralatis
braldebiT jer tauerSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo Semdeg wels sikvdiliT dasajes.
1886 wels kaTolikurma eklesiam mori wmindanad Seracxa.
“utopia” gamoica 1516 wels levenSi (belgia). is aris ori nawilisagan
Semdgari nawarmoebi, romelic ararsebuli kunZulis, utopiis politikur da
socialur wyobas. naSromis berZnuli sityvebisagan nawarmoebi saxelwodeba “u-
topia”, rac daaxloebiT SeiZleba “uadgilod” an “adgilis armqoned” iTargmnos,
mkiTxvels mianiSnebda, rom wignSi laparaki iyo realurad ararsebul
saxelmwifoze. wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba inglisis politikuri da
socialuri wyobis mZafr kritikas, xolo meore nawilSi gadmocemulia utopiuri
saxelmwifos pozitiuri Sinaarsi. wignis kompozicia imgvarad aris Sekruli, rom
kritikulad Sefasebuli inglisis saxelmwifo mowyoba utopielTa saxelmwifos
srul antipods warmoadgens.
platonis saxelmwifoze saubrisas, avRniSneT gansxvaveba platonis idealur
saxelmwifosa da moris utopias Soris. axla kvlav gavimeorebT ra azrs maT Soris
arsebiTi gansxvavebis Taobaze, gvinda mivuTiToT saerTo momentebzedac. mori,
ra Tqma unda, icnobs platonios saxelmwifos Teorias da iziarebs bevr mis ideas.
es exeba rogorc qonebriv sakiTxebs, aseve utopiuri saxelmwifos yofis
calkeul detalebs.
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea
mori albaT erT-erTi pirvelia maT Soris, vinc Tavisi Sromis kritikul
nawilSi Zalze mZafrad ayenebda socialuri uTanasworobis problemas da saxavda
gzebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. xalxis mZime mdgomareoba, romlis aRwerasac is
dauzareblad ubrundeba xolme sxvadasxva gverdebze, Cans erT-erTi mZlavri
impulsi iyo “utopiis” Sesaqmnelad.
mori asaxelebs or mTavar mizezs qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis
asaxsnelad: erTi gaxlavT gauTavebeli konfliqturi urTierTobebi mezobel
qveynebTan, rac xelisuflebas aiZulebda mudmiv sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi yoloda
soliduri samxedro Zala. misi Senaxva ki Zalze Zviri ujdeboda gadasaxadebis
gadamxdelebs.
meore, mizezad mori imas asaxelebs, rom am dros inglisSi “cxvarma SeWama
adamiani”. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma, romelic SemdgomSi qveyanaSi kapitalizmis
ganviTarebiT gamowveuli socialuri kataklizmebis formula gaxda, xatovnad
asaxavs inglisSi mimdinare realur procesebs. kerZod, inglisis msxvil
qalaqebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis rentabelobam mZlavri biZgi misca soflis
raionebSi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSlas. cvlilebas saTaveSi memamuleebi
Caudgnen, romelTaTvis sasoflo sameurneo produqciis moyvanaze ufro
momgebiani, matylis warmoeba gaxda. daiwyo cxvris intensiuri moSeneba da
maTTvis aucilebeli saZovrebisaTvis sivrcis uzrunvelsayofad glexobis
masiuri ayra sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. daingra soflebi, daingra meurneobis
tradiciuli wesi. gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala srulad ver Seisruta
ganviTarebadma qalaqebma. darCa uamravi usaxlkaro mawanwala, romelTac
maTxovrobiT da qurdbacacobiT gahqonda Tavi. Seqmnili diskomfortis
45
gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT, “mSvenieri grZnobebiT iqmneba cudi literatura”).
politikuri moralis swored aseTi gagebaa SemoTavazebuli makiavelis mier
“mTavarSi”, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, es naSromi gaugebari dagvrCeba da
iZulebulni gavxdebiT SevuerTdeT yalb interpretatorTa im jgufs, romelic
makiavelis politikaSi amoralizmis Semotanis iniciatorad gvisaxavs.
Cveulebrivi zneobriobisagan gansxvavebuli, politikuri moralis reversuli
buneba, romelic orientirs Sedegebze iRebs, erTi SexedviT paradoqsul
Sefasebebs gamoaTqmevinebs makiavelis, rodesac is sisastikiT ganTqmul
moRvawes saTnoebis gansaxierebad gvixasiaTebs, xolo mSvidobismoyvare
sazogadoebas qveynis damRupvel xalxad. “Cezare borjas sastik kacad Tvlidnen,
magram swored am sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi romaniaSi, gaaerTiana,
daaSoSmina da Semoiriga igi. Tu kargad avwon-davwoniT yovelive amas, im
daskvnemde mivalT, rom is ufro gulmowyale iyo, vidre florencieli xalxi,
romelsac surda sastikis saxeli aecilebina Tavidan da pistoiis daqcevas ki
Seuwyo xeli “(1.177) da, Semdeg: “egec ar iyos, yvela kacisa da, miT umetes,
mTavarTa moqmedebas, romelTac gansasjelad ver warudgen sasamarTlos, misi
saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT afaseben. amitom, mTavarma dae, mxolod
gamarjvebisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis izrunos da saSualebebs,
romliTac am mizans aRweven, yovelTvis patiosnad da qeba-didebis Rirsad
Seracxaven, vinaidan brbos mxolod saqmis garegnuli mxare da saboloo Sedegi
xiblavs” (1.185).
literatura
1.nikolo makiaveli — mTavari. gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi. 1984.
(gv.92-233)
2.Николло Макиавелли – История флоренции. Изд. «Наука», 1987
44
saxis gansazRvreba: esaa aucilebeli, kanonieri da sabediswero ufleba, romelic
uzarmazar vals adebs gadasaxdelad dampyrobs, raTa man SesZlos iyos
pirnaTeli adamianuri bunebis winaSe (1.168).
5.geografiuli determiizmi
erT-erTi damsaxureba socialuri Teoriis winaSe, romelsac sxvadasxva saxis
literaturaSi aucileblad vipovniT monteskies aqtivSi, gaxlavT misi e.w.
geografiuli determinizmi. marTalia, SeniSvnebs saxelmwifos mdebareobaze
dedamiwis ama Tu im adgilas da am mdebareobis zegavlenaze Sesabamisi
saxelmwifos politikaze, vkiTxulobT Zvel avtorebTanac (aristotele,
ciceroni), magram monteskie uTuod pirveli iyo, romelmac cada saxelmwifoTa
kanonmdebloba da politikuri struqtura misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, haviT
da sxva faqtorebiT aexsna.
Zalze mokled monteskies Sexedulebebi am mimarTulebiT ase SeiZleba
gadmoices: CrdiloeTis hava mkacria da cxovrebisaTvis mzime pirobebs qmnis.
samxreTisa ki piriqiT; rbili hava aiolebs sakvebis mopovebas da Sesabamisad, aq
adamians arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumis mosapoveblad mciredic ki yofnis.
didi xnis manZilze, aseT pirobebSi cxovrebam adamianebSi gamoimuSava Sesabamisi
xasiaTebi da Sesabamisi cxobrebis wesi, ramac zegavlena iqonia maT politikur da
socialur yofaze. ase magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebi gamoirCevian gonebrivi da
misi zegavleniT sxeulis sizantiT, teqnikis da teqnologiebis dabali doniT.
igive viTareba gansazRvravs despotiebis moZalebas am regionSi da Tavisuflebis
did deficits. aqedanve SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi religiuri kanonic. ase
magaliTad, mahmadis kanoni, romelic krZalavs Rvinis smas, TviT arabeTis cxeli
havis kanonia. amaze mogviTiTebs msgavs klimatSi mcxovreb karTagenelTa kanoni,
romelic aseve krZalavda Rvinis smas. samxreTis xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,
evropelTa winaprebi, germanelebi iseT pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom maT
saarsebod mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad vnebebi aq
gacilebiT mSvidi iyo, xolo Sromismoyvareoba gacilebiT didi. da a.S.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavis geografiul determinizmSi
monteskie ar wasula ise Sors, rom adamianTa monoba an Tavisufleba am
faqtoridan gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mis nawerebSi vxvdebiT dRevandeli
mkiTxvelisaTvis daujerebel msjelobebs SavkanianTa Sesaxeb. misi azriT,
SavkanianTa monad qcevis praqtika savsebiT misaRebia, radgan:
• Saqari Zalze gaZvirdeboda, lerwami rom monebs ar daemuSavebinaT samxreT
amerikaSi;
• isini Tavidan fexebamde savkanianebi arian da imdenad miWyletili cxviri
aqvT, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi Sebraleba;
• SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom RmerTma — uaRresad brZenma arsebam — suli
da miT ufro keTili suli Cado mTlianad Sav sxeulebSi;
• SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom isini adamianebi arian, radgan Tu maT
adamianebad miviCnevT, maSin saeWvo gaxdeba Cven Tavad varT Tu ara
qristianebi (1.270).
literatura:
1.Sarl lui monteskie — kanonTa goni.
2. David Lowenthal – Ch. L. Montesquieu, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .
73
 Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria
warmoSobiT Sveicarelma, Jenevis moqalaqem, rusom yvelaze didi zegavlena
iqonia mis Tanamedrove frangul sazogadoebaze im avtorebs Soris, romelTa
kvlevis mTavari obieqti politikuri da socialuri problemebi iyo.
Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis principebis radikaluri formiT dacvam, rogorc
savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavda berki, ara mxolod moamzada franguli
revolucia, aramed gansazRvra misi odiozuri mxareebic. ruso sruliad sxva
poziciebze idga, vidre monteskie. Tavisufleba, romelic misi pirveli ZiriTadi
sakvlevi kategoriaa, man warmogvidgina rogorc adamianis mouwyveteli da
bunebrivi ufleba, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeboda mTeli maSindeli sazogadoebrivi
wyoba da Sesabamisad, mis Teorias, romelic Tavisuflebis fenomenis
relizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, misi sazogadoebisaTvis damangreveli Zala
hqonda.
rusom pirvelad saxeli mas Semdeg gaiTqva, rac diJonis mecnierebaTa
akademiam 1750 wels gamoacxada konkursi Sromaze “Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebis
ganviTarebam sazogadoebis zneobis progress xeli”? rusos Txzuleba, romelmac
umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleoda. SromaSi
gamoxatuli ideologia Znelad egueboda ganmanaTleblobis progresistul xazs
da, SesaZloa, met saerTos gviandeli leikistebis moZraobasTan poulobda.
miuxedavad amisa, rusos Semdegi Sromebi politikur Temebze, meti optimizmiT
gamoirCeoda. zogierTi maT franguli revoluciis bibliadac ki aRiqvamda.
marTlac da rusomde aravis moucia ubiri xalxis politikuri uflebamosilebis
aseTi damajerebeli dafuZneba. xalxi mis TxzulebebSi gamoyvanilia politikuri
movlenebis ZiriTad subieqtad da piruTvnel msajulad. uflebamosilebebis
aseTi dasabuTebis fonze, ra gasakviria safrangeTSi exilaT demosis iseTi
arnaxuli aRzeveba, rogoric manamde ar hqonia arc erT xalxs arc erT qveyanaSi.
rusos politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi Semdegi Sromebis
mixedviT: “gaazrebani adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis gaCenis Sesaxeb” (1754);
“politikuri ekonomia” (1755); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1752).
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tema, romelic aqtiurad ganixileboda
rusos winamorbed iseT avtorebTan, rogoric iyo hobsi, loki monteskie,
Sesabamis gagrZelebas da gamoyenebas povebs rusos doqtrinaSi. ganaTlebis
problemebze Seqmnil naSromSi, “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, pirveli, rasac
bavSvze dakvirvebisas aRmoaCens ruso bavSvze dakvirvebisas, aris misi bunebiTi
Tavisufleba, romelic SemdgomSi SezRuduli unda gaxdes mravali sazo-
gadoebrivi pirobiTobiT da aTasgvari politikuri meqanizmebiT. pirveli
mniSvnelovani Tezisi, romelsac ruso wamoayenebs “gaazrebebSi adamianTa Soris
uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”, Seexeba, erTi mxriv, im uTanasworobis
bunebiTad rom arsebobs adamianebs Soris da meore mxriv, im uTanasworobas
Soris gamijvnas, romelic gaCenilia Tavad adamianTa ZalisxmeviT (1.31). kvlevis
gavrcelebuli modelis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis Sesaswavlad, jer unda ganvi-
xiloT adamiani pirvelSobili, daumaxinjebeli saxiT da, mxolod amis safuZ-
velze unda vcadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor Seiqmna
uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi.
adamianTa yofas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aregulirebs bunebiTi samarTali.
ras warmoadgens is konkretulad ioli aRmosaCeni rodia, radgan sxvadasxva
avtorTan mis sxvadasxva interpretacias vpoulobT. Seswavlis erTi gza
gulisxmobs dakvirvebas pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maTi cxovrebis wesis da
valdebulebebis analizs. meore gza iqneba, Tu am Temaze Seqmnil politikur
literaturas gverdiT gadavdebT da davakvirdebiT Tavad adamianis sulis
umartives impulsebs. am gziT aRmovaCenT or umTavres sawyiss, romlebic win
74
5.politikuri moralis cneba
makiaveli gamorCeuli figuraa politikuri azris istoriaSi ara mxolod
zogadmeTodologiuri novaciebisaTvis, ara mxolod imitom, misi Sromebi
warmoadgenen erTgvar Semobrunebis punqts klasikuri Teoriidan kvlevis
sruliad axali paradigmebisaken, aramed imitomac, rom daamkvidra politikuri
moralis kategoria, rogorc sakuTriv politikuri mecnierebebis kategoria da
gamijna is Cveulebrivi adamianuri moralis cnebisagan. am viTarebis
gauTvaliswinebloba orgvar problemas Segviqmnis. jer erTi, gaugebari
dagvrCeba “mTavarSi” gadmocemuli makiavelis ZiriTadi ideebis safuZveli da
Sesabamisad gaugebari dagvrCeba makiavelis politikuri filosofiac da meore,
araferi gveqneba sapirispirod saTqmeli gavrcelebul, ukve veRar vityviT
banalobaze, aramed yalb mosazrebaze, TiTqos yovelgvari politika amoraluris
da siyalbis sferoa. SevexoT jer meore sakiTxs ufro farTod.
CvenSi didi gavrceleba moipova Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac, politika
zogadad amoraluri saqmianobaa, xolo politikosebi zneobasTan mwyralad
myofi xalxi. SesaZloa, bolo TxuTmeti wlis qarTuli sinamdvile amgvari
SefasebebisaTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens, magram msgavs msjelobebs
safuZvlad udevs erTi sakamaTo dispozicia. kerZod, politikosebis ama Tu im
qcevis moralurobaze msjeloben ara politiuri moralis sferodan gamomdinare
(dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disputSi Cabmuli qarTveli inteleqtuale-
bis naxevrisTvis mainc sruliad ucnobia amgvari kategoria), aramed Cveulebrivi
adamianuri zneobrivi kodeqsis safuZvelze, rac ontiuri sferoebis aRrevas
iwvevs. ra Tqma unda, adamiani zneobrivi arsebaa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs misi
yoveldRiuri yofa zneobrivi kategoriebiT SevafasoT. amaSi miuRebeli
araferia. sakamaToa, mxolod, marTlzomiereba imisa, igive Sefasebis wesi rom
gavavrceloT adamianis moRvaweobis sxva iseT sferoebze, romelTac moralis
Tanaswori suverenuloba gaaCniaT. garda imisa, rom adamiani moraluri arsebaa,
is aris socialuri, esTeturi, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.
arseba. SegviZlia Tu ara igive movimoqmedoT TiToeuli am sferos mimarT da
vTqvaT, rom ama da am qveynis ekonomika amoraluria, amoraluria medicina da
eqimebi (romelTa mizani, Tu aristoteles davujerebT adamianis absoluturi
janmrTeloba unda iyos, magram sinamdvileSi absoluturi qonebis mopovebaa) da
a.S. ? ar vapirebT vTqvaT, rom am da msgavs kiTxvebze martivi da calsaxa pasuxebi
arsebobs. risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs, is gaxlavT rom dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlo
pasuxi didadaa damokidebuli ufro zogad poziciaze. miuxedavad sxva poziciis
arsebobisa, is, vinc icavs ontiuri sferoebis suverenulobas da momxre ar aris
maTi erTmaneTSi aRrevisa (makiavelis erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia ki swored am
poziciis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs), winaaRmdegi iqneba Sesabamisi sferoebis
kategoriebis aRrevisac. moralur da amoralur politikaze saubari, am azriT,
msgavsi iqneba “rentabeluri ekonomikuri dargebis mSvenierebaze” an “respi-
ratoruli daavadebebis devianturobaze” diskusiebisa. amrigad, politika, am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis specifikuri moRvaweobis suverenui sferoa da
Tu Cven gvsurs misi wminda saxiT warmodgena, Tavi unda SevikavoT politikaze
arapolitikuri kategoriebiT saubrisagan.
magram ra aris politikuri morali? ra gansxvavebaa massa da Cveulebriv
adamianur morals Soris? Cveulebrivi qcevis moraluroba-amoralurobis
kriteriumi qcevis motivaciaa. Tuki vinmem ixsna wyalwaRebuli, es kidev ar
niSnavs, rom Cveni gmiri saTnoebis gansaxierebaa. marTlac, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom
dazaralebuli soliduri qonebis patronia da misi gadarCeniT sakuTari
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba hqondaT miznad, qceva keTilad
namdvilad ver CaiTvleba.
yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT, moraluroba politikaSi ganisazRvreba ara
qcevis motividan, aramed, rogorc makiaveli gvaswavlis, miRebuli Sedegidan. Tu
Sedegi damRupvelia, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra motivebi amoZravebda politikoss.
jer erTi, aseTi motivaciis dasadgenad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs da
meore, dabejiTebiTac rom vicodeT sawyisi keTili ganzraxvebis Taobaze, Znelia
moralurad CavTvaloT didi ubedurebis momtani saqcieli (anu cnobili
43
rodesac, Tu gaRaribdeba, da mosaxleobis yvlefas daiwyebs, maSin is ver ascdeba
verc sircxvils da verc siZulvils.
politikosis moRvaweoba erTgvari TamaSia, rolia Sesasrulebeli. yvela
xedavs imas, radac gvaCveneben Tavs da Zalze cota Tu grZnobs ra aris mavani
sinamdvileSi. mTavari yovelTvis unda iyos frTxili warmoTqmuli sityvis
mimarT. is mudam unda cdilobdes, rom mis bages ar dascdes raime iseTi, romelic
beWeddasmuli ar iqneba iseTi sityvebiT rogoricaa siyvaruli, patiosneba,
adamianuroba da morwmunoeba. Sedegad, msmenels igi yovelive amis xorcSesxmul
xatebad warmoudgeba.
sxva mxriv, keTilgonierebis karnaxiT, mTavari ar unda gadaegos erTxel
micemul sityvas, Tu erTguleba misTvis saziano aRmoCndeba. Tu aRar arseboben
mizezebi, romelTac mTavrs aRTqma daadebines, igi Tavisufalia Tavis
gadawyvetilebaSi. SeiZleba uamravi magaliTis moyvana, Tu ramdeni xelSekruleba
darCenila uqmad da mizans aRwevda is, vinc melas rols asrulebda.
am daxasiaTebam, agreTve iman, rom “mTavars” is mediCebis memkvidres uZRvnis,
ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom makiaveli aSkara, faruli, Tu ra gnebavT formiT
monarqiuli diqtaturis an tiraniis momxrea. saTanado RirsebebiT Semkul
erTmmarTvelSi, is ufro kanonierebis aRmsrulebels xedavs. visac waukiTxavs
florenciis gauTavebeli SidaaSlilobebis makiaveliseuli aRwerebi, is gagebiT
moekideba makiavelis simpaTias erTmmarTvelisadmi, Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom ZiriTad Rirebulebas am SemTxvevaSi mwerlisaTvis kanoni da kanonierebis
dacva warmoadgens: “saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cudad mowyobil
respublikebs, xSirad icvlian mTavrobebs da marTvelobis wess, rasac isini,
rogorc SecdomiT fiqroben, Tavisufalidan monur mdgomareobaSi ki ar
gadayavT, aramed monuridan uwesrigi TviTnebobis mdgomareobaSi. ... da Tuki
moxdeba, arada es xdeba Zalze iSviaTad, rom bedis wyalobiT, romelime
saxelmwifoSi gamoCndeba sakmarisad brZeni, wesieri da Zalmosili moqalaqe,
romelic SesZlebda yvelnisaTvis iseTi kanonebis micemas, rom an
daakmayofilebda popolanebis da nobilitetis miswrafebebs, an daTrgunavda da
borotebis qmnis saSualebas mouspobda maT _ maSin am saxelmwifos ufleba
eqneba sakuTar Tavs Tavisufali, xolo mis mTavrobas myari da Zlieri uwodos.
samarTlian kanonebze da swor weswyobilebaze damyarebuli aseTi sxelmwifo,
sxvebis msgavsad SemdegSi aRar saWiroebs usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis romelime
erTi kacis saTnoebas” (2.143).
mixedavad imisa, rom yoveli politikosisaTvis aucilebelia amdeni
wvrilmanis gaTvaliswineba da gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva, raTa man warmatebas
miaRwios, arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba yvelafers win arudges da
individualurad Zlieri politikosi savsebiT xelmocarul adamianad
warmogvidginos. es raRac, makiavelis rwmeniT, aris bediswera. mTavars marTebs
gaiTvaliswinos isic, rom amqveyniur movlenebze bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet
zegvlenas iqoniebs RmerTi da bediswera. saerTod am movlenaze fiqrma bevr
avtorSi warmoSva qvietizmis idea, romelic, rakiRa amqveynad yvelaferi RvTis
nebiTa da bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli, srul uazrobad miiCnevs wamatebisaTvis
brZolas da mondomebas. makiavelis, swams bedisweris, da, ra Tqma unda, swams
RmerTis, magram mainc ar iziarebs absolutur determinizms. ZiriTadi misi
argumenti Tavisufali nebis fenomens emyareba, romlis arsebobaSi makiavelis
eWvi ar epareba. “rakiRa dauSvebelia Cveni Tavisufali nebis ugulvebelyofa, me
mzad var WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba, rom bediswera ganapirobebs
Cveni moqmedebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars, mTlianad Tu ara odnav nakleb
mainc Cven gvandobs. ... asevea bediswerac, romelic Tavis Zalmosilebas avlens iq,
sadac aravis uzrunia imaze, rom sapirispiro Zala daexvedrebina misTvis, da
romelic mZvinvarebas mimarTavs im mxares, sadac ar eguleba misi damaokebeli
jebirebi Tu simagreebi” (1.223).
42
uswreben goniT aqtivobas.. erTi maTgani adamians ubiZgebs izrunos sakuTar
TviTSenarCunebaze, meore ki zizRis grZnobiT aRgvavsebs, rodesac vxedavT sxva
mgrZnobiare arsebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Cveni msgavsi arsebis daRupvas. Tu am or
sawyiss, fiqrobs ruso, mesames, Tanacxovrebis princips davumatebT, SegveZleba
gamoviyvanoT bunebiTi samarTlis yvela danarCeni kanoni. ase magaliTad, maTi
gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom vidre adamians ar gauCndeba
TanagrZnobisadmi bunebrivi Semakavebeli impulsebi, manamde is vnebas ar
miayenebs sxvas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca iZulebulia Tavi daicvas.
gamokvlevam adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, unda “daiWiros” is
momenti, rodesac bunebisa da Zaladobis adgili uflebam daikava da pirveli ori
dauqvemdebara kanons ise, rom amas mohyva saswauli da ufro Ronieri daemorCila
ufro susts, xolo xalxma iyida warmosaxviTi simSvidis bedniereba. amrigad,
meTodi, romlis gamoyenebasac ruso problemis analizisaTvis cdilobs,
gulisxmobs: a) ganyenebas faqtiuri masalidan da b) ara imdenad istoriaze
dayrdnobas, aramed daSvebebs da da maTgan gamomdinare pirobebis kvlevas,
romlebic saganTa bunebas ufroSeesabameba, vidre namdvil warmoSobas.
am gafrTxilebis fonze, ruso cdilobs gakvriT mainc Seexos im avtorebis
Tvalsazriss, romlebic bunebiT mdgomareobas ikvlevdnen. adamianis bunebiTi
yofa maT mier sxvadasxvanairadaa daxatuli. Tu hobsi mas warmoidgenda
Zalmomreobis sferod, grociusi da pufendorfi, piriqiT, Tvlidnen, rom
adamiani bunebiT iseTi mfrTxali arsebaa, rom SeuZlebelia is Zaladobis momxre
iyos. adamianis pirveli niSani, romliTac ruso interesdeba, aris ena. am sakiTxze
rusos calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom ruso adamianis
“bunebiT mdgomareobaze” msjelobisas, mxedvelobaSi iqoniebs pirvelyofili
adamianis yofas, romelic imTaviTve mWernetyveli rodia. ena, rogorc amaSi
kondiliakis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, SeZenilia da Tanac xangrZlivi gamocdilebis
safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, enaze msjeloba rusos esaWiroeba daskvnas — bunebam
Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom adamianebi erTmaneTTan
daaxloebuliyvnen da egrZnoT urTierTsaWiroeba. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT
— wers ruso — Tu risTvis SeiZleba dasWirdes adamians meore adamiani ufro
metad, vidre maimuns an mgels Wirdeba Tavisi msgavsi” (1.62). Tuki romelime erT
adamians marTlac hqond amgvari saWiroeba, auxsneli rCeba, ram ubiZga kavSirze
wasasvlelad meores. da bolos, gadaulaxav problemad rCeba is, Tu rogor
moaxerxes maT molaparakeba. bolos, ruso Semdegnairad ajamebs Tavis
mosazrebebs adamianis pirvelyofili arsebobis Taobaze: tyeSi mawanwala veluri
adamiani, sulac ar gamoirCeoda SromismoyvareobiT. mas ar hqonda sacxovrebeli,
ar hqonda ena da ar saWiroebda Tavis msgavsebTan kontaqts Tavis gasatanad. ar
arsebobda arc ganaTleba da arc progresi. unayofod mravldebodnen Taobebi,
radgan TiToeuli maTgani igive wertilidan iwyebda, saidanac winamorbedi.
mTeli saukuneebi miedineboda pirvelyofil velurobaSi: modgma ukve beberi iyo,
roca adamiani bavSvad rCeboda. ruso wers: “me gamudmebiT mimtkiceben, rom ufro
Zlieri aucileblad daCagravda am dros ufro susts. magram minda amixsnan, Tu
ras gulisxmoben “CagvraSi”. imas, rom erTni ibatoneben Zalis gamoyenebiT da
meoreni daemorCilebian maT yvela survils. magram es xom igive viTarebaa,
romelsac Cvens irgvliv myofTa Soris vamCnev, Tumca ver gamigia, rogor
SeiZleba igive viTareba velurTa Soris arsebuliyo, romelTaTvisac bolomde
gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ras niSnavs damoneba da batonoba” (1.70). SegviZlia
davuSvaT, rom erTma velurma meores waarTva gamoqvabuli, nanadirevi, magram
gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia man aiZulos vinme mis sasargeblod imuSaos,
radgan amis mcdelobiT is Tavs ufro mZime dReSi Caigdebs, vidre manamde iyo. is
xom mudmivad Cemi yarauli unda gaxdes, rom ar gaviqce, an raime ar movparo, an
sulac ar movkla. riskenac rusos msjelobis wayvana surs is gaxlavT, rom
bunebiT situaciaSi ar arsebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizmebi.
ruso akeTebs daskvnas, rom monoba SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndes, rac
adamianebs gauCndebaT urTierTsaWiroeba. imisaTvis, rom adamiani daimono, is
unda Caayeno jer iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom arseboba gauZneldes meore adamianis
gareSe. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes.
adamiani Tavisufalia yvelafrisagan, maT Soris kanonisaganac, xolo Zalis
75
kanoni aq ar muSaobs.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris.
erTia bunebrivi, anu fizikuri uTanasworoba, rodesac adamianebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa asaki,
janmrTeloba, sxeulebrivi, Tu gonebrivi Zalebi da, a.S. meorea pirobiTi, anu
politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli konvenciis
safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs
aiZulebs morCilebas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da
Tqva _ “es Cemia”! (1.72). vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo, fiqrobs ruso,
romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasTvis saerToa, is
gadaarCenda kacobriobas. miT ufro, rom aseT xanaSi “sakuTrebaze” saubari jer
naadrevia, radgan unda gasuliyo sakmao xani, raTa adamians Sesabamisi idea
gasCenoda. sinamdvileSi, veluri adamianis pirveli grZnoba sakuTari arsebobis
SegrZneba iyo, xolo misi pirveli sazrunavi TviTSenarCuneba. SimSilma da sxva
grZnobebma adamiani aiZula eZebna TviTSenarCunebis gzebi. pirvelyofil jogad
adamianebi gaerTiandnen ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevis moTxovnilebiT. aqedan
gaCnda saerTo interesebis gacnobiereba, rasac mosdevs urTierTvaldebu-
lebebis idea da enis, komunikaciis saWiroeba. ase movdivarT ojaxis ideamde,
xolo ojaxi ukve Tavad aris sakuTrebis pirveli, Taviseburi forma, radgan
ojaxi aris patara sazoagdoeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “sazogadoebriv
xelSekrulebaSi” ruso ojaxs sazogadoebis gareT ayenebs, radgan dRevandel
konvencionalur sazogadoebaSic ojaxi rCeba erTaderT bunebiT formad. magram
mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizrdebian, maT SeuZliaT bunebiTi TavisuflebiT
isargeblon, magram Tu isini gaagrZeleben mSoblebTan cxovrebas, aseTi ojaxi
ukve konvencionaluria (3.153).
swored aq Cndeba pirvelad sakuTreba: “im wuTidan, rogorc ki erT adamians
gauCndeba meoris saWiroeba, rogorc ki adamianebma SeamCnies, rom Zalze
sasargebloa or kacze meatad sakuTrebis momoarageba _ gaqreba Tanasworoba.
Sroma aucileblobad iqceva. sazogadoebis am mimaTulebiT ganviTarebas xeli
Seuwyo metalis aRmoCenam da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam. miwis ganviTrebas
Tan axlavs misi danawileba. rogorc ki gaaCnda sakuTreba miwaze, maSinve gaCnda
samarTalic, romelsac unda daekanonebina es sakuTreba. ruso aq imeorebs lokis
debulebas, rom sakuTreba Sromis safuZvelze warmoiSveba, radgan adamians
araferi hqonda Sromis garda nivTisaTvis rom miematebina.
sakuTrebis ufleba, rogorc ruso fiqrobs, gansxvavebulia im uflebaTagan,
romlebic bunebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinareoben. mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda
sakuTreba, avtomaturadve ar gaCenila uTanasworoba. es ukanaskneli gaCnda mas
Semdeg, sakuTrebas daemata bunebiTi uTanasworobac. swored am ori elementis
erTianobam Seadgina politikuri anu samoqalaqo uTanasworoba.
sazogadoebbis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzas ruso ase warmogvidgens: simdidris
sawyisi wyaroebis miwa da saqoneli. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebam memekvidreobiTi
xasiaTi miiRo, man Zalze swrafad daiwyo zrda. adamianTa samflobeloebis
SexebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, Semdgomi zrda mxolod erTmaneTis xarjze iyo
SesaZlebeli. aqedan, warmoiSva Zaladoba, Zarcva, mezoblebis damoneba da maTi
qonebis miTviseba. adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas mohyva Sexla-
Semoxla. damkvidrda Zlieris ufleba, ris Semdegac viTarebis Semdgomi svla
hobsis, mudmivi omis scenariT mimdinareobs. omi sruldeba adamianTa
gaerTianebiT, romlis iniciatori mdidaria. gaerTianebis Sedgi aris
politikuri organizmi. Cndebian mmarTvelebi da marTulebi, romelTa
urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba. am ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba
politikuri mmarTveloba, romelic isev xalxis arCeulia, Tumca xelSekrulebis
orive mxarea valdebuli daicvas misiT gaTvaliswinebuli kanonebi. adamianebma
xom mmarTveli airCies ara imisaTvis, rom damonebodnen, aramed imisaTvis,
TavianTi Tavisuflebis dasacavad.
76
vidre manamde iyavi, xolo dapyrobebma dagasusta, maSin Sen an gascdi im miznis
sazRvrebs, risTvisac omi daiwye, an ver miaRwie mas” (2.225).
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi
calke ganxilvis sagania mTavris, rogorc politikosis persona. ganixileba
misi damokidebuleba rogorc xalxis farTo masebTan, aseve garemocvis mimarT.
rogori unda iyos politikosi, rogori unda iyos mTavri, unda eSinodeT misi, Tu
sayovelTao saxalxo siyvaruliT unda iyos garemoculi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
makiavelis azrs xalxis meryevi guneba-ganwyobis Taobaze, pasuxi am kiTxvaze
Zneli ar unda iyos. am Tvalsazriss makiaveli kidev ufro amZimebs xakxis
Tvisebebis iseTi kategoriebiT daxasaTebisas, rogoricaa adamianTa biwieri
buneba, umaduroba, orguleba da a.S. rac Seexeba mTavris garemocvas, is Zalze
frTxilad unda SirCes. arsebobs erTi utyuari wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu
ramdenad vargisia qveSevrdomi. Tu is sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro metad
zrunavs, vidre mTavrisa da saxelmwifos saqmeebze, aseTi msaxuri ndobas ar
imsaxurebs. Tumca, garemocvasTan mimarTebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tu ra individualuri TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli politiuri lideri.
makiavelisTvis es Tvisebebi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mmarTvelis konceptidan ki ar
gamoiyvaneba analitikurad, aramed aiReba reluri politikuri politikuri
praqtikidan. swored am praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT ambobs avtori, rom zogi
mTavari guluxvad iwodeba, zogic Zunwad, wuwkad, qalaCunad da a.S. msgavs
kvliafikaciebSi mniSvnelovania is, rom mTavari, ramdenadac is rogorc
politikuri lideri sxvebisagan amaRlebulia, sazogadoebis TvalSi erTi
romelime gamorCeuli TvisebiTaa daxasiaTebuli da sxva misi Tvisebebi
SeumCneveli rCeba. ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnavi iqneboda, rom moiZebnebodes yvela
RirsebiT Semkuli mTavari, romelic arasodes ar SebRalavda am Rirsebebs,
magram sinamdvileSi aseTi pirovneba iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, ramdenadac mTavari
upirveles yovlisa politikuri lideria, misi ZiriTadi safiqrali politikuri
warmatebaa da ara zneobriv srulyofaze dReniadag zrunva. swored amitom,
mTavari pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac
SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos. yvela SemTxvevaSi makiavelis mixedviT,
politiuri amocanebi lideris pirveli rigis orientirs Seadgens. sazRvriT
situaciebSi, rodesac warmovidgenT an marTlac arsebobs realuri konfliqti
politikuri moRvawis moralur kredosa da realur politikur praqtikas Soris,
politikoss SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios sazogadoebriv azrs an sakuTar sulier
miswrafebebs. miT ufro, “Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, aris zogi ram, rac SeiZleba
siqveled mogveCvenos, magram gardauval daRupvas uqadis mTavars, romelic
miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas, da aris zogic iseTi rame, rac
biwierad gamoiyureba, magram simSvides da keTildReobas uqadis mas” (1.172).
am Tvalsazrisis, romelic saboloo dafuZnebas politikuri moralis cnebaSi
poulobs, gagrZelebad unda miviCnioT mTavris xelgaSlilobis aRwera mwerlis
mier. ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobisaTvis xelgaSlili xelisufali wuwuraqsa da
Zunwze umjobesia. magram makiaveli iolad gvixatavs sapirispiro suraTs,
rodesac xelgaSlili da qveli xelisufalis saxelis SeZenis msurveli
politikuri lideri rogor TandaTanobiT gadadis gadasaxadebis zrdaze da
gamocarielebuli xazinis Sevsebaze. Sesabamisad, is, vinc erT dros qvelis
saxels atarebda, axla xalxis Semaviwroveblad da myvlefavis saxelis mqone
xdeba. aviRoT axla im mTavris mier xalxisaTvis gaRebuli daxmareba, vinc aqamde
Zunwad iyo cnobili. makiaveli gvarwmunebs, rom mis mier gaRebuli wyaloba
orjer ufro faseuli iqneba sazogadoebis TvalSi. saerTod araferia
gulixvobaze swrafad milevadi ram. rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi
Sansi grCeba momavalSic aseTive darCe. amitom, mTavars ar unda aRelvebdes
Zunwis saxeli, miT ufro, Tu momavalSi is iZulebuli ar gaxdeba tyavi gaaZros
Tavis qveSevrdomebs da autaneli mmarTvelis reputacia moipovos. Tu mxolod
Zunwis saxels moixveWavs, mTavari iZulebuli gaxdeba Seurigdes erT im
samarcxvino biwierebaTagans, romelic isev mis taxts ganamtkiceben, maSin,
41
momxvdurs ise, rom dasaxmereblad ar mimarTavda aravis sxvas, aseTi samTavro
Zlieria (1.145).
samxedro saqmis mniSvneloba makiavelisaTvis gadauWarbebladaa Sefasebuli
da is politikis warmarTvis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad gvevlineba. “am xelovnebis
Zala - wers makiaveli — imdenad didia, rom ara marto Zalauflebas unarCunebs
mas, vinc mTavrad Sobila, aramed kerZo pirsac aRazevebs xolme mTavris
simaRlemde. ... am xelovnebis ugulvebelyofa samTavros dakargvis ZiriTad
iaraRad gvevlineba, xolo misi zedmiwevniT floba — samTavros dauflebis
saSualebad” (1.166). mTavari, politikuri moRvawe, imavdroulad meomaricaa.
Tundac Sidapolitikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, makiavelis epoqidan jer
kidev Zalze Sors aris im dromde, rodesac gaimijneba samxedro da politikuri
sakiTxebi. piriqiT, makiavelisaTvis sruliad auxsnelia SemTxveva, Tuki mas vime
aRmoaCenda, rodesac SeiaraRebuli xalxi (samxedroebi) emorCilebian
uiaraRoebs (politikosebs) da uiaraRo ki uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs iaraRasxmulTa
garemocvaSi (1.166-167). Tumca, es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar
gansxvavdeba politikosi meomrisagan. arsebobs meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis
mizezic, romeliz amozrdilia adamianis naklovani, mxecuri bunebidan. “unda
gvaxsovdes, wers makiaveli, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe — erTia brZola
kanonebis, xolo meore brZola Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamia-
nebisaTvis, meore ki mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,
Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia,
rom Tanabrad warmatebiT ibrZodes rogrc mxeci da rogorc kaci” (1.182).
yoveli saxelmwifos safuZveli makiavelisaTvis kargad gawvrTnili laSqari
da kargi saxelmwifo kanonebia. es ori ram erTmaneTs avsebs, radgan kargad
gawvrTnili laSqari warmoudgenelia kargi kanonebis gareSe, xolo kargi laSqari
Tavad uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi kargi kanonebis Seuferxebel dacvas.
samxedro Zalebi rogorc wesi organizebulia Semdegi saxiT:
1. upirveles yovlisa igi Sedgeba mTavris sakuTri SeiaraRebuli
nawilebisagan. Semdeg,
2. daqiravebuli profesionali meomrebisagan;
3. maSveli jarisagan da bolos,
4. Sereuli Zalebisagan.
makiavelis miaCnda, rom maSveli da daqiravebuli jari qveynisaTvis Zalze
wamgebiania. italiis misi periodis mZime mdgomareobas, avtori swored
daqiravebulTa ukontrolo parpaSiT xsnis qveyanaSi, romelic aseT viTarebaSi,
dacvis gareSea darCenili. daqiravebulebi pirvelad italiaSi papebma d
Tavisufali qalaqebis mcxovreblebma Semoiyvanes imis gamo, rom araferi
gaegebodaT omis xelovnebisa da iZulebulebi iyvnen ucxoeli profesionalebi
moewviaT.
aranakleb dazaralda qveyana maSveli jarisagan. “maSvel Zalas” makiaveli
uwodebs mezobeli Zlieri qveynis (am periodSi italielebisaTvis aseTi iyo
safrangeTi) samxedro Zalas, romelic Txovnis safuZvelze Semovida qveyanaSi. am
samxedro Zalis problema isaa, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlis Semdeg, mas metad
eZneleba qveynis datoveba da axal dampyroblad gadaiqceva xolme.
oms aristotele igive rigis movelenebSi aTavsebda, rogorc nadirobas.
cnebaTa aseTi daaxloebis gamamarTlebel sabuTad is gvTavazobda ideas, rom
nadirobac da omic, orive Semosavalze orientirebuli saqmianobaa.
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni oms yovelgvari ubedurebis wyarod
miiCnevvda da mas mtrobisa da megobrobis terminebSi aRwerda. makiavelis
mosazrebebi omis Sesaxeb, rogorRac iTavsebs irive avtoris Tvalsazriss. omi —
fiqrobs igi _ or mtrul mxarse Soris CaRdeba, magram is ar aris TviTmizani.
omis mizani imdenad mtris ganadgureba ki ar aris, ramdenadac sakuTari
keTildReobis uzrunveyofa. amrigad, oms praqtikuli sazrisi gaaCnia. “yvela
imis mizani, visac ki odesme omi dauwyia, yovelTvis imaSi mdgomareobda _ rac
savsebiT gonivrulia _ rom Tavad gamdidrebuliyvnen, xolo mteri ufro
gaeRaribebinaT. sxva arafrisTvis ar sWirdebaT gamarjveba, xolo mosaxveWeli ki
imitom unaT, rom kidev ufro gazardon Tavisi Zala da daasuston mowinaaRmdege.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelTvis, roca gamarjvebam ufro Raribi gagxada,
40
2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba
“emilSi” (wigni II, $35) ruso laparakobs daqvemdebarebis or wesze: erTi aris
adamianis damokidebuleba sagnebze, xolo meore sxva adamianebze (rac
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi iqmneba). pirveli damokidebuleba arafer
naklovans ar aCens adamianebSi. rac Seexeba meores, Tu is mouwesrigebel
mdgomareobaSi iqna, aucileblad ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba
samarTals, romelic mTlianad konvencionalur safuZvelazea amozrdili.
imisaTvis, rom konvencia Sedges, adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos. Tavisufleba
adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTebelia da masze uaris Tqma adamianur bunebaze uaris
Tqmas utoldeba. marTalia, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT axali Zalebis Seqmna, magram
maT SeuZliaT ukve arsebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da erTi mimarTulebiT wayvana.
es SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, romlis mizania asociaciis
iseTi formis povna, romelic SemosazRvravs da icavs saerTo ZaliT asociaciis
TiToeul wevris pirovnebas, da qonebas da romlis wyalobiTac, yoveli adamiani,
sxvebTan gaerTianebiT, amave dros, emorCileba mxolod sakuTar Tavs da iseTive
Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric manamde iyo (3.160). ruso aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa,
aseTi sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, Ria saxiT, ar dafiqsirebula arsad. magram
misi punqtebi identuria yvela droSi yvela xalxisaTvis da isini miRebulia xmis
amouReblad. Tu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas ganveyenebiT yvela im punqtSi,
romelic ar Seadgens mis arsebas, aRmovaCenT, rom is daiyvaneba Semdeg
debulebebamde: yoveli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTrebaSi gadascems da umorCilebs
Tavis pirovnebas da mTel Tavis Zalebs erTiani nebis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,
ris Sedegedac, yvela CvenTagani gadaiqceva mTelis mouwyvetel nawilad” (3.161).
ase iqmneba pirobiTi koleqtiuri mTeli, romelic imdeni pirisagan Sedgeba,
ramdenic erTiandeba masSi. aRniSnuli aqtis ZaliT, es mTeli iZens Tavis
erTianobas, Tavis saerTo me-s, sicocxles, da nebas. is aris iuridiuli piri, sxva
pirTa gaerTianebiT Seqmnili, romelic amieridan iwodeba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebad, respublikad an politikur organizmad. am gaerTianebis wevrebi
pasiur mdgomareobaSi myofs, mas uwodeben saxelmwifos, xolo aqtiur
mdgomareobaSi ganxiluls ki suverens. erTianobaSi ganxiluli Tavad asociaciis
wevrebi xalxad iwodeba, xolo Tu maT cal-calke aviRebT, isini Seadgenen
moqalaqeebs. maTve SeiZleba qveSevrdomebi ewodoT imdenad, ramdenadac isini am
saxelmwifos kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. ruso sazogedoebrivi xelSekrulebis
konstituciaSi ganasxvavebs “yvelas nebas” da “saerTo nebas”. mxolod am
ukamasknels kravs saerTo interesebi da mxolod es uakanaskneli qmnis erTian
subieqts maSin, rodesac pirveli aris kerZo interesebis krebuli. swored
saerTo neba qmnis rusos Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan elements, rogoricaa
suvereni.
ra saxis cvlilebebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT bunebrivi mdgomareobidan
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi? adamianSi samarTlianobis
grZnoba Seenacvleba instinqts da amiT adamianis qcevas eniWeba iseTi zneobrivi
xasiaTi, romelsac is aqamde sruliad moklebuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac samarTlis
grZniba Sescvlis midrekilebebs, vnebebze amaRldeba valdebulebis grZnoba.
aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, adamiani dakargavs bevr Tvisebas, romelic manamde,
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi hqonda. Tumca, amasTanave SeiZens bevr axal niSans,
romeli mas ufro keTilSobils da ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofs gaxdis.
praqtikulad, samoqalaqo xelSekruleba adamians gamogleijs cxovelur yofas
da SezRuduli arsebidan, gonier arsebad aqcevs. adamiani kargavs bunebiT
Tavisuflebas, romlis sazRvarsac individis fizikuri Zala warmoadgenda da
iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, romelic sarTo nebiTaa SezRuduli. davurToT
am samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas moraluri Tavisufleba da maSin ufro meti
safuZvlianobiT SegveZleba ganvsazRvroT Tavisuflebis zogadi cneba, radgan
moraluri Tvisufleba aris is, rac adamians aqcevs Tavis Tavis uflad. mxolod
sakuTari survilebis da vnebebis karnaxiT moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara
monoba maSin, rodesac im kanonis mixedviT moqmedeba, romelic Tavad daudgine
sakuTar Tavs, aris WeSmariti Tavisufleba.
77
 3.suverenis cneba.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, yoveli individi Sedis ra sakuTar TavTan
xelSekrulebaSi, Tavis Tavze iRebs, ase vTqvaT, ormag valdebulebas a) rogorc
suverenis wevri kerZo pirebis mimarT da b) rogorc sxelmwifos wevri suverenis
mimarT. Tu individi ormag mimarTebaSi imyofeba amiT suverenTan, Tavad
suverenis mimarTeba mxolod erTadgiliania. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusos
mixedviT suvereni Tavad xalxia, SegviZlia aqedan gamomdinare gaviazroT mis
kompetencia, romelic avtoris mier aRiwereba ase: “ramdenadac suverens
sakuTari Tavis ganxilva mxolod erTi mimarTebiT SeuZlia, is aRmoCndeba kerZo
piris mdgomareobaSi da radganac es asea, maSin ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba
arsebobdes araviTari ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic savaldebulo iqneboda
xalxisaTvis mTlianobSi. savaldebulo misTvis ar aris arc sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba”(3.162-163). Tumca xalxs SeuZlia aiRos valdebuleba ucxos
mimarT, sakuTari Tvis mimarT raime valdebulebis aRebas xalxis mier ruso
gamoricxavs. suvereni, ra Tqma unda, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT,
magram am xelSekrulebas misTvis ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. de jure mas SeuZlia
xelSekrulebis darRveva, de facto ar daarRvevs mas, radgan im aqtis darRveva,
romlis wyalobiTac is arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebas niSnavs. suverens
ar gaaCnia arc sakuTari Tavis, arc misi Semadgeneli individebis interesebis
sawinaaRmdego ganzraxva. is aris erTaderTi politikuri subieqti, romelSiac
xorciekdeba de facto- de jure mxareebis sruli Taxvedra. mxolod imis gamo, rom
arsebobs, suvereni yovelTvis aris is, rac unda iyos (3.163).
niSnavs Tu ara aRwerili viTareba individis srul daqvemdebarebas
sazogadoebisadmi? ruso sapirispiroSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. individs, misi
azriT, mainc rCeba Tavisufali qmedebis veli. “yovel individs — wers is —
rogorc adamians, SeiZleba hqondes Tavisufali neba, romelic sapirispiroa, ar
emTxveva saerTo nebas, romelic aqvs mas rogorc moqalaqes. misma kerZo
interesebma mas SeiZleba STaunergon gansxvavebuli azri imisagan, rasac saerTo
interesebi moiTxovs” (3.163). niSnavs Tu ara es, rom individs SeuZlia ganudges,
ar daeTanxmos saerTo nebas? ra moxdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi? rusos azriT,
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseT SemTxvevebsac. Tu vinme uars ityvis dae-
morCilos serTo nebas, mas sapirispiros aiZulebs mTeli organizmi, rac imas
niSvans, rom mas aiZuleben iyos Tavisufali. es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSek-
rulebis pirobiT. yovel moqalaqes, xelSekruleba uqvemdebarebs ra samSoblos,
imavdroulad aTavisuflebs yovelgvari piradi damokidebulebisagan. es
viTareba warmoadgens politikuri manqanis saidumlos da mis ZiriTad
mamoZravebel Zalas.
aseT Sedegebamde midis ruso yovel individSi orgvari nebis fenomenis
daSvebis Sedegad, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. rogorc moqalaqe, individi
emorCileba saerTo nebas, magram amave dros, mas rogorc adamians Tavisufali
moqmedebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi, rasac aq aRvniSnavT “ori nebiT”,
aris oradgiliani relacia — erTi individisa sakuTar TavTan, meore ki
saxelmwifosTan, anu sxvebTan. aRniSnuli relaciis buneba, romelic mTlad
naTeli rodia rusos msjelobebSi, iZens Semdgom dakonkretebas samoqalaqo
samarTlis konteqstSi. am normebis mixedviT, aravis evaleba Seasrulos is
valdebulebani, romelic man aiRo sakuTari Tavis winaSe, radgan erTia
valdebuleba sakuTar TavTan da meore valdebuleba mTelTan romlis wevrebic
Cven varT. igive viTarebis eqstrapolacia individualuri adamianidan suverevze,
STambeWdav Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, Tu mTeli xalxi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas,
mas Zala eqneba yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis suverenTan mimarTebiT, magram igive
gadawyvetileba veraviTar valdebulebas ver daadebs Tavad suverens. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmneboda situacia raRac msgavsi imisa, roca suverens SeuZlia
SemoiRos kanoni, romlisaganac is ver gaaTavisuflebda sakuTar Tavs, rac
ewinaaRmdegeba politikuri organizmis bunebas (3.162).
ra qmnis xelSekrulebis sazrisismier safuZvels? arsebobs Tu ara raRac
iseTi, riskenac mimarTulia yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmeva? rusos pasuxi
78
am zogadi daxasiaTebebis gverdiT, makiaveli iZleva ufro konkretul
rekomendaciebs da miTiTebebs. ase magaliTad, saokupacio eqspedicia ucxo
qveyanaSi warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu mTavari moaxerxebs kargi
urTierTobis damyarebas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. mosaxleobis keTil-
ganwyobis mosapoveblad ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba iq arsebuli
Cvevebis, yofis da gadasaxadebis akrefis wesis ucvlelad SenarCunebaa. Semdeg,
gacilebiT ufro iolia erTenovani an moanTesave enaze mosaubre samTavros
xelSi Cagdeba. magram Tu moxerxda gansxvavebuli eTnosiT dasxlebuli qveynis
xelSi Cagdeba, aq mravalricxovani siZneleebi iCenen Tavs da yvela maT dsaZleva
erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesi xerxi, dampyrobis axal dakavebul teritoriebze
gadasaxleba iqneba, rogorc es ganaxorciela TurqeTis sulTanma konstan-
tinepolis dakavebis Semdeg. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi gadasaxleba ar
xerxdeba, saukeTeso gza iqneba dakavebul teritoriebze koloniebis daarseba.
ucxo eTnosiT dakompleqtebuli axalSenebi dampyrobTa mcvelebis rols
Seasruleben da mis reJims moemsaxurebian. es gza gacilebiT ufro iafia, vidre am
qveyanaSi mobiluri samxedro korpusis SenarCuneba, romelic mudmiv mzad-
yofnaSi unda iyos swrafad gadaadgildes konfliqtis zonaSi. makiavelis es
rekomendacia gasagebs xdis Zveli imperiebis, magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis
calkeuli regionebis eTniur siWreles da xalxTa gansaxlebis arabunebriv
formebs.
warmatebuli samxedro kampania ucxo qveyanaSi mxolod saokupacio razmebis
xelmZRvanelis moxerxebulobasa da SorsmWvretelobaze ki ar aris damokid-
ebuli, aramed im reJimis bunebaze, romelic arsebobs dasakavebel teritoriaze.
arsebobs uzomod centralizebuli da SedarebiT Tavisufali regionebis
Semcveli smTavroebi. maT yvelaze ufro karg nimuSebs, makiavelisaTvis, TurqeTi
da safrangeTi warmoadgenda. TurqeTSi arsebobda erTaderTi mbrZanebeli,
sulTani, xolo yvela danarCeni misi ymebi iyvnen. rodesac TurqeTis romelime
warCinebuli ama Tu im sanjayis samarTavad midioda, mosaxleoba mis brZanebebs
asrulebda mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi sulTanis
nebas ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTSi xelisufleba aRweilisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli iyo. mefes aq uamravi patara mbrZanebeli exvia Tavs, romelTac
Tavad hyavdaT sxva mravali qveSevrdomi. xelisuflebis organizaciis aseTi
gansxvavebuli formebis gamo, gacilebiT ufro Znelia iseTi qveynis dapyroba,
rogorc ki TurqeTia, magram Tu am mimarTulebiT vinmes bedma gauRima, ukve
dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro ioli gaxdeba, vidre
safrangeTisnair qveyanaSi, sadac regionebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi da
mmarTvelTa damoukidebloba centraluri xelisuflebisagan gacilebiT ufro
didia da, amitom, yovel maTganTan praqtikulad calke samxedro-politikuri
urTierTobebi iqneba gasabmeli.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTveli, samxedro konfliqtis, Sendgomi
mosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis motiviT, gaumarTlebel
daTmobebze midis. aseTi daTmobebi, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis uaRresd
wamgebiania, radgan am gziT verc oms ver avicilebT, da teritoriebsac
davkargavT.
3.samxedro saqme
damoukidebeli gansjis Temaa makiavelisaTvis samxedro saqmis organizacia
samTavroSi. omi da samxedro saqme am epoqis saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes mxares
warmoadgenda, romelic ganapirobebda mis Zlierebas. saxelmwifos Zalas
makiaveli am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politiuri praqtikidan gamomdinare,
gansazRvravs, bunebrivia, ara mrewvelobis potencialiT an omis saWiroebisaTvis
gadanaxuli finansebis maragiT, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobiT da samxedro
ZaliT. Tuki davsvamdiT kiTxvas _ “riT SeiZleba gaizomos ama Tu im saxelmwifos
Zliereba”? _ makiavelis pasuxi masze aseTia: Tu samTavros hyavs
mravalricxovani laSqari (risTvisac aucilebelia rogorc mravalricxovani
mosaxleoba, aseve didZali simdidre), romelic skadris pasuxs gascemda yvela
39
 2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis da
maTi marTvis teqnologiebi
makiavelis Sromebis kiTxvisas kargad igrZnoba epoqis xasiaTi. aq mxed-
velobaSi mxolod is ki ar gvaqvs, rom politikuri movlenebi fasdeba antikuri
xanis zneobriv politikuri kategoriebis an qristianobis eklesiis swavlebis
safuZvlis gareSe, aramed TviT politikuri institutebi da politikis subiq-
tebi. karolingebis epoqis Semdeg evropaSi mtkiced moikida fexi memkvid-
reobiTma mmarTvelobam. Seiqmna dinastiebi, romelTac mTeli samTavroebi, rig
SemTxvevebSi samefoebi ekuTvnodaT. omis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis
italiaze, profesiad iqca. amitom, umravles SemTxevaSi, saxalxo laSqars
daqiravebuli kondoterebi cvlian. zogierTi avantiuristis kariera, rogorc
sforcebis SemTxvevaSi milanSi, Zalze warmatebuli gamodis da isini mTavris
savarZels ikaveben. sxvebi, magaliTad, mediCebi florenciaSi, xelisuflebisaken
gzas TavianTi finansuri Zlierebis safuZvelze ikafaven.
saxelmwifoebi ki am dros arsebobs ori saxisa, respublikebi da samTavroebi.
Tavad samTavroebi ramdenimenairia: saeklesio samTvro, romlis nimuSsac papis
sabrZanebli warmoadgenda, meore, dapyrobiT mopovebuli da Semdeg,
memkvidreobiT miRebuli. arsebobs samTavros kidev erTi tipi, romelsac
makiaveli “samoqalaqo samTavros” uwodebs. aseTi saxelmwifos mmarTvelic erTi
pirovnebaa, magram is mTavari arc memkvidreobiT gamxdara da arc teritoriis
dapyrobiT. rodesac kerZo piri borotmoqmedebisa, Tu sxva ram autaneli
Zaladobis gziT ki ara, aramed Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis keTilganwyobis Sedegad
xdeba mTavari, aseT mmarTvelobas SeiZleba samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ewodos
(1.139).
respublikuri mmarTvelobaze makiaveli msjelobs “komentarebSi titus
liviusis pirvel dekadaze” da “florenciis istoriaSi”. am ukanasknelSi, itali-
uri respublikebidan makiaveli ganixilavs genius, veneciis da gansakuTrebiT,
florenciis mowyobas da mmarTvelobas. qalaqi florencia dayofili iyo 6
nawilad. qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda or moqalaqes.
ase, rom mTeli mmarTveloba anu senati Sedgeboda 12 wevrisagan, romelTac
uxucesebs (anziani) uwodebdnen. uxucesebi marTavdnen qalaqis popolanur
nawils. xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: qalaqis moqalaqeebi, xelosnebi,
vaWrebi. uxucesebis sakrebulos Semadgenloba ganaxlebadi iyo yovelwliurad.
1250 wels florenciaSi ganxorcielda saqalaqo mmarTvelobis reforma da
qalaqis popolanuri nawilis xelmZRvaneloba daevala kapitans. mTel qalaqs, e.i.
rogorc plebeur nawils aseve nobilitets marTavda podesta. kapitani da
podesta florenciaSi iyo ori samoxeleo Tanamdeboba, romelTa ZiriTadi saqme
moqalaqeTa Soris arsebuli davebis aRmofxvra iyo. marTlwesrigs respublikaSi
ganaxorcielebda soflis raionebSi 76, xolo uSualod qalaqSi 20 SeiaraRebuli
razmi. am razmebSi ganTavsebuli iyo mTeli florenciis brZolisunariani
axalgazrdoba, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen pirveli daZaxebisTanave iaraR-
asxmulni gamocxadebuliyvnen winaswarmiTiTebul razmSi (2.56).
italiis memkvidreobiTi samTavros tipur nimuSs warmoadgenda milani.
milanis aRzeveba daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac is SeuerTda fridrix barbarosas
winaaRmdeg Seqmnil italiuri qalaqebis kavSirs. XIII saukunidan milanSi
pirvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dela toresis da viskontis gvarebi. brZola am
ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. viskontebis bolo STamomavali iyo filipo
viskonti, romelsac vaJi ar hyavda da Sedegad samTavros marTva gadavida
sforcas gvarze. memkvidreobiTi samTavro, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis ufro
myar reJims warmoadgens. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba misi mmarTvelisaTvis imas
aqvs, rom man ar daarRvios winaprebis mier SemoRebuli marTvis wesi da rigi.
arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac samTavro memkvidreobiT ki ekuTvnis mmarTvels,
magram mas mainc ZaliT uwevs misi SemoerTeba. aseT samTavroSi reJimis
ganmtkiceba yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre misi mopoveba. makiaveli
aq miuTiTebs xalxis ucvlel iluziaze, romlis mixedviTac yoveli axali
mmarTveli Zvelze ukeTesia. daswyisSi is mxars uWers axal mmarTvels, magram mas
Semdeg, rac xalxi Tavis Secdomas gaacnobierebs, reJimis SenarCuneba Zneldeba.
38
dadebiTia. aseTi ram arsebobs da sworad is qmnis sazogadoebrivi kavSiris
safuZvels. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi erTiandebian saerTo interesebis
safuZvelze, romelTa mizansac saerTo sikeTe warmoadgens. Tu davsvamT kiTxvas,
raSi mdgomareobs xalxisaTvis saerTo sikeTe, ruso miuTiTebs or ZiriTad
fenomenze _ Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze. Tavisuflebaze, radgan
yovelgvari damokideuleba, kerZo pirze, amcirebs saxelmwifos Zalas da
Tanasworobaze imitom, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebs mis gareSe (3.188). swored
mis misaRwevad iqmneba saerTo neba, romlis realizaciasac warmoadgens suvereni.
“suvereniteti, romelic mxolod saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa, arasdros ar
SeiZleba gaucxovdes. suvereni sxva araferia, Tu ara koleqtiuri arseba.,
romelic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos mxolod sakuTari TaviT. SavsebiT
SesaZlebelia vinmesTvis Zalauflebis gadacema, magram ara nebisa” (3.168).
Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom rusos Tvalsazrisi suverenis Sesaxeb
TandaTanobiT iseTi SinaarsiT ivseba, romelic ufro hobsis absolutisturi
TeoriisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom
suvereni rusosaTvis aris xalxi. rusos mtkiceba adamianis individualuri
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, ar flobs did damarwmunebel Zalas im totalobis fonze,
rasac Seadgens xalxi, rogorc suvereni. individis bedi rusos saxelmwifoSi
kargad Cans erT aseT fragmentSi: “visac sakuTari sicocxlis SenerCuneba surs
sxvis xarjze, mzad unda iyos maTTvis sakuTari sicocxlis gasaRebad, Tu es
saWiri Seiqna. ... rodesac mas eubnebian ‘saxelmwifos sWirdeba rom Sen mokvde’ —
maSin is unda mokvdes, radgan mxolod am pirobiT cxovrobda is aqamde
usafrTxod da imitomac, rom misi cxovreba mxolod bunebis wyaloba ki ar aris,
aramed saCuqaria, romelic garkveuli pirobebis fasad man miiRo
saxelmwifosagan” (3.175).
suverenis yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba kidev ufro mZimdeba mas Semdeg, rac
ruso uars ambobs imaze, rac monteskiesaTvis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa erT-
erTi mTavari piroba iyo - xelisuflebis danawilebis principze. ruso
akritikebs “Cvens politikosebs”, romelTac ar esmiT suverenis arsi da mijnaven
mis iseT gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa Zala da neba. anu mijnaven sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amis Sedegad erTmaneTSia
aRreuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis gamovlenis formebi da umaRlesi
xelisuflebis nawilebi. suvereni — rogorc xalxis nebis gamovlena, rogorc
umaRlesi xelisufleba, daunawevrebelia. amisda miuxedavad, ruso mainc
ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs. sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba ekuTvnis mxolod xalxs. rac Seexeba mTavrobas, is aris
gamaSualebeli organizmi, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobas xalxsa da
suverens Soris, axorcielebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve politikur
Tavisuflebebs.
4. saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos rangSi ruso ganixilavs respublikis cnebas. “respublika” ru-
sos enaze ewodeba nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic imarTeba depersonalizebuli
xelisuflebiT, anu kanonebiT. amitom respublka SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos ara
mxolod demokratiiTa da aristokratiiT, aramed nebismieri mmarTvelobis
formiT, romelsac saerTo neba ganagebs, romelis faqtiurad aris kidec kanoni.
es ki niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia mmarTvelis mier sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba
suverenTan. Tavis mxriv, kanonebi mxolod moqalaqeTa asociaciis pirobebia.
yvela organizmi ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis da maT Soris saxelmwifoc.
saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur organizms, sxva organizmebis msgavsad,
arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamis sivrce. rusos msjelobebis mTeli wyeba
mimarTulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos optimaluri
zoma. am zomis gasarkvevad rusos Semoaqvs ori kriteriumi _ teritoria da
mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos zoma gamoiyvaneba am ori elementis
kombinaciidan, romelic sakmaod martivi msjelobiT dgindeba: “saxelmwifos
Seadgenen adamianebi, xolo adamianebs kvebavs miwa. amrigad, mimarTeba maT Soris
79
unda iyos iseTi, rom miwa sakmarisi aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa
gamosakvebad, romlebic imdeni unda iyvnen, ramdenic SeiZleba gamoikvebos am
miwiT. ZalTa swored aseTi balansi qmnis mosaxleobis ZalTa maqsimums” (3.186).
kanonebis konkretuli struqtura ganisazRvreba im mimarTebebidan, romel-
sac saxelmwifo amyarebs Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan. suverenis saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebidan, mravali Sualeduri formis gavliT, gamoiyvaneba politikuri
kanonebi. isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad kanonebs.
mimarTebaTa meore formas warmoadgenen organizmis calkeuli wevrebis
mimarTeba erTmaneTTan, anu mimarTeba mTal organizmTan. am kanonebis buneba
iseTia, rom yoveli moqalaqe marTalia sruliad damoukidebelia meore
moqalaqisagan, magram samagierod damokidebulia samoqalaqo Temze. am
mimarTebidan warmoiSveba samoqalaqo kanonebi.
mesame tipis mimarTeba myardeba adamiansa da kanons Soris, daumor-
Cileblobasa da sasjels Soris. am mimarTebidan gamoiyvaneba sisxlis samarTlis
kanonebi. Tumca es kanonebi gansakuTrebuli saxis kanonebs ki ar warmoadgenen,
aramed sxva kanonebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul saxes.
da bolos, kanonebis meoTxe tipi, romelic yvela moqalaqes gulSi unda iyos
Cadebuli da, romlebic CamoTvlilTa Soris, rusos azriT, yvelaze ufro
miSvnelovania, aris kanonebi, romlebic gamoxataven saxelmwifos WeSmarit arss,
aris zneoba, Cveulebani, sazogadoebrivi azri (3.190-191).
politikur organizmSi mamoZravebel Zalad ganasxvaveben Zalas da nebas. es
ori termini rusos asocirebuli aqvs pirveli aRmasrelebel, xolo meore
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs
da mxolod xalxs. rusos es msjeloba aris erTgvari preludia mmarTvelobis
formebis dasaxasiaTeblad. suverens SeuZlia, jer erTi, mmarTveloba gadasces
mTel xalxs an mis nawils da aseT SemTxveveSi saqme gveqneba demokratiasTan. unda
iTqvas, rom ruso mainc da mainc didi mowonebiT ar egebeba demokratiul
mmarTvelobas. is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratia, am terminis sruli
mniSvnelobiT, arasdros arsebula da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. namdvili
demokratia ufro RmerTebis kuTvnilebaa, vidre adamianebis. rusos ara mxolod
WeSmariti demokratiis miRweva miaCnia SeuZleblad, aramed ar moswons arc
warmomadgenlobiTi forma demokratiisa. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli moqalaqis
valia uSualod iyos CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. am moTxovnis Teoriuli
safuZveli rusos argumentaciaSi ase JRers: “suvereniteti ar SeiZleba vinmes
mier iyos warmodgenili iseve, rogorc is ar SeiZleba iyos gaucxoebuli. is
arsebiTad mdgomareobs saerTo nebaSi, xolo nebas ki ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes
sxva” (3.221-222). aqedan ruso askvnis, rom e.w. “xalxis deputatebi” sulac ar arian
xalxis warmomadgenlebi. ruso ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kanoni,
romelic ar aris damtkicebuli xalxis mier, ar SeiZleba realurad CaiTvalos
kanonad.
im SemTxveveSi, rodesac suvereni mmarTvelobas miandobs mcire raodenobis
adamianebs da maSin saqme gvaqvs aristokratiul mmarTvelobasTan. arsebobs
aristokratiis ramdenime saxe: bunebrivi, arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi. pirveli
maTgani damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxTa istoriis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. am
formebs Soris mesame forma rusos yvelaze ufro uvargisad miaCnia, xolo meore
yvelaze ukeTesad, radgan, sakuTrivi azriT, swored isaa aristokratia.
Tu mmarTveloba koncentrirebulia erTaderTi mmarTvelis xelSi, maSin
qveyanaSi monarqiuli mmarTvelobaa. monarqi rusosaTvis aris krebiTi arseba,
romelic warmodgenilia fizikuri piris saxiT.
mTavrobis daniSvna ar aris xelSekruleba. mTavrobis daniSvna kanonia (3.226).
mTavrobis daniSvnis aqti Sedgeba ori qvemdebare aqtisagan. es gaxlavT a)kanonis
dadgena da b)kanonis Sesrulebisagan. pirveliT suvereni adgens samTavrobo
korpusis arsebobas, xolo meoreTi xalxi asaxelebs mTavrobas. erTaderTi
kanoni, romelic mosaxleobis erTsulovan Tanxmobas saWiroebs, aris
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. am asociaciaSi Sesvla mopqalaqis Tavisufali
nebis aqtia da mas veravin aiZulebs SeuerTdes asociacias. magram ra moxdeba, Tu
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRmoCndeban adamianebi, vinc am
xelSekrulebis winaaRmdegia? es, fiqrobs ruso, sulac ar uSlis xels
80
akeTebs da ara imis irgvliv, rasac is unda akeTebdes. makiaveli xSirad msjelobs
imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTa mavanma da rac man gaakeTa, aris Tu ara is, rac mas
unda gaekeTebina. amasTan, makiaveli ar erideba pirdapir saTqmels. epoqis
politikuri samyaro mkacria da daundobeli, xolo adamiani Tavisi bunebiT,
borotebasTanaa naziarebi (1. 219). am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Zalze sainteresod JRers, magaliTad, “mTavaris” pirveli Tavis saTauri: “ram-
dennairia samTavro da ra gziT SeiZleba maTi dapyroba”. am saTaurSi sain-
teresod JRers ara imdenad eqstremizmi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, isic ipyrobs
yuradRebas, aramed mTlianad am Tavis pragmatuli xasiaTi. makiaveli ubralod ki
ar aRwers movlenebs, aramed aRwers savsebiT konkretuli praqtikuli
rCevisaTvis.
kvlevis mimarTulebis aseT Semobrunebas realobisaken gambedaoba esaWiro-
eboda, radgan makiavelis epoqa gamoirCeoda erTgvari keklucobiT antikuri
epoqisadmi. iqmneboda paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac avtorebi antikuri
politikuri kategoriebiT operirebdnen, xolo realuri politikuri praqtika
ki sruliad sapirispiro iyo msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqciebisa. misi kvlevis
zogdmeTodologiuri paradigmis da am ukanasknelis klasikuri Teoriebisgan
gansxvavebis Taobaze, makiaveli wers: “da raki vici, rom Cemamdec bevrs uweria am
sakiTxze, vSiSob, rom TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTvan, Tuki TviTonac davapireb
davwero rame, miT umetes, rom yvelaze mkveTrad swored am sakiTxis ganxilvisas
vemijnebi sxvebis Tvalsazriss. magram, raki Cemi ganzraxva gaxldaT, raRac
sasargeblo mimeca misTvis, vinc isurvebda Caswvdomoda zemoaRnisnuli sakiTxis
arss, amitom ufro marTebulad miviCnie warmomeCina sagnis namdvili buneba da
ara moCvenebiTi garsi, romliTac mas mosaven sxvebi. bevrs Seuqmnia Tavisi
warmosaxviT respublikebi, Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc
smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi. magram erTia rogor
cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni da maT Soris imxela
sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla
xdeba — umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavis dRegrZelobas” (1.170-171).
klasikuri filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, rogorc gvaxsovs, imis
garkvevis mcdeloba iyo, Tu rogori reJimia yvelaze samarTliani. avtorebi
eZebdnen erTaderT swor reJims, romelSic gaSlili iqneboda erTaderTi swori
cxovrebis wesi. avtorebis umravlesoba saukeTeso mmarTvelebad filosofosebs
asaxelebda (filosofosis sxvadasxva gagebis variaciebiT), romlebic saxel-
mwifo cxovrebas Rrma inteleqtualur spekulaciebs unda uqvemdebarebdnen.
sxvagvarad es imas niSnavda, rom saukeTeso politikuri reJimis gamarTleba
sruliad arapolitikuri kategoriebis moxmobiT xorcieldeboda. pirveli, rac
makiavelma gaakeTa, is gaxlavT, rom politika sakuTar niadagze daayena da uari
Tqva mis daqvemdebarebaze arapolitikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. gansakuTrebiT es
Seexeba politikuri fenomenis da moralis gaTavisuflebas maSindeli gaba-
tonebuli Teologiisagan, romelsac hqonda pretenzia, rom universalurad
gamoyenebadi WeSmaritebebis mflobeli iyo. amgvari programis ganxorcielebas
makiaveli Seecada ori mimarTulebiT: mis epoqaSi arsebuli politikuri
reJimebis legitimurobis uzrunvelyofiT da, meore, konvencionalurobis
fenomenis Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeniT. es ukanaskneli wamowyeba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan, marTalia klasikuri politikuri Teoria pirdapir,
uxeSad ar uaryofda konvencionalurobas, magram samagierod, imiT, rom cdi-
lobda politikuri mravalferovnebis erT universalur naturaluri xasiaTis
standartze reducirebas, saqmiT sapirispiros akeTebda. ase, magaliTad,
adamianis qcevis interpretirebisas, klasikuri Teoria, bibliur WeSmaritebebze
dayrdnobiT, misaRebad Tvlida srulyofilebisaken mimarTul qcevas, romelic
amave dros gagebuli iyo universalur nimuSad yvela adamianis, yvela xalxisa da
yvela epoqisaTvis. msgavs standartebSi makiavels ar moswons swored misi
universaluri xasiaTi, romelic damangrevlad miaCnia rogorc sazogadoebis,
aseve eklesiisaTvis, radgan maTi sazRvrebis uzomod gafarToebis gamo, erTsac
da meoresac gaurkvevlobas sZens.
37
 nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)
XV-XV saukuneebis florencieli politikuri moRvawe da politikuri
filosofiis Teoretikosi, nikolo makiaveli mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad
iyo dakavSirebuli florenciis respublikasTan, sadac erTi periodi
mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi eWira. respublikis dacemis Semdeg,
makiavelis politikuri karierac dasrulda. mediCebis florenciaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg, 1512 wels, makiaveli kancleris postidan gadaayenes da sxva respub-
likelebis msgavsad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas Camoaciles. arcTu asakovanma
kacma, makiavelim darCenili cxovreba politkur Teorias miuZRvna da unda
iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiT is gacilebiT ufro iRbliani gamodga, vidre
praqtikosi politikosis rolSi. makiaveli dRemde iTvleba saetapo mniSvnelobis
avtorad, erTgvar Semobrunebis wertilad politikur TeoriaSi. makiavelis
politikuri ideebi gadmocemulia Semdeg cnobil SromebSi: “mTavari”, “flo-
renciis istoria”, “komentarebi titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”.
makiavelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT “mTavars”.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas. maTi uari verafers avnebs
xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolod zRudavs xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa
raodenobas am pirebis saxiT. isini sxva qveynis moqalaqeebiviT iqnebian, radgan
rogorc ki Camoyalibdeba saxelmwifo, maSin xelSekrulebaSi monawileoba-
armonawileoba, praqtikulad sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevas utoldeba.
religiis sakiTxebSi ruso araTanmimdevrulia. cnobili faqtia, rom man
mrwamsi gamoicvala da protestantizmi kaTolicizmze gacvala. “aRsarebaSi”
rusos mier mxiarulad aRwerili es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruso seriozulad
ar aRiqvamda arc erTs da arc meores. ruso laparakobs rwmenis sazogadoebriv
aRmsareblobaze, romlis statiebsac suvereni unda adgendes. saxelmwifos
marTalia ar SeuZlia maTi rwmenis moqalaqeebisaTvis davaldebuleba, magram is
ki SeuZlia, rom qveynidan gaaZevos yvela, vinc am rwmenis gareT darCeba.
literatura:

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia

1. Ж.Ж.Руссо Рассуждение о происхождении неравенства между людьми в кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wvlili, ris gamoc makiaveli dafasebulia poli- Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.
tiuri Teoriis avtorTa Soris, aris politikuri Teoriis daniSnulebis 2. Ж.Ж.Руссо – О политической экономии. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва
xelaxali gadaazreba aratradiciul konteqstSi. unda, amave dros, gaviT- 1969.
valiswinoT, rom makiaveli misi droisaTvis, zogjer specifikuri amoca-
nebisaTvis werda, rac cxadia, zegavlenas iqoniebda mis Semoqmedebaze. magram 3. Ж.Ж.Руссо – Об общественном договоре или принцины политического права. В кн.
miuxedavad aseTi lokaluri miznebisa, makiavelis gamoTqmuli aqvs araerTi Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.
sayuradRebo mosazreba iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba yovelTvis Zalze 4. J.J Rousseau. 3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”.
didi iyo kacobriobisaTvis. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987
klasikuri politikuri Teoria antikuri tradiciis kvalad amuSavebda (248-275 pp.).
gansxvavebul interpretaciebs adamianis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
aqtiobis Sesaxeb da yuradRebas amaxvilebda iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo
samarTlianoba sazogadoebaSi, mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formebi, idealuri
saxelmwifo mowoba da a.S. makiaveli zogadad miuyveba iseT klasikur paradigmas
rogoricaa saerTo sikeTe, Tumca, sruliad miuReblad eCveneba is gzebi, romlis
daxmarebiTac klasikuri politkuri Teoria cdilobda mis miRwevas. es gzebi
umeteswilad utopiuri iyo. makiaveli bavSvur warmodgenebad miiCnevda iseTi
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebs rogoricaa, vTqvaT, platonis saxelmwifo,
romelic realurad aravis enaxa, Tumca bevrs ki msjelobdnen masze. mediCisadmi
miZRvnil winasityvaobaSi makiaveli wers mis mier gadmocemul codnaze: “...
romelic Tanadroul cxovrebaze xangrZlivi dkvirvebis da warsulis
gulmodgine Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZina ... (1.92) ... rac amdeni wlis mnZilze
uricxvi simZimilisa, Tu WirTaTmenis fasad Seviswavle da Sevimecne, da, rac ar
Semimkia, arc amivsia vrceli wiaRsvlebiT, arc maRalfardovani Tu mikibul-
mokibuli sityvebiT, anda rogoric gnebavT garegnuli samkaulebiT, romlebiTac
ara erTi da ori avtori kazmavs xolme Tavis Txzulebas. radgan me msurda
naSromis mTavari samkauli yofiliyo an Sinaarsis simarTle da Txrobis simkacre,
an — araferi” (1.93).
amgvari midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, klasikuri Teoriebis standartebi
naklovanni arian imis gamo, rom maTi realurad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. ra
Tqma unda, romelime mmarTvelma SeiZleba saxelmwifo mowyobis standartebad
zemaRali idealebi SearCios. man SeiZleba xalxs Tavic Seayvaros rogorc
sikeTisa da saTnoebis msaxurma da Semdeg Zalze swrafad daeces, radgan
Zalauflebas, rogorc wesi, inarCunebs ara is, visi gamorCeuli siyvarulic aqvs
xalxs, aramed is, visic ufro metad eSiniaT.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, makiaveli cdilobs warmosaxviT-sasurveli
politikidan kvleva realuri politikuri sinamdvilisaken Semoabrunos.
realuri politika ki imis irgvliv trialebs, rasac adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi

36 81
 emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi
emanuil kantma saxeli sakmaod gvian gaiTqva mas Semdeg, rac hiumis
skeptikuri filosofiis zagavleniT, uari Tqva volfis mimdevrobaze da
kritikuli filosofiis Seqmna daiwyo. Tavisi erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromis,
“wminda gonebis kritikis” SesavalSi kanti wers, rom amasobaSi is sakmaod moxucda
da samoc wels miaRwia. yvelaferi Rirebuli kantma am asakis Semdeg Seqmna.
emanuel kantis politikur Sexedulebebs gavecnobiT misi ori naSromis, “ra
aris ganmanaTleblobis” da “maradiuli mSvidobis” mixedviT. am Sromebis garda,
politikuri Teoriis kuTxiT kantis Sromebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “zneobis
metafizikis safuZvlebi” (1785) da “zneobis metafizika” (1797), romelic, Tavis
mxriv, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: “samarTalmcodneobis metafizikuri sawyisebi”
da “saTnoebaze moZRvrebis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. kanti umeteswilad
cnobilia misi kritikuli filosofiiT, romelsac xan kopernikul revolucias
adarebdnen da xanac ptolemeurs. kantis. politikuri Teoria misi filosofiis
organul nawils warmoadgens kanti ganmanaTleblobis ukanaskneli soliduri
warmomadgenelia. rogor esmoda Tavad kants ganmanaTleblobis arsi? “ganma-
naTlebloba — ambobs kanti — aris adamianis gamosvla misi arasrulyofilebidan,
sadac is imyofeboda isev sakuTari braleulobiT. Tavis mxriv, arasrul-
yofileba sxva araferia, Tu ara uunaroba mavanma isargeblos sakuTari gansjiT,
xolo arasrulyofileba misive braleulobiT, aris gansjiT operirebis
uunaroba, aramed adamianis gaubedaoba gareSe vinmes Carevis gareSe gamoiyenos
sakuTari gansja. aqedan, ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi devizia — geyos
vaJkacoba gamoiyeno sakuTari Wkua” (1.27).
sizarmace da gaubedavoba adamianis gonebis zedamxedvelebad aqcevs
Semecnebis miRwevis iseT mniSvnelovan instrumentebs, rogoricaa mecnierebis
debulebebi da formulebi. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi saSualeba
TviTganaTlebaa, Tumca mis gzas rom adamiani daadges, mas saaamisod gambedaoba
da, rac mTavaria Tavisufleba esaWiroeba. Tuki adamiani Tavisi Tavisuflebis
Segnebidan amova da ganaTlebis gzas daadgeba, maSin “zedamxedvelebs” pozitiuri
rolis Sesrulebac ki SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavad moxsnian ra adamianis ara-
srulfasovnebis uRels, Tavs mouyrian adamianTa garkveul jgufebs da
mouwodeben maT iazrovnon damoukideblad.
kantis am citataSi, ganmanaTleblobis cnebis analizis konteqstSi, figu-
rirebs ramdenime fundamenturi termini. ganmanaTleblobis kantiseuli
gagebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gansjis gonismier
unars da personis pasuxismgeblobas imoqmedos sakuTari gansjis karnaxiT, sxva,
gareSe Zalebis dauxmareblad. “gareSe Zalebi” am SemTxvevaSi, Zalze farTe
moculobis terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc eklesiis, aseve xelisuflebis
avtoritets. es ki niSnavs, rom kantis ganmanaTleblobis cneba moicavs
individualizms, racionalizms, individis Tavisuflebas da gambedaobas
imoqmedos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.
am ramodenime mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels Soris, kantis Semdgom daxasi-
aTebebSi wina planze wamoiwevs Tavisufleba da goneba, romlebic
urTierTTanamSromlobas sajaro xasiaTs SesZenen da ganaTlebas saxalxo
xasiaTs mianiWeben.
ganaTlebisaken swrafva aris aRmavali epoqis moTxovna, progresis da mas
veravin, maT Soris verc qveynis umaRlesi xelisufleba ver SeaCerebs. kantis
SefasebiT, misi epoqa ar aris ganaTlebuli. is jer mxolod ganmanaTleblobis,
anu fridrixis epoqaa. prusiis mmarTveli kants warmoedgina Tavisebur laissez-
faire-stad kulturis, aRmsareblobis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. igi ar ereva,
magaliTad, religiis sakiTxebSi. uars ambobs miiTvisos Semwynareblis tituli da
acxadebs, rom Tavad moqalaqeebis saqmea gadawyviton Tavisi rwmenis sakiTxebi.
sindisis sakiTxebSi adamianTa pozicia unda gamomuSavdes ara vinmes
zedamxedvelobiT, aramed sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT. aqcentireba religiis
sakiTxebze aq Segnebulia, radgan, rogorc kanti SeniSnavs, Cveulebriv
xelisufleba ar cdilobs Caerios iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gansazRvraven
82
aris mTlianad gonebiT nakarnaxebi swrafva sikeTisaken. aseTia, magaliTad,
adamianSi “Cadebuli” WeSmariti codna RmerTis Sesaxeb an misi sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebisaken miswrafeba.
adamiani aris Tavisufali buneba. bunebaSi ki arsebobs marTvis ori forma:
universaluri anu RvTaebrivi da partikularuli anu aRmoCenadi adamianTa
mikrosamyaroSi. am ukanasknelSi adamianis goneba asrulebs igive funqcias, rasac
RmerTi samyaroSi. aqedag gagebuli politikuri erToba TavisTavis mmarTveli
adamianebi arian. Tavisufal adamianTa erToba ganamtkicebs kanoni, konstitucia,
romelic homogenuria yvela individis mimarT. adamianTa am erTobaSi
gamoiricxeba individualuri sikeTis miRweva saerTo sikeTis miRwevis gareSe.
amitom, Tuki vinme moisurvebs saxelmwifos daarsebas, es moxdeba imdenad,
ramdenadac es miswrafeba gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs mTeli xalxis nebas. aqedan
ukve SeiZleba gamoyvanili iyos konvencionaluri (konstituciuri)
xelisuflebis ori mTavari principi:
a) Tanxmoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoba adamianTa moralur Tavi-
suflebas da
b) marTva, romelic eyrdnoba Tanxmobas.
Tavad xelisuflebis saukeTeso formis garkvevis mcdelobisas, aqvineli
cdilobda aristoteles Sexedulebebi moergo Sua saukuneebis
sazogadoebisaTvis. igi laparakobs Sereul monarqiaze, rogorc mmarTvelobis
saukeTeso formaze. Sereuli monarqiis aqvineliseuli formis gasagebad unda
gavixsenoT inglisSi, XV saukuneSi henri VI karze umaRlesi mosamarTle,
swavluli, ser jon forteski (Fortescue), romelic naSromSi “inglisis
mmarTveloba” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda samefo xelisuflebis or formas:
sakuTriv samefo mmarTvelobas (dominium regale-sa) da politikur da samefo
mmarTvelobas (dominium politicum et regale-s). pirveli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi,
mefe xalxs marTavs Tavis mier dadgenili kanonebis Sesabamisad. meore
SemTxvevaSi mefe xalxs marTavs mxolod im kanonebiT, romlebic mowonebulia
Tavad xalxis mier. mmarTvelobis es ukanaskneli forma SemdgomSi ganviTarda
rogorc konstituciuri monarqia da, rodesac Toma aqvineli saubrobs Sereul
reJimze, samefo xelisuflebis qveS swored aseT mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. sxva
mxriv, Sereuli reJimi nawilobriv samefoa, radgan mas saTaveSi udgas erTi piri,
nawilobriv es aris aristokratia anu im pirTa mmarTveloba, vinc Sesabamisi
avtoritetiT aris mosili da, nawilobriv, ki es aris demokratia, radgan qveynis
mmarTvelebi arCeulni arian xalxis mier.
literatura
1.Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Augustine in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (176-205 pp.)
2.Muhsin Mahdi - Alfarabi in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph
Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).
3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).
4.А.Х. Касымжанов - Абу-Наср аль-Фараби. Изд. «Мысль», Москва, 1982 in: “ History of
Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of
Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).
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amisaTvis saWiroa kidev RvTaebrivi wyalobac. am miznisaken ki mivyavarT mxolod
RvTaebriv kanons da ara mxolod kacTa mondomebas. RvTaebrivi kanonis mcveli
amqveynad aris eklesia. eklesia maradiul provlemebze zrunavs, xolo
saxelmwifo ki amqveyniur problemebze mzrunvelia. magram eklesias SeuZlia
saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Carevac. samoqalaqo kanons
samoqalaqo xelisufleba amagrebs. papma, romelic samoqalaqo avtoritets
emyareba, SeiZleba angariSi ar gauwios mas, rodesac samoqalaqo xelisufleba
aWarbebs Tavis kompetencias. saqme isaa, rom politikuri samarTali nawilobriv
bunebiTia da nawilobriv konvencionaluradaa miRebuli. samarTlis konvenciuri
saxe damokidebulia sazogadoebaze, misi marTlSegnebaze da sxvadasxva
pirobebze, romlis drosac mas iReben. samarTali bunebiTia maSin, rodesac
yvelgan erTnairadaa gaziarebuli da damokidebuli ar aris adamianebis mier mis
aRiareba-araRiarebaze. aqedan Toma aqvinels gamoyavs mtkiceba, rom
konvencionaluri samarTali damokidebuli ar aris bunebiT samarTalze.
politikuri samarTlis bunebiTi nawili miekuTvneba RvTaebriv-bunebiT kanons
da ar warmoadgens pirdapiri saxiT “samoqalaqo fenomens”. is ar iqmneba imis
Sesabamisad, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi ama Tu im sakiTxze. bunebiTi samarTali
win uswrebs yovelgvar samoqalaqo samarTals. bunebiTi samarTlis zogadi
principebi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos yvela samoqalaqo xelisufalis mier.
eklesia, romelic RvTaebrivi kanonis mcvelia, kompetenturia gaarkvios
xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa marTlzomiereba RvTaebriv
mecnierebaTa Suqze. rwmenis da eresis sakiTxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac,
piriqiT, saxelmwifos daxmarebas sTxovs eklesia.
da bolos SevexoT pozitiuri samarTlis cnebas, romelic aqvinels
damuSavebuli aqvs aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelze. am fenomenze
SegviZlia visaubriT ori mimarTullebiT. erTi bunebiT samarTalze, rodesac
adamianis uflebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT isev saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare,
meore, rodesac vmsjelobT pozitiur samarTalze anu adamianTa
konvencionalurad dadgenil uflebebze. yoveli dawerili kanonmdebloba
orives elementebs Seicavs da ganamtkicebs, Tumca sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli
dawerili kanoni Seicavs bunebiT samarTals, magram ar aarsebs mas, radgan am
ukanasknelis Zala dadgenili kanonidan ki ar modis, aramed bunebidan. amsagan
gansxvavebiT, dawerili kanoni, romelic warmoadgens pozitiur samarTals Zalas
flobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis ukan dgas xelisufleba.
pozitiuri samarTali gamomdinareobs bunebrivi sanarTlidan ara rogorc
garkveuli daskvna pirveli orincipebidan, aramed cnebaTa zogadi determinaciis
gziT. amrigad, is, rac miiReba pozitiur smarTalSi, davuSvaT daskvnis saxiT, ar
SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebiTi samarTlis amosaval principebs.
dafuZnebis funqciis mixedviT, adamianuri kanoni aris praqtikuli gonebis
produqti da, amitom, misma principebma angariSi unda gauwios damokidebulebas
naturalur kanonze. aqvineli ar ganasxvavebs samarTlebriv normebsa da
moralur normebs. nebismieri kanonis mizani aris adamianis ukesesad gaxdoma,
Tumca saTnoeba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios adamianma mxolod adamianuri
saTnoeba iqneba. adamianebi mravalmxriv arasrulyofili arsebebi arian, amitom
saxelmwifos sikeTisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia moqalaqeebi ise mihyvebodnen
mmarTvelis zogad miTiTebebs, rom verc ki erkveodnen kanonebSi.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gageba Toma aqvinelis mier damokidebulia
”bunebis” cnebis mis gaazrebaze, raSic is aristoteles eyrdnoba. “buneba” aris
sagnebSi ganxorcielebuli RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic aris saganTa saboloo
miznisaken mimarTulebis mimcemi. kanoni, bunebiTi samarTali swored aseTi
Tvisebebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad gagebuli bunebrivi samyaro iseTsave
mimarTebaSia RmerTTan, rogorc subieqti mmarTvelTan. RvTaebrivi inteleqtis
mier adamianSi “Cadebuli”ltolva gamovlindeba racionaluri xasiaTis saxiT,
rogorc codna; adamianSi bunebrivi kanonis miswrafeba _ es aris adamianis
swrafva gonebis mier Secnobili sikeTisakan.
bunebrivi kanonis aRqma adamianis mier aris sakuTar Tavze zrunva,
TviTSenaxva. es aris adamianis bunebis pirveli saxe. meorea seqsualuri
ltolvebi, romelic adamians saerTo aqvs yvela cxovelur organizmTan. mesame
34
moqalaqeTa esTetiur da samecniero Sexedulebebs. TviT aseTi progresuli
xelisuflebis pozicia, ramdenadme ucnaurad gamoiyureba da daiyvaneba
formulaze: “imsjeleT da idaveT ramdenic geneboT, magram damemorCileT!”
aseTia ganaTlebuli absolutistis pozicia, romelsac sakuTari ganaTle-
bulobis wyalobiT, marTalia ar eSinia sakuTari aCrdilisa, magram mainc
gamzadebuli hyavs armia sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dasacavad. Sedegad iqmneba
viTareba, romelsac kanti paradoqsuls uwodebs. erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi
modian samoqalaqo Tavisufleba da xalxis sulis Tavisufleba, romelsac
pirveli gadaulaxav winaRobebs uyenebs. rac ufro didia samoqalaqo Tavi-
suflebis xvedriTi wili sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro mcirea xalxis sulis
Tavisuflebis gamovlena da piriqiT. xalxis suli CanasaxSive flobs did
saazrovno potencials, romelsac gasaSlelad ZiriTadad Tavisufali azrov-
nebisaken midrekileba da mowodeba da am tendenciis xelisSewyoba esaWiroeba.
kantis warmodgeniT, progresis gza, romelic, Cans, aris ganmanaTleblobis
magistraluri xazi, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad gamoiwvevs Tavisufali
azris gadasvlas adamianTa Tavisufal moqmedebaSi da saboloo jamSi,
zemoqmedebas moaxdens TviT mTavrobis principebze, romlisaTvisac ufro
sasargebloa saqme hqondes adamianTan, romelic ufro metia, videre manqana.
rogorc vxedavT, ganmanaTleblobis idealia ganaTlebis gziT sazo-
gadoebis modernizacia, rac Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad ayenebs
Tavisuflebas. am proeqtis meore arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli aris mSvidoba. rasac
kantma miuZRvna traqtati “maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis” (1795).
unda iTqvas, rom kanti ar yofila pirveli, vinc mSvidobis problemas Seexo.
evropuli Sidaomebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb
jer kidev reformaciis epoqaSi fiqrobdnen. am Temas miZuRvna erazm
roterdamelma naSromi “vedreba mSvidobisaTvis” (1517). sxva avtorebidan
gamoiyofa sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli wigni” (1539), amerikeli
penis “esse awmyo da momavali mSvidobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), sen pieris “werils
evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis” (1712) da missave samtomian
gamokvlevas ”evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”. da bolos kantamde
mSvidobis mosurne gamodga rusoc “evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”
(1782).
Cans, kanti cdilobda Tavisi naSromisaTvis dasawyisSi mainc mkacri
regulatoruli saxe mieca. Sromis pirveli debulebebi swored aseT saxes
atarebs. ase magaliTad, pirveli Tezisebi amboben imis Sesaxeb, rom arc erTi
samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseTad, Tu is Seicavs omis
gaCaRebis farul punqtebs. es msjeloba kants TviT maradiuli mSvidobis
cnebidan gamoyavs, radgan Tu maradiuli mSvidobis xelSekruleba arRvevs
aRniSnul punqts, is mxolod droebiTi sazavo xelSekruleba iqneba.
kantis Semdegi TezisiT, arc erTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba
SeiZinos meore saxelmwifom arc memkvidreobiT, arc gacvliT, arc yidviT da arc
saCuqaris saxiT. sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba upirispirdeba saxelmwifos cnebas.
saxelmwifo xom (im miwisagan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac is imyofeba) im adamianTa
Tanamegobrobaa, romlebic masze cxovroben, romelTa marTvis da gankargvis
ufleba aravisa aqvs, garda isev im xalxisa, romlebic am saxelmwifos Seadgenen.
saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifosaTvis mierTeba mospobs pirvels, rogorc
moralur pirs. kantis es msjelobebi vrceldeba memkvidreobiT monarqiazedac,
romelic ar SeiZleba memkvidreobis uflebiT gadavides sxva saxelmwifos xelSi.
romelime fizikur pirs SeiZleba memkvidreobiT ergos mxolod saxelmwifos
marTvis ufleba da aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli ki ar iZens qveyanas, aramed,
piriqiT, qveyana iZens mmarTvels.
omis Sesaxeb
kantamde monteskie wuwunebda evropaSi gavrcelebuli axali modis Sesaxeb —
mmarTvelebma srul mzadyofnaSi iyolion didi armiebi. aseTi armiebis arsebobiT
arc kanti ar aris moxibluli da gamoTqvams imeds, rom mudmivi armiebi
TandaTanobiT unda gaqrnen. saamisod mas ori argumenti aqvs: a) armia imdenad am
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armiis myoli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti ki ar aris, rogorc es
sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli dRes, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mudmivi
muqaris wyaro. b) Semdegi argumenti ufro moraluri xasiaTisaa. adamianebis
daqiraveba imisaTvis, rom maT an sxvebi daxocon, an Tavad iyvnen daxocilebi
sxvebis mier, SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebebTan.
omis Tavidan asacileblad arc erTma qveyana ar unda Caerios meore qveynis
Sida saqmeebSi, ar unda mimarTos iseT aqciebs, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida SemdegSi
mSvidobas. aseTia, magaliTad, daqiravebuli mkvlelebis gamoyeneba, kapitu-
laciis pirobebis darRveva da a.S. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi moqmedebebi mospobs
mowinaaRmdegeSi ndobas da Seqmnis safrTxes, rom omi gagrZeldes urTi-
erTamowyvetamde.
omi aris samwuxaro, iZlebiTi saSualeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (maSin,
ordesac ar arsebobs araviTari saSuamavlo instancia sasamarTlos saxiT,
romelic gamoitanda mxareebisaTvis savaldebulo ganaCens), raTa ZaliT
ganmtkicdes ama Tu im mxaris uflebebi maSin, romdesac arc erTi modave mxare ar
SeiZleba gamocxaddes mtyuanad. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi wyvets omi Tu romeli
mxarea uflebamosili (2.263). qveynebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sadamsjelo
omi — azustebs kanti — radgan qveynebs Soris ar arsebobs zemdgomis mimarTeba
qvemdgomTan.
kantis es msjelobebi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar arsebobas,
samarTlisa, romelic gaarCevda mtyuansa da marTals. swored amis gamo xdeba omi
aucilebeli saSualeba saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. mas
Semdeg rac Sedgeba saerTaSoriso samarTali rogorc erTaSorisi sakiTxebis
mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba, man unda gamoricxos Tavisi leqsikonidan omis
cneba, radgan saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba gamoricxavs omis uflebas.
adamianTa mSvidobiani cxovreba ar aris maTi yofis bunebrivi mdgomareoba
(status naturalis); bunebrivi mdgomareoba, piriqiT, oms gulisxmobs, oms Tu ara
mudmivad gagrZelebuls, yovel SemTxvevaSi, omis mudmiv muqaras mainc. aqedan
gamomdinare, mSvidoba mizandasaxulad unda Sedges.
mtrobas, kantis mixedviT, gansazRvravs ori viTareba: jer erTi, mtrulad
SegviZlia moveqceT mxolod imas, vinc saqmiT arRvevs Cems uflebebs da, meore,
is, visac vcnobT mtrad, unda imyofebodes samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa,
rom am mdgomareobaSi SesvliT, aRniSnuli sazogadoeba sxvas usafrTxoebis
garantias aZlevs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxi, romelic bunebiT mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba aseT garantias sxva xalxs ver miscems da mxolod imiT, rom is bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, arRvevs mezoblebis uflebebs. misi yofa xom
yovelgvari kanonis miRma imyofeba?
yvela xalxi, visac ki SeuZlia erTmaneTze zegavlena, romeliRac samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas miekuTvneba. masTan kavSirSi myof pirTa samarTlebrivi mowyoba
aseT saxes iRebs:
1. samarTali romelic vrceldeba pirovnebaze imdenad, ramdenadac is ama Tu
im saxelmwifos wevria (jus civitatis);
2. samarTali, romelic myardeba saxelmwifoebs Soris da romelic
vrceldeba rig SemTxvevebSi pirovnebaze da,
3. samarTali, romelic vrceldeba individze, imdenad, ramdenadac is aris
msoflio moqalaqe (jus cosmopoliticum). es ukanaskneli xalxebis da
adamianebis urTierTobis ufro maRali formaa, imdenad ramdenadac
saxelmwifoebi Sedian erTmaneTTan iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic saSualebas
iZleva TiToeuli maTgani ganxiluli iyos zogadkacobriuli saxelmwfos
moqalaqed.
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
maradiuli mSvidobis saboloo, Semejamebeli statia adgens, rom samoqalaqo
mSvidoba yovel saxelmwifoSi unda iyos respublikuri. is unda emyarebodes :
a) sazogadoebis wevrTa Tavisuflebas;
84
RvTaebrivi codnis imgvari kombinireba, romelic xelsayreli iqneboda
musulmanuri sazogadoebisaTvis. am gzaze, Zveli platonuri Tezisi imis
Taobaze, rom filosofosebi (am SemTxvevaSi, RvTismetyvelebi) gamxdariyvnen
sazogadoebis warmarTveli Zala, mis srul mxardaWeras poulobs.
alfarabis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri kategoriaa bedniereba.
bedniereba miuRwevelia individualuri adamianebis mier. bedniereba miiRweva
mxolod adamianTa TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, koleqtivSi.
Toma aqvineli (1225-1274)
Toma aqvineli dRevandeli vatikanis oficialur filosofosad iTvleba,
romlis Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
aqvinelis politikuri Sexedulebebi gabneulia mis mravalricxovan SromebSi.
aqvinelis ZiriTadi naSromia “Summa Theologiae”, romelic akumulirebuli saxiT
Seicavs im droindel codnas TiTqmis yvela sferoze, maT Soris adamiansa da
sazogadoebaze. maSindeli sqolaastikuri tradiciiT, samarTali gamoiyvaneboda
zneobrivi sawyisidan. amitom, samarTlis mTeli Teoria eqvemdebareba adamianis
zneobriv arss. aqvinelma zogadad gaiziara aristoteles ideebi saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca is exeba rig sakiTxebs, romelTac aristotele ar Sexebia da
romelTa damuSavebaSi aqvineli aristoteles filosofiis farglebs gascda.
aqvineli iwyebs adamianis daniSnulebis kvleviT. adamianisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba mis-
Tvis imdenad, ramdenadac is dajildovebulia gonebiT da nebiT. neba mimarTulia
mizanze. magram ramdenadac miznis fenomeni esoden did rols asrulebs adamianis
moqmedebebSi, arsebobs Tu ara saboloo mizani adamianuri cxovrebisa. aseTi
mizani arsebobs da is saboloo jamSi cxonebaSi mdgomareobs. am ukanasknelTan
ver movlen verc amqveyniuri pativi da dideba, verc sxeulebrivi siamovnebebi,
radgan yoveli qmnili da maSasadame amqveyniuri bedniereba cvalebadi da
warmavalia. netarebis formaluri gansazRvrebiT, is mdgomareobs sasurveli
sagnis flobaSi. am gzaze did mniSvneloba aqvs gonebas da gonebis mimarTulobas
saganze. Tavis mxriv goneba iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul aqtivobebad. netareba
ar SeiZleba iyos praqtikuli gonebis obieqti, radgan is ar arsebobs RmerTis
rogorc saboloo miznis gaazrebis gareSe, xolo amis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod
Teoriul gonebas ZaluZs. Teoriuli gonebis mier RmerTis Secnoba aris
adamianis saboloo moRvaweobis mizani da swored esaa netareba. magram amis
miRweva, avgustines mixedviT, adamians am cxovrebaSi ar SeuZlia, radgan sruli
netareba gamoricxavs yovelgvar borotebas, es ki miwieri cxovrebis manZilze,
Cveulebrivi gziT, adamianisaTvis miuRwevelia. arsebuli gamonaklisebi miuTi-
Teben RvTaebriv wyalobaze, rasac adamianis mxridan unda daxvdes Sesabamisi
mzaoba.
am msjelobebidan aqvineli gadadis kanonis cnebaze. kanoni aris im wesebis
erToblioba, romliTac gaikvaleba gza miznisaken. am wesebTan SeTanadebiT
dgindeba adamianis qcevaSi rogorc sikeTe, aseve codvac. kanoni arsebobs
yvelgan da yvelaferSi. bunebis movlenebSi is aris bunebis kanonebi, xolo
adamianis moqmedebebSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maradiuli moraluri
kanonebi. maradiuli kanonebi saboloo jamSi aris RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic
marTavs samyaros. mTeli samyaro, am azriT, warmoadgens srulyofil
sazogadoebas, romelic imarTeba RvTaebrivi kanoniT. ramdenadac RmerTs
yvelaferi maradiulobis niSniT esmis, es kanonebic maradiulia.
RvTaebrivi kanonebis asaxva adamianur gonebaSi, aris bunebrivi kanoni.
pirveli am bunebriv kanonTagan gveubneba, rom unda vakeToT sikeTe da Tavis
avaridoT borotebas. aqve unda viguloT TviTSenarCunebisaken mimarTuli
adamianis moqmedebebic. Semdeg, yvelaferi is rac saerTo gvaqvs cxovelur
samyarosTan.
adamianis cxovreba, aqvinelis mixdeviT, sulac ar aris gamiznuli amqveyniuri
bednierebisaTvis. yoveli adamiani, ra Tqma unda, miaRwevs imas, rasac imsaxurebs,
magram ara am qveynad. am qveynad adamianis mowodebaa icxovros WeSmaritad
Rirseuli cxovrebiT da icxovros imisaTvis, rom eziaros RmerTs. RmerTTan
ziareba ar SeiZleba mxolod swori politikuri yofiT, rasac mefeebi ganageben.
33
rom TiToeul klasSi myofi moqalaqe srulyofilad iqneba ganviTarebuli Tavisi
klasis saWiroebebis mixedviT, xolo yoveli klasi moemsaxureba zemdgom klass.
aRniSnuli reJimi unda iyos monarqistuli an aristokratiuli
mmarTvelobisa, romlis sxvadasxva fenebi marTulebic arian da mmarTvelebic,
vidre ar mivalT umdables reJimamde, romelic mxolod marTulia. moqalaqeTa
rangi ganisazRvreba TiToeulis persinaluri TvisebebiT da unarebiT, kanonis
dacviT. amasTan ar gamoiricxeba moqalaqeTa gadasvla erTi rangidan meore,
ufro maRal rangSi. saukeTeso saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT codna RvTaebrivi
da bunebrivi arsis Sesaxeb, adamianuri srulyofilebis, Tu bednierebis Sesaxeb
da cxovroben am codnis Sesabamisad.
mas Semdeg, rac dadginda saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Tvisebebi, alfarabi
ioda axasiaTebs sxva politikur reJimebsac:
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac ara aqvT codna RvTaebrivi da
bunebrivi movlenebis Sesaxeb, adamianis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. aseT reJimebs
alfarabi umecarTa reJimebs uwodebs. aseTi reJimebis mcxovreblebma ar ician
arc WeSmariti srulyofileba da arc WeSmariti bedniereba;
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac marTalia aqvT amgvar saganTa
codna, magram ar cxovroben TavianTi codnis Sesabamisad, ar asruleben mis
moTxovnilebebs. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi uzneoTa saxelmwifoebs,
imoralur reJimebs uwodebs;
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebs marTalia mopovebuli aqvT
garkveuli codna, magram es codna arasworia. isini raRacas sTvlian RvTaebrivi
Tu bunebrivi saxis movlenad maSin, rodesac es sagani sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris
aseTi. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi dabneulTa an SemcdarTa rejimebs uwodebs.
saukeTeso politikuri reJimisagan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi aRniSnuli
saxelmwifo ar iyenebs WeSmarit codnas da amitom, verc erTi maTgani ver miiyvans
Tavis moqalaqeebs WeSmarit bednierebamde. alfarabi iZleva mankieri
saxelmwifoebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas iZleva. kerZod, is laparakobs
jer Tavisuflebis da koleqtiurobis qalaqze. am qalaqSi Tanaarsebobs sikeTec
da borotebac, cxovroben brZeni adamianebi da oratorebi, Rirseuli xalxi.
saxelmwifos es forma, marTalia Sors aris idealurisagan, magram is yvelaze
ukeTesia sxva qalaqis formebTan SedarebiT. mas jer kidev ar daukargavs sikeTis
gzis Sansi. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi forma aris aucileblobis
saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebic ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian aucilebeli
minimumiT, romelic ki saWiroa sxeulisaTvis. aq Sedis sakvebze, sasmelze,
tansacmelze zrunva, ris gareSe adamianTa cxovreba SeuZlebelia. am
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am sazRunavs TavianTi arsebobis ZiriTad miznad
miiCneven. meore tipis saxelmwifo, romelzedac msjelobs alfarabi, aris
gacvlis qalaqi, (oligarqiuli reJimi) , romlis moqalaqeTa saboloo mizani aris
maTi piradi simdidre da ayvaveba. simdablis qalaqis mcxovrebTa sazrunavi
sxeulebriv siameebze zrunva, zrunva iseT siamovnebebze, romlebic zemoqmedebas
moaxdenen grZnobebze da warmosaxvaze da garTobisa da drostarebis
atmosferos Seqmninen. pativmoyvareTa qalaqis (tomokratia) mcxovrebni
erTmaneTs exmarebian, margam mxolod imisaTvis, rom sxva xlxebma maT pativi scen,
aqon da adidon sityviT da saqmiT. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavia
didebulebiT da brwyinvalebiT warmoudgnen rogorc sxvebs, aseve erTmaneTs.
Zalmomreobis qalaqis mkvidrT erTaderTi sazrunavi aqvT — sxvebis damorCileba
da damoneba. maTi mTeli safiqrali mimarTulia im sixarulis mosalodnel
gancdaze, romelsac iZleva omSi gamarjvebis gancda.
Zneli ar aris davinaxoT, rom alfarabi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis
TiToeuli tipis miRma gulisxmobs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ama Tu im
fenis daxasiaTeba. samxedro elita warmodgenilia Zalmomreobis qalaqis saxiT,
vaWarTa fena gacvlis qalaqis saxiT, mSromeli masa aucileblobis qalaqis saxiT
da a.S.
alfarabis erT-erT Teoriul amocanas warmoadgenda politikuri da
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b) yvela qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas erTian kanonmdeblobaze;
g)yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.
rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri saxelmwifos bunebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad
elementebad kanonmorCilebis garda, figurirebs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.
kanti iZleva Tavisuflebis (amasTan, aq laparakia garegan, anu smarTlebriv
Tavisuflebaze) da Semdeg Tanasworobis aseT gansazRvrebas: “es Tavisufleba
aris uflebamosileba ar davemorCilo araviTar garegan kanonebs, garda im
kanonebisa, romlebzedac me mzad var mivce Tanxmoba. zustad aseve, garegani
(samarTlebrivi) Tanasworoba saxelmwifoSi aris misi moqalaweebis iseTi
mimarTeba, rodesac TiToeuls SeuZlia samarTlebrivad daavaldebulos meore
mxolod maSin, Tuki pirveli Tavad emorCileba kanons, romelic, moiTxovs, rom es
piri, Tavis mxrivac iyos samarTalvaldebuli” (2.267). kanti Tvlis, rom
aRniSnuli ulebebi mouwyvetelia adamianisagan da bunebiTadaa mas
mikuTvnebuli.
respublikuri mmarTveloba unda gamomdinareobdes im pirveli konvenciidan,
romelsac adamianebi gadahyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. masve unda
emyarebodes ama Tu im xalxis yovelgvari samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.
respublikanizmi, Tavis mxriv, qmnis gansxvavebas qveSevrdomsa da moqaaqes Soris.
kanti wers: “im wyobaSi, sadac qveSevrdomi ar aris mqalaqe (maSasadame,
ararespublikuri wyobis SemTxvevaSi) es sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb kamaTs iwvevs,
radgan saxelmwfos meTauri ar aris saxelmwifos wevri, aramed mxolod misi
mesakuTre”(2.269).
saerTod saxelmwifos formebi unda gavarCioT an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni
piri flobs umaRles mrTvelobas, an im wesis mixedviT, romliTac umaRlesi
xelisufali, mniSvneloba ara aqvs vin daniSna is) marTavs xalxs. pirveli — kantis
azriT _ aris batonobis forma (forma imperi) da arsebobs mxolod sami saxiT: a)
rodesac umaRlesi xelisufali erTi piria — avtokratia; b) rodesac umaRlesi
xelisufali ramdenime piria _ aristokratia; g) rodesac umaRlesi xelisufleba
ekuTvnis mTel xalxs _ demokratia.
meore forma aris marTvis forma (forma regiminis). igi exeba konstituciaze,
anu saerTo nebaze (romelic brbos aqcevs xalxad) dafuZnebul marTvis im wess,
romliTac saxelmwifo gankargavs srul Zalauflebas. aqedan marTvelobis forma
sul aris ori: respublika an despotia. “respublikanizmi aris saxelmwifo
principi, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mijnavs sakanonmdeblosagan.
despotia — umaRlesi mmarTvelis mierve SemoRebuli saxelmwifo kanon-
mdeblobis TviTmpyrobluri aRsrulebis principia. aseT dros sajaro neba
gamodis mmarTvelis kerZo nebis rangSi” (2.269).
saxelmwifos bunebaze msjelobis Semdeg, kanti gadadis msoflio
saxelmwifos ideaze. msoflio saxelmwifoSi kanti xedavs maradiuli mSvidobis
garantors. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wesi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben
TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebas, aris ara sasamarTlo, aramed omi.
samSvidobo xelSekruleba marTalia bolos uRebs ama Tu im oms, magram ara
saomar mdgomareobas rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve bunebiTi
samarTlis princpebiT. magram goneba moralis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo
Zalauflebis simaRlidan, ra Tqma unda, kicxavs oms rigorc samarTlebriv
proceduras da savaldebulod acxadebs mSvidobas, romelic ar SeiZleba
damyardes xalxTa Soris urTieTmolaparakebis gareSe. aqedan, unda arsebobdes
gansakuTrebuli saxis kavSiri, romelic samSvidobo kavSiris (foedus pacificum)
saxels unda atarebdes da romelic Cveulebrivi samSvidobo xelSekrulebidan
unda gansxvavdebodes imiT, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobs mxolod erTi omis
dasrulebas, maSin, rodesac pirveli bolos mouRebs yvela oms da gaakeTebs amas
samudamod (2.273-274). yovelive es aris mxolod Sesavali ZiriTadi TezisisaTvis,
romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebrivi iseTi gaerTianebis formirebas,
romelic SezRudavs mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebis SesaZleblobas.
kants imedi aqvs, rom “SesaZlebelia naCvenebi iyos iseTi federaciis ideis
ganxorcielebadoba, romelic TandaTanobiT moicavda yvela saxelmwifos da
miivanda maT maradiul mSvidobamde”(2.274).
ufro konkretuli nabiji amgvari gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad iqneba, Tuki
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romelime saxelmwifo Seqmnida respublikas romlis ZiriTadi funqcia
mimarTuli iqneboda maradiul mSvidobaze. aseT respublikas SeeZlo erTgvari
centris funqcia Seesrulebina, romlis irgvlivac gaerTiandebodnen sxva
saxelmwifoebi.
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi
maradiuli mSvidobis problemebis konteqstSi kanti ganixilavs CvenSi xSirad
aqtualurad qceul sakiTxs — moralis politikasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs.
miuxedvad imisa, rom kanti sakiTxs ganixilavs Zalze specifikuri kuTxiT,
kerZod, rogorc maradiuli mSvidobis miRwevis xelisSemSlel an xelisSemwyob
pirobas, vfiqrobT, mainc sainteresoa problemis kantiseuli analizi.
”ra aris morali?” _ es gaxlavT pirveli kiTxva, romliTac kanti iwyebs
sakiTxis kvlevas. morali mis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc upirobod momTxovni
kanonebis erTianoba, romelTan Sesabamisadac unda iqceodes adamiani (2.289-290).
Tu vaRiareT valdebulebis mocemuli cneba, maSin misi ganuxorcieleblobis
mtkiceba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. is mTlianad gaaqrobda moralidan valde-
bulebis cnebas. amitom kanti aqedan akeTebs daskvnas, rom saubari SeuTav-
seblobis Taobaze morals (rogorc Teoriul samarTalmcodneobasa) da
politikas (rogorc praqtikul samarTalmcodneobas) Soris araswori iqneba
iseve, rogorc araswori iqneba winaaRmdegobaze saubari zogadad Teoriasa da
praqtikas Soris. politikis devizia _ ”iyavi brZeni viTarca gveli”, rasac
morali umatebs Semzrudvel pirobad _ ”da umanko viTarca mtredi”. moralsa da
politikas Soris winaaRmdegobis arseboba mravalmxrivaa damokidebuli imaze,
Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia es ori principi. axali principi, romelic pirvel ors
Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da maT TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs Semdegia:
”patiosneba saukeTeso politikaa”, xolo misi modificirebuli forma gveubneba
— ”patiosneba yovelgvar politikaze ukeTesia”. es principi, gvimtkicebs kanti,
ar SeiZleba davisa da eWvis sagani gaxdes. piriqiT, is yovelgvari politikis
winapirobas warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da rac
xdeba, xdeba bunebis kanonebis karnaxiT, maSin politika rogorc xalxis
samarTavad am kanonebis gamoyenebis xelovneba Tavis TaviSi unda moicavdes mTel
praqtikul sibrZnes, xolo moralis cneba ki sruliad uSinaarso gaxdeba. amis
sapirispiroa weRan SemoTavazebuli principebis Sesabamisad, samarTlis cnebis
politikis cnebasTan mierTeba da mis SemzRudav pirobad qceva, rac maTi
SeTavsebadobis sawindari iqneba. SemiZlia warmovidgino moraluri politikosi,
anu piri, vinc politikis iseT principebs ayalibebs, romlebic SeTavsebadia
moralTan, magram ar SemiZlia warmovidgino politikuri moralisti, romelic
moralis principebs Seuguebs saxelmwifo moRvawis interesebTan — wers kanti
(2.292). moraluri politikosi unda gamodiodes Semdegi maqsimidan: Tu
saxelmwifos mowyobaSi an saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi raime iseTi nakli
SeiniSneba, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebli iyo, maSin aucile-
belia am naklovanebaTa dauyovnebeli aRmofxvra da saxelmwifo mowyobis an
saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebis bunebiT samarTalTan, rac saboloo jamSi
gonebis ideaa, daaxloeba. swored es aris saxelmwifo moRvaweebis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba.
imisaTvis rom kantis Tvalsazrisi sworad gavigoT, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom
misi midgoma problemisadmi formalisturia. swored am sityviT gvinda aRvniSno
Semdegi saxis specifika: kanti ar kiTxulobs realurad eTavseba Tu ara politika
da morali erTmaneTs. sinamdvileSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, is eTanxmeba da rig
SemTxvevebSi ara. rac kants ufro metad ainteresebs, aris is formaluri
pirobebi da maqsimebi, romlebic gansazRvraven SeTavsebis an SeuTavseblobis
saxeebs. anu Tu morali da politika SeTavsebadia, maSin unda daculi iyos aseTi
da aseTi moTxovnebi, Tu ara maSin xorcieldeba esa da es ..... . es ki niSnavs, rom
kantis damokidebuleba politikisa da moralis SeTavsebadobisadmi norma-
tiulia, is jerarsis sferoSi trialebs da ara arsisa. yovelgvar kanonSi kanti
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gaerTianeba, romelic efuZneba saerTo uflebebs da interesebs.
zogadTeoriul debulebebs avgustine iyenebs romis imperiis kritikisaTvis.
imperiis periodis roms is respublikur roms amjobinebs, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs,
rom arc es ukanaskneli dgas axlos zeciuri qalaqis idealur modelTan. qveyana,
romlis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TavisufalTa mier gangebis karnaxiT,
garemoculia qveynis siyvaruliT, aRmatebuli RirebulebebiT, megobrobis
rwmeniT, kargi qcevis mibaZviT _ aseTi qveyana bunebrivi wesebiT moewyoba.
WeSmarit morwmuneTa qveyanaSi mmarTvelebi maTi msaxurebi arian, vinc imarTeba.
qveynis marTvas aq gansazRvravs ara ambiciebi, aramed movaleobis grZnoba.
amgvaria RvTis mier dawesebuli bunebrivi wesrigi. ra Tqma unda, aseT
saxelmwifoSic arsebobs xelisufleba, magram is Tavisufalia ambiciebisa da
ampartavnebisagan. magram, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos amqveyniuri
saxelmwifo, is mxolod droebiT mSvidobas da sazogadoebriv sikeTes
ganamtkicebs.
alfarabi (870-950)
Turquli warmoSobis alfarabi daibada dRevandeli samxreTis yazaxeTis
teritoriaze. qlaq farabas midamoebSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man farabas
medreseSi miiRo. Semdeg igi samogzaurod arabul qveynebSi gaemgzavra da
moinaxula am drois yvela didi qalaqi: baRdadi, qairo, damasko, alepo. alfarabi
pirveli muslimi avtoria, romelic antikur klasikur politikur
filosofiasTan islamis Seguebas cdilobda. saamisod arsebobs garkveuli
safuZvelic. kerZod, rogorc klasikuri filosofia, aseve islami Tvlis RmerTs
kanonierebis saboloo safuZvlad. orives miaCnia, rom swor rwmenas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba eniWeba gamarTuli politikuri reJimis SeqmnisaTvis.
alfarabis ZiriTadi Sromebia “saukeTeso qalaqi”, “saukeTeso religia” da
“politikuri reJimi”. saukeTeso saxelmwifos alfarabi gansazRvravs imgvar
politikur mowyobad, romelSiac adamianebi TanamSromloben ise, rom miznad
aqvT Rirseuli yofa da bedniereba.
alfarabi moiTxovs mmarTveli fenis maRal inteleqtualur dones da
momzadebas politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis
aseTi momzadeba saWiro araa, Tumca sasurvelia. miuxedavad amisa, alfarabi
mainc saWirod Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebis farTe fenebs unda hqondeT
damakmayofilebeli warmodgena samyaroze, adamianze da politikuri cxovrebis
elementebze. zogadad moqalaqeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:
1. brZenni anu filosofosebi, romelTac ician saganTa buneba;
2. maTi mimdevrebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba filosofosebisagan da
iziareben maT Sexedulebebs;
3. danarCeni moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba msgavsebis
mixedviT. zogs meti codna aqvs, zogs naklebi, rac damokidebulia moqalaqeTa
rangze.
es klasebi unda imarTebodes mmarTvelis mier, romelic moqalaqeTa
ganaTlebis organizaciazedac zrunavs. is TiToeul moqalaqes misi
SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis saqmianobas miuCens. amis garda mmarTvelis
funqciebSi Sedis kanonebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba omis
dros. mmarTvelis fenomenSi alfarabi aerTianebda politikuri liderisa da
winaswarmetyvelis Tvisebebs. aseTi pirovneba WeSmariti xelmZRvanelia. is
iseTia, rom SiZleba gaxdes gamocxadebis Rirsi. aseTi mmarTveli ySualod iqneba
dakavSirebuli WeSmaritebis pirvelwyarosTan da uSualod misgan miiRebs
sazogadoebis marTvis amosaval principebs. es mmarTveli umaRlesi rangis
mmarTveli unda iyos, romelsac sabolood daeyrdnoba yvela sxva samoqalaqo
mmarTveloba. umaRlesi mmarTvelis am daxasiaTebaSi Cans, rom alfarabi ver
eteva antikuri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi, romlis mixedviTac
xelisuflebis wyaro ar yofila gamocxadeba da RvTaebrivi nebis uSualo
emenecia mmarTvelze. arada alfarabisTan amgvari kavSiri mmarTvelsa da
RvTaebas Soris TavisTavad igulisxmeba. umaRlesi mmarTveli, ambobs is, aris
wyaro yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis.
sazogadoeba unda dalagdes aRniSnuli klasebis ierarqiis Sesabamisad ise,
31
mniSvnelovani avtoris SexedulebaTa saxiT. ioli aRmosaCenia, rom miuxedavad
maTi gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobisa, TiToeuli maTgani Zalze msgavs sakiTxebs
ganixilavs. es gamowveulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, am periodis swavlulebi,
rogorc qristianebi, aseve sxva religiis warmomadgenlebi eyrdnobian erTsa da
imave wyaros _ antikur politikur Teorias da biblias. meore, rac maTi
Sexedulebebis siaxloves ganapirobebs, aris epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
homogenuroba epoqis kulturebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa xelisuflebis organizacia, qalaqis infrastruqtura da
yofa, samxedro saqmis organizacia da a.S. am parametrebs Soris met-naklebad
Tanabari donis arseboba ar niSnavs srul identoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris ideologiasa da socialur-politikur mowyobaSi. msgavsi daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi, saswauli Tu agvixsnida im garRvevas, romelic evropulma
civilizaciam moaxdina. ufro zofadi daxasiaTebis saxiT, haidegeris kvald,
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve berZnuli kultura Seicavda “τεχνε “-ze,
orientaciis Zalze mZlavr impuls, romelsac qristianobam ufro noyieri
niadagi Seuqmna, vidre, vTqvaT, islamma.
netari avgustine (354-430)
netari avgustine qristianis avtoria, rac Zalze kargad Cans “RvTis qalaqis”
avgustineseul interpretaciaSi, romelic wminda werilis amosaval dogmatikas,
WeSmaritebebs emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi epoqa jer kidev Sors iyo
dinastiuri samefoebis xanisagan, misi ZiriTadi politikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba —
“RvTis qalaqi” - iTvaliswinebs Semdgomi periodisaTvis specifikur mTel rig
sakiTxebs. garda mravali Teologiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa, avgustines kalams
ekuTvnis Zalze specifiuri, kidev erTi naSromi, “aRsareba”, romelSiac
gadmocemulia adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis siRrmiseuli Sreebi da Tavad
rwmenis fenomenis Zalze faqizi analizi. “aRsareba” adamianis sulis codniT
SegviZlia iseTi avtorebis sxva Sromebis gverdiT davayenoT, rogoricaa markus
avreliusis “fiqrebi” an paskalis “azrebi”.
rogorc varaudoben “RvTis qalaqi” dawerili unda iyos 413-426 wlebSi.
wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba qristianobis dacvas warmarTuli religiisagan,
xolo danarCen furclebze gadmocemulia pozitiuri Sinaarsi.
avgustines politikur doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba eklesia da
saxelmwifo — zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. wminda werili warmoadgens
ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlis fonzedac interpretirdeba
socialuri da politikuri movlenebi. avgustines mier gaanalizebuli ZiriTadi
kategoriebia eklesia, saxelmwifo, zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. eklesia
RvTaebrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoeba, wminda werilis mcvelia. swored es
uakanaskneli utovebs adamianebs RmerTis xilvis imeds, romelic avgustines
interpretaciaSi samyaros mTavari saTnoebaa. eklesia da saxelmwifo, ori
amqveyniuri sazogadoebaa, romlebic am saTnoebisaken miiswrafvis, Tumca, imis
kvalad, rac ufro metad vswavlobT Cveni sulis siRrmiseul Sreebs, gasagebi
xdeba, rom miwieri, naklovani qalaqis garda arsebobs zeciuri qalaqic. isini,
vinc eklesiis swavlebas miuyveba, inarCunebs Sanss zeciuri qalaqis wevrobisa,
xolo amqveyniuri siameebis motrfialeni ki ganwirulni arian maradiuli
tanjvisaTvis. maT qcevas gansazRvravs ambiciuroba da ampartavneba. igive
Tvisebebi, sinanulis deficiti aris ganmsazRvreli miwieri qalaqis cxovrebis
wesisaTvis.
avgustine imeorebs klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis zogierT Teziss. mas
miaCnia, rom adamiani bunebiT socialuri arsebaa. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod
adamianis miswrafeba koleqtiuri cxovrebisaken sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis
qalaqis mcxovrebi moqalaqed iqces. ZiriTadi fenomeni, romelic moqalaqes
aseTad aqcevs da mimarTavs maT aqtivobas saerTo sikeTisaken, aris
samarTlianoba. samarTlianoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTali uzrunvelyofs
adamianTa sazogadoebis erTianobas. aregulirebs ra admianTa urTierTobas
sazogadoebaSi, samarTali ganamtkicebs sazogadoebriv mSvidobas, romlis
gareSe ar arsebobs arc erTi sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas avgustine
cicerons esesxeba da acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo aris adamianTa iseTi
30
ganasxvavebs or mxares: materias da formas. materia am konteqstSi igive Sinaarsia
da igi gulisxmobs im mravalferovan miznebs, rasac adamiani isaxavs xolme Tavisi
moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom am miznebs empiiuli xasiaTi aqvT,
gasagebia, rom isini ver iqnebian aucilebeli xasiaTisa adamianisaTvis.
samagiarod, aseTia kanonis wminda forma, romelic Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT
apriorulia da rogorc aseTi flobs saWiro aucileblobas da valdebulebas. am
formaluri gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, ZiriTadi moraluri wesi, romelsac
gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs adamianis yovelgvari xasiaTis, maT Soris po-
litikuri xasiaTis moqmedebebze aris kategoriuli imperativi, romelic ase
JRers: ”moiqeci ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad iqces yvela
gonieri arsebisaTvis.” kategoriuli imperativis aseTi saxe gansazRvrulia misi
wminda formaluri xasiaTiT. adamiani rom yovelTvis am wesis Sesabamisad
cxovrobdes, is wmindani iqneboda, magram ramdenadac adamians mravalferovani
midrekilebebi gaaCnia, romelTagan yvela ver daitrabaxebs maRalzneobriobiT,
amdenad msgavs SemTxvevebSi, kantis mier Semotanil proncips aqvs maiZulebeli,
anu imperatiuli xasiaTi. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs umaRles praqtikul mizans,
romelic amave dros sazomia yvela sxva miznisa.
yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs kantis idealizms anu politikuri
urTierTobebis meocnebe gaidealebas. kantma kargad icis rom arsebobs
amoraluri politikac. termini ”politikuri moralisti” swored amas aRniSnavs.
is yovelTvis cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi antixalxuri politika da samarTlis
sawinaaRmdego saxelmwifo principebi da amave dros cdilobs gaakeTos es
adamianis bunebis saxeliT, romelic TiTqos moklebulia unars eswrafodes
sikeTes gonebis mier nakarnaxebi ideis Sesabamisad. msgavsi gancxadebebiT, es
politikosebi, ramdenadac es xelewifebaT, mudmivad arRveven samarTals da
viTarebis gaumjobesebas SeuZlebels xdian. msgavsi praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom
politikur moralistebs Sexeba ara aqvT normatiul principebTan da Tavidan
bolomde realuri politikuri principebiT xalmWZvaneloben. amgvari
politikosebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo xasiaTi aqvs Semdeg maqsimebs: (1) Fac et
excusa. gulisxmobs yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas, romelic ki
gaaiolebs dapyrobas da sxvisi sakuTrebis xelSi Cagdebas. msgavsi moqmedebebis
Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba xolme raime Rirebuli sababiT xalxwe mimarTuli
Zaladobis gamarTleba. yovelive es xorcieldeba gaugonari TavxedobiT, rac
tovebs Cadenili qmedebis kanonierebasTan SeTavsebadobis STabeWdilebas. (2) Si
fecisti nega. ama Tu im politikosis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
totaluri uaryofa. uaryfa imisa, rom mavans monawileoba aqvs miRebuli am
moqmedebaSi; ase magaliTad, Tu Tu ama Tu im politikosma sakuTari xalxi miiyvana
amboxebamde, unda amtkico, rom brali mxolod mourjulebel moxeleebs
miuZRviT. (3) Divide et impera. am principis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebSi kargadaa cnobili. ufro sainteresoa principis gamoyeneba qveynis
Sida politikis mimarT. kerZod, Tu qveyanaSi arian warCinebuli pirebi, romelTa
wyalobiTac umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxvda mavani, is yovelmxriv ecdeba
ganxeTqileba daTesos am adamianebs Soris an am adamianebsa d xalxs Soris.
uzneo politikas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi Cans, rom aravin
cdilobs uzneobis gamarTlebas Riad. piriqiT, Tundac mxolod sityviT, isini
yovelTvis cdiloben TavianTi mzakvruli gegmebis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva
motivebiT. sinamdvileSi ki isini yovelTvis emyarebian ara samarTals, aramed
Zalas. politikuri moralistis Sexeba moralTan TviTwinaaRmdegobrivia. is
cdilobs morali dauqvemdebaros politikur miznebs, anu saqme gaakeTos piruku,
rac principulad SeuZlebels xdis politikis moralTan morigebas.
aq gadasaWrelia erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ Rirs Tu ara gamovideT da
daveyrdnoT materialur principebs, anu Cvens miznebs praqtikuli gonebis
amocanebis gansazRvrisas. xom ar iqneba umjobesi vixelmZRvaneloT mxolod
formaluri principiT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod Semdegs: moiqeci ise, rom
Seni moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelo maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. materialuri
da formaluri principebidan kanti upiratesobas formalur princips aniWebs,
radgan is rogorc samarTlis principi upirobod aucilebelia maSin, rodesac
87
pirvels maiZulebeli Zala mxolod mocemuli miznis realizaciisaTvis
aucilebeli empiriuli pirobebis mocemulobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala. es
ukanaskneli politikuri moralistis principia maSin, rodesac meore moraluri
politikosisa. moraluri politikis principi isaa, rom xalxi saxelmwifoSi unda
gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi samarTlebrivi cnebis irgvliv, rogoricaa Tavisuf-
leba da Tanasworoba. politikuri moralistebi ki piriqiT, maT sapirispirod
emyarebian bunebis meqanizmebis cnebas, romelic unda gamoyenebuli unda iyos,
raTa brbo gardaiqmnas sazogadoebad.
am Tvalsazisebis Sejerebis sauZvelze, kanti askvnis, rom obieqturad, e.i.
TeoriaSi, politikasa da morals Soris ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, Tumca es
daskvna ar vrceldeba subieqtur sferoze, adamianis egoisturi midrekilebebis
sferoze, sadac dapirispireba politikasa da morals Soris arsebobs da SeiZleba
aseTad darCes kidec samomavlod.
sabolood sajaro samarTlis transcendentaluri formula JRers Sem-
degnairad: usamarTloa yvela sxva adamianis uflebaTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli
qceva, romelic SeTavsebadi ar aris sajaroobasTan (2.303). es principi, kantis
azriT, aris erTdroulad samarTlebrivic da moraluric. mis sapirispirod, Tu
me ar SemiZlia gavamxilo sajarod Cemi moqmedebis maqsima ise, rom amiT ar vavno
sakuTar saqmes (radgan sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi unda movelode rom Cemi
zraxvebis aRsrulebas win aRudgeba yvela), maSin Cemi qmedeba aris usamarTlo.
aseTia kantis mier politikisa da moralis momarTebis formalisturi analizi,
romelic upirveles yovlisa, imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor unda moviqceT, raTa Cveni
qceva moraluri iyos da ara imas, Tu ramdenad moraluria politikosis, sul
erTia rogori, qmedebebi.
literatura:
1. Имануел Кант – Что такое просвещение в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль»
Москва. 1966.
2. Имануел Кант – О вечном мире в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.
88
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli)
Zveli msoflio istoriis dasasrulad romis imperiis damxoba iTvleba. avto-
rebis erTi nawili, amgvar SefasebaSi evropocentrizmis aSkara kvals xedavs,
radgan romis imperiis daSlam ki moitana radikaluri cvlilebebi evropaSi,
magram es cvlilebebi saerTod ar Sexebia CineTSi an afrikis kontinentze
mimdinare procesebs. amitom, amboben evropocentrizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi, romis
imperiis dacema ufro evropis istoriaSi mimdinare procesebs asaxevs da ara
Zveli msofliosi. vfiqrobT, argumentacia iseTi TvalsaCinoa da aSkara faqtebs
emyareba, rom Znelia misi umtkivneulod ugulvebelyofa. ufro momgebiani
iqneba, Tu vaRriarebT mis samarTlianobas da davsZenT, rom evropis istoriis
prioritetulad qceva CvenTvis ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. jer erTi, es aris
regioni, romelTanac saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo CarTuli umWidroes
kulturul kontaqtebSi da meore, es aris civilizacia, romelic gamarjvebuli
gamovida saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare civilizaciaTa konfliqtSi da danarCen
msoflios Tavs moaxvia Tavisi cxovrebis wesi.
qristianuli msoflmxedveloba da religia jer kidev romis imperiaSi
damkvidrda oficialur sarwmunoebad. “msoflio qalaqma” bolos da bolos
SeiTvisa “msoflio religia” da is Tavis provinciebsa da koloniebze gaavrcela.
ierarqiulad mkacrad mowyobili monoTeisturi religia saimedo dasayrdeni
unda gamxdariyo uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli, erTi imperatoris mier
marTuli, monarqiuli reJimisaTvis. enaTa da eTniuri siWrele saerTo religias
unda daeZlia. yovelive es romma nawilobriv ganaxorciela kidec, magram
“msoflio qalaqi”, romelic sruliad sxva principebze aRmocenda, ver gadaarCina
axalma RirebulebaTa sistemam.
periodi qristianuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac
axali evropis ruqas raRac garkveuloba SesZina da eTniuri niadagi Seamzada
momavali eri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sakmaod detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis
“florenciis istoriaSi” nikolo makiavelis. Semdegi, sakmaod xangrZlivi
periodi, zogjer Sua saukuneebad, zogjer, feodalizmis epoqad moixsenieba.
igive xana SegviZlia movixsenioT dinastiuri samefoebis epoqadac (gansxvavebiT
antikuri qalaq saxelmwifoebis epoqidan).
samive termins _ Sua saukuneebs, feodalizmis epoqas da, bolos, dinastiur
samefoebs _ Sesabamisi “ideologiuri datvirTva” aqvs da erTsa da imave
periodis cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT. ase
magaliTad, “Sua saukuneebi” afiqsierbs raRac saSualo periods istoriis
msvlelobaSi da Tu terminis implikaciebze viqnebiT orientirebulini, is
mxolod imas gveubneba, rom CvenTvis saintereso am periodamdec arsebobda
raRac (Zveli msoflio) da Semdegac (axali msoflio istoria). “feodalizmis
epoqa” — es termini intencionalurad mimarTulia sakuTrebiT urTirTobaze.
feodi, maioratis principi, senioris da vasalis urTierToba am xedvisaTvis
amosavali principebia da politikuri anallizic am principebis kvlevidan unda
gamodiodes. da bolos, rodesac vsaubrobT “dinastiur samefoebze”, am dros
yuradRebas mivapyrobT umaRlesi xelisuflebis organizaciis wess, Sesabamis
epoqis saxelmwifoebisaTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis msoflmxedveloba, yofa, politikuri da
socialuri urTierTobani religiuri SinaarsiT iyo gajerebuli. jer kidev
gasul saukuneSi SemorCenili iyo, standartuli daxasiaTebis saxiT, Sua
saukuneebis “bnel epoqad” Sefaseba. ufro Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ar iziareben
aseT mkacr Sefasebas. maT miaCniaT, rom Sua saukuneebis erTgvar wyvetad
warmodgena istoriis erTian procesSi, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. piriqiT,
fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebma moamzada aRorZinebisa da axali drois
sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebi da mecniereba. pirovnebis, Tavisuflebis da
pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis analiziT gza gauxsna liberalur politikur
filosofias da axal politikur Teorias.
Sua saukunebis politikuri Teoria warmodgenili iqneba remdenime Zalze
29
politikur traqtatebSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva formebidan, sam yvelaze
mniSvnelovan formas gamoyofs: samefo xelisuflebas, aristokratias da
demokratias. saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyoba, ciceronis azriT, aris ra romelime
maTgani, aramed yvela maTi kombinacia erT politikur sxeulSi. Zneli ar aris
davinaxoT, rom amiT romis respublikis politikuri wyobaa mowonebuli. amis
Taobaze ciceroni pirdapir miuTiTebs “saxelmwifoSi”, rodesac is sagangebod
emijneba platonis msgavs gamonagonebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs rom misi
interesis sagani romis realobaa (1. 47-48). marTlac, saxalxo kreba romSi
gamoxatavda xalxis interesebs, senati anu uxucesTa sabWo, icavda
aristokratiis interesebs, xolo rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebas, mis msgavs
instituts respublikur romSi konsulTa xelisufleba warmoadgenda.
respublikuri romis konsulebi lakedemonelTa mefeebis msgavsad iyofdnen
Zalauflebas. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi qveynis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardloba da qveyanaSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba
iyo. ukve is faqti, rom spartis mefe ori iyo da ara erTi, gamoricxavda (iseve
rogorc Semdgom romSi) Zalauflebis saxifaTo koncentracias erTi piris xelSi.
sami ZiriTadi politikuri institutis msgavsad, saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi sami
ZirTadi socialuri fenaa — aristokratia, mxedrebi da xalxi.
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi
ciceronis interesis sferoSi Semodis iseTi sakiTxic, rogoricaa,
saxelmwifos teritoriuli an rogorc axla vityodiT, geopolitikuri
mdebareoba. msgavs sakiTxs masze adre aristotele Seexo da maTi Sefasebebi
zRvis piras mdebare polisis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, didad ar gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan. arc aristoteles da, arc cicerons ar miaCniaT gamarTlebulad
zRvispiras qalaqis daarseba ramdenime ZiriTadi mosazrebis gamo. jer erTi, aris
ra msxvili savaWro centri, aseTi qalaqi eqvemdebareba ucxotomelTa Cvevebis
arasasurvel zegavlenas. garda amisa, fiqroben isini, sazRvao qalaqi ufro
sustia samxedro TvalsazrisiTac. ciceroni sagangebiT iwonebs romulusis
gadawyvetilebas daearsebina qalaqi zRvasTan sakmaod axlos, magram ara zRvaze.
aseT qalaqs SeuZlia isargeblos sazRvao qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela
sikeTiT (ciceroni sazRvao qalaqis mxolod negatiur mxareebs rodi xedavs) _
ucxoeTidan daubrkolebliv miiRos aTasgvari saxis saqoneli da, piriqiT, aseve
didi raodenobiT iafad gaitanos sakuTari produqti. samagierod, xmeleTze
mdebareoba misTvis momgebiania wminda samxedro TvalsazrisiT. xmeleTidan
mosuli mtris kontroli ufro iolia, vidre, zRvidan Tavdasxmis dros. am da sxva
(moraluri xasiaTis), argumentebis safuZvelze, ciceroni xmeleTis saxelmwifos
aniWebs upiratesobas. am sakiTxze, SesaZloa arc Rirdes yuradRebis SeCereba, Tu
ara ciceronis mcdeloba istoriis mimdinareoba axsnas sazRvao-saxmeleTo
saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis konteqstSi. cxadia, ramdenime gverdze (1. 35,
36,37) gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, cicerons ver CavTvTvliT geopolitikis
fuZemdeblad. mas ara aqvs arc Talasokratia-telurokratiis cnebebi, magram
meore mxriv, verc im faqts avuvliT gverds, rom cicroni berZnuli samyaros
sisustis ZiriTad mizezs mis sazRvao xasiaTSi xedavs. Tumca, igive
poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebic. kerZod, is fiqrobs,
rom korinTo da karTageni daRupa gadaWarbebulma miswrafebam zRvaosnobisaken
da vaWrobisaken. aman, jer erTi, mosaxleobis gaumarTlebeli emigracia gamoiwvia
da meore, maT moqalaqeebs daaviwya miwis damuSaveba da iaraRis floba (1. 36).
savaldebulo literatura
1. Марк Тулий Цицерон «Диалоги». Изд. «Наука», Москва, 1966. ( стр. 7-8; 20-26; 35-39; 41-
54; 59-65; 94-97; 102-105)
2. James.E.Holton, Marcus Tullius Cicero., in “History of Political Philosophy”. (Eds) Leo Strauss,
Joseph Cropsey. Univ. of Chicago. 1963.
28
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816) “esse samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”
fergiusoni im inteleqtualebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romlebic XVIII
saukunis “Sotlandiuri aRorZinebis” saTaveebTan idgnen. fergiusonis garda,
inteleqtualebis am wres miekuTvnebodnen devid hiumi, edinburgis univer-
sitetis reqtori, uiliam robertsoni da ekonomisti adam smiti. fergiusonma,
romelic samxedro-sasuliero piri, polkis pastori iyo, 1759 wels edinburgis
universitetSi miiRo naturaluri filosofiis kaTedra. evropaSi ramdenjerme
mogzaurobis Semdeg man jer pnevmaturi da moraluri filosofiis kaTedra
(1764), xolo Semdeg ki, 1766 wels, miiRo edinburgis universitetis doqtoroba.
1793 wels fergiusoni evropaSi mogzaurobisas gaxda prusiis mecnierebaTa
akademiis ucxoeli wevri. “cda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”
daiwera 1767 wels. is adam fergiusonis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli politikuri
xasiaTis naSromia. am Sromis garda, fergiusonis kalams ekuTvnis: “qadageba”,
“moraluri filosofiis Segonebani”, “romis respublikis progresis da dacemis
istoria”, “moraluri da politikuri mecnierebis principebi”.
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba fergiusonTan interpretirebulia rogorc
kacobriobis adreuli ganviTarebis etapi. fergiusoni sakmaod mkacrad afasebs
am Temaze gamoTqmul sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs. am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba
gamowveuli iyo sakuTari Teoriis ukeT dafuZnebis surviliT, tumca maTi didi
nawili sruliad unayofo gamodga. raSi mdgomareobs Tavad fergiusonis
midgomis specifika? yvela im mravalferovan Tvisebebs Soris, romelsac flobs
kacobrioba, fergiusoni gamoyofs ramodenimes rogorc safuZvelmdebels Cveni
TeoriisaTvis da ase iqmneba suraTi imisa, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo
adamiani romeliRac warmosaxviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. msgavsi abstraqcia
yuradRebis gareSe stovebs adamians, rogoric is aris mocemul istoriul
momentSi da imasac, rogorc warmogvidgeba igi istoriis furclebidan.
bunebrivi istoriis kvlevis yvela sxva gza aucileblad gulisxmobs mkvlevris
mier faqtebis Segrovebis saWiroebas (1.32).
magram aqvs Tu ara bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvas raRac specifikuri
meTodologouri mniSvneloba? fergiusons miaCnia, rom yoveli aqtiuri arsebis
istoria Cven unda daviwyoT misi im mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSiac is
Camoyalibda da ara im viTerebebidan, romlebic Tavs moaxvies am arsebas. amitom,
adamianebi unda Tavidan ganxilulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi myofni, radgan isini
swored amgvarad arsebobdnen yovelTvis. Tu yvela sxva cxoveli dabadebis
Semdeg viTardeba rogorc individi, adamiani viTardeba rogorc gvari. am gzaze
kacobriobis ganviTareba unda warmovidginoT rogorc ganviTarebadi cocxali
mgrZnobelobidan, gonebis, enis da sazogadoebrivi yofis SeZenamde. adamianis
ganviTareba aucileblad mividoda iseT momentamde, romelic sxvadasxva
gamomgoneblobis kvalad moiTxovda iseTi adamianuri unaris ganviTarebas,
rogorcaa fantazia. am da sxva Tvisebebis flobis gamo, adamiani, rogoradac ar
unda daeces is, yovelTvis rCeba adamianad da amitom misi Sedareba sxva romelime
cxovelTan yovlad miuRebelia. adamiani unda ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv
arsebad, romelsac cxovreba SeuZlia mxolod sxva adamianis gverdiT. adamiani
unda ganvixiloT enis mqone arsebad iseve, rogor bunebrivadac mas ganvixilavT
xelebis an fexebis mqone arsebad. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia warmovisaxoT viTareba,
rodesac adamiani mxolod ecnoboda, jar kargad ar flobda sakuTar unarebs,
magram fergiusonis azriT, amgvari periodis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar
mogvepoveba da Cveni msjelobebi am saganze arafriT iqneba gamagrebuli. Cven
fantaziis tyveobaSi viqnebiT da gveqneba iluzia, TiTqos mivuaxlovdiT
yofierebis sawyisebs (1.37-38).
adamianis bunebiTi yofisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT xelobebsa
89
da xelovnebebze, rogorc raRac gansxvavebulze bunebisagan. am dros saWiroa
aRiniSnos, rom xelobebi raRac bunebiTia adamianisaTvis, romelic am Cvevebis
wyalobiT sakuTari saxis da bedis demiurgia (artificer). adamianis Semoqmedeba
aris progresisaken ganuwyveteli svla, Tumca is ar akeTebs naxtomebs da
miznisaken Tanmimdevrulad da myari nabijebiT moZraobs. adamianis saqmianoba
nebismier SemTxvevaSi maTi nebis Tavisuflebis gamovlenas warmoadgens,
dawyebuli sxvadfasxva Sexedulebebidan da survilebidan, rac misi mamoZra-
vebeli Zalaa. TviTSenarCunebisaTvis adamianisaTvis erTnairad gamosadegia
rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle, aseve xis fuRuro. amitom, kiTxvaze sad SegviZlia
vipovnoT adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, SegviZlia erTnairi safuZvlianobiT
mivuTiToT britaneTze, keTili imedis koncxze, magelanis sruteze da a.S.
mTavari is gaxlavT, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, Semoqmedi arsebaa. sasaxle
aranakleb SeiZleba arabunebrivad CaiTvalos, vidre qoxi, xolo politikis da
zneobis umaRlesi gamovlinebebi ar aris ufro metad xelovnuri, vidre grZnobis
da gonebis pirveli moZraobebi.
daSvebidan, rom adamiani mudam winmswrebi da sakuTari Tavis srulmqmneli
arsebaa, romelSiac Cadebulia progresisa da idealisaken swrafvis prncipi maSin
veRar vityviT, rom mas Semdeg, rac man winmsvleli moZraoba daiwyo, igi
daemSvidoba Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobas, radgan misi buneba swored aseT
moZraobaSia (1.41). sxvagvarad, es imas niSnavs, rom bunebrivi mdgomareobis
Tezisi, romelic daafiqsirebda adamians raRac cxoveluri yofis msgavs
viTarebaSi fergiusonisaTvis ar arsebobs, Tumca is mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs
“kacobriobis gariJraJze” saubars, romlis drosac adamiani “primitiul
mdgomareobaSi” iyo. es primitiuli mdgomareoba ar niSnavs mis srul uZraobas.
teqnikuri da sxva saxis progresi aq mocemulad unda vigulisxmoT. teqnikis
dRevandeli done, axal-axali miRwevebi am mimarTulebiT, aris mxolod im xazis
gagrZelebis mcdeloba, romelic ukve arsebobda kacobriobis gariJraJze.
TandaTanobiTi progresis idea ar yofila fergiusonis winamorbede-
bisaTvisac ucxo. rasac aq gamorCeuli saxiT fergiusoni gvTavazobs, aris misi
mtkiceba, rom momenti, saidanac SegviZlia daviwyoT istoria ara mxolod
meTodologiuradaa mouxelTebeli, aramed principulad ar arsebobs. Tu
istoriis ufskrulSi CavixedavT, ver vipovniT moments, rodesac adamiani
adamiani ar iyo (anu iyo maimuni, rogorc amas darvinis Semdeg varaudoben) da
Semdeg, sul erTia ra meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, is iqca adamianma (anu
gaiara gza, romlis aRwera scades morganma da engelsma).
adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobebs sabolood esmeva wertili mas
Semdeg, rac am terminebs fergiusonis daxasiaTebiT, aseTi Sinaarsi eZleva: Tu
“bunebrivi” adamianis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinare qmedebebs aRniSnavs,
“arabunebrivi”araviTari sazrisismieri qmedebis damfiqsirebeli ar aris, radgan
adamianis yvela qmedeba pirveli wyarodan iRebs saTaves.
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb
adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rigi princiebis reali-
zebas. avtori am mimarTulebiT upirveles yovlisa, laparakobs instinqtebze,
romlebic jer kidev tkivilis da an siamovnebis aRqmamde ubiZgeben adamians
ganaxorcielos rigi bunebrivi aqciebi sakuTari Tavis da TanamoZmeebis mimarT.
maT Soris, TviTSenarCunebisa da misi, rogorc gvaris gangrZobis instinqti.
aqedan gamomdinareobs meore instinqti _ is faqti, rom adamiani yovelTvis
raRac gvaris da raRac tomis Tu sazogadoebis wevria, aiZulebs mas omis
mdgomareobaSi Sevides sxva adamianebTan.
adamianis cxovrebis miaxlovebiTi Seswavala gvarwmunebs, imaSi, rom erT-
erTi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala misi yvela moqmedebisaTvis aris sakuTar
arsebobaze zrunva. jer kidev sakuTrebis da socialur statusebs Soris
gansxvavebis gaCenamde, adamianebi floben sakuTari pirovnebis da Tavisufali
moqmedebis dacvis uflebas. TviTSenarCunebis instinqti adamianSi arafriT
gansxvavdeba analogiuri instinqtebisagan cxovelSi, magram adamianisaTvis
90
RirebulebaTa sistemas sTavazobdnen xalxs. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rogorc
Sedegma, amgvari mravalferovnebisa, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda kosmopoli-
tizmi, msoflio moqalaqis centraluri ideiT. ara “saxelmwifoSi”, aramed
“kanonebSi” msoflio moqalaqis ideas farTo Teologiuri dsabuTeba eZleva.
msjelobis jaWvi daaxloebiT aseTia: RmerTma Seqmna adamiani rogorc sxva
cocxali arsebisagan gamorCeuli ram. am gamorCeulobis mizezi aris goneba.
goneba raRac saerToa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris da maT Soris kavSiric swored
gonebaSi unda veZioT. magram goneba igive kanoni da kanonzomierebaa. es ki
niSnavs, rom Cven RmerTTan kanoniT varT dakavSirebuli. aqedan, unda vaRiaroT,
rom yvela maTTan, visTanac arsebobs erTianoba kanonSi, arsebobs erTianoba
samarTalSiac, xolo yvela is visac kanoni da samarTali saerTo aqvs miekuTvneba
erT sazogadoebas. Tu adamianebi amgvarad arian CarTulni erTsa da imave
ZalauflebasTan kontaqtSi, maSin isini CarTulni iqnebian, amave dros, kavSirSi
RvTaebrivTananac da, maSin mTeli samyaro SegviZlia ganvixiloT adamianebis da
RmerTebis erT samoqalaqo Temad (1. 96).
ciceronis sawyisi mosazrebebi adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb, erTgvari
Sesavalia misi Sedgomi Temis gaSlisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi sagani saxelmwifoa.
vidre vimsjelebde saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, ambobs is, me vcade gameanalizebina,
Rirs Tu ara kacma xeli mohkidos saerTod saxelmwifo saqmes (1. 10). pasuxi, ra
Tqma unda, dadebiTia, radgan Rirsebis adamianis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad
gamocxadebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis msaxureba adamianis bunebriv mowodebad
gamocxadda.
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma
ratom iqmneba saxelmwifo? — kiTxva, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo antikuri
saberZneTis avtorebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, aqtualobas ar kargavs arc
ciceronis TxzulebebSi. vidre saxelmwifos avkargianobaze vimsjelebdeT, jer
zogadad saxelmwifos cneba unda davadginoT. ciceroni miiCnevs, rom saxelwifo
raRac iseTia, rac uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xalxTan, rac misi xvedria. aqedan
saxelmwifos bunebis kvleva gadaejaWveba xalxis raobis sakiTxs. xalxi ki,
rogorc irkveva, sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianTa iseTi erToba, romelsac aqvs
erTiani samarTali da saerTo interesebi: “amrigad, wers ciceroni, saxelmwifo
xalxis xvedria, xolo xalxi adamianTa nebismieri gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed
iseTTa erTianobaa, romelTac Tavi mouyriaT samarTlis ama Tu im sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad da, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo interesebi. aseTi gaerTianebis
pirveli mizezi maTi sisuste ki ar aris, aramed bunebrivi miswrafeba erTad
cxovrebisaken” (1. 20).
adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafeba Tanacxovrebisaken, romelic SesaZloa iyos
Zlieri impulsi saxelmwifos formirebisaTvis, saWiroebs raRac iseT damatebiT
fenomens, romelic saxelmwifos ara mxolod did mdgradobas mianiWebs, aramed
regularuls gaxdis adamianTaSorisi damokideblebis misaReb saxeebs. aseTi ram
gaxlavT samarTali da konkretuli kanonmdebloba, romelic saxelmwifos yvela
wevrisaTvis saerTo unda iyos. da, saerTod, sxva ra aris saxelmwifo, Tu ara
saerTo weswyobileba, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTalsa da kanonebSi.
magram saidan iRebs dasabams Tavad kanoni da samarTali? am kiTxvaze
aristoteluri tradicia gvamcnobs, rom arsebobs erTi mxriv, bunebiTi da, meore
mxriv, konvencionaluri samarTali. misgan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni ar cnobs
bunebiTi samarTlis ideas. bunebiTi samarTlis normebi rom arsebobdnen,
fiqrobs is, maSin gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ratom ara aqvs yvela xalxs erTi da
igive samarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi xom icvleba ara mxolod sxva da sxva
xalxTan, aramed isini gansxvavebulia erTi da igive xalxTan sxvadasxva dros.
aqedan, erTaderTi safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifoSi arsebul kanonebs
SeiZleba hqondeT, aris urTierTTanxmoba.
mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa
adamainTa Tanacxovrebis mareglamentirebeli wesebis arseboba, ukve SeiZleba
daisvas kiTxva saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. ciceroni Zvel berZnul
27
 1. saxelmwifos msaxureba
saxelmwifos msaxureba aris pirveli mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac exeba
ciceroni “saxelmwifos” dasawyisSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi CamoTvlis cnobil
romaelTa saxelmwifo moRvaweobas, svams savsebiT bunebriv kiTxvas _ ra rjida
maT esoden did safrTxeSi CaegdoT gamudmebiT Tavi maSin, rodesac TiToeuls
yvela Sansi hqonda mSvidi da uzrunveli cxovrebiT ecxovra? am kiTxvaze
pasuxad, ciceroni miuTiTebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fenomenze,
romelTac axsna unda misces dasmul kiTxvas. kerZod, saerTo sikeTis msaxurebasa
da bunebis mier adamianisaTvis momadlebul Rirsebis (ανανκε) grZnobaze.
Rirsebis grZroba, rogorc gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomeni Tavs iCens swored
iseT sazRvriT situaciebSi, romelic adamianisagan ukidures Tavdadebas da
xSirad ki Tvaganwirvasac saWiroebs. ukiduresi safrTxis pirobebSi sxva yvela
cocxalma arsebam SeiZleba imoqmedos mxolod iseTi sasicocxlo instinqtebis
karnaxiT, rogric STamomavlobaze zrunva an sakvebis mopovebaa. aristoteles
azriT, cxovelTa samyarodan adamians metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs, rac mas
sikeTis da siqvelis cnebiTi Semecnebis saSualebas aZlevs. ciceroni ki, rogorc
vxedavT, upirveles yovlisa, “bunebisagan boZebul” Rirsebaze saubrobs,
romelic gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia. ra Tqma unda, aq aristotelesa da
cicerons Soris Znelia davinaxoT winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia,
aristoteles mosazreba misi politikuri traqtatidan ki movitaneT, magram
masSi araferia sakuTriv politikuri. is adamianis ufro zogadi daxasiaTebaa
(politikur konteqstSi, aristotele, romelic, Rirsebis Taobeaze sxva adgilas
bevrs saubrobs, adamians sul sxva gansazRvrebas aZlevs). misgan gansxvavebiT,
ciceroni Rirsebis grZnobas saxelmwifo moRvaweobasTan akavSirebs. Rirsebis
floba, fiqrobs is, codnis floba rodia, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba
aqvs. mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac, Tu ar gamoviyenebT, SevinarCunebT
mainc, mxolod misi codnis wyalobiT, Rirseba mTlianad Cvens qmedebazea
damokidebuli da am qmedebebs Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili saxelmwifos
msaxurebas uWiravs (1.7).
erTi SexedviT, ciceronis am da sxva msjelobebSi politikuri problemebis
analizisas Semotanilia subieqtivisturi ganzomileba, radgan ciceroni
cdilobs maT axsnas adamianis sulieri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. ganmeorebiT
dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli saxelmwifo wyobaa yvelaze ukeTesi, “saxelmwifoSi”
scipioni, romelic Tavad ciceronis Sexedulebebis gamomTqmelia, ambobs
Semdegs: “simdidres, warmomavlobas, zegavlenas — sibrZnis, cxovrebisa da sxva
adamianebis marTvis unaris gareSe — mxolod Rirsebis dakargvasTan da
ampartavnebasTan mivyavarT. ar arsebobs mmarTvelobis ufro maxinji forma,
vidre is romlis drosac yvelaze ukeTesad iTvlebian umdidresi adamianebi. ra
sjobs mdgomareobas, rodesac sxelmwifos marTavs Riseba; rodesac is, vinc sxvis
cxovrebas ganagebs, Tavad ar imyofeba arc erTi vnebis tyveobaSi” (1. 25).
platonidan wamosuli tradiciiT, Cveulebriv, vfiqrobT, rom wyoba imgvari
obieqturi maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic srulad gansazRvravs mis
vargisianobas. ciceroni, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqos ufro subieqtivistur axsnas
iZleva moyvanil fragmentSiac, rodesac is mmarTvelTa “moralze” saubrobs.
magram, Tu moyvanil fragments kargad davukvirdebiT, sadac saubaria Rirsebis
mier saxelmwifos marTvaze, romelTan konfliqtSi modis mmarTvelis
vnebaTaRelva, unda davafiqsiroT saxelmwifo wyobis ganmsazRvreli kidev erTi
iseTi obieqturi ganzomileba, rogoricaa masSi aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis
ZiriTadi sistema. amiT ki, rogorc Tavad romis istoria mowmobs, ganxilvis
TvalsawierSi Semodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. faqtia, rom erT dros
Rirsebasa da saxelmwifos msaxurebaze damyarebuli romaelTa yofam,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi regresuli transformacia ganicada. berZnuli poli-
sebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac ucxo iyo kulturuli siWrele, romis
imperiaSi, warmatebuli dapyrobiTi politikis da sazRvrebis ganuwyveteli
gafarToebis pirobebSi, fexi moikida mravalferovanma religiur-filosofurma
mimdinareobebma da mistikurma seqtebma. isini sruliad gansxvavebul
26
specifiuri viTarebaa is, rom am instinqtebs mis SemTxvevaSi emateba refleqsia
da winaswarxedva., romlebic mas uqmnian warmodgenas sakuTrebaze da acnoben misi
zrunvis im obieqts, romelsac is interess uwodebs. termini interesi mets
arafers niSnavs, Tu ara Cvens damokidebulebas sakuTrebisadmi, Tumca ufro
farTo da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavszogadad sargebels.
sargeblianoba, Tavis mxriv, Zalze bundovani cnebaa da amitom fergiusoni
gvTavazobs interesi gamoviyenoT savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT im
obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Cvens gare pirobebs ukavSirdebian da
uzrunvelyofen Cveni cxoveluri bunebis SenarCunebas.
TviTSenarCunebis instinqtis karnaxiT sxvadasxva cxoveli igrovebs zamTris
marags. maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs miswrafeba simdidris dagrovebisaken,
rasac ara aqvs sazRvari. imis dagroveba, rac adamianma SeiZleba verasdros ver
gamoiyenos, misi arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi idola xdeba. TandaTnobiT adamians
sul ufro umtkicdeba rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTreba misive personis nawili,
Tavad misi nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mis xasiaTs, rangs da mdgomareobas
sazogadoebaSi. sakuTrebisadmi adamianis ltolva imdenad didia, rom Tu es
sakuTreba man ver SeinarCuna samoqalaqo kanonebiT, adamiani mimarTavs
Zaladobas da aTasgvar veragobas Cadis da am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli
adamianis qmedebebi gacilebiT ufro mZime STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre
romelime cxovelisa.
TviTSenarCunebis principidan gamomdinare ltolvebis mTeli kompleqsi Tavs
iyris erT fenomenSi, romelsac ewodeba Tavmoyvareoba.
ra saxis gaerTianebac ar unda moxdes adamianTa Soris, sul- erTia es iqneba
saZmo, Tu jari, yvela maTgans safuZvlad uZevs aliansis Tu kavSris principi.
fergiusoni amis Sesaxeb wers: “bunebrivi mdgomareoba — es aris omis an mSvidobis
mdgomareoba. adamianebi Sobilni arian ise, rom gaerTiandnen erTmaneTisadmi
ltolviT an SiSiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba TviT adamianis bunebaSia Ca-
debuli. swored amiT aixsneba velurebis midrekileba Tavis banakSi darCenisaken,
miuxedvad imisa, rom damoukideblad cxoveba mas SesaZloa ufro met sikeTes
moutanda. igive privcipi gvixsnis rogorc Zveli berZnebis optimistur
erTgulebas Tavisi qveynisadmi, aseve Zveli romaelebis patriotizmsac. magram
amgvari mdgomareoba did xans rodi gastans. mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTTan
daaxloebis instinqti Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs, ayalibebs sazogadoebas, interesi
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da adamianebs erTmaneTisagan acilebs. es
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis komerciul sxelmwifoze, romelSiac adamiani Tavis
TanamoZmes molodinis sapirispirod konkurentad ganixilavs da mas ise eqceva,
rogorc Tavis saqonels an miwas.
aq fergiusoni ubrundeba platonis cnobil Teziss “saxelmwifos” V wignidan,
sadac gamijnulia konfliqtis ori saxe: omi — anu mtroba sxvebTan da
ganxeTqileba _ anu mtroba TavisianebTan. safrTxisagan Tavis daxsnis survili
aris is garegani grZnoba, rac adamianebs ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebisaken. metoqeobam da samxedro wvrTnebis saWiroebam Soba Zalian
bevri iseTi instituti, romelTa gareSe Znelad Tu SegviZlia warmovidginoT
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. xalxis dacvis karnaxiT Seiqmna araerTi saxelmwifo
dawesebuleba.
magram ra aris mtroba, saidan Cndeba winaaRmdegoba TviTSenaxvasa da
usafrTxoebas Soris, rac erT mxares Tavdacvisaken ubiZgebs manam, vidre meore
mxare daesxmis mas Tavs? mtrobis namdvili mizezebis racionaluri axsna fer-
giusons ara aqvs. saxelmwifo moRvaweebi mtrul da samoyvro gadawyvetilebebs
nacionaluri, Tu zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi motivebidan gvixsnian. magram ras
mogvcems aseTi axsna gavigoT mdinaris (vTqvaT reinis) gaRma-gamoRma mcxovrebi
glexebis siZulvili erTmaneTis mimarT? crurwmenebi da nacionaluri vnebebi
SesaZloa ukeTes axsnas iZlevian da swored am mimarTulebiT unda veZeboT
konfliqtis mTavari mizezebi da ara samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebSi. adamianebi,
romlebic aseT dauokebel siyvaruls da siZulvils avlenen erTmaneTis mimarT,
racionalurad ver xsnian TavianT qmedebebs (1.60).
kacobrioba ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeboda mudmivi omis
mdgomareobaSi an tomebs Soris, an tomebs SigniT. amgvari mdgomareoba zrdis
91
samxedro beladis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoeba miyavs monarqiuli wyobisaken.
yovel Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi unda gatardes gansxvaveba omis periodis da
mSvidobianobis periodis kanonebi. omis mgomareoba rom kacibriobis cxovrebis
ZiriTadi forma iyos, is aucileblad upiratesobas mianiWebda monarqiul wyobas.
amasTan xelosnobisa dapolitikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva
mosaxleobis klasebad dayofa, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia dayofa
meomrebad da moqalaqeebad.
mravali socialuri movlena imdenad institucionaluri cvlilebebiT ki ar
aixsneba, ramdenadac adamianis midrekilebiT, CvevebiT, unarebiT. am
mimarTulebiT fergiusoni or faqtors gamoyofs. erTi exeba Tavad adamianis
statuss TanamoZmeTa TvalSi. imas, Tu rogor moaCvenebs is Tavs sazogadoebas,
rogorc am szogadoebis wevri. swored am “imijidan” SeiZleba gaCndes erTi
mZlavri impulsi am adamianis mimarT sxvebis mtruli Tu moyvruli grZnobebis
gaCenisa TanamoZmeTagan. meore ki Sefasebis gzebs exeba, radgan adamianebi
erTmaneTs umeteswilad afaseben ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnis mflobelia
mavani, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos
Tavisi miznebi, ramdenad unariania sakuTari cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad.
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba
yovelive msgavsi Sexeduleba gvibiZgebs aRniSnul konteqstSi ganvixiloT
adamianTa Sexedulebani bednierebis Sesaxeb. es termoni, miuxedavad misi xSiri
gamoyenebisa, Zalze bundovania. is gulisxmobs siamovnebis gancdas raime
survilis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT (1.83). Sesabamisad, bedniers uwodeben iseT
adamians, visi survilebic yvelaze ufro xSirad aRsruldeba xolme. Cven
nebismier sagans vafasebT misi sargeblianobiT da bednierebaze misi zegavlenis
SesaZleblobiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom migvaCnia _ Tavad sargeblianobis da
bednierebis cnebebi ar eqvemdebarebian gansazRvrebas. bedniereba sulac ar aris
warmosaxviTi usaqmuroba, romelzedac ase ocneboben da romelic, rogorc ki
miRweuli iqneba, maSinve gadaizrdeba mowyenilobaSi. piriqiT, bedniereba unda
veZeboT ara raime miznis iRwevaSi, aramed adamianis mudmiv saqmianobaSi.
bednierebis saidumlo is ki araa, rom rom zogierTi moqmedebebi garTobad
vaqcioT, aramed is, rom TviT maT aRsrulebaSi davinaxoT ZiriTadi Rirebuleba..
bednierebas adamianebi eZeben Tavis Tavis gareT maSin, rodesac is sakuTar TavSia
saZebni. fergiusoni miesalmeba Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac adamianis vali
sikeTis qmnaa, xolo bedniereba — ki mis miRebaSi, Tumca sikeTis qmna gulisxmobs
ara imis bednierebas, viskenac mimarTulia sikeTis qmna, aramed imisa, vinc gascems
sikeTes.
ramdenadac adamiani Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebis wevria, is ukve aRar
miekuTvneba sakuTar Tavs. is mxood mTelis nawilia. rogoria bednierebis
fenomenis konteqstSi mimarTeba mTelsa da nawils Soris? Tu individis
arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis miRwevaa, maSin
sazogadoebisaTvis mTavari amocana individis bedniereba unda iyos. avtori
amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis morigeba
savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saerTod, eris Zala, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT omis
sawarmoeblad aucilebel resursebs, ganisazRvreba ara mosaxleobis
raodenobidan an simdidridan, aramed xasiaTidan.
ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs
sxvadasxva pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba, rasac adaptaciis doneebs Soris sxvaoba
mohyveba. jer kidev yovelgvari politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde, adamianebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi talantebis mixedviT, rac
sxvadasxva rolebs umzadebs sazogadoebaSi. Tu adamianebs erTad SevyriT,
fergiusons miaCnia, rom TiToeuli maTgani iolad ipovnis Tavis adgils. swored
am wesiT iqmneba pirobebi didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad moqmedebisaTvis,
maTi Tanamegobrobis erTianobis SenarCunebas rom gulisxmobs. manamde, vidre
ganxorcieldeba ufleba movaleobebis formaluri ganawileba.
92
ciceroni (106-43)
Sesavali: platonis da aristoteles politikuri Teoriebi antikuri
saberZneTis, marTalia ara erTaderTi, magram samagierod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
Teoriebi iyo. maTi doqtrinebi koncentrirebuli da sistematuri saxiT gad-
moscemda berZnuli politikuri azris monapovars. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania aristoteles Sromebi, romelsac wesad hqonda sakuTari Sexe-
dulebebis gadmocemamde sxva, wina epoqis moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisebi gadmoeca
(rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, “politikis” meore wignSi). antikuri politikuri
azris bolo avtori, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris romaeli moazrovne,
ciceroni. ciceronis damokidebuleba klasikuri berZnuli Teoriebis mimarT
msgavsia zogadad Zvel berZnul da romaul kilturebs Soris damokidebulebisa.
romaelebma, rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad gadmonerges sakuTar niadagze da
gaimeores berZnuli kultura. gavrcelebuli azriT, arsebobs antikurobis
romarlTa sul ramdenime originaluri monapovari: es, upirveles yovlisa,
gaxlavT samarTali, romlis kodifikaciasa da warmoebaSi romaelebma ara
mxolod berZnebi daCagres, aramed mravalmxriv gansazRvres Tanamedrove
evropuli samarTali. Semdegi sfero, romelSiac romaelebma sakuTari sityva
Tqves, gzaTmSeneblobaa. romaelTa naSenebma gzebma saukuneebs gauZlo im
donemde, rom Zalze cudi samsaxuri gauwia gviandel evropelebs. amboben,
sarkinozebis mTavarsardals, jebel al tariks swored romaulma gzebma gauwia
naxevarkunZulze saorientaciod fasdaudebeli samsaxuri mas Semdeg, rac
sarkinozebi pireneebze gadmosxdnen. am or miRwevas zogierTi umatebs romaul
biusts, romelic, rogorc fiqroben ara da ar warmoadgens berZnulis ubralo
kopirebas. rac Seexeba filosofias, saberZneTidan romSi gavrclda ZiriTadad
sami mimdinareoba: skepticizmma, epikureizmma da stoicizmma, romelTa mimarTac
romaelma warmomadgenlebma saocari “erTguleba” gamoiCines elini fuZe-
mdeblebisadmi. Tavad ciceroni Znelad Tu CaTvleba romelime am konkretuli
mimdinareobis warmomadgenlad. piriqiT, gavrcelebulia azri, rom ciceroni
rogorc filosofosi ekleqtikosi iyo da, Sesabamisad, mis nawerebSi SevxvdebiT
rogorc stoicizmis, aseve epikureizmisaTvis da akademiuri skeptocozmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel araerT tipur Teziss. Cven ar vapirebT am mosazrebebis revizias.
miT ufro, rom misi politikuri Teoriac mTlianad platonis da aristoteles
Tematikis irgvliv trialebs. rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, is gaxlavT, rom
amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, ciceronis politikuri politikuri nawerebi
moklebuli ar aris originalobas da maTSi wamoWrilia rogorc Tvisebrivad
axali Tematika, aseve, ukve cnobilis, berZeni avtorebisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyveta. platonis da aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni
ara mxolod Teoretikosi, aramed moqmedi politikosic iyo. katalinas amboxis
mxilebis da CaxSobis Semdeg, erTi periodi ciceroni senatis da zogadad
respublikuri romis TvalsaCino politikosad iqca. ciceronis mniSvneloba
daaknina romaeli mTavarsardlebis qiSpobam. krasusis, pompeusis da keisris
zeZliereba imis imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom romis respublika ukanasknel dReebs
iTvlida. aSkara gaxda, rom warmatebuli samxedro kampaniebis Sedegad Zalze
gazrdili romi imperiul mmarTvelobas saWiroebda da rom respublikuri
idealebi ukve istoriis sakuTreba xdeboda. respublikuri romis senatis
TvalsaCino moRvawis, ciceronis politikuri karieris da sabolood ki
sicocxlisaTvis damRupvelad iqca e.w. meore triumvirati, romelmac ciceroni
proskripciebSi Seiyvana.
ciceronis politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi ori naSromis,
“saxelmwifos” da “kanonebis” mixedviT. ciceronis es Sromebi mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod Zveli cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis da filosofosis ideebis gacnobis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom masSi Semonaxulia informacia elinizmis
epoqis araerTi iseTi avtoris Sesaxeb, romelTa Sexedulebebis gasagebad cice-
ronis Sromebi erTaderTi wyaroa. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ciceronis naSromi,
“saxelmwifo” dakargulad iTvleboda. sakmaod dazianebuli saxiT is mxolod XIX
saukuneSi (1820 wels) aRmoaCina vatikanis biblioTekis prefeqtma, anjelo maim.
25
iqcevian, ramdenadac umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxis xeSia, xolo xalxis azri ki
maT xelSi. msgavsi safrTxisagan Tavis daRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad
aristoteles imgvari zogadi konstituciis msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Semotana
miaCnia, romelsac aRar Seexeba kerZo sakiTxebiT dakavebuli arc saxalxo kreba
da arc saxelmwifo moxeleebi (1292 a 30-35).
rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis aRwerili formebidan Cans, isini
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erTSi moqalaqeobas yvelas
aZleven, meoreSi - mxolod imas, visi mSoblebic moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTs marTavs
kanoni, meores - demagogebi. amisda miuxedavad, isini yvelani, gvarwmunebs
aristotele, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis nairsaxeobebs warmoadgenen. niSnavs
Tu ara es mtkiceba imas, rom maT gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, raRac aqvT saerTo da
es saerTo gansxvavebulebze ufro mniSvnelovania?
yvela demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi principi,
romlebic, rogorc irkveva, ara mxolod aristoteles epoqaSi, aramed dReac
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis moucilebel niSnebad iTvleba. esenia: Tavi-
sufleba da Tanasworoba. “demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTadi niSani — wers
aristotele — aris Tavisufleba. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azriT, mxolod am
saxelmwifo wyobis dros yvela sargeblobs TavisuflebiT, radgan, rogorc
amtkiceben, swored Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis demokratia. xolo Tavisuf-
lebis erT-erTi pirobaa iyo mmarTveli da marTuli morigeobiT” (1317 b) ...
“samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogorc is gaigeba demokratiuli TvalTaxedviT,
kerZod, yvelasaTvis toli wilis migebiT, miiReba is wyoba, romelsac aRiarebs
demokratia. ... Tanasworoba, xom isaa, rom uqonelebs araferSi hqondeT ufro
meti Zalaufleba, vidre SeZlebulebs da, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba unda
miekuTvnebodes ara romelime erTs, aramed yvelas Tanabrad. swored am wesiT —
fiqroben isini — xorcieldeba saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba” (1318
a — 10). aseTia demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva konkretuli formebis
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. aseTive detaluri wesiT axasiaTebs aristotele
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelois sxva formebsac, romelTac aq aRar ganvixilavT.
demokratia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, interpretirebulia uqonelTa da
xalxis mmarTvelobad. rac Seexeba sauTriv xalxs, is yvela saxelmwifo
mowyobisaTvis Tanamdevi erT-erTi yvelaze myari struqturaa da Sedgeba Semdegi
stratebisagan:
a) miwaTmoqmedebisagan,
b) xelosnebisagan,
g) vaWrebisagan,
d) daqiravebuli muSaxelisagan.
aRniSnuli mosaxleobis garda, saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian
mcvelebic. aristotele gamoyofs oTxi saxeobis jars:
a) mxedrobas;
b) mZimedSeiaraRebul qveiTebs;
c) subuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs;
d) sazRvao flots (1321 a 5-10).
savaldebulo literatura
1.Aristotele – “Politics”. Oxford Univ. Press., 1998; 7-20; 84-200; 229-242; 251-279 pp.
2.Аристотель – Сочинения в четырех томах. Том четвертыйю Изд. «Мысль», М., 1984. 376-387;
444-544; 569-580; 588-615.
24
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fergiusoni adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze saubars
amjobinebs ilaparakos xalxebis realuri warsuli istoriis Sesaxeb. misi Sromis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi paTosi swored isaa, rom aRweros da warmoadginos sazo-
gadoeba misi uZvelesi, veluri mdgomareobidan civilizaciis da samoqalaqo, anu
politikuri sazogadoebis gaCenamde. amasTan, rogorc iTqva, velurobis periodi
mxolod civilizaciis Zalze dabal dones gulisxmobs da ara gayinul uZraobis
wertils. iqedan, rom velurobis ama Tu im etapis aRweris miRma iolad moiZebneba
ganviTarebis ufro dabali done, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis
istorias ara aqvs sawyisi wertili? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis fergiusons uwevs
angariSi gauwios, erTi mxriv, miTologiur siuJetebs da meore mxriv ki, wminda
istorias. rogorc erTi, aseve meore gvixsnis da gviyveba, Tu rogorc warmoiSva
adamiani. fergiusoni, romelic mogviwodebs frTxilad moveqceT miTologiur
faqtebs, Cans iqeT ixreba, rom kacobriobis istoriis sawyis wertilad
SesaZlebelia wminda istoria aviRoT. am sakiTxisaTvis saWiro informaciis
mosapoveblad, arsebobs kidev erTi wyaro _ afrikel da amerikel velurTa
cxobrebaze dakvirveba. isini, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi arseboben da
gvacnoben bavSvobis asakSi myof Cvens istorias. cxadia, maTi yofis amsaxveli
masala aseve pozitiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos pirvelyofili xalxebis
istoriis Sedgenisas, radgan isini damakmayofilebel warmodgenas gviqmnian
imaze, Tu ra aris veluroba.
amasTan, fergiusoni gvirCevs Zvel wyaroebs sxva mxrivac didi sifrTxiliT
movekidoT: “arc erTi konstitucia ar aris sayovelTao Tanxmobis Sedegi, arc
erTi marTveloba ar ganxorcielebula dadgenili gegmis mixedviT”(1.190).
rogorc wesi, xalxSi did aRfrTovanebas iwvevs genialuri kanonmdeblebis da
saxlemwifoebis Semqmnelebis proeqtebi. magram rac realurad xdeboda, im
Soreul epoqebSi, iyo mxolod mravali SemTxveviTi garemoebebisa da konkretuli
situaciebis Sedegi. avtors Semoaqvs gzis gakvalvis da Secdomis cneba (trail and
error method), rogorc miRebuli Tu ganmtkicebuli ama Tu im Cvevis da institutis
safuZvlismdebeli. es cneba SemdgomSi Zaze mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs
haiekis TeoriaSi. swored am gziT Seiqmna im institutebis umravlesoba, romelTa
gamomgoneblobasac Cveulebriv romelime geniosis gegmas miaweren da romlebic
SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuliyo, Tu ara am wesiT (1.190-191). aqedanve,
plus hava, xalxis xasiaTi da mravali sxva garemoeba, aixsneba aTenis da romis
warmatebebi istoriaSi.
afrikuli da amerikuli tomebis garda, fergiusonis azriT, daaxloebiT igive
yofaSi arian uzarmazar teritoriaze _ dawyebuli kamCatkidan, CineTisa da
indoeTis rigi raionebis CaTvliT, sparseTis sazRvrebamde da wiTeli zRvis
napirebamde _ gabneuli xalxebi. yvela maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia a)kerZo
sakuTrebis ararseboba; b) morCilebis ararseboba; g) marTvis ararseboba. Semdeg
fergiusoni kidev ufro azustebs velurobis cnebas da mijnavs erTmaneTisagan
velursa da barbaross. veluria is, visac ara aqvs kerZo sakuTreba, xolo
barbarosi ki is, visi yofac mainc da mainc didad ar gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan,
Tumca is kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelia. sakuTreba, rogorc vxedavT,
gamoyvenilia progresul movlenad, romlis wyalobiTac xorcieldeba xalxebis
ganviTarebis donis diferenciacia. (1.139). ubralo bunebrivi produqtebis
maragi an saqonlis jogi, yoveli pirvelyofili xalxis simdidris pirveli
saxeobaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebas ar gaaCnia
araviTari maiZulebeli Zala, is gamodis, agreTve TvalsaCino daqvemdebarebis
mizezad. Tavisi wignis Zvel gamocemaSi fergiusoni werda Semdegs: “adamiani,
romelmac pirvelma ganacxada _ “es veli Cemia. me is unda gadavce STamo-
mavlobas” _ ver warmoidgenda, rom gaxda samoqalaqo samarTlis da politikuri
dawesebulebebis damaarsebeli, xolo is, vinc pirveli gahyva belads, ver
warmoidgenda, rom Seqmna mudmivi subordineciis modeli”(1.189).
velurebisagan gansxvavebiT, barbarosebTan ukve vxedavT tomis uxucesebs,
romlebic gansazRvraven tomisaTvis saerTo gadawyvetilebebs. es uxucesTa
93
sabWo aris senatis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxalxo asambleis — im
mmarTvelobis pirveli forma, romlis gamogonebasac antikuri xanis kanonmdeb-
lebs miaweren. tomis sxva wevrebisagan gansakuTrebuli simamaciT da RirsebiT
gamoirCeva beladi. uxucesebs iseT pativs miageben, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad
politikosis dRes arsebuli pativiscema miiReba. samxedro beladi ki im rwmeniT
sargeblobs, rac axalgazrdebs atarebs mis kvalze.
am sentimentebidan fergiusons surs gamoiyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis
pirveli elementebi, romelTa erTianobisaTvis jer saxelic ki ar mougonebia
aravis. Zalaufleba aq sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebrivi batonoba (1.142). mis
erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino formas samxreT amerikuli ojaxi warmoadgens.
ojaxi aq ar eqvemdebareba araviTar garegan marTvas da Semowmebas. am
sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs policia da maiZulebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca es ar
uSlis xels imas, rom sazogadoeba marTuli yofiliyo umtkivneulod, radgan,
borotganzraxulobis ararseboba usafrTxoebis saukeTeso garantiaa. ukve am
sazogadoebaSi, dasawyisidanve Cans, rom samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis
siyvaruli erTi da igivea.
amrigad, sabolood sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegnairad
lagdeba:
• veluroba — kerZo sakuTrebis, morCilebis da marTvis ararseboba;
• barbarosoba _ arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, mTavari, warCinebulebi,
samxedroebi da xalxi;
• civilizacia _ xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samxedro marTvelobebad
dayofa. marTvaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT samoqalaqo mmarTvelebs.
amrigad, fiqrobs fergiusoni, daqvemdebarebis wesi yalibdeba stiqiurad,
xolo mmarTvelobis formaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas iqoniebs sazogadoebis
pirveladi dayofa fenebad.
kanoni aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba. iq, sadac
ganisazRvreba individis ufleba sakuTrebaze da ganisazRvreba misi mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebi ara mxolod asea gansazRvruli, aramed
daculicaa saxelmwifos mier, individi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflad. TviT is
SezRudvebi, romlebic mas danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebas ar aZleven, misi
Tavisuflebis nawilia. Tavisufali aravin ar SeiZleba iyos iseT sazogadoebaSi,
sadac Tundac erTi adamiani iCagreba. es maqsima vrceldeba taxtze mokalaTebul
mefe-despotzedac. rogorc ki is gadawyvets Zalis gamoyenebas sadavi
situaciebSi, masinve monad iqceva: sakuTari xalxis uflebebis gaTelva masve
daubrundeba cudad da mis mier Seqminl sayovelTao daucvelobis viTarebaSi,
Znelia ipovo sxva vinme, romelic masaviT daucveli iqneboda.
mxolod kanonebis SemoReba, Tundac es kanonebi saukeTeso da sazogadoebis
yvela wevris mier aRiarebuli iyos, arafris momcemi iqneboda misi
aRmasrulebeli nebis gareSe. bevri kanoni, romeliic xalxma brZoliT moipova,
male mieca daviwyebas, radgan misi ganxorcielebis erTaderT garantad monarqi
an mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqca. sanimuSod fergiusoni asaxelebs
kanons, romelic aregulirebs britaneTis penitencialuri sistemis Riaobas da
dasZens, rom am kanonis moqmedebaSi moyvanas, britaneTis mTeli politikuri
sistemis amoqmedebaa saWiro. amitom, individis piradi Tavisufleba da
sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba mxolod maSin iqneba amoqmedebuli, rodesac maT
zurgs gaumagrebs Tavisufali xalxis energiuli moqmedebebi. sakuTrebis
SenarCuneba da adamianis gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo
procedurebiT. rac Seexeba uflebebs, romlebis adamianis suls miekuTvnebian,
isini sxva arafriT ar SeiZleba daculebi iyvnen, Tavad sulis Zalis garda (1.244).
94
sargebeli arc sakuTari TavisaTvis moaqvs da arc sxvisTvis. aristoteles es
sityvebi ar unda gavigoT demokratiis mimarT mis mier sabolood gamotanil
verdiqtad. aristotele demokratiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro tolerantuli
iyo, vidre platoni. amasTan aristotele cdilobs daazustos demokratiis
cneba, romelic misTvis “xalxTan” ki ar aris asocirebuli, aramed “uqonelebTan”.
rodesac kiTxva dgeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu aRwerilTagan mmarTvelobis romel
formas unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba, warmatebulad miCneuli formebidan,
aristotele formas da mowyobis wesis safuZvelze ki ar pasuxobs, aramed
saTnoebis fenomenze miTiTebiT: “saxelmwifo mowyobis sami formidan, romalTac
Cvens wor formebad miviCnevT, ra Tqma unda, saukeTeso is aris, romelSiac
marTvis berketebi saukeTesoTa xelSia. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, rodesac
romelime erTi an mTeli gvari, an Tundac adamianTa mTel masa iqneba saTnoebiT
gamorCeuli da, rodesac, amasTanave, erTs SeeZleba ubrZanos, xolo sxvebs ki
daemorCilon yvelaze ufro sasurveli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad (1288 a
30-35).
aristoteles ukve am daxasiaTebaSi, romelic saxalxo mmarTvelobis lamis
aristokratiad interpretacias gvTavazobs, Cans aristoteles saxelmwifoebis
formebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis specifika. kerZod reluri, gnebavT istoriidan
cnobili, romelime saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli
da maravlferovania, vidre es igulisxmeba TiToeulis definiciaSi. ganvixiloT
am sityvebis dasturad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebi. mxolod
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi (aseve, sxvadasxva variaciebSi ganxilulia
danarCeni saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebic) aristotele gamoyofs maT
Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:
• demokratiis pirveli forma gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tanasworobis
princips. am saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli gagebiT, “Tanasworoba” niSavs imas, rom
arc mqoneblebs da arc uqonelebs ar gaaCniaT raime upiratesoba. ra Tqma unda,
am saxelmwifoSi mdidrebic arseboben da Raribebic, magram kanonTan oriveni
pasuxismgeblebi arian;
• demokratiis meore forma dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad
qveyanaSi mainc unda arsebobdes, Tundac mcire zomis qonebrivi cenzi.
• demokratiis mesame formaSi yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanamdebobis dakavebis
ufleba da maT es ufleba miniWebuli aqvT warmoSobis safuZvelze. qveyana
imarTeba kanonis Sesabamisad;
• meoTxe forma mesamisagan ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva
moqalaqeobis dadgenis da, maSasadame imis dadgenis sakiTxSi, Tu vin SeiZleba
daikavos saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba. Tu mesame formaSi moqalaqeobisaTvis
aucilebelia orive mSobeli mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe iyos, am formaSi
dasaSvebia Tundac erTi iyos moqalaqe da meore Tavisufali adamiani. aqac
qveyanas kanoni marTavs;
• bolo, mexuTe formis saxelmwifoebSi SenarCunebulia yvela win aRwerili
piroba, magram qveyana imarTeba ara kanonis mixedviT, aramed mas marTavs xalxi
saxalxo krebis saSualebiT, xolo xalxs Tavis Wkuaze daatareben demagogebi
(1291 b 30 — 1292 a 10).
aRwerili xuTi formidan yvelaze uaresia bolo forma, romelSic ar muSaobs
kanoni da romelSiac qveyana demagogebis mier imarTeba. “im demokratiul
qveynebSi — wers aristotele — romlebSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kanons,
demagogebisaTvis kanoni ar aris, aq mowinave adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs
ekuTvniT, magram iq, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba ar emyareba kanons, Cndebian
demagogebi” (1292 a 10). saxelmwifos es forma yvelaze uaresia imitom, rom
kanonis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, xalxi xdeba masSi erTmmarTveli (monarqi) da
aseve marTavs is qveyanas. ramdenadac tirania monarqiis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad
xalxic tiranulad iqceva — anadgurebs saukeTeso moqalaqeebs da did gasaqans
aZlevs demagogebs. sabolood gamodis, rom aq demagogebi yovlisSemZle Zalad
23
daiqvemdebaros Tavisi swori da Tavisufali xalxi. amiT gansxvavdeba aseTi
xelisufleba batonis Zalauflebisagan monaze (1277 b 5-10).
amrigad, moqalaqe aris is, vinc saxelmwifos politikur morvaweobaSi iRebs
monawileobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb?
isinic moqalaqeebi arian, Tu maTze ar vrceldeba moqalaqis zemoT Semo-
Tavazebuli daxasiaTeba? am kiTxvaze erTi pasuxi ukve viciT. kerZod, rom zog
SemTxvevaSi (demokratiul reJimebSi) isini moqalaqeebi arian da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad oligarqiebSi) ara. amitom aristoteles saboloo
“verdiqti” dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod damajereblad JRers: “zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom arsebobs moqalaqis ramdenime nairsaxeoba; aseve
gasagebia isic, rom moqalaqed umTavresad iTvleba is, vinc samoqalaqo
uflebebis mflobelia” (1278 a 35-40).
amrigad, Zneli ar aris SevamCnioT, rom moqalaqis aristotelur daxa-
siaTebebSi Zlze daaxloebulia erTi mxriv, saxlmwifos da politikuri reJimis
kategoriebi, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqis da saxelmwifo moxelis cnebebi.
berZnuli, polisuri demokratiis an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, pirdapiri
demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, es asec unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevebSi (aristokratiis,
oligarqiis, Tu tiraniis) SemTxvevaSi, aristoteles SemoTavazebuli gansaz-
Rvreba ar imuSavebs da rogorc Tavad gvafrTxilebs, saWiro gaxdeba moqalaqis
sxva kategoria, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi isTi, romlis moqalaqeoba uflebrivad
iqneba gansazRvruli. magram, Tu moqalaqe upirveles yovlisa uflebrivad
ganisazRvreba polisSi, da Tavisi moRvaweobisas amodis saerTo sikeTis idea-
lidan, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba dadgindes misi iseTi cneba, romelic zogadad
gamoyenebadi iqneba yvela tipis politikuri reJimis dros. “moqalaqe, zogadi
azriT — wers aristotele — aris is, vinc monawileobas iRebs batonobasa da
morCilebaSi; yoveli saxelmwifo mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqis arseba ar
icvleba. saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqe aris is, visac
SeuZlia da surs morCileba da batonoba imgvarad, rom am dros igi gamodis
saTnoebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis wesidan” (1284 a). Tavad morCilebis fenomenSi,
romelic principulad gansxvavdeba monuri morCilebisagan, aristotele
moqalaqis Rirsebis veraviTar SemzRudvel faqtors ver xedavs, radgan rogorc
mmarTveli da mbrZanebeli, asve mis gadawyvetilebebis Semsrulebeli
moqalaqeebi, orive emorCileba saerTo sikeTisa da sargeblianobis moTxovnebs.
4. saxelmwifoebis formebi
saxelmwifos formebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli sakvlevi mimar-
Tuleba samarTliani saxelmwifoze gadis. platoni saukeTesod da samarTlianad
miiCnevda mxolod idealur saxelmwifos. aristotelesTan viTareba sruliad
sxvagvaria: “rodesac erTi adamiani, an ramdenime, an gnebavT umravlesoba marTavs
sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis principis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia saxelmwifo
mowyobis aseTi formebi swori formebia, xolo isini, romlebic erTi adamianis,
ramdenimes, an, Tundac, umravlesobis gamorCenaze arian orientirebulni, aseTi
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi sworidan gadaxrebs warmoadgenen” (1279 a
25-35). SeniSvnidan gamomdinare, arsebobs swori marTvelobis Semdegi formebi:
a) monarqia;
b) aristokratia;
g) politia.
am formebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens:
a) monarqiidan _ tirania;
b) aristokratiidan _ oligarqia;
g) politiadan _ demokratia.
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom vargisianoba ganisazRvreba saerTo
sargeblianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze, Zalze saintereso saxes miiRebs
aristoteles mier demokratiis, rogorc araswori formis Sefaseba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mas miznad aqvs sargeblianoba moutanos uqonlebs, magram realuri
22
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba
rac ufro srulyofilia qveynis politiuri institutebi, rac ufro
warmatebiT viTardeba misi meurneoba, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobac.
es, ra Tqma unda, zogadi principia, Torem avtori kargad acnobierebs, rom
mosaxleobis zrdaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa hava,
saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli politika da a.S. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba
damokidebulia eris raodenobaze, maSin Tavisufleba da piradi usafrTxoeba
orives, eris da mosaxleobis Tvisebebi iqneba. amitom Tu aRniSnuli principebi
realizebulia saxelmwifoSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs rogorc mosaxleobis zrda,
aseve misi Sromismoyvareobac. rac ufro met qonebas Soulobs konkretuli
pirovneba, miT ufro mdidaria misi qveyana. damokidebuleba kerZo mewarmes da
saxelmwifos Soris avtors gagebuli aqvs klasikuri Laissez Faire-s principis
mixedviT: “Tu mewarmes daWirdeba dacva, is uzrunvelyofili unda iyos; Tu mis
winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba danaSauli da TaRliToba, damnaSave unda daisajos _
amiT SemoizRudeba saxelmwifos roli. rodesac gamocdili politikosi
cdilobs yvelafris kontrols, is ufro xelisSemSlelia da ukmayofilebas
iwvevs; msgavsadve, rodesac komersanti iviwyebs sakuTar mogebas da mTeli
saxelmwifos magier iwyebs fiqrs, es fantaziis da qimerebis mozRvavebaze
metyvelebs da arRvevs komerciis safuZvlebs.
Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba
vaWrobasa da komercias Soris. rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, pirvelSi unda
igulisxmebodes biznesi mis sawyis stadiaze, xolo meoreSi ki, igive saqmiqnoba
ayvavebis da warmatebis stadiaze. fergiusoni wers, rom vaWrobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia pirobis gatexva da crupenteloba maSin, rodesac komercia,
rogorc ufro maRali stadia aucileblad gulisxmobs punqtualobas,
liberalisms, patiosnebas da momWirneobas. aseT dros, mas saxelmwifosagan aRar
surs araferi, garda dacvisa da umravles SemTxvevaSi, komersanti qveynis
yvelaze racionaluri da pativsacemi moqalaqea (1.215). Zneli ar aris davinaxoT
fergiusonis am sityvebis aSkara msgavseba amerikeli ganmanaTleblis, benjemin
franklinis mier mocemul biznesmenis daxasiaTebasTan. msgavseba SegviZlia
avxsnaT ara mxolod ori moazrovnis zogadkulturuli erTianobiT, aramed
Tavad Sefasebis obieqtis identobiT.
Sromis danawileba fergiusons esmis farTod rogorc ara mxolod xelos-
nobis sferoSi gatarebuli difernciacia, aramed rogorc dayofa, romelic
“muSaobs” rogorc politikis, aseve samxedro saqmis sferoSi. diferenciaciis da
Sesabamisad morCilebis erT-erTi mTavari da amasTan, pirveli mizezi aris
bunebrivi gansxvaveba adamianTa talantebsa da unarebs Soris. meore, aris uTa-
nasworoba sakuTreaSi, xolo mesame aranakleb SesamCnevi gamsxvaveba sxvadasxva
xelobaSi SeZenili profesionalizmi. am gziT, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli
saqmianobiT gaCenili uTanasworoba, aris eTaderTi sayveduri, romelsac
gamoTqvamen xolme demokratiuli anu saxalxo mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. sxva-
dasxva profesiiT dakaveba adamianSi ayalibebs Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs. yovel
profesias saimayis sakuTari safuZvelia aqvs da manerebis Tavisebur sistemas
qmnis. ase magaliTad, vaWari gamoirCeva punqtualobiT da patiosnebiT, politi-
kosi Taviseburi manerebiT da mWermetyvelebiT, Tavadaznauroba — aRzrdiT da
gonebamaxvilobiT. sazogadoebis yovel fenas axasiaTebs Tavis daWeris Tavise-
buri wesi, misTvis amaxasiaTebli Cacmuloba da ceremoniali, romelTa wyalo-
biTac nacionaluri xasiaTi iyofa fenebad da individualur variantebad. aseTi
diferenciacia marTebulia rogorc aTenisaTvis, aseve romisa da parizisaTvis.
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 5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb
arc erTi eri ar yofila imdenad uiRblo, rom danarCen kacobriobaze dabla
daeyenebinos Tavi. erTi eri amayobs nacionaluri xasiaTiT an Tavisi zogierTi
gamoCenili warmomadgenliT; meore Tavisi politikiT, simdidriT, vaWrobiT,
baRebiTa da Senoba-nagebobebiT; da bolos, is, visac araferi aqvs satrabaxo,
amayobs Tavisi ucodinarobiT.
erebis dacema mxolod imiT, rom iyos gamowveuli, rom maT gverdiT
wrmoiSveba xolme bevrad ufro Zlieri imperia, romelTan metoqeoba mis Zalebs
aRemateba, maSin Zneli asaxsneli iqneboda romis an sxva imperiis dacema. Zalze
xSirad qveyana xelSi uvardeba iseT metoqes, romlis arsebobas pirveli aqamde
sulac ver amCnevda. aseT dros erebSi SeimCneva gaurkveveli sisuste da im
epoqisaken dabruneba, rodesac is sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevlad arsebobda. ase daeca
odesaRac mebrZoli berZnuli polisebi mezobeli samTavros xeliT, romelic
sul ramdenime wlis win aRzevda. anda romi, romelsac arasdros ar eSinoda
aravisi da bolos im barbarosebis xelSi aRmoCnda, vinc samxedro xelivnebiT
bevrad Camouvardebodnen romaelebs. romis dideba ise TandaTanobiT minavlda,
rogor TandaTanobiTac gaxda is msoflio imperia.
am da msgavsi sxva movlenebis erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba aseTi iyos — erebi
berdebian. jer kidev polibiosi werda, rom karTageni, romelic romze ufro
xnieri iyo, masze ufro male daiRala omSi. fergiusons aseTi axsna ar
akmayofilebs. erebi ar arian adamianebi. adamianis sicocxlis xamgrZlivoba
moklea, xolo sazogadoeba ki ganaxldeba yoveli axali Taobis gamoCenisTanave.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom rasa maradiuli axalgazrdobis asakSia. ase rom ar
iqneba analogiis gamoyeneba adamiansa da ers Soris da Tqma imisa, rom erebi
berdebian.
sakiTxis fergiusoniseuli axsna ar gulisxmobs raime erTjerad faqts. mas
Semoqavs nacionaluri interesebis cneba, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTmcodneoba da saerTaSorioso urTierTobebi. aris
SemTxvevebi, wers fergiusoni, rodesac eris moqmedebaTa araTanmimdevruloba
daRlasaviT vlindeba maSin, rodesac jer kidev myaria moqmedebis gamomwvevi
mizezebi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situacia, rodesac ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rac
aqamde eris warmatebul moqmedebas iwvevda, sulac gaqres. eris warmateba-
warumatebloba didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebasa da masTan
dakavSirebul nacionalur interesebze. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia interesebis
Zalze farTo speqtri rogorc qveynis sxavdasxva partiebis, aseve xelosnobiT da
vaWrobiT dakavebul adamainTa konkretuli interesebic. aRniSnulTagan
romelime erTi mimarTulebiT mopovebuli warmateba gansazRvravs nacionaluri
progresis, eris ayvavebis xarisxs. xolo is vneba da energia, romliTac istoriis
mocemul etapze xorcieldeba dasaxuli miznis miRweva eris mier gansazRvravs
eris sulis Zalas. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi miznebi aRar aRafrToveneben xalxs, am
erze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is apaTiaSi vardeba. da Tu didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
aseTi miznebis arseboba daviwyebas miecema xolme, maSin saxelmwifo dacemis gzas
adgas, xolo eri gadaSenebis piras imyofeba. (1.303). raSi mdgomareobs eris Zala?
eris Zala — fergiusonis azriT — mdgomareobs mis simdidreSi, raodenobasa da
xasiaTSi. eris simdedre misi wevrebis simdidridan Sedgeba. is ar unda avurioT
fulSi. saxelmwifos realuri Semosavali Sedgeba piradi qonebis im nawilisagan,
romelsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs saerTo nacionaluri miznebisaTvis. eris
bedniereba ganisazRvreba misi Semosaval-gasavalis TanafardobiT. swored es
unda iyos yoveli politikuri gadawyvetilebis amosavali punqti. eris
moqmedebis, misi manerebis gauareseba SeiZleba iyos Sedegi im pirobebis
darRvevisa, romelic aucilebelia talantis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
is SeiZleba Secvalos sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebam imis Taobaze, Tu raSi
mdgomareobs adamianis Rirseba da bedniereba. rodesac warmodgenebi maRali
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daiyvaneba simdidreze da samefo karTan
daaxloebaze, maSin aRaravis svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra piradi Tvisebebi
imsaxureben adamianSi ndobas. aseT dros mxolod im saSualebebs mieltvian,
romlebic gamosadegia piradi karierisa Tu sargebelis misaRwevad. aseT
96
principebis Sesaxeb. vidre gavarkvevdeT, Tu romeli sjobs CamoTvliTagan, jer
is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo saerTod. amasTan, aristotele aq
sakiTx svavs Zalze saintereso konteqstSi, rac didi diskusiebis sagani iyo da
SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos Cvens droSi. kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs raime
qmedebas, romlis drosac dazaralda moqalaqe, ra SeiZleba iTqvas aseT
SemTxvevebSi, rom moqalaqe dazaralda saxelmwifos, Tu oligarqiis an tiraniis
ZalisxmeviT?
Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom aq laparakia, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv
saxelmwifoze, xolo, meore mxriv, reJimze anu mmarTvelobaze. Tumca, sakiTxis
ganxilvis konteqsti ise marjvedaa SerCeuli, rom gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra
moimoqmeda saxelmwifom da ra mmarTvelma wreebma.
aristoteles Semdegi nabiji aseTia: “saxelmwifo moxelis mTeli moRvaweoba
mimarTulia mxolod saxelmwifoze (πολισ), xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba (πολιτεια) ki
aris saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa garkveuli organizacia. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo
raRac Sedgenilia, yoveli mTelis msgavsad, romelic nawilebisagan Sedgeba
gasagebia, rom jer unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris moqalaqe (πολιτεσ), radgan
saxelmwifo sxva araferia, Tu ara moqalaqeebis erToblioba. amrigad, unda
ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba miviCnioT moqalaqed da ras warmoadgens moqalaqe”
(1274 b 30 _ 1275 a 5).
amrigad, imis garkvevis mcdeloba, Tu ra aris polisi, moiTxovs moqalaqis
raobis garkvevas. am cnebis dasadgenad arafers iZleva im pirebis statusis
gaazreba, visac moqalaqeoba eboZa. verc isini gagviweven samsaxurs, vinc aseT
saxels imsaxurebs mxolod qalaqSi cxovrebis gamo, radgan qalaqSi cxovroben
metikebic da monebic, magram isini ar rian moqalaqeebi. ori ZiriTadi parametri,
romelTan mimarTebaSic unda gairkves saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aris sasa-
marTlo da xelisufleba, sul erTia es uakanaskneli warmodgenili iqneba
saxalxo krebiT, Tu romelime sapasuxismgelo saxelmwifo postiT (1275 a 20-25).
aqedan, “moqalaqe” ganisazRvreba ase: “Cven moqalaqeebad miviCnevT imaT, vinc
monawileobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebaSi. Cans aseTi gansazRvreba ukeT
Seesabameba yvela imaT, vinc moqalaqed iwodeba” (1275 a 30-35). am damaimedebeli
gancxadebis miuxedavad aristotele aRiarebs, rom SemoTavazebuli gansaz-
Rvreba zustia ZiriTadad demokratiuli mowyobis qveynebisaTvis. rac Seexeba
sxva saxelmwifoebs, marTalia maTac mieyenebaT es definicia, magram igi ar iqneba
aucilebeli. arademokratiul qveynebSi xom arc saxalxo krebaa da sasamarTloc
sxvagvaradaa organizebuli. amitom Tu yvela sazRvriT SemTxvevas gaviTva-
liswinebT da mainc orientirebulebi viqnebiT sasamarTlosa da sakanonmdeblo
struqturebze, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganmsazRvrel elementebze, SegveZleba
SevinarCunoT definicia da vTqvaT kvlav, rom “mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea
is, vinc monawileobs mis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi, xolo
saxelmwifo aris moqalaqeebis iseTi erTianoba, romelic sakmarisia am saxel-
mwifos TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis” (1275 b 20). aSkaraa SemoTavazebuli
gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba Tanamdebobis flobaze orientirebiT
dgindeba, rac aristotelesaTvis ar aris SeumCneveli.
iqneb aseTi midgoma arasworia. gana gaviTvaliswineT teritoria, romelzedac
arsebobs saxelmwifo an misi mosaxleoba? orive saWirod gamoiyureba saxel-
mwifos identifikaciisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo erTi da
igivea, mxolod erTsa da imave mosaxleobis da teritoriis SemTxvevaSi?
aristoteles azriT, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos kedlebs gadamwyveti mniSv-
neloba hqondes, radgan kedlebi SegviZlia SemovavloT mTel peloponess. rac
Seexeba mosaxleobas, mosaxleoba mudmivad icvleba _ erTi Taoba midis, xolo
axli Taoba modis. es mudmivi procesia, romelic Zalze gviZnelebs pasuxs
kiTxvaze, es erTi da igive saxelmwifos mosaxleobaa, Tu mas erTiani mxolod
saxeli aqvs mdinaresaviT. amitom, “Tu saxelmwifo raRac asociaciaa da
saxeldobr, is aris moqalaqeTa politikuri asociacia, maSin bunebrivia, rom
rogorc ki Seicvleba saxelmwifo mowyoba, Seicvleba saxelmwifoc. ...
saxelmwifos identuroba umTavresad mis wyobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba”
(1276 b 10-15). Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis arsi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom
21
icmeven), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive sagnis gamoyenebaze sxva obieqtze
gadasacvlelad (1257 a 5-15).
gacvliTi operaciebis saWiroebam moitana monetis saWiroeba, mas Semdeg, rac
saqonlis Semosatanad sxvisi daxmareba gaxada saWiro, an rodesac sasaqonlo
operaciebma zedmeti gaxada didi moculobis saqonlis gadaadgileba. “yovelive
amis gamo, mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom urTierTgacvlisas erTimeorisaTvis
miecaT raRac iseTi, rac Tavad warmoadgenda Rirebulebas. aseTi iyo Tavidan
rkina, vercxli da sxv. dasawyisSi maT zomavdnen da wonidnen, raTa daedginaT
Rirebuleba. Semdeg, daiwyes monetis moWra da zed monetis Rirebulebis niSnis
amotvifra daiwyes. ase gaCnda gacvlis saWiroebiT fuli” (1257a-1257b).
sazogadoebaSi gacvlis procesis SesaZleblobas Sromis diferenciacia
warmoadgens. Sromis diferenciaciis aristoteleseuli modeli platonis
modelisagan gansxvavebiT ar ukavSirdeba socialur diferenciacias da ar aris
misi ganmsazRvreli procesi. gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris sxvadsxva cxovrebis
wess Soris, fiqrobs aristotele, aris bunebaSi cxovelebis arsebobis sxvadasxva
wesebs Soris gansxvavebis msgavsi. zogierTi cxoveli mxolod balaxeuli safariT
ikvebeba, sxvebi xorcismWamelebi arian, xolo cxovelTa kidev erTi nawili
yvelafers etaneba, rasac ki moixelTebs. adamianebTanac raRac msgavss vxvdebiT:
yvelaze ufro zarmacebi momTabare cxovrebas ewevian. maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi
Sinauri cxovelebis xorcia. momTabareebi TaviaT saqonels miuyvebian ukeTesi
saZovrebis mosaZieblad da niadagis bunebriv ganoyierebas uwyofen xels. sxvebi,
momTabareebze ufro dauzarlebi, monadireobas ewevian. monadireobis saxeebia
omi da yaCaRoba, meTevzeoba da gareul cxovelebze nadiroba. da bolos, yvelaze
Sromismoyvareebi, arseboben niadagis damuSavebiT da kulturuli mcenareebis
moyvaniT da movliT. dasawyisSi, yvela eseni iseT saqmianobas ewevian, romelsac
ar Wirdeba gacvla, vidre es saqmianoba erTi ojaxis farglebs ar gascilebia.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ojaxebi mravldeba da aucilebeli xdeba maTi gayofa,
aucilebeli xdeba produqtis gacvlac.
arsebobs sakuTrebis mopovebis ramdenime gza. sakuTrebis SeZenis
standartuli gza vaWrobaa. aristotele saubrobs vaWrobis Semdeg saxeebze:
sazRvao vaWroba, tranzituli vaWroba da sacalo vaWroba. maT Soris ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba imaSi mdgonareobs, rom Tu erT maTgans naklebi riski axlavs Tan,
meore ufro didi mogebis momtania. sakuTrebis SeZenis sxva formebia: mevaxSeoba,
sakuTari Sromis gaqiraveba da bolos raRac iseTi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakuTari
Sromis gaqiravebas utoldeba, margam, meore mxriv, saqmes iqoniebs bunebis
produqtebTan. aseTia, vTqvaT, tyis gakafva, samTo saqme da a.S.
sainteresoa, rom omze aristotele saubars iwyebs maSin, rodesac
sakuTrebaze msjelobs. rogorc irkveva, sakuTrebis moxveWis kidev erTi forma
omia. Tu platoni omSi yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis wyaros xedavda,
aristotele, gasagebia, oms imdenad CasTvlis aseTad, ramdenadac naklovani
SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis moxveWis survili. “samxedro saqme, SeiZleba
ganxiluli iyos sakuTrebis mopovebis garkveulwilad bunebriv saSualebad.
nadiroba xom samxedro saqmis nawilia: nadiroba ki SeiZleba rogorc velur
cxovelebze, aseve im adamianebze, romlebic bunebiT gansazRvrulni arian
morCilebisaTvis, magram ar surT es; aseTi omi, Tavisi bunebiT, samarTliania”
(1256 b 20-25).
3. moqalaqis cneba
“saxelmwifos” mTeli II wigni platonis da sxva avtorebis SexedulebaTa
kritikas exeba. aristotele axsenebs vinme qalkedonel fales, romelic romael
grakxusebze didi xniT adre moiTxovda moqalaqeebs Soris miwis tol
sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. (1266 b). aqve detaluradaa ganxiluli saxelmwifo
mowyobis istoriuli SemTxvevebi lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo, kreta da kar-
Tageni. TiToeuli maTgani saxelmwifos (polisis) konkretul nairsaxeobebs
warmoadgendnen, magram erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavebuli niuansebis
Semcvlels, rom savsebiT bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva zogadad saxelmwifos saerTo
20
sazogadoebaSi individi garemoculia konkurenciiT, SiSis atmosferoTi
xvalindeli dRisa. isic iZulebulia eWviT, braziT da SuriT aRvsili Caebas
arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi.
sulis meryeoba ar aris damokidebuli imaze “axalgazrdaa” Tu ara eri.
yoveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmafrenis, aseve modunebis
periodebi. aqve gasaTvaliswinebeblia mravali sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebic. ase
magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis zrunvas amZafrebs iseTi
movlenebi, rogoricaa provokaciebi, imedismomcemi warmatebebi da autaneli
damcirebebi. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo davebi da diskusiebi xSirad Zalze cxarea.
vnebebi epidemiebiviT moedeba xolme xalxs da misi gamomwvev sababad SeiZleba
gamodges sruliad umniSvnelo, an piriqiT, Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. romi
daRupa iman, rom xalxis didi masa sruliad neitraluri iyo im
vnebaTaRelvisagan, romelic mmarTvel wreebs moedo. rom arc am dros ar aklda
niWieri pirovnebebi, magram isini TavianTi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis
brZolobdnen. xalxi garvnili iyo, xolo imperia upatrono. aranaklebi roli
Seasrula romis daRupvaSi romaelTa ltolvam fufunebisaken. fufuneba im
sagnebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelic kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis
gasaumjobeseblad da komfortis Sesaqmnelad rom gamoigona. Zalze zogadad,
rodesac fufunebaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs an grZnobadi
siamovnebebisaken ltolva, garyvnileba da gamflangveloba, an adamianuri
cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa is zoma, romlis miRma arsebul yvela
tkboba zedmetad da mankierad unda CaiTvalos. fufuneba da garyvnileba tolad
viTarebian da garkveuli azriT es terminebi SeiZleba sinonimuradac ki
gamoiyenebodnen. adamianSi is ki ar aris dasafasebeli, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia
misTvis fufunebiT cxovreba, aramed is, Tu ramdenadaa is daaxloebuli
saTnoebas da ra piradi unarebi aqvs mas. fufunebiT cxovrebis borkilebi
aRmosavleTSi gamoigones, sadac xelisuflebiT tkbobas Tan axlavs mmarTveli
Zaladobrivi mikvdinebis da ucxo mtris SemoWris mudmivi SiSi. amitom, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom politikuri Tavisufleba ganaTlebuli erebis xvedria. velurs
gaaCnia piradi Tavisufleba imdenad, ramdenadac SeuzRudav cxovrebas eweva da
Tanasworia TvistomTa Soris. barbarosi xSiradaa Tavisufali movlenebis
ganuwyveteli cvlilebis gamo. magram mxolod swor politikas SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi samarTlianobis ganmtkiceba da im Zalis Seqmna, romelic
mzad iqneba nebismier momentSi daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi.
literatura:
1 Адам Фергюсон – «Опыт истории гражданского общества». Изд. Росспен., Моссква 2000.
97
 edmund berkis konservatizmi
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis ara Tana-
medrove mTvlemare mdgomareobas, aramed politikuri partiebis ufro aqtiuri
yofis periods, gamocdileba dagvarwmunebs politikosebis umravlesobis
gamorCeul simpaTiaSi konservatiuli, gnebavT axla ase vuwodoT, memarjvene
msoflmxedvelobisa da Sesabamisi politikuri praqtikis mimarT. “monarqistebis
partia”, “konservatorebis partia”, “tradicionalistebis partia”, “qristianul-
demokratiuli partia” mxolod ramdenime dasaxelebaa monaTesave politikur
mimarTulebebs Soris, romelTa xvedriTi wona saqarTveloSi gacilebiT sWar-
bobda maT ideologiur oponentebisas. am viTarebis mizezebis Zieba sakmaod Sors
wagviyvans Tumca erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad SegviZlia is davasaxeloT, rom
patara erebi yvelgan, da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, ufro konservatulebi arian
da Znelad eguebian siaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT patara erebis politikuri
cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr risk-faqtors, SegiZlia gagebiT movekidoT
msgavs ganwyobebs, radgan, rogorc qalbatoni tetCeri brZanebda, konservatizmi
kargad gakvalul da cnobil gzebze siaruls, yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs
jer auTvisebeli bilikebis gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT.
viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis miwuruls da
xelisuflebis saTaveSi “nacionaluri moZraobis” da “demokratebis” mosvlis
Semdeg. farTo gasaqani mieca moliberalo da imavdroulad revoluciur
frazeologias. ufro metic, movlenebi, romlis ZaliTac axali xelisufleba
miviReT saqarTveloSi, aRiarebuli iqna “usisxlo”, “xaverdovan”, “vardebis”
revoluciad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebis
manamdel Zaladobriv praqtikas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT axali qarTuli
revoluciis mSvidobiani xasiaTi. axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa ara mxolod is,
rom Tavi aarida sisxlisRvrasa da represiebs, aramed saocrad didsulovnad
moeqca revoluciis mTavar samiznes, romelic dRemde, safiqrebelia Tavis
mtrebze gacilebiT ufro mSvidad cxovrobs da Tavs irTobs memuarebiTa da
sxvadasxva ceremoniebze sakuTari personis prezentaciiT. vfiqrob, qarTuli
revoluciis ZirTadi xibli, romelmac farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansi da CvenSi
mimdinare movlenebiT mTeli civilizebuli msoflios daintereseba gamoiwvia,
swored mis mSvidobian, ararepresiul xasiaTSi mdgomareobda. ra Tqma unda,
sxvadasxva dros, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mravali revolucia momxdara,
magram yvela maTgans TavianTi klasikuri paradigma, Sinagani logika gaaCnia
safrangeTis XVIII saukunis revoluciis saxiT. am paradigmasTan yvelaze ufro
axlos kidev ori revolucia dgas — ruseTis da iranis islamuri revolucia.
rusulma da iranulma revoluciam gaimeora franguli modelis TiTqmis yvela
ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi — sakuTari moqalaqeebis gaugonari xocva-Jletidan,
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi Cabmis gavliT, revoluciebis saboloo Sedegamde -
diqtaturamde. qarTuli revoluciis principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom an saqarTveloSi mas saerTod ar hqonia adgili, an
Tanamedrove globalizaciis zegavleniT Tavad revoluciebma icvala saxe da
axali, manamde ucnobi formiT mogvevlina. rogori gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos
is, rakiRa revolucia revoluciad rCeba da ara sxva movlenad, mas unda hqondes
raRac saerTo revoluciebis Zvel formatTan. qvemoT SemoTavazebuli berkis
polimikuri ideebis ganxilva, arada swored es aris winamdebare statiis mizani da
ara verdiqtis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxda saqarTveloSi 2004 wels,
saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavadve gaakeTos daskvna qarTul movlenebze da
imavdroulad Seivsos sakuTari warmodgenebi zogadad rogorc revoluciis,
aseve konservatizmis Taobaze.
me-XVIII saukunis ingliseli moazrovnis, edmund berkis ideebi gadmocemulia
sakmaod grZeli saTauris mqone SromaSi: “edmund berkis gaazrebani safrangeTSi
revoluciisa da am movlenisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi sazogadoebis londonSi
Tavyrilobis gamo, gadmocemuli parizeli aznaurisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi”.
berkis es naSromi pirvlad gamovida 1790 wels (is cnobilia mokle saTauriTac
“Reflections on the Revolution in France”), e.i. safrangeTSi revoluciis dawyebidan
98
2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba
ramdenadac polisi soflebisagan Sedgeba, xolo soflebi ojaxebisagan,
analitikurad aristotele ojaxis ganxilvaze gadadis. am sakiTxSi sruli
kontrastia mis da platonis Sexedulebebs Soris.
yoveli ojaxi Sedgeba Tavisuflebisagan da araTavisuflebisagan. ojaxi sxva
araferia, Tu ara mimarTebebis sistema, romelic myardeba batonsa d monas, qmarsa
da cols, mamasa da Svilebs Soris. aristotele sakmao dros uTmobs am dros
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis “verifikacias”, romlis mixdviTac ojaxis elementebs
Soris ufrosobis forma erTi wyarodanaa warmoSobili. laparakia batonis da
mamis Zalauflebis identurobaze. aristotele sTvlis, rom batonis Zalaufleba
principulad gansxvavdeba mamis Svilze da qmris colze Zalauflebisagan, radgan
Tu pirveli aris Tavisufal da araTavisufal subieqtebs Soris mimarTeba, bolo
ori Tavisufal arsebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebaa. marTalia aristotele
mimarTebebis am saxeebs mijnavs Tavisufals da araTavisufals Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebis bazaze, magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli tyuilad dauwyebs mis
SromebSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cnebis analizs Ziebas.
amgvari analizi aristoeles ar gaaCnia. erT-erTi mizezi amisa, rogorc es unda
gamoCndes monobis fenomenis aristoteleseuli gaazrebisas, aris “monis”
sakuTrebis da samuSao iaraRis terminebiT aRwera. aristotelesaTvis ucnobia
ara mxolod Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cneba, aramed
monobis, rogorc amgvari SesaZleblobis daTrgunvis cnebac. magram ra aris
sakuTreba?
ojaxis ganmsazRvreli aRniSnuli sami mimarTebis garda aristotele axsenebs
kidev erT elements, romelsac xan ojaxis organizacias uwodebs, xanac
dagrovebis xelovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aq laparakia ojaxis da meurneobis
gaZRolaze. ojaxis da meurneobis cnebaSi igulisxmebs sakuTrebis cneba.
“sakuTreba aris saxlis nawili, xolo SenaZeni ki ojaxis organizaciis forma”.
meurnisaTvis sakuTreba arsebobis SesanarCunebeli Taviseburi iaraRia. rac
Seexeba iaraRebs, Sromis iaraRebi orgvaria: erTi is, romelic gamiznulia
produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis (ποιετικα) meore, romelic Tavad warmoadgens
aqtiur moRvaweobas (πρακτικον). mona, romelic aristoteles gaTanabrebuli
hyavs Sromis iaraRTan, aqtiuri Sromis iaraRia (1253 b 25-1254 a 10). bunebiT mona
aris is, vinc Tavis Tavs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed sxvas da Tanac ise, rom am dros
adamianad rCeba. mona aris adamiani, romelic sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba. is aqtiuri
iaraRia. monobis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan arseboben adamianebi,
romlebic uxeSi fizikuri Zalis garda arafriT gamoirCevian. maT gansjis unari
mxolod imdenad aqvT, rom batonis brZaneba gaigon da Seasrulon. sxva mxriv
sruliad moklebulni arian gansjis unars. amitom isini arseboben imisaTvis
batons daemorCilon da maTi aseTi mdgomareoba samarTlianic aris da
sasargebloc (1255 a 5). bunebaSi xom yvela movlenaSi gamoiyofa mbrZanebeli da
daqvemdebarebuli nawili. es bunebis uzenaesi kanonia da mas adamianebic
emorCilebian. monoba orgvaria. erTi, rodesac adamiani bunebiTaa mona da meore,
rodesac vinme mona xdeba kanonis mixedviT (vTqvaT, omSi datyvevebis Sedegad).
rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, monad qceva sxvis sakuTrebad da Sromis
iaraRad qcevas niSnavs.
sakuTrebis ufro zogad konteqstSi ganxilvisas, gasagebi xdeba, rom
aristoteles pozocia radikalurad gansxvavdeba platonis poziciisagan,
romelic ara mxolod ar uSvebda sakuTrebas idealur saxelmwifoSi, aramed mas
erT-erT ZiriTad sazogadoebriv ubedurebad Tvlida. aristotele marTalia ar
uaryofs saxelmwifos arsebobas, magram misTvis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma
mainc kerZoa.
sakuTrebis, qonebis mopovebis xelovnebis ganxilvisas, aristoteles
ganxiluli aqvs gacvlis idea, amasTan mis msjelobebSi ikveTeba ganasxvaveba
saqonlis sacvlel da saxmar Rirebulebebs Soris. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
aristoteles es terminebi ar aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi, is laparakobs sagnis
(magaliTad, fexsacmelis) gamoyenebaze daniSnulebis mixedviT (rodesac mas
19
ara TviTmiznurad, aramed mxolod imitom, rom arsebulebi mravalmxriv
srulyofilebi arian, da ver axdenen TvianTi bunebis (“fysis”) realizacias (1260 b
30-35).
is rac saxelmwifos safuZvelSi Zevs, aris qalis da mamakacis urTierToba,
urTireToba arsebebisa, romelTac ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe yofna. maTi
erTimeorisadmi ltolva gonivruli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed
aris imis msgavsi instinqti, rogorsac vxvdebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi datovon
STamomavloba.
aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobis pirveli da uZiriTadesi
forma aris ojaxi: “... urTierToba, romelic yalibdeba bunebrivad yoveldRiuri
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aris ojaxi” (1252 b 10-15). Sesabamisad,
ojaxebisagan Semdgari asociacia aris sofeli, xolo soflebis erTianoba ki
Seadgens saxelmwifos. “srulyofilad warmodgenili soflebisgan Semdgari
gaerTianeba aris saxelmwifo (polisi), ... romelic TviTkmar arsebobas aRwevs da
romelic iqmneba sasicocxlo aucileblobis karnaxiT, magram arsebobs saTno
cxovrebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo bunebrivi
produqtia da iseve, rogorc adamianTa Sorisi pirveladi urTierTobebi, am
bunebrivi tendenciis dasrulebas warmoadgens, xolo dasrulebaSi ki Tavs
aCvenebs buneba. Cven vuwodebT yoveli obieqtis bunebas ... mis iseT mdgomareobas,
romelic miiReba misi ganviTarebis dasrulebis Semdeg. ufro metic, saboloo
miznis ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba umaRlesi srulyofileba, xolo imas, rasac
TviTkmari arseboba gaaCnia, is dasrulebulicaa da umaRlesi arsebobis mqonec”
(1252 b 25-1253 a). aqedan aristotele akeTebs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo aris raRac
bunebiTad arsebuli da, rom adamianic Tavisi bunebiT, politikuri arsebaa. es ki
niSnavs, rom Tuki romelime adamiani, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT da ara SemTxveviTi
garemoebebis gamo, saxelmwifos gareT icxovrebs, is an zneobrivad
ganuviTarebeli arsebaa da, an zeadamainia (1253 a 5-10).
amrigad, adamiani arsebobs mxolod saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveladia
masTan mimarTebiT. rogorc platonTan, aqac adamianis saxelmwifosTan
damokidebuleba mTelis da nawilis paradigmis konteqstSi ganixileba.
izolirebulad ganxiluli adamiani ar iqneba TviTkmari arsebuli. mas yovelTvis
daWirdeba sxva adamianTan asociacia. aristotele kvlav imeorebs, rom Tu
adamianma mainc miaRwia TviTkmar arsebobas da mas sxva aRaravin Wirdeba, maSin is
adamiani ki ara an cxovelia da an RmerTi (1253 a 25-30). sxva cocxali arsebebisagan
adamians, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebis unari ganasxvavebs. es uzrunvelyofs
imas, rom mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seiqmnas warmodgena iseT cnebebze,
rogoricaa sikeTe da boroteba, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. zneobrivi
ganzomileba, romliTac aristotele adamians axasiaTebs, saxes ucvlis mis
saxelmwifoebrivad cxobrebis sazriss. marTalia adamianebi sazogadoebrivad
erTiandebian erToblivad arsebobis saWiroebis karnaxiT, magram agrZeleben
amgvar yofas saTno cxovrebis misaRwevad, raSiac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
realizacias axdens: “sisrules miRweuli adamiani, yvelaze ufro srulyofilia
cocxal arsebebs Soris da, piriqiT, kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe mcxovrebi
adamiani yvelaze uaresia. ... sikeTes moklebuli adamiani yvelaze ukeTuri da
veluria Tavis sqesobriv ltolvebSi da miswrafebebSi. samarTlianobis cneba
ukavSirdeba warmodgenebs saxelmwifoze, radganac samarTali (kanoni) aris ra
samarTlianobis sazomi, imavdroulad aris politikuri qcevis maregulirebeli
normac” (1253 a 30,35 — 1253 b).
amrigad, mxolod polisSi myofi adamiani cxovrobs politikurad, cxovrobs
polisis kanonebis mixedviT, rac zneobrivad cxovrebas utoldeba da adamianis
gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.
18
erTi wlis Tavze da mravalmxriv winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Tumca, werili
yuradRebas ipyrobs ara imdenad am winaswarmetyveluri mosazrebebis gamo,
aramed safrangeTis revoluciis negatiuri SefasebebisaTvis aucilebeli
imgvari zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi, RirebulebiTi da politikuri foniT,
romelic sakmarisi gaxda konservatizmis warmoSobisaTvis.
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi
werilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb masSive mogviTxrobs berki. rogorc irkveva,
werili, romliTac man upasuxa frangi aznauris kiTxvebs ukve 1789 wels yofila
dawerili da, rogorc Tavad berki SeniSnavs, sifrTxilis gamo ar gaegzavna
adresats. yovelive amis Sesaxeb adresats ecnoba patara ganmartebiT werilSi,
rasac berkisadmi franguli revoluciis Sefasebis daJinebuli Txovna mohyva.
berki kvlav daubrunda werilis pirveldawyebiT variants da ufro farTo
formatiT gadmosca saTqmeli, Tumca, ukve Txzulebad qceulma nawerma
SeinarCuna werilis pirveldawyebiTi forma.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romliTac avtori iwyebs Tavisi
Tvalsazrisis gaSlas, Seexeba. safrangeTSi dawyebuli revoluciis inglisel
mxardamWerebs, romelTac qveyanaSi Sesabamisi profilis ramdenime klubi,
saidanac cdilobdnen franguli ideebis (da, SesaZloa saqmis) propagandas
inglisSi. es klubebi iyo konstituciuri sazogadoeba xolo meore revoluciuri
sazogadoeba. Cans am ukanasknels meti warmatebisaTvis miuRwevia Tavis
moRvaweobaSi, rakiRa frangul parlaments — nacionalur krebas — misi wevrebi
parizSi miuRia da pativiT gaumgzavrebia ukan, rogorc misi ideebis gamtarebeli.
ukve Tavad amgvari kontaqtebis faqtSi xedavs berki inglisuri klubebis
gakicxvis safuZvels, radgan arc erTi damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqe, romelic
am moqalaqeobiT sakuTari qveynis sajaro nebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ar
miscems sakuTar Tavs uflebas sakuTari xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe Sevides
oficialur urTierTobebSi sxva qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.
Tumca, es mxolod praqtikul moraluri poziciaa, romlis gamo berki sagangebod
cdilobs gaemijnos konstituciuri da revoluciuri sazogadoebis saqmianobas.
meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis mizezi Zevs politikuri saxis movlenebis da
ama Tu im mTavrobis moqmedebis Sefasebis im gzebSi, romlebic berks erTaderTad
sworad miaCnia. franguli revoluciiT aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeebisagan
gansxvavebiT, berki ar Cqarobs revoluciis da revolucionerebis myisier
Sefasebas Tundac Tavisuflebis abstraqtuli idealis gamokidebiT. im faqtidan,
rom safrangeTSi revolucia ganxorcielda Tavisuflebis saxeliT, frangi
xalxis da Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis arc qebis da arc kritikis safuZvels ar
iZleva. politikuri mdgomareobis normaluri Sefaseba saWiroebs ara
egzaltirebul Sefasebebs da calkeuli lozungebis gamodevnebas, aramed
revoluciis Sedegad miRebul reJimze gulmodgine dakvirvebas, mTavrobis
saSinao, sagareo, samxedro da ekonomikuri politikis analizs, misi
ideologiuri xazis Seswavlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misalocebis gagzavna frangi
xalxisaTvis mxolod imitom, rom maT raRac moimoqmedes abstraqtuli
Tavisuflebis idealis karnaxiT, msgavsi iqneboda giJis an avazakisaTvis
milocvebisa, raRai man moaxerxa izolaciis kedlebis garRveva da eziara
adamianis bunebriv Tavisuflebas.
revoluciis dasawyisidan mocemul dromde sakmao dro gavida da berkic Tavs
aZlevs uflebas franguli revoluciis ufro safuZvliani Sefasebebi gamoTqvas,
Tumca manamde exeba safrTxes, romelic franguli ideebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba
moutanos mis Tanamedrove ingliss. ramdenadac zemoTaRniSnuli inglisuri
klubebi revoluciuri ideebis TavianT qveyanaSi gavrcelebas cdiloben da
revoluciuri safrangeTis movlenebi am qveyanaSi gavrcelebul sul ufro da
ufro mzard qaosze metyvelebdnen, berki ufro wuxs SesaZlo qaosze
ingliselebis gonebaSi, vidre Sidapolitikur movlenebSi, radgan xelisuflebis
simyareSi mas eWvi ar epareba. am mimarTulebiT, ki mas SemaSfoTeblad eCveneba
ideebi, romlebsac inglisis revoluciuri sazogadoeba daesesxa
99
kontreformaciuli eklesiis moZrvars, doqtor praiss.
praisis qadagebidan, romelic ZiriTadad agebulia adamianis uflebebis Temis
irgvliv, praiss gamoyavda Tvalsazrisi, romelic TiTqos moipova ingliselma
xalxma 1688 wlis revoluciis ZaliT da romlebic misi azriT gulisxmobda mefis
arCeviTobas, uvargisi mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis ZaliT damxobis
uflebas da mTavrobis xalxis Sexedulebis mixedviT dakompleqtebas. berki
Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs samive am mtkicebas da aCvenebs, rom arc erTi maTgani
ar Sesula revoluciis Semajamebeli dokumentis originalSi, romlis sruli
saxelwodebaa “adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklaraciis da taxtis
monacvleobis uflebis aqti”. berki savsebiT samarTlianad urCevs adresats Tuki
mas marTlac ainteresebs inglisis saxelmwifo wyoba, es sakiTxi Seiswavlos
qveynis istoriidan, sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan da sxva dokumentebidan da ara
mRvdlebis mier kaTedrebidan gakeTebuli qadagebebis safuZvelze. amasTan,
berkis azriT, qveynis politikuri mowyobis avtorebi kanonmdeblobas
alagebdnen bunebis kanonebTan TanazomadobiT da ara novaciebis Semotanis
surviliT. sicicxlisunariani arsebuli realobis SenarCunebiT, ingliseli
xalxi sulac ar uaryofs gaumjobesebisaken miswrafebas da progress, romlis
SerCeva SenarCunebis arCevani yovelTvis Tavisuflad rCeba.
“amgvarad gardatydeba bunebis universaluri kanoni saxelmwifos
cxovrebaSi, sadac Cven vsrulyofT imas, rac arasdros ar aris axali da
vinarCunebT imas, rac arasdros ar Zveldeba. winaprebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni
aseTi principebi warimarTeba ara Zveli crurwmenebiT, aramed filosofiuri
analogiiT. vemyarebiT ra taxtismonacvleobis princips, Cven vafuZnebT
mmarTvelobas sisxliT naTesaobaze, xolo qveynis kanonebs vukavSirebT ojaxur
kavSirebs da axloblobas imgvarad, rom mexsierebaSi siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT
vinaxavT warmodgenebs Cvens saxelmwifoze, ojaxur kerebze, winaprebis
saflavebsa da sakurTxevlebze. TavisuflebaTa memkvidreobiTobis ideis Suqze
ganxilviT, Cven viRebT arcTumcire upiratesobebs. Tavisuflebis suli ase
xSirad rom warmoSobs uwesrigobas da eqscesebs, CvenSi moqmedebs, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, kanonizebuli winaprebis TandaswrebiT da amitomac morCili xdeba
maTi didi pativiscemis da mowiwebis ZaliT. ... swored amitomaa Cveni Tavisufleba
Rirseuli Tavisufleba” (gv. 11). berkis es sityvebi memkvidreobiTobis principis
ganxilvisaken gbiZgeben, romelic konservatizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri
principia.
memkvidreobiToba
amrigad, winaprebis danatovaris pativiscema, memkvdreobiToba, rogorc
vxedavT aRmocenebulia bunebis proncipebTan sazogadoebis harmonizaciis
survilze. swored es ganasxvavebs ingliselTa cxovrebis wess da Tavis droze
inglisuri revoluciis Taviseburebebs frangulisagan. pirveli dafuZnebulia
tradiciaze maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli cdilobs yovelgvari tradiciulis
uaryofas.
“rusom ver mogvaqcia Tavis rwmenaze; Cven ar gavmxadvarT volteris
mowafeebi; helveciuss araferi daumatebia Cveni ganviTarebisaTvis. aTeistebi ar
gamxdaran Cveni moZRvrebi, SeSlilebi — kanonmdeblebi. ... Cven araviTari
aRmoCena ar gagvikeTebia, Tumca arc vfiqrobT, rom morali iseve, romgorc
moralisa da mmarTvelobis safuZvlebi saWiroebs aRmoCenas” (40).
am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT berkis mowodeba frangebisadmi aaSenon axali
Senoba Zvel saZirkvelze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, Tu frangebi aRar
ganixilaven sakuTar Tavs iseT naciad, romelsac revoluciamde araferi hqonia
saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da monobaSi cxovrobda. winaprebis
pativiscemiT, frangebi ufro met pativs miagebdnen sakuTar Tavs. Tavisuflebis
suls sCvevia mravalgvari eqscesebis da aurzauris gamowveva. magram, Tu is
emyareba memkvidreobiTobis idas, raRac azriT kanonizirebuli winaprebis
uRrmes pativiscemas, maSin yovelTvis dazRveuli iqneba yovelgvari
gaugebrobebisagan. Tu axalma Taobam Tavisuflebis idea miiRo Rirsebis
TanSobil grZnobasTan erTad, is arasdros ahyveba utifarTa gamoxdomebs, rac
100
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria
Sesavali. platonis mowafeebs Soris yvelaze ufro niWieri, aristotele,
Tavad miiwvia makedoniis mefe filipem Tavisi vaJis, aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. es
erTgvari kompensacia iyo aristotelesaTvis, romelsac molodinis
sawirispirod, platonma ar dautova Tavisi skolis xelmZRvaneloba.
damokidebuleba maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris araerTgvarovania. Tu
gavixsenebT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas _ “megobaria platoni, magram
WeSmariteba ufro didi megobaria” _ maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris sakmaod
mwvave diskusiebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT. rig sakiTxebSi da es iTqmis ufro
metafizikis da epistemologiis problemebze, platonis d aristoteles
Sexedulebebi TiTqmis erTgvaria. sxva sakiTxebSi da maT Sorisaa politikuri
problematika, platonis da aristoteles xedva ara mxolod gansxvavebulia,
aramed xSirad sapirispiroc. Tavisi politikuri doqtrina aristotelem
gadmosca “politikaSi”, “nikomaqes eTikaSi” da “did eTikaSi”. am bolo or
naSromSi politikuri problemebi eTikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis konteqstSi
gadmoicema. sakuTriv politikur problemebs is ZiriTadad “politikaSi”
ganixilavs da Cvenc am naSroms daveyrdnobiT, rmelic sul rva wignisagan
Sedgeba. platonis “saxelmwifosagan” gansxvavebiT, romelic idealuri
saxelmwifos proeqtirebas uTmobs ZiriTad dros, aristotele aranaklebad
interesdeba arsebuli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRweriT, Tanac
imgvarad, rom erTnairi gulmodginebiT warmoadgens rogorc Teoriul da mTeli
misi doqtrinisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebs, aseve, erTi
SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo detalebs saxelmwifo cxovrebisa.
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani
yoveli saxelmwifo, wers aristotele “politikis” SesavalSi, aris adami-
anTSorisi urTierTobis Taviseburi forma, romelic miznad isaxavs saTnoebas.
aq, albaT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba rusul da inglisur Targmanebs Soris.
berZnuli “κοινονια”, inglisur teqstSi Temaze, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo,
Targmnilia adamianTSorisi asociaciad (association) Sesaxeb, xolo rusuli teqsti
saubrobs adamianTSoris urTierTobaze (общение). es ukanaskneli Zalze tevadi
terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv asociacias, aseve adamianTa Soris
komunikacias, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa
aristoteles aseTi gancxadeba: saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi unda ar yvela saqmeSi,
an arc erTSi, an zogSi monawileobdnenda zogSic ara. es savsebiT bunebrivia,
radgan “erTi saxelmwifos mier dakavebuli adgili garkveuli saxis erTobaa,
xolo moqalaqeebi ki erTi saxelmwifos mowileebi (κοινονοι) arian” (1261 a).
am zogadi SeniSvnis Semdgom, aristotele saubrobs meTodze, romelic
saxelmwifos ganxilvis gzis maCvenebeli unda iyos. politikuri analizis
aristoteleseuli meTodi ar aris raime gansxvavebuli kvlevis sxva meTo-
debisagan. is am SemTxvevaSi igive meTods iyenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebis
analizisas. erTi mxriv, problemisadmi misi midgoma ar aris didad gansxvavebuli
sakiTxis kvlevis im wesisagan, romelsac palatoni amjobinebda. aristotele
wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki mas adre gadmocemuli
meTodis mixedviT ganvixilavT _ sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, Tu rTuls martiv
elementebd davanawilebT da davakvirdebiT, Tu risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo
...”(1252 a 20). “politikis” meore wignis dasawyisSi, aristotele gvamcnobs, rom
ararsebuli idealuri saxelmwifo modelebis misi analizi TviTmiznuri ar aris.
naSromis mizania Seswavlili iqnes adamianTa urTierToba maTi yvelaze
srulyofili im formiT, romelic adamianebs aZlevs saSualebas icxovron
TavianTi miswrafebebis Sesabamisad. am kvlevis procesSi, gvafrTxilebs
aristotele, ganxiluli iqneba realurad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo Tu
iseT saxelmwifoebs SevexebiT, romlebic arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, es moxdeba
17
platonisaTvis “demokratia” iseve, rogorc Zveli romaelebisaTvis “respublika”
(“plebsis” mmarTveloba) uTanaswordeboda ara imdenad “xalxis mmarTvelobas”,
ramdenadac “mdabioTa mmarTvelobas”.
7. sxva sakiTxebi
platonis filosofiis ganxilvis bolos, minda Sevexo or, Cemi azriT, dRes
mniSvnelovan Temas. pirveli ukavSirdeba qalis rolsa da funqciebs sazoga-
doebaSi, xolo meore omis problemas..
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni Tvlis, rom qali iseTive aqtiuri
personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. laparakia ara mxolod qalis
socialur da politikur aqtiobaze, aramed mis aqtiobaze samxedro saqmeSiac.
Zalze delikaturad, platoni wers, rom qalebma smxedro saqmeSe unda iTavon
imdenad, ramdensac Tavad CaTvlian SesaZleblad (452a...…; 453... ).
kidev erTi sakiTxi, aris omis problema. Zalze didi xnis Semdeg, faSizmis
erT-erTi ideologi da haidegeris megobari, karl Smiti, dawers statias,
“politikuris cnebis Sesaxeb”, romelic amozrdilia platonis omis gansaz-
Rvrebidan. saerTod, omis klasikur gansazRvrebad iTvleba klauzevicis defi-
nicia, romelic gveubneba, rom omi aris politikis gagrZeleba samxedro
saSualebebiT. am definiciis gasagebad, sul mcire, Cven imis codna mainc
gvWirdeba, Tu ra aris politikuri da platoni swored am sawyisebTan dgas. is
ganasxvavebs omis orgvar mniSvnelobas, sakuTriv oms da ganxeTqilebas: “me
mgonia, rom arsebobs ori saxelwodeba — omi da gamxeTqileba. isini Seu-
Tanxmeblobis ori gamovlinebaa. da orad me maT vTvli ai ratom: erTs adgili aqvs
Tavisianebsa da axloblebs Soris, xolo meores — ucxoebTan, ucxotomelebTan.
mtroba TavisianebTan ganxeTqilebad iwodeba, xolo sxvebTan omad” (470 b-c).
Tumca, es ufro deskripciaa omisa da aq jr kidev ar Cans misi mizezebi imisa,
Tu ratom aqvs elins mtroba ucxotomelTan da aramtroba isev elinTan,
visTanac, rogorc istoriidan viciT aranaklebi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi
hqonia. platoni amis Taobaze wers: “maSasadame, Tu elinebi ebrZvian barbarosebs
da barbarosebi elinebs, Cven vityviT, rom isini brZoloben imitom, rom TavianTi
bunebiT mtrebi arian da amitom maT am mtrobas omi unda vuwodoT. xolo,
rodesac msgavsi ram xdeba elinebs Soris, unda vTqvaT, rom isini bunebiT
megobrebi arian, magram elada aseT SemTxvevaSi avadaa da masSi urTierTqiSpoba
sufevs, rasac ganxeTqileba ewodeba” (470c-d).
savaldebulo literatura
1. platoni — saxelmwifo. Tavebi II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX.
2. Plato - The Republic. Translated with the Introduction by Desmond Lee. Second Edition. Penguin
Books, 1987.
3.Платон – Государство, в кн. Платон Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 1. Изд. «Мысль»,
Москва 1971.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
4. uiliam gaTri — berZeni filosofosebi. Talesidan aristotelamde.” (platoni.
moZRvreba ideebis Sasaxeb) gv.96-114, gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1983.
5.frensis fukuiama ”istoriis dasasrul da ukanaskneli adamiani”. nawili III 17
(”Timosis aRzeveba da dacema”) gv. 192-203. gamoc. mSvidobis, demokratiis da
ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier. Tbilisi, 1999.
6. Leo Straus Notion of Nature. in Introduction of ”History of Political Philosophy” Univ. of Chicago.
7.Carl Schmitt ”The Notion of Political”.
8. Leo Straus, Plato, in: ”History of Political Philosophy”.
16
saukeTeso saSualebaa zomierebis SesanarCuneblad sazogadoebaSi, romelic amiT
daculi iqneba moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da bolomde gauazrebeli
proeqtebis tiraniisagan.
“Tqven rom ar amogeSalaT mexsierebidan winaprebi, cocxlad SegenarCune-
binaT Zveli evropuli kanonis principebi da nimuSebi, mxolod gageumjo-
besebinaT da SegeguebinaT isini Tanamedrove situaciasTan, maSin mTel msoflios
uCvenebdiT axali sibrZnis magaliTs. maSin, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tqven
Zalze Rirseul saqmed aqcevdiT yvela xalxis Rirseul adamianTa TvalSi. Tqven
sayrdens gamoaclidiT despoticms, Tuki uCvenebdiT, rom Tavisufleba ara
mxolod SeTavsebada kanonierebasTan, aramed, roca is ar ewinaaRmdegeba
disciplinas, Sesatyvisia kidevac misi” (12).
Tuki ase moiqceodnen, fiqrobs berki, maSin frangebi aCvenebdnen imas, rac
Tavis droze ganaxorcieles ingliselebma. kerZod, rom savsebiT SeTavsebadia
erTmaneTTan Tavisufali saxelmwifo, Zlieri monarqia, disciplinirebuli
armia, reformirebuli da yvelasaTvis pativsacemi eklesia, Serbilebuli da amave
dros energiuli Tavadaznauroba. liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mesame
wodebisadmi am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisufali konkurencia
hqonoda da, saboloo jamSi, Tavis mxares gadmoebirebina Tavadaznauroba.
Sedegad, safrangeTi miiRebda yovelmxriv dacul, kmayofil da Sromismoyvare
xalxs, romelic bednierad icxovrebda sruli moraluri Tanasworobis
pirobebSi. rogoria amis nacvlad realoba?
revoluciis mamebis mecadineobiT, frangi xalxi, romelic welSi wydeba
umZimesi SromiT, motyuebulia imiT, rom mas yalb ideebs da ararealuri
proeqtebiT cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imeds unergaven, rac kidev ufro mwares
xdis qveyanaSi gamefebul realur uTanasworobas.
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli
“safrangeTma iyida maTxovruli yofa danaSaulis fasad” (13). amgvaria
revoluciuri safrangeTis realuri Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba berkis
mier. danaSauli, zogadi azriT, aris kanonis ugulvebelyofa, kanonierebis
fexqveS gaTelva da masze maRla dadgomis mcdeloba. pirveli nabiji am dam-
Rupveli mimarTulebiT frangebma kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobiT gadadges.
sazogadoebis politikuri wyoba, romlis warmoSobas safuZvlad ukanonoba
uZevs, verasdros Seegueba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv insti-
tutebs. SiSveli nebis mier sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao wesad qceva mxolod
pirveli nabijia aRviraxsnilobis, TviTnebobis da urwmunoebis gaormagebisaken.
Sedegad, korupcia, manamde simdidris da Zalauflebis Tanmxleb mankierebad rom
iTvleboda, mosaxleobis yvela fenas moedo. postrevoluciuri safrangeTis
mZime mdgomareobas berki ase aRwers: arsebuli viTarebiT miRweulia eris sruli
bankrotoba, rac konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom kanonebi ugulve-
belyofilia, sasamarTloebi garekili, mrewveloba dauZlurebuli, suls Rafavs
vaWroba, xalxi gamaTxovrebulia, eklesia gaZarcvuli, armia da samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba imyofeba anarqiis mdgomareobaSi. anarqia iqca sazogadoebrivi
mowyobis ZiriTad wesad (14).
ram gamoiwvia aseTi mZime viTareba? qveynis msgavsi totaluri ngreva,
Cveulebriv Sedegia xolme ucxo mtris Semosevis, an, kidev uaresi, samoqalaqo
omis. zogadad revoluciis da pirvelad franguli revoluciis specifikas
swored is Seadgenda, rom qveynis ngreva sruliad mSvidobian istoriul
monakveTSi Sedga. is ganxorcielda periodSi, romlis drosac axali xelis-
uflebis mier miiReboda bolomde gauazrebeli, umeteswilad briyvuli gada-
wyvetilebebi, rac warmoadgenda revoluciuri mTavrobis arakompetenturobis
da TviTkmayofilebis manifestacias. arada, es gaxldaT xlisufleba, romelsac
araTu aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli
mxardaWera hqonda (14). am adamianebis arsi ngrevaSi mdgomareobs. sxva
SemTxvevaSi maTi arseboba yovelgvar gamarTlebas dakargavda. Sesabamisad, isini
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis aucileblad Tvlian samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ngrevas
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da am saqmes eklesiaze Tavdasxmebidan iwyeben (25). xelisuflebam, romelmac
monopolia gamoacxada nacionalur nebaze, piradi angariSsworebis mizniT,
uamravi uknonoba ise Caidina, rom mas praqtikulad araviTari winaaRmdgoba ar
Sexvedria. cxdia, isini ufro mokrZalebulni iqnebodnen TavianT namoqmedarSi,
rom ar hqonodaT sruli garantia piradi usafrTxoebisa, rac rogorc
movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam aCvena iseve iluzoruli aRmoCnda, rogorc
maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebi.
es rac Seexeba revoluciis zogad princips, romelic gamoixata Zaladobis
mizniT nacionaluri nebis uzurpaciasa da revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier
piradi miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebaSi. magram zogadi principis cxovrebaSi
gasatareblad konkretuli meqanizmia saWiro. ZiriTad aseT meqanizms franguli
revoluciuri xelisuflebis organizacia warmoadgenda. berki upirveles
yovlisa frangul parlaments, nacionalur asambleas ixdis Tavisi kritikis
sagnad. yvela, gvarwmunebs is, vinc gaecnoba mis Semadgelobas, darwmundeba, rom
Zaladoba da boroteba erTaderTi arCevania, romelic ki maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon.
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi rCebian iseTebad, rogoric isini
Seqmna RmarTma, bunebam, ganaTlebam da cxovrebis wesma. am mxriv ki frang
deputatebs dasakvexni mainc da mainc araferi aqvT. parlamentis saerTo
Semadgenloba warmoadgenda naxevrad wignier provinciel advokatebs, mcire
iuridiuli kantrebis mmarTvelebs, soflis notariusebs da municipaluri
Cinovnikebis mTel armias. qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli proeqtebis da
farTo politikuri xedvis nacvlad, maT xelisuflebaSi moitanes wvril-wvrili
intriga da yovldRiuri mosaxveWelisaTvis daundobeli brZola. arc erT
maTgans ar hqonia saxelmwifos gaZRolis praqtikuli gamocdileba, xolo
saukeTesoebi mxolod Teoretikosebi iyvnen. nebismier saqmeSi arseboben
liderebi da isini, vinc liderebs mihyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu vnaxavT rom
nacionaluri asamblea ZiriTadad Sedgeba umniSvnelo, medrove adamianebisagan,
gasagebia, rom maTi proeqtebic mankieri iqneba. am parlamentSi yvelaze batonobs
umecari umravlesoba. asambleis is mcirericxovani nawili, romelic moklebuli
ar aris Rirsebas, pativmoyvareobis karnaxiT umravlesobas gamoedevneba xolme
da iqceva instrumentad mis xelSi. politikuri xelmZRvanelobis efeqtianad
gansaxorcieleblad, erTi mxriv, liderebi pativs unda scemdnen da
iTvaliswinebdnen maT azrs, visac isini win uZRvian, xolo meore mxriv, piriqiT, am
ukanasknelebs unda SemorCenili hqondeT kritikuli Sefasebis unari da brmad ar
unda mihyvebodnen sxvebs.
Tu parlamentis Semadgenloba iseTia, rogorc davaxasiaTeT, ras SeiZleba
movelodeT misgan? berki fiqrobs, rom es aqtiuri, veragi adamianebi arasdros
dauSveben imas, rom cxovrebam iq daabrunos, saidanac maT Tavi wamoyves. sakuTari
saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, raSiac isini saerTod ver erkvevian,
nebismieri xerxebiT, isini ixelmZRvaneleben mxolod sakuTari interesebis
karnaxiT, raSiac Zalian kargad erkvevian. es xalxi mzadaa xma misces nebismier
proeqts, romelic ki maR pirad mogebas uqadis. ase iqmneba sruliad
gaumarTlebli konstitucia, romelic maT maRal Tanamdebobebze gadabargebis
saSualebas da qonebis xelaxali, Zaladobrivi gziT gadanawilebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. umravlesoba, romelic Tavis droze ver daikvexnida verc
Wkua-gonebiT da verc zneobrivi sispetakiT, vis ZiriTad sazrunavsac piradi
gamorCena warmoadgenda, viTarebam axla maRal saxelisuflebo postebze
wamoaskupa. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc saqme gvaqvs im adamianebTan, visi
midrekilebebi da unarebi, an ganzraxulis aRsrulebis wesi odnavac ki ar
Secvlila (17).
berki gamoTqvams eWvs, rom arCevnebi gamiznulad moewyo ise, rom parlamentSi
moxvedriliyo umravlesoba, visac simdidre mxolod suraTebze Tu unaxavs. es
adamianebi moklebulni arian unars win aRudgenen angarebas. isini SeCveulni
arian morCilebas da sanacvlod Tavis TavSi atareben patara karieristis
mentalitets, gaunaTleblobis da TviTkmayofilebis energias, momxveWelobis
vnebas, rasac ukve veRaravin SeaCerebs. umravlesobis yvela wevrma “nacvlad
imisa, rom aRiaros ukve SemuSavebuli konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebis
aucilebloba, gadawyvita Tavad SeimuSaos iseTi konstitucia, rogoric maT
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6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi
ras warmoadgens mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT platonis idealuri
saxelmwifo? idealuri saxelmwifo, romelzedac platoni saubrobs SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli formiT. is SeiZleba iyos an monarqia an
aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTveloba). rCeulebi, romlebzedac platoni lapa-
rakobs ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTveli
rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. aq, albaT, saWiroa davazustoT “filosofosis”
cneba da vTqvaT, rom platoni am terminSi ar gulisxmobs diplomirebul
filosofiis magistrs. erT-erT Tavis dialogSi platoni wers: “maTematika, an
sxva romelome filosofiao” da Tu termin filosofiis etimologias
gaviTvaliswinebT, rac sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi inteleqtualebi, mecnierebi arian. platoni
ara erT furcels uTmobs filosofosi mmarTvelis ama Tu im Tvisebis
daxasiaTebas. laparakia rogorc filosofosebis interesebze da mowodebebze —
misiaze _ aseve maT mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac filosofos
mmarTvelebs SevexeT, barem aqve ganvixiloT sakiTxi platonis politikuri
Teoriis totalitarulobis Taobaze. karl poperma, naSromSi “Ria sazogadoeba
da misi mtrebi” platoni totalitarizmis mamad gamoacxada. poperis braldeba
friad soliduria da unda iTqvas, rom rogorc popers aseve platons bevri
damcveli gamouCnda. platonis damcvelTa rigebSi, albaT, pirvel rigSi unda
movixsenioT iseTi avtori rogoricaa leo Strausi, vinc fiqrobda, rom poperma
ubralod ver gaigo platoni da mis politikur filosofias araswori
interpretacia misca. Cven vfiqrobT, rom platonis Teoria marTlac Seicavs
bevr iseT elements, romelic poperis kritrkis simarTleSi gvarwmunebs. kerZo
sakuTrebis akrZalva ukve Seicavs araerT iseT moTxovnas, saidanac sazogadoebis
totaluri kontrolisaken mivdivarT. Tu amas davumatebT xelovnebis da bavSvTa
aRzrdis umkacresi ideologiuri kontrolis moTxovnas platonis mier, Zalze
axlos aRmovCndebiT orvelis samyarosTan, sadac regulirebadia ara mxolod
Svilebis gaCenis asaki (platonis TeoriiT qalebisaTvis 20-40 weli da mamakace-
bisaTvis 30-55 weli), aramed seqsic: “dae, igive kanoni moqmedebdes im SemTxve-
vebSiac, rodesac romelime STamomavlobis gagrZelebis unaris mqone mamakaci
Seexeba, Tundac saqorwino asakis qals, xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven vityviT, rom isini Soben saxlmwifosaTvis ukanono bavSvs” (461 b).
yofis aseTi kontroli, ra Tqma unda, totalitarulobis asociaciebs
aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. magram platonis saxemlwifo ar SeiZleba totalitaruli
iyos ufro teqnikuri viTarebebis, vidrde ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo. rac
platonis saxelmwifos aklia totalitarulobamde, aris masmedia. aristotele
erTgan wers, rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebi sruldeba iq, sadamdec swvdeba
heroldis xma. ar iqneba swori, Tu saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebis kontrols
mxolod TvalTvaliT unariT SemovzRudavT da ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi
zegavlenis, politikuri gemovnebis formirebis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogoric
masmediaa. jer saerTo nacionaluri presa, Semdeg televizia da, bolos,
interneti, aseT kontrols dRes marTlac totalur xasiaTs aniWebs da mas
uiversalurs xdis. platons amaze ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo.
saxelmwifo mowyobis yvela danarCeni forma mankieria da pirvelis
degradacias warmoadgens. idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda,
platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebis mqone saxelmwifoebze:
timokratiaze, anu qonebriv cenzze damyarebuli reJimi, oligarqiaze, anu
umciresobis mmarTveloba, demokratiaze anu xalxis mmarTveloba da tiraniaze
anu erTis mmarTveloba sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am formebs Soris yvelaze
uaresi tiraniaa da platonic sakmao dros uTmobs jer tiraniis rogorc reJimis
aRweras, xolo Semdeg tiranis Cvevebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCinebas.
Cvens droSi uyoymano Rirebulebebis Semcvel demokratiul mmarTvelobas
platoni, rogorc vxedavT, mainc da mainc ar swyalobs da bolodan meore
adgilze ayenebs. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom
15
romelime fena, aramed piriqiT, gvindoda aseTi yofiliyo mTeli saxelmwifo.
Tqven xom imedi gqondaT swored aseT saxelmwifoSi aRmogeCinaT samarTlianoba
da cudad mowyobilSi ki usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 420 b-c) da Smdeg: “amasTan,
Cven iseT saxelmwifos miviCnevT samarTlianad, romelSiac arsebuli sami, Tavisi
bunebiT gansxvavebuli fena, TiToeuli Tavis saqmes akeTebs. brZen, mamac da
gamWriaxad Cven CavTvliT Sesabamisi Tvisebebis da mdgomareobis mqone fenebis
mqone saxelmwifos” (“saxelmwifo” 435 b-c).
amrigad, mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maSin,
rodesac yoveli adamiani gaakeTebs raRac erTs iqedan (rac Tavis mxriv saWiroa
saxelmwifosaTvis), risi gakeTebis bunebrivi monacemebic mas yvelaze metad aqvs.
samarTlianoba zogadad aris sakuTari saqmis keTeba da sxvis saqmeebSi
Caurevloba (“saxelmwifo” 433 a-c). sxvis saqmeebSi Caurevlobaze saubrisas aq is
ki ar igulisxmeba, rom ikrZaleba xeli SeaSvelo miwis damuSavebaSi vinmes.
laparakia sazogadoebis fenebis principul statusze da maTi funqciebis
aRrevis principul miuReblobaze. sokrate sagangebod ubrundeba socialuri
kibis safexurebis statikurobis sakiTxs da yovelgvar mobilobas ukve dadgenil
fenebs Soris damRupvelad miiCnevs. rodesac xelosani, an sxva romelime saqmiani
kaci sakuTari unarebis, simdidris, Tu zalisa da gavlenini kavSirebis wyalobiT
imdenad amaRldeba, rom moindomebs mcvelebis fenaSi gadainacvlos an raRac
msgavs moindomeben mcvelebi da mmarTvelebSi gadainacvleben, an, bolos,
romelime erTi adamiani moisurvebs yvelafer amis gakeTebas, aseTi Careva sxvis
saqmeSi, erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris udidesi boroteba da danaSauli
saxelmwifos winaSe, anu usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 434 b-d).
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci
saxelmwifo adamianebisagan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, maTi Tvisebebic Zalze
msgavsi unda iyos. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTliani
saxelmwifo, SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb konkretul
adamianTan mimarTebiT. Tvisebebis msgavsebis Tezisis safuZvelze SeiZleba
visaubroT, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTnoebebi — sibrZne,
vaJkacoba da gamWriaxoba — man adamianebisagan, sakuTari moqalaqeebisagan
SeiZina (“saxelmwifo” 435 e). aqedan platoni gadadis adamianis sulis sami sawyisis
analizze. es sawyisebi koordinaciaSi arian saxelmwifos im ZiriTad TvisebebTan
da saTnoebebTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo saubari. adamianis suli Sedgeba: a)
gonieri nawilisagan (logisticonmeros), romelic adamianis TavSia koncentrirebuli;
b) mrisxanebis nawilisagan (thimoedes), romlis adgili dulSia da, bolos, RviZlSi
myofi ltolvadi nawilisagan (epithymeticon) (“saxelmwifo” 439 d,e). samarTliani
adamianis buneba am Tvisebebis mimarTebis, ufro zustad maT relaciur
urTierTobaSi vlindeba, oRond saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad,
relaciebs aqvT ara gare, aramed sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli xasiaTi. samarTliani
iqneba is adamiani, romelic moaxerxebs TiToeul am awyiss Sesabamisi adgili da
funqcia miuCinos: “... is axerxebs TiToeuls miuzRas is, rac misTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli; mas SeiZlia sakuTari Tavis moTokva, is awesrigebs Tavs da
sakuTari Tavis megobari xdeba; is ise SeuTanadebs Tavisi sulis sam sawyiss
erTmaneTs, rogorc amas akeTeben tkbilxmovanebis sami ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT.
... is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan am sam sawyiss da aRwevs gamWriaxobis da
mowesrigebulobis sakuTriv erTianobas” (“saxelmwifo” 443e).
14
gegmebs ufro metad awyobs. maT veravin aRudgeba win an Seasmens rasme verc caSi
da verc miwaze. rogori gonebis, rogori gulis, rogori unarebisa unda iyos
adamiani, romelic Tavs idebs uzarmazari samefos konstituciis SemuSavebas ...
msgavs situaciaSi ki, rodesac Zalaufleba usazRvroa, xolo misi miznebi ki
gaurkveveli da arc eqvemdebareba gansazRvrebas, zneobrivi borotebis
yoveldRiuri gavrceleba da Zalauflebis mflobeli adamianebis TiTqmis
fizikuri uunaroba Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba, saSineli
ngrevebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes” (17-18).
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da adamianis Rirseba
rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli
safrangeTis revolucia aRiniSna umZafresi SejaxebiT gansxvavebul wodebes
da fenebs Soris. es cnobili Temaa da masze uamravi Sroma dawerila, vTqvaT aseTi
zogadi saTauris qveS — “klasTa brZola”. SeiZleboda am Temaze berkis Tval-
sazriss calke ganvixilavT. amjerad ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli Tanas-
wrobis fenomens, romelic TavisuflebasTan erTad politikis mkvlevarebma
demokratiis safuZvelSi moaTavses.
berki asxvavebs Tanasworobis orgvar gagebas: erTi Tanasworobis revo-
luciur ideals, romelic emyareba ra adamianis uflebebis cnebas, sazogadoebas
qaosisaken ubiZgebs, xolo meore Tanasworobis konservatiul ideals, romelic
Rirsebis grZnobas emyareba da gulisxmobs rangirebis SeanrCunebas sazoga-
doebaSi.
frangulma revoluciam win wamoswia bevri adamiani, romelmac sakuTari
Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod uRalata sakuTar klass, Tavadaznaurobas. inglisSi
revoluciis dros maTi msgvsi pironeba iyo grafi hovardi, romelmac mas Semdeg
rac mravali sikeTe miiRo mefisagan daRupvis piras miiyvana igi. magram hovardis
msgavsebi iSviaT gamonakliss waroadgendnen gansxvavebiT frangebisagan,
romelTa bevrma warCinebulma gvariSvilma mesame wodebaTan kavSirSi xeli
Seuwyo qveynis Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebas. arada, rodesac maRali rangis
pirebi, piradi gamorCenis mizniT, Ralatoben Rirsebis ideals, maTi Semdgomi
yvela saqme siqveles moklebuli xdeba. franguli revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT,
sxva qveynebSi didi socialuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis liderebi miznad ar
isaxavdnen adaminuri Rirsebis fexqveS gaTelvas. isini Sors iyurebodnen.
xangrZlivi istoriis manZlze safrangeTis saocari gamZleoba, didi katakliz-
mebis miuxedavad swrafi aRdgena, swored keTilSobil wodebaze iyo dam-
yarebuli, romelic yvelafris mouxedavad arasdros kargavda sulis simrTeles,
Rirsebas da pativad Tvlida qveynisaTvis samsaxurs. es fena axla safrangeTSi
nadgurdeba. kidev uaresi, revvoluciur xelisuflebas aTvalwunebuli da
damcirebuli yavs yvela is, vinc Rirsebis wesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. “yvela is —
miaCnia berks — vinc rangebis arsebobas esxmis Tavs, verasdros miaRwevs namdvil
Tanasworobas. yvela sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva kategoriis moqala-
qeebisagan Sedgeba, unda dominirebdes erTi. gamTanabreblebi mxolod
amaxinjeben bunebriv wesrigs” (20).
am fonze berki laparakobs evropis mzis Casvenebaze. evropa, romlis oqros
xana ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda raindobis fenomens, ukve warsuls Cabarda. es
epoqa Sescvala sofistebis, ekonomistebis, kantoris moxeleebis epoqam da
Sedegad evropis didebaz samudamod Caqra (33). ras warmoadgenda Zveli
sazogadoebis safuZvelTa safuZveli raindoba? berkis azriT, Zvel raindobaSi
realizebuli iyo mTeli zneobrivi sistema. misi principebi marTalia gareg-
nulad icvlebodnen, ramdenadac icvleboda cxovrebis pirobebi, magram
raindobis arsi agrZelebda arsebobas da berkis dromde zemoqmedebda mTel
Taobebze.
swored es qmnida evropis gamorCeul niSans sxva regionebisagan, Tumca igive
principi brwyinvalebas sZenda ara mxolod aziur imperiebs, aramed,
safiqrebelia, antikuri xanis saxelmwifoebsac. arsebobda feodaluri raindobis
erTgulebis principi, romelic ise ganamtkicebda samefo xelisuflebas, rom
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vasalebs aRar utovebda tiraniis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobas. rogorc ki es
principi moiSala, maSinve daiwyo SeTqmulebebi da mkvlelobebi, konfiskaciebi
da sisxliani angariSsworebebis mTeli rigi, rac yoveli im xelisuflebis
politikur kodeqss Seadgens, romelic arc sakuTar Rirsebas emyareba da arc maT
Rirsebas, vin marTuli inda iyos. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri mosazrebebidan
gamomdiare, mefeebi tiranebad iqcevian, xolo maTi qveSevrdomebi principze
dayrdnobiT meamboxeebad. evropuli civilizacia saukuneebis manZilze
emyareboda or princips — raindobas da religias. maT gareSe Tavisufleba
tiraniad iqceva, codna ampartavan uwignurobad, xolo humanuroba uxeSobad da
velurobad.
Rirsebis principi gasdevda sazogadoebis yvela rangs ise, ar angrevda
rigiTobis sistemas. misi wyalobiT mefe Tavisufled da megobrulad eqceoda
yvela qveSevrdoms ise, rom isinic monuri morCilebis gareSe pasuxobdnen mas.
yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe es principi aqrobda pativmoyvareobis da
ampartavnebis yovlegvar gamovlenas, avaldebulebda monarqs yuri miegdo
sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis, koreqtulobas aiZulebda mkacr xelisuflebas,
agebinebda yvelas, rom manerebi SeiZleba kanonebze mniSvnelovani iyos.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqam goneba umaRles prioritetad aRiara. marTalia
berki arafers ambobs ganmanaTleblobaze, magram laparakobs gonebis Suqze,
romlis brwyinvalebam gaaqro rainduli idealebi. yvela saburavi, romelic
esoden alamazebda cxovrebas daundoblad Camoiglija. samaradJamod moiciles
Tavidan zneobis maragebidan aRebuli yvela ideali, romelic adamianis
mankierebis dafarvas emsaxureboda. isini absurdulad da sasacilod
gamoacxades. am axali xedviT mefe ar aris meti, vidre adamiani, xolo dedofali
ki qali; qali — cxovelze meti araa, xolo cxoveli ar ganekuTvneba umaRlesi
kategoriis arsebas. pativiscema susti sqesis mimarT romantiul bodvad
cxaddeba. mefis mkvlelobis, mamis mkvlelobis da saerTod adamianTa msxverplis
warmoudgeneli mankiereba mxolod gamonagoni da crurwmenaa, romelic xels
uSlis samarTlianobis aRsrulebas. am barbarosuli filosofiiT, romelic
SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod gayinul gulsa da avadmyof gonebaSi
gamoiricxeba yovelgvari sibrZne, gemovneba da keTilSobileba. kanoni unda
emyarebodes SiSs da emsaxurebodaes mas, vinc kanons piradi SurisZiebisa da
interesebis mizniT iyenebs. da es maSin, rodesac Cvevebis da tradiciebis
safuZvlis gareSe kanoni warmoudgenelia. “sazogadoebis zneni da midrekilebebi
— wers berki — zogjer aucilebelni arian rogorc damatebani, zogjer rogorc
koreqtivebi, magram yovelTvis rogorc kanonis safuZvlebi” (34-35).
revolucioner xelisufalTa farisevluri gancxadebebis fonze, adamianTa
bunebiTi uTanaswororobis Zveli platonuri idea, sakmaod naTlad JRers berkis
SexedulebebSi: safrangeTis kanclerma ganacxada, rom yvela profesia sapatioa.
araferia sapatio dalaqisa da farnebis amnTebis profesiaSi, ambobs berki, Tumca
es aravis, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos, ar aZlevs uflebas daCagros am rangis
xalxi. problema ufro sxvaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela wodebis
Tanasworobis motiviT cdiloben qveynis marTva mewaReebs Caabaron. es
gadaudebel problemebs Seqmnis. amgvari qmedebiT fiqroben, rom cru rwmenebis
winaaRmdeg gamodian da sinamdvileSi ki brZoloben bunebis winaaRmdeg — ambobs
berki. Tumca, aqve, Cqarobs Tavisi mosazrebis komentirebas. sazogadoebaSi mis
mier rangebis dacva sulac ar niSnavs mis mier warmomavlobiTi xelisuflebis
dacvas. ZalauflebisaTvis, misi azriT, mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod sibrZnes da
saTnoebas, xolo Tu adamiani misi mflobelia, es imas niSnavs, rom mas
sazogadoebaSi adgilis da Rirsebis mandati zecidan miuRia (21).
ras sTavazobs revoluciuri safrangeTi Tanasworobis am principebis
sanacvlod Tavis moqalaqeebs? raindobis da Rirsebis principebs aq adamianis
uflebebis Tema enacvleba. “isini safuZvelSi deben naRms, romelic daangrevs
yvela Zvel simbolos, Cvevas, qartias, saparlamento aqts. es naRmi — adamianis
uflebebia” (26). magram ra unda hqondes adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego
berks? rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans araferi, radgan berki upirveles yovlisa
adamianis uflebebis profanacias ucxadebs brZolas.
“magram aris ki saubari adamianis namdvil uflebebze? me Zalze Sors var maTi
104
ganmsazRvreli iqneboda axalgazrdis sazogadoebis ama Tu im safexurze
gansaTavseblad, maSin arc zedamxedvelebis gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva gaxdeboda
saWiro saamisod da mTeli sazogadoebac gamokveTil kastebad struqturirebad
xasiaTs miiRebda. magram ramdenadac bavSvebis mSoblebis vinaoba ucnobi rCeba,
sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili unda daikavos am ukve axalgazrda kacma
saxlmwifoSi, gadawydeba misi pirad Tvisebebze, niWsa da talantebze dakvirvebiT
saxelmwifo aRmzrdel-moxeleebis mier.
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea
erT-erTi idea, romelic ganmsazRvrelia klasikuri konservatizmisaTvis,
aris adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi
TvisebebiT ar arian Tanasworni erTmaneTTan. zogierTi dajildovebulia
saocari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogierTi Sromismoyvare da
gamrjea, zogic “samusiko” xelovnebisadmi midrekili. platoni, romelic arsad
ar arRvevs izonomiis, anu kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas,
amave dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze. Tu bunebiTi
uTanasworobis idea, ganmsazRvrelad miviCnieT politikuri konservatizmis
TeoriisaTvis, maSin platoni erT-erT pirvel konservatorad unda CavTvaloT.
igi ara mxolod uSvebs aseTi bunebrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas, aramed am ideas
uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifos socialur organizacias. yovelma adamianma unda
daikavos is adgili saxelmwifos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba
mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli
xdeba swored esaa samarTlianad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is
saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSiac yvela adamians Sesabamisi adgili aqvs
miCenili da ar xdeba sazogadoebrivi fenebis aRreva.
sakiTxis sruli saxiT warmosadgenad dagvrCa erTi kiTxva: ra gansazRvravs
adamianis niWierebas, ra qmnis misi ama Tu im talantis safuZvels? fsiqologiuri
mecniereba icnobs talantis fenomens rogorc faqts, rogorc realobas. ra Tqma
unda, arsebobdnen talantebi da arsebobdnen geniosebic, magram ris gamo, amaze
erTsulovnad sdums rogorc mecniereba, aseve Cveulebrivi gansjac. ufro
metic, Tavad kiTxva SeiZleba mogveCvenos aramarTlzomierad _ faqtia, rom
adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom maT xvadasxva
midrekilebebi gaaCniaT da sruliad uadgiloa imis Zieba, Tu ra iwvevs amas.
iq sadac mecniereba da gansja dums platoni miTs iSveliebs da misi
saSualebiT surs axsnas adamianTa Soris arsebuli bunebiTi uTanasworoba.
platoni gviyveba, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianebi miwisagan da rom
qmnadobis am procesSi zogierTs mieria oqro, zogierTs vercxli, xolo zogsac
rkina da spilenZi. is visac oqro mieria mmarTvelebs unda Seadgenen,
vercxlnarebi xalxi mcvelebad gamodgeba, xolo rkiniTa da spilenZiT
Sezavebulebma xelosnebis da miwaTmoqmedebis rigebi unda Seavson (“saxelmwifo”
414 d, e; 415). yoveli mmarTveli, yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda
zrunavdes ara imis garkvevaze, Tu visi Svilia esa Tu is axalSobili, aramed imaze,
Tu ra Tvisebebi gaaCnia mas da Tu aRmoaCens, rom savaraudod oqronarevi
mSoblebis SvilSi sWarbobs spilenZisa da rkinis xasiaTi, mas Sesabamis
sazogadoebriv fenaSi unda miuCinon adgili. es ki niSnavs, rom raRac saxiT
socialuri mobiloba idealur saxelmwifoSi mainc arsebobs.
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia
axla Cven sakmarisad momzadebulni varT saimisod, rom vilaparakoT
samarTliani saxelmwifos bunebaze da mizanze. mcvelebis cxovrebis aRweris
Semdeg, kiTxvaze — “xom ar iqneba maTi yofacxovrebis normebis aseTi mkacri
reglamentacia gadaWarbebuli?” — sokrate pasuxobs: “roca Cven vayalibebdiT am
saxelmwifos, sulac ar gvsurda gansakuTrebiT bednieri gagvexada misi erTi
13
aq warmomavloba da memkvidreobiToba aris wyalgamyofi, maSin platonis
idealuri saxelmwifos socialuri organizacia gamokveTil kastur xasiaTs
miiRebda _ xelosnad dabadebuli verasdros ver gaxdeba mmarTveli, mcveli an
piriqiT. magram platoni ase ar fiqrobs. konkretuli adamianis romelime
socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebulobis garkveva damokidebulia ojaxis
organizaciasa da am adamianis personalur Tvisebebze. saboloo jamSi, adamiani
ama Tu im fenis wevri misi piradi Tvisebebis da talantis wyalobiT xvdeba, rac
mkacrad kontrolirdeba xelisuflebis mier. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ufro
konkretulad.
3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi
ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema idealuri saxelmwifos erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. koncentrirebuli saxiT es sakiTxebi
ganxilulia mesame da meoTxe wignebSi, Tumca dialogis sxva TavebSiac araerTxel
Sevxvdebi sakiTxis ama Tu im aspeqtis xelaxal ganxilvas.
principSi Znelia ojaxi vuwodoT adamianTa urTierTobis im tips, romelsac
iwonebs platoni. is laparakobs saerTo colebsa da Svilebze da kerZo
sakuTrebis akrZalvaze idealur saxelmwifoSi. kerZo sakuTreba gadaWarbebul
indivilualizms warmoSobs da platonis rwmeniT ver egueba idealuri
saxelmwifos mTavar mizans. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba saxelmwifos mankieri
formebis aRwerisas, rodesac timokratiaze gadasvlis procesSi saerTo,
saxelmwifo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs.
zogadsaxelmwifoebriv doneze mesakuTruli instinqtebis ganuwyveteli zrda da
maTi degradacia fufunebisadmi miswrafebebSi omis wyarod cxaddeba, romelic,
Tavis mxriv platonisaTvis yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis mizezia
(“saxelmwifo” 373-374).
saxelmwifos mmarTvelebs da mcvelebs ekrZalebaT rogorc aucilebelis
garda sxva kerZo sakuTrebis qona, ise col-Svilis yola (platoni naTlad ar
miuTiTebs es akrZalva mxolod mcvelebze vrceldeba Tu saxelmwifos yvela
moqalaqeze, Tumca sakiTxis miseuli logika am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis
sasargeblod laparakobs). saerTo col-Svilis idea srul TanxmobaSia
kerZomesakuTruli suliskveTebis aRmoxvrasTan da dgas igive movlenebis rigSi
rogoricaa mcvelebisaTvis kerZo qonebis ararseboba (“saxelmwifo” 464 c-d). maT
ar unda hqondeT araviTari iseTi sacxovrisi, romelSiac ver SeaRwevda
nebismieri msurveli. sakvebi da sxva aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebi maT unda
miiRon moqalaqeebisagan imis fasad, rom isini icaven samSoblos. isini cxovroben
erTad, albaT, raRac yazarmuli Senobebis msgavsSi rogorc omis, aseve
mSvidobianobis dros. mcvlebs ar unda hqondeT Sexeba oqrosa da vercxlTan. maT
ar unda hqondeT sakuTari saxli, miwa, fuli, raTa isini ar iqcnen msxvil
mepatroneebad da Sinaur mtrebad ar eqcnen sxva moqalaqeebs (“saxelmwifo” 417 a-
b). mcvelebs ekrZalebaT TviTneburad saxelmwifos sazRvrebis datoveba,
heterebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva da a.S. dabadebidan mokle vadis gasvlis
Semdeg, bavSvebs specialurad maTTvis momzadebul SenobebSi ganaTavseben
maTTvis miCenili pirebis mzrunvelobis qveS.
amgvari gadawyvetileba platonis mier gamarTlebulia xolme saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis an sazogadoebaSi gamafebuli saerTo
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis principebis moSveliebiT. vTqvaT im pirobebSi,
rodesac aravin icis vinaa misi Svili an mama, yiveli adamiani mamaSvilur
siyvarul Tanabrad unawilebs erTmaneTs. magram saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sruli
gaurkvevloba adamianTa warmomavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciaciaSi. ra Tqma unda,
mosalodnelia niWieri adamianebis STamomavalic iseTive iyos, rogorc misi
mSoblebi da umeteswilad asedacaa. platoni winaaRmdegi rodia raime
talantebiT dajildoebulma adamianma Sesabamisi adgili daikavos
sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. Cven rom vicodeT bavSvis mSoblebis vinaoba, rac
12
uaryofisagan TeoriaSi da praqtikaSiac mzad var mTeli guliT davuWiro mxari
adamianis relur uflebebs ... rac Seexeba uflebas xelisuflebis gasa-
nawileblad, saxelmwifo saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebas, aq me yovelTvis
ganvagrZob mtkicebas, rom isini mxolod formalurad Sedian samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi adamianis pirdapir da ZiriTad uflebaTa rigSi” (26). Tu xeli-
suflebaSi monawileoba mxolod formaluradaa adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa
rigis Semadgeneli, maSin ra upirates uflebebze SegviZlia visaubroT am
konteqstSi? berki aq ganasxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc adamianTa
Tanaarsebobis bunebiT produqts, Sesabamisad adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aRmocenebuls xelSekrulebis safuZvelze adamianis
uflebebis Sesabamisi gagebiT. rusos ideebze aRmocenebulma frangi revo-
lucionerebis ideologiam adamianis uflebebis swored es ukanaskneli gageba
SearCia. Tu aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis produqtia, maSin SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT raime, rac ukve
nagulisxmebi ar aris xelSekrulebis mier. aseTi sazogadoebis erT-erTi
umTavresi principi ambobs, rom arc erTi adamiani ar gamodgeba mosamarTled
sakuTar saqmeSi. ukve mxolod es erTi principi arTmevs adamians Tavis bunebriv
uflebas, romelic yovelgvari xelSekrulebis miRma dgas, Tavadve gansajos da
daicvas sakuTari interesebi. man uari unda sTqvas Tavdacvazedac — bunebis am
pirvel kanonze — radgan adamians ar SeuZlia erTdroulad isargeblos
civilizirebuli da aracivilizirebuli saxelmwifos uflebebiT (26-27).
saulisxmoa, rom berki am msjelobebidan ar akeTebs calsaxa dadebiT an
uaryofiT daskvnas romelime Teoriis sasargeblod. misi mizania aCvenos rom
adamianis uflebaTa Tema ganyenebuli Teoriuli problemaa, romelze dayrd-
nobiT gaumarTlebelia konkretuli problemebis gadawyveta. mecniereba
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, berkis azriT, ar aris metafizikuri disciplina. is
arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri eqsperimentaluri mecnierebisagan. mas ver
SeviswavliT a priori. piriqiT, politikuri mecniereba, romelic praqtikuli
miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, damokidebulia adamianur gamocdilebaze.
man udidesi sifrTxiliT unda imsjelos sazogadoebrivi Senobis ngrevaze,
romelic saukineebis ganmavlobaSi aigeboda da pasuxobda Tavis daniSnulebas da
kidev ufro meti sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos maSin, romdesac saqme exeba axali
Senobis agebas. adamianis uflebebis Tema abstraqtuli metafizikuri Temaa da
misi realobasTan Sexeba mniSvnelovnad ucvlis mas saxes im donemde, rom
Teoriuli diskusiebi mis Sesaxeb azrs kargavs da absurdul xasiaTs iRebs.
“uflebebi, romlebzedac msjeloben Teoretikosebi — ukiduresobas
warmoadgens; igive doziT, ra doziTac isini metafizikurad sworia, politikis
da moralis kuTxiT yalbad gamoiyureba. ... politikuri goneba xom moqmedebs
gaTvlis principis meSveobiT — is ajamebs, gamoTvlis, amravlebs da yofs ara
metafizikur, aramed realur moralur realobebs ...”(28).
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis revolucias ar gaaCnda is teqnologiebi, rom-
lebic misTvis uzrunvelyofda totalur kontrols individze. da mainc, am
mimarTulebiT man mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. revoluciis logika
gvaswavlis, rom yoveli revoluciuri xelisufleba mosaxleobis sruli
morCilebis misaRwevad epoqis da adgilis Sesabamis samizneebs poulobs. XVIII
saukunis miwurulis frangulma revoluciam aseT samizneebad sakuTrebis da
eklesiis institutebi SearCia. es arCevani sayovelTao da aucilebeli ar aris. is
ufro simboluria.
TavadaznaurobisaTvis sakuTrebis warTmevis mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi rom
ara, eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba sakuTrebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebad
SegveZlo CagveTvala, radgan am droindeli fraguli eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi
mesakuTre iyo. eklesia, ambobs berki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZveli,
sikeTisa da Svebis wyaroa (43). iqneb swored amitomac Seuties mas revoluciis
liderebma.
105
 berkis Sexedulebebi eklesiis funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, namdvilad ar
warmoadgens liberaluri azris ganviTarebis mwvervals. misTvis, visTvisac de-
mokratiuli sazogadoebis elementarul princips warmoadgens eklesiis saxel-
mwifosagan gamoyofa, berkis mtkicebebi miuRebeli iqneba, Tumca isini meore
mxriv, gasagebs xdian berkis gulwrfel aRSfoTebas im damokidebulebis mimarT,
romelsac iCenda franguli revolucia sakuTari qveynis eklesiis mimarT.
inglisSi _ berkis sityvebiT — Cvenamde moRweuli eklesiuri sistemis
farglebSi vcxovrobT. amiT Cven vinarCunebT Zvel adamainur cnobierebas. es
cnobiereba saxelmwifos wminda nagebobad miiCnevs da yvelafers akeTebs mis
SesanarCuneblad, xolo maT, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs, lamis RmerTis
gansaxierebad aRiqvams.
sazogadoebis safuZveli, berkis azriT, marTlac xelSekrulebaa, magram es
aris umaRlesi rangis xelSekruleba, romelsac ver gavutolebT sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis komerciul garigebad interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac es
xelSekruleba nebismier momentSi SeiZleba dairRves, radgan mas safuZvlad
praqtikuli sargeblianoba aqvs (44). saxelmwifo aris gaerTianeba, romlis mizans
adamianTa sasicicxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. aseTi
mizani mravali Taobis urTierTmonacvleobiT Tu miiRweva. amitom,
szogadoebrivi xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindel, warsul da momaval
Taobebs Soris. ufro meti, yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba mxolod erTi rgolia maradiuli sazogadoebis pirveldawyebiTi
xelSekrulebis jaWvSi, romelic xilul da uxilav samyaroebs aerTianebs (45).
RmerTma, vinc Seqmna CvenTvissrulyofili saTnoebebi, Tavisi nebiT Seqmna
saamisod ganxorcielebis piroba — saxelmwifo da moisurva igi dekavSirebina
yovelgvari srulyofilebis umaRles arqetipTan. visac swams umaRlesi nebis
imisa, vinc Tavadaa kanonTa kanoni da mefeTa mefe, ar SeiZleba ar esmodeT, rom
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisadmi erTgulebis da pativiscemis korporaciuli
fici, imavdroulad aris RvTis umaRlesi nebis ariarebac (45).
eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia aseTi teologiuri safuZvlidan ioli
gamosayvania. “eklesias Cven ganvixilavT rogorc iseT raimes, rac mTavari da
imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis da ara rogorc mis xelsayrel
damatebas, romelic iolad SeiZleba misgan gamovacalkeoT, gadavagdoT an
SevinaxoT. ... eklesia da saxelmwifo Cvens warmodgenebSi mouwyvetelia da Znelad
Tu moixsenieba erTi meoris gareSe (45-46).
revoluciurma xelisuflebam eklesiaze ieriSi ori mimarTulebiT miitana.
jer eklesiebis kuTvnili qoneba miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobiT welSi
gawyvetili eklesiis msaxurebi saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcia da xelfasebi
dauniSna.
Tu xalxma erTxel aRiara, rom eklesiis qoneba misi sakuTrebaa, maSin
gaumarTlebelia am qonebis raodenobis xelaxali gadaTvla da Cxreka. rac ar
unda uWirdes britaneTs, darwmunebiT ambobs berki, is arasdros Seecdeba
ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas eklesiis qonebis xarjze (47).
sxvisi qonebis miTvisebam safrangeTSi SamaZrwunebeli masStabebi miiRo.
amasTan, es iyo daufaravi Zarcva saxelmwifos moxeleebis mxridan, radgan is
xorcieldeboda yovelgvari winaswari braldebis da sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebis gareSe. berks kargad esmis saeklesio, Tu kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
warmoebuli omis sazrisi. aSkaraa, rom am operacias, garda qonebis gada-
nawilebisa, miznad naciis damoneba hqonda: “adamianebisaTvis damoukideblobis
warTmeva, maTi iZuleba gaxdnen wyalobis xelisSemyureni — TavisTavad udidesi
sisastikea” (48). da es maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveli da
uZiriTadesi amocana sakuTrebis dacvaa (49). es ki Tvis mxriv, niSnavs, rom
momavali sazogadoebis konturebi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg
ikveTeba, Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementaruli normebisagan.
amasTan, Tu Tvals movadevnebT im sistemas, romliTac nacionaliri asamblea
faravda da aCumaTebda sakuTrebis yovelgvari uflebis Selaxvas safrangeTSi,
miuTiTebs berki, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmovaCenT, rom es moqmedebebi yovelTvis
gamarTlebuli iyo eris interesebiT.
masSemdeg, rac sakuTreba revoluciuri xelisuflebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT
106
terminis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas vxdebiT adam smitis cnobil naSromSi
“erebis simdidris mizezebis Sesaxeb”. Sromis danawilebas, romelzedac aq smiti
laparakobs, aSkarad safuZvlad uZevs egoizmi, romelic, ramdenadme
paradoqsulad manufaqturuli warmoebis pirobebSi “gunduri” moRvaweobis
macementirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. romelime produqtis, vTqvaT
qurTukis, warmoeba, Sromis danawilebas emyareba, vTqvaT erTi akeTebs Rilebs,
meore Wris qsovils, mesame keravs, meoTxe Rebavs da a.S. am drosac TiToeuli
ostati moqmedebs misi sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da dainteresebulia
mxolod imiT, rom awarmoos rac SeiZleba meti produqti da maqsimalurad meti
mogeba naxos Tavisi Sromidan. magram ramdenadac saboloo produqti erTian
Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli yoveli mewarme sxva mewarmis Tanadgomas saWiroebs.
ase yalibdeba SromiTi koleqtivi, romelSiac TiToeuls mxolod sakuTari
interesebi amoZravebs, magram misi realizaciisaTvis aucileblobiT esaWiroeba
sxva.
Sromis danawileba, romelsac adgili aqvs platonis saxelmwifoSi, axlaxans
aRwerils Camohgavs, Tumca is romelime erTi produqtis sawarmoeblad ki ar
xorcieldeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.
miuxdavad imisa, rom platonTan ver vxvdebiT termin “Sromis danawilebis”
konceptualur analizs, Znelia misi roli gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT, radgan mis
safuZvelze sazogadoeba ara mxolod erT mTlianobad ikvreba, aramed iRebs
socialurad diferencirebul xasiaTs. amasTan, sruli saxiT formirebul
saxelmwifoSi Cndeba misi normalurad cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebeli da zedmeti profesiis adamianebi. am ukanasknelTa arseboba
ganpirobebulia fufunebisaken swrafviT an sxva romelime mankierebiT.
“zedmeti” xalxis siaSi xvdebian monadireebi da mimesisis warmomadgenlebi —
poetebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi modeliorebi da sxva (“saxelmwifo” 373 b). am gziT,
platoni saubrobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli fenebis, Tu gnebavT ase vuwodoT,
klasebis Sesaxeb. rogorc SemdgomSi ufro cxadi xdeba, sazogadoebis socialuri
diferenciacia da am fenebis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea, platonis
politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi sazrunavi xdeba. “saxelmwifos” ZiriTadi
sakvlevi Tema — samarTlianobis Tema, rogorc konkretul adamianTan, aseve mTel
saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis calsaxad ukavSirdeba swored socialuri fenebis
harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis princips.
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura
gadavideT axla imis deskripciaze, Tu ra fenebi yalibdeba sazogadoebaSi.
zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena. mmarTvelebi, mcvlebi da Tavisufali
mewarme xalxi. am fenebis aRmniSvneli fenebis terminologia sakmaod
Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba platonis mier. vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mcvelebze
saubrisas, zogjer is iaraRian xalxsac gulisxmobs da mmarTvelebsac. Tumca aman
ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi, radgan es ori fena Tavisi funqcionaluri
datvirTulobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnuli fenebis
mdgomareoba saxelmwifoSi statikuria. fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi,
miuxedavad amisa, platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqturas kasturs
ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erTi romelime saTnoeba.
ase maraliTad, mmarTvelTa fenaSi aseTia sibrZne, mcvelebSi — simamace, xolo
xelosnebsa da miwaTmoqmedebSi — gamWriaxoba. sxvagan (“saxelmwifos” meoTxe
wignSi, 427 e) laparakia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,
gamWriaxobasa da samarTliannobaze. amasTan samarTlianoba imgvar saTnoebad
cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.
ra ganapirobebs sazogadoebis diferenciacias? zemoT aRiniSna, Sromis
diferenciaciis ganmsazRvreli roli da TiTqos kiTxva uadgiloa, magram Cven aq
vgulisxmobT ara zogadad socialuri organizaciis princips, aramed mis
konkretul nairsaxeobas _ riT ganisazRvreba is, rom romelime konkretuli
adamianma Seavso mcvelebis an, vTqvaT, Tavisufali miwamoqmedebis rigebi? Tuki
11
ar CaTvlida adamianad, radgan misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis fysis-i
saxelmwifoSi yofniT realizdeba. magram meore mxriv, glavkonis sityvebidan
isic aSkaraa, rom konvencia saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis wyarod cxaddeba.
amitom Tu orive daSvebas SevinarCunebT, anu, Tu erTi mxriv miviRebT, rom
adamiani, rogorc adamiani, yovelTvis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos wevria da
amave dros davuSvebT, rom saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZveli konvenciaa,
maSin saganTa logika migviyvans Tvalsazrisamde, rom usamarTlo yofiT
adamianebi cxovrobdnen saxelmwifoSi, sadac warmodgena ar hqondaT arc
xelSekrulebaze da arc kanonebze. margam ra saxelmwifo iqneba iseTi
saxelmwifo, sadac araferi ician kanonis Sesaxeb (aq xom laparakia
kanonmdeblobis principul ar arsebobaze da ara imgvar viTarebaze, rogoric
saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, rodesac kanoni ar kanonobs)?
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sakiTxi sxvagvarad gadavWraT da davuSvaT sruli
identoba platonis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. es marTlac agvacilebda bevr
uxerxulobas, Tumca am poziciidan gamomdinareobs, rom platonisaTvis adamiani,
Tavisi bunebiT ar aris sazogadoebrivi arseba, rac Zalze saeWvoa.
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo
aqedan, gadavdivarT sakiTxze, Tu rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo, ra
uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos sicocxliunarianobas? saxelmwifos warmoSobis
gaazreba platonisaTvis aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, inteleqtualuri
eqsperimenti, azrismieri konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis SesaZlo genezisis
warmosadgenad. saqme isaa, rom formula _ “Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT
saxelmwifos warmoSobas, ...” (‘saxelmwifo” 369 a-b), jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom amiT
dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi, rodesac manamde ar arsebobda
saxelmwifo da Semdeg raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.
wina paragrafSi Cven saeWvod gavixadeT adamianis sazogadoebis gareT
arsebobis daSveba. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT saxelmwifos konstruirebis
platoniseul models, vpoulobT damatebiT arguments eWvis sasargeblod.
sokrate ambobs: “me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac TiToeul
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval
sxva raimes. ... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs xan erTs, xanac meores
da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas..
ganicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adamiani raTa erTad
icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba
iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas” (“saxelmwifo” 369 b, c). rogorc vxedavT,
Tuki saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebze daviwyebT fiqrs, pirveli mizezi misi
warmoSobisa, is gaxlavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos
moTxovnilebebi da saamisod saWiroebs sxva mravali adamianis Tanadgomas.
platoni kidev erTxel imeorebs am Tvalsazriss: “modiT gonebaSi avagoT
saxelmwifo sul Tavidan. rogorc Cans mis warmoSobas ganapirobeben Cveni
moTxovnilebebi” (“saxelmwifo” 369 c-d). arada adamianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze
mravalferovania. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli
sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg, bina, tansacmeli da a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad
mogviTxrobs TiToeuli aseTi saWiroebis da mis SeqmnaSi daxelovnebuli xalxis
Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti cxovrebieuli saWiroeba iCens Tavs, sul ufro da ufro
metad rTuldeba sazogadoebis struqtura, magram amasTanave Tavs iCens Sromis
danawilebis principi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis
organizaciasa da erT mTlianobad SekvraSi.
“Sromis danawilebaze” SegviZlia visaubroT ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erTi,
gaxlavT marqsizmSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Sromis danawilebas
ukavSirebda sazogadoebrivi formaciebis koncepts da Sromis danawilebaze
laparakobda zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobiT. fiqrobdnen, rom momTabare
cxovrebidan adamianebi gadavidnen jer mesaqonleobaze, Semdeg miwaTmoq-
medebaze da a.S.
10
nominalurad saxelmwifom iTava moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa,
radgan ekonomikur saxsars moklebuli adamianebi damoukidebeli individebidan
saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul msaxurebad iqcnen. ra warmatebas miaRwia
xelisuflebam am mimarTulebiT gasagebi gaxdeba moqalaqeTa saxelfaso da
sapensio uzrunvelyofiT. pensia, ambobs berki, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxel-
mwifosaTvis gaweuli msaxurebis kompensacia. misi gacema iseTive valdebulebaa
saxelmwifosi, rogorc avansad gacemuli msxvili kapitalis dabruneba.
ubedureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionaluri asam-
blea Tavad wyvts ra saxis samsaxurisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli pensiis da xelfasis
gacema. Sedegad gamoCndnen didi raodenobis adamianebi, visac xelisufleba im
Tanxebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvis uflebas aZlevs, romelic na-
cionalurma asambleam qonebis konfiskaciiT moipova. xolo rac Seexeba maT, vinc
puris fuls iTxovs, romelic srulad daimsaxura saxelmwifosaTvis sisxlis
TxeviT, maT eubnebian, rom isini emsaxurnen reJims, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs.
sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi Seexo
Tavadaznaurobas da ubralo xalxs. rac Seexeba kapitals, safrangeTis mesame
wodebas, rogorc isini Tavad, aseve maTi kapitali uvnebeli gadarCa. amis mizezi
franguli revoluciis “klasTa brZolis” specifikaSi mdgomareobs. da axla
gvinda mokled masze SevCerdeT. Tumca mravlismetyvelia Tavad is faqti, rom
gamarjvebulma axalma xelisuflebam qonebis konfiskacia SerCeviT da
politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela.
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi”
berki mokled aRwers safrangeTis revoluciis mamoZravebel dajgufebebs,
maT interesebs da ZalTa ganlagebas.
franguli monarqiis specifiur niSans warmoadgenda ukiduresi dapirispi-
reba mowaTmflobelebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. gansxvavebiT didi bri-
taneTisagan, sadac miwaTmflobelebi Tavad iqcnen umsxviles kapitalistebad,
safrangeTSi es ori klasi, e.w. meore da mesame wodeba gancalkevebulad idga. maT
ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi. kapitalis mflobeli wodeba ver Seegua azrs, rom mas
samefoSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ekava da droTa ganmavlobaSi, moRo-
nierebis kvalad, ieriSi miitana Tavadaznaurobaze, eklesiasa da samefo
xelisuflebaze. swored amiT aixsneba, rom revoluciurma xelisuflebam
gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina saTavadaznauro da saeklesio sakuTrebis
mimarT da revoluciis damfinansebeli burJuazia uvnebeli datova. sastik
brZolaSi gamarjvebuli burJuazia gamovida, radgan, berkis azriT, kapitalis
mflobeli Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro riskiania da kargad egueba siaxleebs da
gardaqmnebs. mesame wodebis garda, franguli revoluciis warmatebaSi didi
roli Seasrules e.w. “politikurma mwerlebma”, romlebic aliansSi Sevidnen
kapitalistebTan da mravalmxriv uzrunvelyves revoluciis warmateba. vnaxoT,
Tu vin arian es “literaturuli politikosebi”
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi
yovel Rrma socialur cvlilebas win unda uZRodes cvlileba adamianTa
gonebaSi. socialuri revolucia ar moxdeba inteleqtualuri revoluciis
gareSe, Rrma politikuri reforma sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mzaobis gareSe,
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba romelime socialuri jgufis dakveTis gareSe. yvela
SemTxvevaSi adamianebisaTvis arsebuli realoba autaneli da mouTmeneli unda
gaxdes, aucilebeli ar aris mis namdvil, adeqvatur gaazrebaSi, aramed savsebiT
sakmarisia mis iseT kopirebaSi, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. cxadia aq
saubaria adamianis gonebis manipulirebaze. am mimarTulebiT dRes arsebuli
yvelaze qmediTi saSualebebi R teqnologiebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ra Tqma unda,
berks aseTi termini ar gaaCnia, magram rasac is gulisxmobs “literaturul
politikosebSi”, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas ori saukunis winandel R
107
teqnologiebad. miT ufro, rom jer erTi, rogorc davrwmundebiT am
teqnologiebis strategia (da ara taqtikur, teqnologiuri novaciebi) didad ar
Secvlila da meore, sakuTriv politikuri werili dRemde rCeba teqnologiebis
mniSvnelovan Semadgenel elenementad.
franguli revoluciis literaturuli politikosebi dRes yvelasaTvis
cnobili xalxia. Tumca berki arc erT maTgans amgvarad ar axsenebs, magram
gasagebia, rom aq saqme exeba rusos, didros, volters helveciuss da maTi saqmis
gamgrZeleblebs revoluciis periodSi. berkis daxasiaTebit, es aris Tavis
gamocenis moyvaruli xalxi, romelmac ludoviko XIV-is sikvdilis Semdeg
dakarga taxtis keTilganwyoba. arc regenti da arc taxtis memkvidre ar iCenda
interess maTi naazrevisadmi. amis sapasuxod maT Tavi anebes samefi karisadmi
tradiciul keklucobas.
literaturuli politikosebis Sorsmimaval gegmebs Zalze Seuwyo xeli ori
franguli akademiis gaerTianebam da enciklopediis gamocemem. am litera-
turulma jgufmagarkveuli xnis win SeimuSava qristianuli religiis ngrevis
programa da antiesklesiur moRvaweobas iseTi TavdadebiT Seudga, rogoric
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod religiuri fanatizmisaTvis.
eklesiaze pirvelma Setevam, romelic mourideblad ganxorcielda, ar
gaamarTla. rac ar gamovida uecari SeteviT, misi ganxorcieleba meToduri ngre-
viT gadawyda. am mizniT gadawyda sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba. sazo-
gadoebrivi azris samarTavad aucilebeli gaxda imaTi daqvemdebareba, vinc
sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis.
Sesabamisad, maTi pirveli nabiji iyo literaturuli didebisaken mimavali
yvela gzis xelSi Cagdeba. zogierTma, aRiarebs berki, marTlac moaxerxa mec-
nierebisa da literaturis simaRleebis dalaSqvra, msoflio saxelis mopoveba,
risi wyalobiTac patiobdnen an nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen maTi saxifaTo
miznebis daufarav gamocxadebas. am keTilSobilebas maT imiT upasuxes, rom
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi mimdevrebisaTvis SeeqmnaT erTaderTi Wkviani, ganaT-
lebuli da gemovnebiani xalxis reputacia. gamorCeulobisadmi es maniakaluri
miswrafeba, gvarwmunebs berki, ara nakleb damRupveli aRmoCnda literaturisa
da gemovnebisaTvis, vidre filosofiisa da zneobisaTvis. maTi gamosvlebis Ziri-
Tadi forma qadageba iyo. susti da ZirisgamomTxreli argumentacia intrigebiT
iniRbeboda. amas, rogorc Cans aucilebel elementad daerTo oponentebis Savi R,
anu, rogorc Tavad berki wers: “literaturuli monopoliis sistemas maT dau-
mates nebismieri saSualebebiT yvela imis umowyalo gaSaveba da diskreditacia,
vinc ar iziarebda maT partias. maT qmedebebze xangrZlivi dakvirveba jer kidev
didi xnis win iZleoda saSualebas dagveskvna, rom maT akldaT mxolod
xelisufleba, raTa literaturuli Seuwynareblobidan gadasuliyvnen Tavisi
metoqeebis sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebis da sicocxlis pirdapir devnaze” (51-52).
am adamianebs axlo mimowera hqonaT evropis monarqebTan, maT Soris prusiis
mefesTan. am ukanaskneli mimoweris masalebze dayrdnobiT berki SeniSnavs, rom am
xalxisaTvis sul erTi iyo, safragneTis samefos Signidan, revoluciiT daangrev-
dnen, Tu ucxotemeli despotis xeliT. igive mizniT, ra mizniTac ikavSIrdebodnen
ucxoel monarqebs, es xalxi daukavSIrda sakuTari qveynis kapitalistebs da am
ukanasknelTa finansebze dapyrobiT, isini gaaTkecebuli ZaliT Seudgnen
sazogadoebrivi azris dapyrobas da unda iTqvas sakmao warmatebiTac radgan
droTa ganmavlobaSi didad gaiwvrTnen demagogiaSi, rodesac yovelmxriv
autanlad xatavdnen RaribTa mdgomareobas da monarqebis mankierebas.
amrigad, fraguli revoluciis saTaveSi ZiriTadad es ori jgufi — kapi-
talistebi da politikuri literatorebi aRmoCndnen. mwerlebi, SeniSnavs berki,
rodesac isini erTad moqmedeben, uzarmazar zegavlenas iqonieben adamianTa
gonebaze. da am mwerlebis kavSirma kapitalistebTan uzrunvelyo is rom masebi
loialurad ganewyvnen im tipis qonebisadmi, rogorsac kapitali warmoadgenda.
literatura:
1. Эдмунд Берк. Размышления о революции во франции и заседаниях некоторых
обществ в Лондоне, относящихся к этим событиям. М. «Рудомино» , 1993.
108
adre aTvisebuli meTodis mixedviT: Tuki sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, aqac rTuls
Semadgenel elementebad (mTelis umcires nawilakebad) davanawilebT da
davakvirdebiT risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vnaxavT, Tu riT
gansxvavdebian CamoTvlili cnebebi erTmaneTisagan da SeiZleba Tu ara maT
ukeTesi axsna mivceT” (1252a 20-30).
Tumca am sakiTxze aristoteles Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ufro farTod
visaubrebT, ukve aq SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adamianis saxelmwifosTan
mimarTeba, romelic gaiazreba nawilis mTelTan mimarTebis konteqstSi,
platonis skolis mxolod zogadmeTodologiuri principebis dacvis motiviTac
rom Semodiodes kvlevis arealSi da mas ar hqondes ufro siRrmiseuli axsna (rac,
rogorc Cven aristoteles politikuri Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas SevecdebiT,
ase ar aris), erTi ram mainc cxadia _ adamianis gageba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos
gagebis safuZvelze da mxolod mis konteqstSi.
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema
amrigad, zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, jer unda gamovikvlioT, Tu ras
warmoadgens samarTliani saxelmwifo da mxolod amis Semdeg gadavideT
“marTali kacis” bunebis gagebaze. samarTlianobis sakiTxis saxelmwifos mimarT
dasma mravali SesaZlo interpretaciis molodins badebs. magaliTad,
saxelmwifos samarTlianoba sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, samarTlianoba
marTlwesrigis dacvis (vTqvaT, izonomiis principis dacvis, anu kanonis winaSe
yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovnis) TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianoba sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenebs Soris urTierT- damokidebulebis kuTxiT da a.S. da a.S. is, Tu
romel Temas Tvlis prioritetulad platoni TandaTan gaxdeba cnobili. margam
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos samarTlianobaze an arasamarTlianobaze visaubroT,
jer Tavad saxelmwifoze unda SeviqmnaT swori Tvalsazrsi. es moTxovna
platonisaTvis daiSleba or qvesakiTxad. erTi, is Tu rogor yalibleba
saxelmwifo da meore is, Tu ra aZlevs adamianTa erTobas iseT safuZvels,
romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. SevexoT jer am ukanasknel sakiTxs.
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi
platons miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos safuZvelSi konvencionaluri sawyisi Zevs.
es Tvalsazrisi, romelic bevrs liberaluri politikuri filosofiis novacia
hgonia, savsebiT naTlad aqvs gamoTqmuli platons glavkonis piriT: “mas Semdeg
rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTlianadac da
arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisgan, maSin ... maT
mizanSewonilad CasTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomavlod arc usamarTloba
CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan. aqedan diwyo kanonmdebloba da
xelSekruleba” (“saxelmwifo” 359 a). TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gaimeorebs
ramdenime saukunis Semdeg “leviaTanSi” Tomas hobsi, rodesac surs aRweros
adamianTa gadasvla bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze, anu
politikur mdgomareobaze. Tu bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, hobsis
mixedviT, adamianTSorisi urTierToba emyareba princips —“adamiani
adamianisaTvis mgelia”, rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi samoqalaqo anu politikur mdgomareobaze
(rac hobsisaTvis erTi da igivea) gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT
cxovroben.
aq arsebobs erTi problema, romelic SegviZlia Semdomi kvlevis molodinSi
Riad davtovoT. erTi mxriv, aSkara msgavsebis miuxedavad, Cven vfiqrobT, rom
mainc arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba sakiTxisadmi hobsis da platonis
midgomebs Soris. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani platonis mixedviT ar
aris veluri. is, rom adamianebi usamarTlod eqcevian erTmaneTs, sulac ar
niSnavs maT saxelmwifos gareT arsebobas. mxecuri yofis mqone velurs platoni
9
 1.samarTlianobis problema
platonis saxelmwifo aTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi, sadac sakiTxis
dasmaa warmodgenili mosaubreTa sakmaod vrceli wres vxvdebiT. sxva dialogebis
msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss aqac sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs.
“saxelmwifos” sawyis kiTxvaze: “ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani
kaci?” — platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mimoixilavs, xolo Semdeg
iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemas. amasTan, kiTxva Tavidan adamianT-
Soris samoqmedo normas daesmis ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli aspeqtis dadgenis
mizniT, aramed misi mravalferovani yofiTi mxareebis saCvenebladac. vTqvaT,
“Tuki vinme marTlac cxovrobs samarTlianad, ra xeiri aqvs amisagan”? kiTxvaze
gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan zogierTi gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mdgradi da “Zalze
adamianuri” xasiaTis gamo. platonis epoqis msgavsad, Cvens droSiac Zalze bevri
adamianis eTosisaTvisaa ganmsazRvreli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac icavs Trasimaqe:
samarTlianad cxovreba Zalze wamgebiania. usamarTlobis Cadena adamianebs ar
SeuZliaT ara TavianTi keTilSobilebis, aramed ufro ususurobis gamo.
samarTlianoba keTilSobili sibriyve (3. 348 d) an umaRlesi gulubryvilobaa (2.
348 d). xolo usamarTloba ki ufro saR azrs emyareba da momgebian qcevas
uzrunvelyofs. ase, magaliTad, urTierTvaldebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqmes erTad uZRvebian samarTliani da arasamarTliani, verasdros
aRmoaCenT, rom saboloo gaangariSebisas, samarTlian kacs ufro meti moegos,
vidre arasamarTlians. am ukanasknels yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba. igive
viTarebaa saxelmwifos mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi: samar-
Tlians ufro meti Seaqvs, vidre arasamarTlians, magram, rodesac saxelmwifoa
maT mimarT valdebuli, samarTilans yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba da a. S.
sokrates piriT, platoni yvela msgavsi mosazrebebis gabaTilebas sakmaod
efeqturad axerxebs. amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva sul ufro d ufro metad scil-
deba yofiT situaciebis aRwerebs. samarTlianobis problema axla ganixileba
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis konteqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
argumentacia sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba, platons sakiTxis ganxilva
Tvisebrivad ufro maRal doneze gadayavs mas Semdeg, rac sokrate zogadi
meTodologiuri principis Sesabamisad moiTxovs jer SeviswavloT mTeli, xolo
Semdeg misi nawili, anu samarTlianobis sakiTxi jer ganvixiloT saxelmwifos
mimarT da amis Semdeg davubrundeT igive sakiTxis ganxilvas konkretul,
adamianis doneze.
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis
zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma
nawilis mTelis konteqstSi ganxilvis moTxovna kvlevis zogadmeTodo-
logiuri paradigmaa. jer unda SeviswavloT mTeli, Semdeg misi nawili. Sesabamisi
principis gavrceleba samarTliani kacis fenomenis dasadgenad, jer unda
SeviswavloT, Tu romeli saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba samarTlianoba da mxolod
amis Semdeg davadginoT, Tu romeli adamiani iqneba samarTliani. “saxelmwifoSi”
platoni am paradigmis Taobaze gakvriT saubrobs: “Cven vTvliT, rom samarT-
lianoba calkeul adamians aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba is mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis iyos
damaxasiaTebeli. ... saxelmwifo ki calkeul adamianze ufro didia. ... ase, rom
savaraudia samarTlianoba ufro did zomebs miiRebs imaSi, rac ufro didia da aq
misi Seswavla gacilebiT ioli iqneba. amitom, Tu gnebavT, modiT, jer
SeviswavloT ra aris samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebSi da Semdeg igive ganvixiloT
calkeul adamianTan dakavSirebiT, anu mcires ideaSi movniSnoT didi ideis
msgavseba” (368 a-369 a). marTlac, “saxelmwifos” momdevno striqonebze kvlevis
mimarTulebis gadanacvleba adamanidan saxelmwifoze calsaxad fiqsirdeba.
msgavssave zogadmeTodologiur princips emyareba Tavis “politikaSi”
aristotelec, romelic ufro mkveTrad warmoadgens xolme meTodologiur
moTxovnebs. is wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT
8 109
Mamuka Bichashvili
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY
(Summary)
After a period of dormancy, the political theory is beginning to reemerge as an existing
field of theoretical study in Georgia. The given course of lectures manifests this emergence.
The aim and the main idea of course are to provide a collection of both classical and non-
classical authors in order to bring the resources available in the field up to New Time political
theory. Almost theories of ten authors from Plato’s “Republic” to Rousseau’s “Contract
Social” are discussed during the course. The course has the following structure:
Introduction.
” There is given a general plan of the followed of lectures in Introduction. We have
outlined two basic approaches to the study of politics. One of them, Political Philosophy, its
carries the name not only to works of old philosophers, but mostly on the basis of its
methodology. Political Philosophy presents more balanced picture of the politics mainly
oriented to the abstract inquiry of the possible world. Such terms, as “phenomenon”,
“essence”, “value” and so on, have very constructive power for such kind of theories.
Scholars recognized in Political Philosophy the great importance of closer ties between
philosophical outlook and ongoing political practice as well as renewed interest in traditional
debates about the character of relationship between nature and social world. Political
Philosophy begins with the question: what it should be a person’s relationship to state and
society or to government and rulers. It generates visions of the good social life: of what it
should be the ruling set of values and institutions. The subject matter is broad and connects
readily with various branches of sub-disciplines of philosophy including philosophy of law
and economics.
In according philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide
between those, who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological
holists. Methodological individualists seek to explain social actions and behavior in terms of
individual action; meanwhile holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of
group.
The next important methodological question relates both epistemologies as well as to
ethics is the role that reason plays in social affairs. Positions we have got may be
characterized as rationalism and irrationalism. Political rationalism emphasizes the
employment of reason in social affairs: that individuals ought to submit the logic and
universality of reason rather then their own subjective or cultural preconceptions.
Irrationalists, from their side are criticizing rationalists for ignoring the intellectual and social
heritage that often lies beneath contemporary society.
Many authors distinguish Political Science from Political Philosophy. Political Science
predominantly deals with existing states of affairs and insofar as it is possible tries to be
neutral in its descriptions: it seeks a positive analysis of such social events as constitutional
issues, voting behavior, the balance of power etc.
Political Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of empirical science, empirical theory.
Observation and correct description of ongoing political events are its main sources. Further,
the attempt to unify a wide variety of political data, under significant theoretical framework, if
successful, would give a deeper understanding of political reality and would provide powerful
theories with the useful explanatory power.
Offering a difference between Political Philosophy and Political Theory, we do not mean,
that there are two kinds of theories, having nothing in common. Contrary, we have to take
into account, that these theories are distinct not by their object (object is the same for both
cases – the political event), but by their methodology, mode of approaches. Theories of
Hanna Arendt and Max Weber are good examples of such different approaches and for us,
both are very useful.
Plato’s “Republic”.
Although “Republic” is not a single work of Plato in the field of politics, we discussed
mainly just this work, because of its complete character. First of all, we have to note, that
English title of Plato’s main political work, “Republic”, that comes from its Latin equivalent, is
not absolutely correct. The author uses title “Politeia”, that can be translated not only as
“Republic”, but also as “Regime”, or much more better as “Constitution”, “State”, “Society”. At
any case, Plato was writing about state or about society. Plato begins his inquiry with the
problem of justice for individual and with the same problem for the city-state i.e. his interest
moves to the problems of moral and social character. What he needs to do, first of all, is to
explore the basis of social and moral obligation
. We try to explain why Plato comes from the first question to more complicate
discussion concerning the state. As a matter of fact, Plato begins his theory of just man by
assuming an important parallelism between the city and the individual. He was thinking
ahead of the greatest possible unity of the city. Summarize the position he arrived at the
position, that the just city is not a self-subsisting being like the idea of justice, located so to
speak in a super heavenly place. Its status is rather like that of perfectly beautiful human
being. By an analysis of the elements in the human mind Plato maintained the idea, that its
well-being, full development and happiness are to be secured by doing right and not by
doing wrong, to prove thereby that virtue is its own reward. All other kinds of rewards,
including rewards and punishments after death, are merely secondary consideration.
The elements of mind, which theorist has to take into account are threefold and it has
been suggested that threefold division is a more or less arbitrary reflection into the individual
of the thee classes into which his state is organized. But, what is the class and how does the
class system work in society – is the next question where we come by the previous analysis.
We try to show, that Plato divides citizens not by their incomes, but by their occupations.
Under this criteria all members of the city-state divides into three main parts: rulers,
guardians and the rest population (excluding, of course, slaves). Such division of people
presupposes definite order of subordination among them. We may say, that Plato’s class
system represents a hierarchic society, but not cast system, because for individual it is
allowed to move from one, for example low class, into another upper classes. Such kind of
social mobility is depended on personal abilities of individual.
In some passages Plato speaks about upper classes (rulers and guardians) so, as if his
three classes are not so much three as two, one of which is further sub-divided. Plato writes
too much on morality and education system for upper classes, in despite of third class, which
he does not tell us much. Only thing we know about the members of this class is that they
are not working class, but some, who are engaged in economical activities. All they allowed
to own property. Their function is to provide for the material and economic needs of the
community. Their main virtue is obedience and they are under strict control.
How the city-state grew up? – Is one more important question discussed by Plato? The
state arose under the natural conditions of perfect being. The state is a whole and human
being is a part of that whole and always is realizing himself in the rank of citizenship of the
city. City-state is a natural unification of the people. Although the state arose in a natural
way, the mode of its functioning is completely conventional. According to Plato, there are five
kinds of regime: (1) kingdom or aristocracy, the rule of the best man, or the best men, that is
directed toward goodness or, virtue, by the regime of the just city; (2) Thimocracy, the rule of
lovers of honor or of the ambitious men which is directed toward superiority or victory; (3)
Oligarchy or the rule of the rich, in which wealth is most highly esteemed; (4) Tyranny, the
rule of the completely unjust man, in which unqualified and unashamed injustice holds away.
The descending order of the five kind of regime is modeled on Hesiod’s descending order of
five races of men: the races of gold, of silver, of bronze, the divine race of heroes, and the
iron race.
Now we know much more about the positive answer on Plato’s main question – “What is
the justice for the city-state”? In the case of individual, it consists of keeping a proper
balance among three elements of soul; each will then be doing its own job. True morality
consists, in fact, in giving due satisfaction to the different elements in us and preventing any
of them dominating at the expense of the others. The justice is defined as minding
individuals own business, fulfill his proper function in society.
110
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”
Sesavali. politikuri filosofiis gadmocemas platonis saxelmwifos
TeoriiT daviwyebT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda ufro adreuli avtorisaTvis,
vTqvaT, TukididesaTvis migvemarTa, magram Cven arCevans platonze SevaCerebT
misi Teoriis srulyofili da sistematuri xasiaTis gamo. Tanac damokidebuleba
platonis “saxelmwifosadmi”, romelic Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagania, orgvari
SeiZleba iyos. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am dialogs saTanado adgili
uWiravs mTel platonis filosofiur sistemaSi. meore mxriv, isedac SegviZlia
mas SevxedoT, rom ramdenadac am naSromSi platoni wminda politikuri xasiaTis
sakiTxebis garda, maTive siRrmiseuli gadmocemisaTvis da maT konteqstSi, exeba
Tavisi filosofiuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela danarCen mniSvnelovan problemas,
“saxelmwifo” platonis filosofiis ZiriTadi mizania. platonis Sexedulebebis
gadmocemiT politikuri Teoriis dawyeba savsebiT gamarTlebulad gveCveneba,
radgan orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom platoni politikuri
xasiaTis sakiTxebs sxvaTa Soris ki ar yveba, aramed, savsebiT mizandasaxulad
warmogvidgens maT rogorc adamianis msoflmxedvelobis (gnebavT am SemTxvevaSi
sul erTi iyos) organul, Tu damagvirgvinebel Temad. es ki politikuri
TviTcnobirebis aSkara manifestaciaa, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod
cxovroben politikurad, aramed ician amis Sesaxeb da fiqroben politikuri
cxovrebis avkargianobaze. politikuris fenomenis aseTi refleqsuri xasiaTi ki
Zalze mniSvnelovani sawyisia politikis TeoriisaTvis.
platonis politikuri Teoriis srulyofili gageba, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs
“saxelmwifos” garda, sxva dialogebis, pirvel rigSi, albaT, “kanonebis”
analizzsac, magram msgavsi detalizacia Zalze scildeba Cvens miznebs.
SemovizRudebiT “saxelmwifos” politikuri sakiTxebiT da sxva problemebs
mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs sagnis gadmocemis logika.
am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, vidre uSualod “saxelmwifoze” gadavidodeT, gvinda
oriode sityviT SevexoT politikuri problemebisadmi platoniseul midgomas,
ramac gansazRvra politikuri filosofiis magistraluri xazi makiavelamde.
platonis saxelmwifos idealur saxelmwifos uwodeben. amgvar daxasiaTebas
orgvari, Tanac erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi mniSvneloba aqvs. jer erTi,
“idealuri” niSnavs saukeTesos, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT da,
platonis CanafiqriT, saxelmwifos misi proeqti marTlac saukeTeso iyo yvela
SesaZlo, maT Soris arsebul, saxelmwifoTa Soris. daxasiaTebis meore
mniSvnelobiT, platonis saxelmwifo idealuria rogorc ara realurad arsebuli
saxelmwifos aRwera, aramed rogorc gadmocema im politikuri struqturebisa,
romelic arsebobs mxolod rogorc idea. xolo platonisaTvis is, rac arsebobs
rogorc idea, amave dros flobs Tavis gvarSi saukeTesod arsebobis wess. imis
gasagebad, Tu ratom miudga sakiTxs platoni amgvarad, dainteresebul
mkiTxvels mouwevs platonis ideebis TeoriaSi garkveva, risi gadmocemac Cvens
miznebs scildeba. CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia miTiTeba imaze, rom platonis
Semdgomi politikuri mwerloba makiavelamde, idealuri saxelmwifoebis “proeq-
tirebiT” iyo dakavebuli da Tuki exebodnen realurad arsebul politikur
urTierTobebs mxolod imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT idealuris buneba.
aqedan ar unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom platoni utopistia. arada arsebobs
garkveuli tradicia, romelic platonis politikuri filosofiis swored aseT
interpretacias gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc platonis idealuri saxelmwifo, ra
Tqma unda, Tomas moris utopiac ar arsebula sanamdvileSi, margam utopiisagan
gansxvavebiT, idealuri saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mxolod ocnebis, adamianis
fantaziis da proeqtirebis sferos. rogori problematuric ar unda iyos kavSiri
idealur da realur sagnebs Soris (da misi problematuri xasiaTi savsebiT naTlad
iyo gacnobierebuli Tavad platonis, Semdeg ukve misi mowafeebis mier), erT rameSi
SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom idealur sagnebsa da realur sagnebs Soris,
maT Soris idealur saxelmwifosa da realur saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri
platonis filosofiiT garantirebulia da, rom “idealurTan“ “ar arsebulis”
konotacia pirveli terminis moxmarebis mxolod periferiul ubnebzea dasaZebni.
7
saubrobs ara faqtebze, aramed xdomilebebze, rogorc TanmimdevrobaTa
konstelaciebze. politikuri filosofia marTalia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis
samyaros kvlevas, magram is mainc orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis
RirebulebiT orientaciebis Seswavlaze. xdomilebebi aq gaigeba politikur
qcevaTa SesaZleblobebad da adamianis moqmedebis orientirebad gaiazreba.
politikis Teoriis da politikuri filosofiis gamijvniT, Cven sulac ar
vamzadebT niadags saimisod, rom SemdegSi arCevani gavakeToT maT Soris an
vTqvaT, rom politikuri Teoria misi empiriuli xasiaTis gamo nakleb-
mniSvnelovania da zedapiruli an piriqiT, rom politikis filosofias araviTari
kavSiri ara aqvs realobasTan daswored misi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamo
ocnebis, utopiis sferos miekuTvneba (saTanado Zalisxmevis gareSe, Znelad Tu
ipovnis vinme raime gamorCeulad filosofiurs Tomas moris “utopiaSi”). Cven
midgomebs Soris gansxvaveba davafiqsireT da SemdgomSi gadmocemT rogorc im
avtorebs, vinc politikuri Teorias ayalibebda, aseve im avtorebsac, vinc
amjobinebda filosofiur midgomas.
gansxvaveba politikur Teoriasa da politikur filosofias Soris ar aris
gansxvaveba sagnis mixedviT. rogorc erTis, aseve meoris sagani erTi garkveuli
movlenebis, politikuri movlenebis rigia. maTi Seswavlis obieqti erTia —
politikuri. amitom, Tuki Cven mainc vlaparakobT maT Soris gamsxvavebaze, es
imitom, rom ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Seswavlis obieqtisadmi TiToeulis
midgomis specifikaSi, maT meTodilogiur principebSi mdgomareobs, rogorc es,
imedi gvaqvs, zemoT moyvanili daxasiaTebidanac kargad Cans. amgvari
gansxvavebuli midgomis nimuSebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT erTi mxriv, hana
arendis normatiuli midgoma Zalauflebis sakiTxisadmi, vTqvaT, naSromSi
“Human Condition” da meore mxriv, igive sakiTxis empiriul bazisze warmoebuli
analizi maqs veberisa. amrigad, erTi da igive obieqti politikurisa,
gansxvaveuli midgomebiT Seiswavleba da swored amaSi unda veZeboT diferenci
politikur filosofiasa da politikur Teorias Soris.
radganac orive Teorias erTi da igive Seswavlis obieqti aqvs, gvmarTebs es
sferoc SemovsazRvroT. modiT vikiTxoT, ra aris politikuri, ra saxis
xdomilebebze, movlenebze vsaubrobT, rodesac vsaubrobT politikurze?
ra Tqma unda, aqac SeiZleba gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebze, gansxvavebul
definiciebze SevCerdeT. magaliTad, Tu aviRebdiT politikuris aristotelur
daxasiaTebas, romelic aqcentirebas polisis fenomenze, berZnul qalaq-saxel-
mwifosa da misi kanonebiT cxovrebaze axdens. an, Tu, vTqvaT, amisgan gansxvavebiT,
SevCerdebiT politikuris im gagebaze, romelic aqvs karl Smits, romelic
politikurs megobroba-mtrobis konteqstSi iazrebs. davakvirdeT maTi kvlevis
areals da iolad aRmovaCenT, rom maT (iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebis) Tval-
sazrisebSi ganxilvis sakiTxebis mTeli wyeba identuria. es ki saSualebas
gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom politikurTan saqme gvaqvs im da swored im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ganixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da am
Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan gamomdinare, iseTi problemebis rigi, rogo-
ricaa: saxelmwifo, mmarTvelobis formebi da saxeebi, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis
problema da a.S.
6 111
According to Plato’s methodological parallelism between individual and society, what is
true about individual, is also true about society in the city-state. So, on the basic question –
“which city-state is just?’ - Plato’s final answer sounds like this: the state is just, when and
only when each class and element in society is fulfill its proper function.
Plato had very specific position about family and private property. Plato’s analysis of
these phenomena defined further hot discussion about his being or not being totalitarian.
Although, what Plato wrote on this subject deals only with two upper classes. The third class,
presumable, lives under standard arrangements.
Plato’s specific position, concerning guardians and rulers, presupposes that among
them both family and private property are to be abolished. It seems, Plato thought that
private interest and private affections distracted man from his duty to community. According
Plato the wealth is nothing, but a main cause of destruction of social stability.
Aristotle - “Politics”
Aristotle was a most gifted with sense student of Plato. He played very important role in
development of Plato’s philosophy, although in some decisive questions his own position
was evidently different. All this is true concerning to the problems of political philosophy. For
example, Aristotle abandoned Plato’s theory of family and private property. It seems that the
main reason of his different position was his belief that no ruler could necessarily get rid of
evils by changing institutions of society. The evil might be in human nature and not in a
system of private property. For Aristotle the instinct to possess was natural and provided it
did not degenerate into selfishness. The common property is apt to be treated not with the
care given to something, which is our own, but with the careless so often shown to what
belong to other people.
Such disagreement between teacher and pupil in ancient time was very ordinary one.
Aristotle himself was a teacher of Alexander the Great. Alexander brought to an end the kind
of world, which had been presupposed by the theory of Aristotle – A world in which the basic
political unit was the independent self-sufficient polis, a world in which the distinction
between Greek and barbarian was fundamental.
All this is only one example of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle. There are
many others. But for Aristotle the critic of Plato was not self-reasonable thing. He made
valuable contribution for development of political theory as a follower of Plato and by the
further development of his ideas.
For right understanding of Aristotle’s political theory, our course of lections we propose
to begin discussion by the analysis of the concept of “nature”. Doing that, we are coming
from the Aristotle’s core definition of human being. He defines “Human being” as a political
animal. Such definition means, that a man is by his nature inhabitant of the polys (city-state).
To understand the term “Physis” (Greek equivalent of “Nature”), we can contrast to it
another Greek term “Nomos”, that can be translated as “custom”, “law”, “convention”.
Nomos, convention, varies from place to place, meanwhile the nature, physis is the same
everywhere. We have to distinguish therefore, what holds by physis and what holds by
nomos. In society there exists both kind of rules, so call natural rules and habits and rules by
convention.
What does it mean to exist by nature would be clear if we take for discussion such
natural thing, as tree. A tree that exists naturally consists with definite parts. A tree is not a
collection of roots, trunk and branches, but has a definite form. When it loses that form, it
ceases to be a tree. Living things have within them a principle of grow which implies them to
develop towards an end. Aristotle’s concept of natural is thoroughly teleological. Everything
that exists by nature exists for an end and one cannot grasp its nature without understanding
the end.
From this point of view, we are ready to go to analysis Aristotelian polis. Polis is not a
collection of men, but something that exists by its nature. Human beings naturally form
families, the village is a natural aggregation of families and the polis is outgrowth of the
village. Aristotle’s definition of the man, that man is a political animal, now means, that man
is made by nature to live in polis.
The polis is an association of the people. All associations or forms of partnership exist
for the sake of some good. The purpose of the city-state is thus to enable its citizens to live a
life of virtue or excellence. The life of virtue is a goal of the city-state’s existence and the
closer a city comes to achieving that goal, the better it is.
In “Politics” Aristotle gives an analytical framework for deeper understanding different
forms of government. Differentiation depends on accordance to whether power is in the
hands of one man, or more, or many. In each case, Aristotle distinguishes right and wrong
forms. Among the right forms kingship is on the first place. It is the rule of one man for the
common interest. Oppose to kinship, wrong form of ruling is tyranny. Tyranny as well as
kingship is a rule of one man, but tyrant is ruling in his own interest.
Aristocracy is a rule of few. Aristocracy manifests itself in different sub-forms. One of
them presupposes the rule of few under of authority of their ancestors. Genuine aristocrats
owe their positions by their own virtue. Wrong form of aristocracy is oligarchy – the rule of
wealthy. The last two forms of right and wrong ruling are polity and democracy. For Aristotle
democracy is the rule of poor.
The practical focus of “Politics” is most apparent in its three books. In those books
Aristotle concentrates much of his attention on democracy and oligarchy, describing their
different varieties and the means by which they may be preserved.
Aristotle has an evident horror of what he sees as extreme democracy in which the
popular assembly has the power to do whatever it likes, but he has an equal horror of
lawless monarchy or lawless oligarchy.
Cicero
We took Cicero as a Roman author, who was much more closer to political practice,
than any well-known ancient political thinker. He dedicated to political problems two works –
“Republic” and “Laws”. The coincidence of these titles to titles of Plato’ main political dialogs,
presupposes deep ties between Cicero and ancient Greek political writers.
Many commentators wrote, that Cicero did not offer anything new in political theory but
only remove Plato/Aristotelian tradition toward the Roman affairs
Concerning Cicero in our lecture, we try to show the following: a) Cicero as a political
writer, of course, was in great dependence on Greek tradition. Like Plato he wrote dialogs
and the problems he discussed in his writings, have Greek origins. b) Besides of such close
ties, Cicero arose questions with specific Roman nuances. On the traditional question –
which political regime is best, he gave priority to state, which has mixed ruling forms (like
Roman Republic) of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. c) Cicero’s judgment about
social spirit of people seems to us very original. Coming from the concept of social spirit, he
gained the following definition to “commonwealth” (that is to “state”): A commonwealth is the
affair of people. But a people is not any collection of human beings brought together in any
sort of way, but an assemblage of people, in large number associated in an agreement with
respect to justice and a partnership for the common good. d) From the given point of view,
Cicero gave characteristic to foundation of Rome not as an enforcement of one single genius
person, but as an act of many persons and, that is more important, as an action, or better,
process, that was continuing during years of history. Constitution of Rome was not produced
by conscious planning of one person, but developed in a great length of time and by great
variety of accidents. Its perfection represents the culmination of a natural process of slow
and almost unconscious growth.
Middle Ages:
St. Augustin
For St. Augustine philosophy serves the faith both in it and in its relation to nonbelievers.
It may be used as a tool to gain a fuller understanding of the divinely inspired truth. Although
the New Testament is primarily concerned with man’s eternal destiny, it has much to say
about the condition of rulers and subjects and about manner in which men are called upon to
live in the city.
St. Augustine’s most extensive work on political subject is “The City of God”. A big part
of this work stands as a controversy with pagans and heretics. At the same time, his treatise
serves as philosophical defense of the faith and at the same time as a theoretical defense of
philosophy for which he provides a justification under the basis of Sacred Scripture.
112
politikuri Teoriis kursi
leqciebis kursi Cafiqrebulia rogorc politikuri da sociologiuri
Teoria. SesaZloa kursis amgvari danawileba, kategorizacia mTlad zusti ar
iyos, radgan kursi mTlianobaSi moiazreba rogorc socialuri Teoria, margam
imdenad, ramdenadac masSi aqcentireba moxdeba politikuri da sociologiuri
Teoriis konkretul aspeqtebze, Cven vamjobineT SemoTavazebuli saxeli
SevinarCunoT. politikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sxvadasxva gziT.
vTqvaT, problemebis Tanmimdevruli gaSlis an Teoriebis tipologiaze
orientirebis gziT. Cven gadavwyviteT davemyaroT konkretul avtorebs da maTi
Teoriebis gadmocemas. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT movicavT rogorc istoriul
masalas, aseve SevZlebT vaCvenoT politikuri Teoriis zogadi buneba da misi
ganviTarebis magistraluri gezi. Tuki Cvens naSroms masalis gadmocemis amgvari
wesis gamo vinme uwodebda politikuri Teoriis istorias, Cven ar
gavaprotestebT saxelwodebas. yvelafers rac ki droSi arsebobs, Tavisi
istoria aqvs da sad SeiZleba sagnis buneba gamovlindes ufrocxadad, Tu ara
missave istoriaSi. Tumca, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv istoriuli mxare
masalis gadmocemisa, Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens.
ra tipis Teoriebze gveqneba saubari, rodesac ganvixilavT politikuri
Teoriis problemebs? Cven SevexebiT Teoriebs, romelTac zogierTi politikur
filosofias an ubralod politikur Teorias uwodebs. avtorebis es nawili
amgvar dayofisas aqcents akeTebs termin politikurze da naklebd interesdeba
misi gamoxatulebis filosofiuri Tu arafilosofiuri mxareebiT. Cvens
leqciebis kursSi gadmocemuli masala iTvaliswinebs amgvar midgomas, rac imaSi
aisaxeba, rom Cven mogviwevs SevexoT rogorc filosofiuri refleqsiiT
dafuZnebul, aseve deskripciuli safuZvelze SemuSavebul Teoriebs. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven vacnobierebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba politikur filosofiasa da
wminda politikur Teorias Soris da gvsurs SesavalSi swored am sakiTxs
davuTmoT ramdenime sityva.
politikuri Teoria yalibdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis
da maTi deskripciuli aRnusxvis safuZvelze. politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
kiTxvaa “ratom?” — “ratom xorcieldeba esa da es?” mas ainteresebs rogor
vlindeba politikuri cxovrebis konkretul sferoebSi. politikuri Teoria
ikvlevs politikuri institutebis mowyobis principebs da maTi funqcionirebis
teqnologiebs.
politikuri Teoria ZiriTadad orientirebulia faqtebis samyaroze. faqti
hegelis kvalad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc raRac, rac mocemulia “axla”
da “aq”. amgvarad orientirebuli TeoriebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara
politikis “subieqtebs”, romlebis nebelobis mqone, RirebulebiTad orien-
tirebuli arsebebia, aramed ufro “agentebs”an “aqtiorebs”, maT “funqciebs”,
“scenarebs” an, bolos, “rolebs”.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom
politikuri Teoria, misi empiriuli orientaciis miuxedavad, mainc Teoriaa da is
ar unda avurioT politikur movlenebze zegavlenis, individebis masSi
CarTulobis an gnebavT, piriqiT, amorTulobis uzrunvelyofis konkretuli
teqnologiebis kvlevisagan. amgvari meqanizmebis analizi da ukve aprobirebuli
teqnologiebis aRwerebi sul ufro mravalferovan saxes iZens Tanamedrove
politikuri samyaros garTulebis kvalad. Tu politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
saorientacio kiTxvaa “ratom?”, teqnologiebis mkvlevari an, iqneb, umjobesia
mas eqsperti vuwodoT, orientirebs kiTxviT “rogor?”
rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi klasikuri formiT, empiriuli
Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tana-
medrove modifikaciebSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa “ra?”
anu “ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavs politikuri xaisaTis
xdomilebebSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci?” amgvari kvleva aucileblobiT ar
unda warmovidginoT siRrmiseuli analizis pretenziis mqone Teoriad. igi
5
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ..................................................................57
1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba......................................58
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi ..........................................................................59
3.sakuTreba.......................................................................................................................................60
4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba......................................................................62
5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa ...........................................................63
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni” ............................................................65
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi.........................................................................................65
2.saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi......................................................66
2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris .......................................................69
3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba .......................................................................................70
4. omis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................................72
5.geografiuli determiizmi .....................................................................................................73
Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria...................................................................74
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba.......................................................74
2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................................................77
3.suverenis cneba ...........................................................................................................................78
4. saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................................79
emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi ...............................................82
omis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................83
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.........................................................................................................84
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi ...............................................86
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816)
“esse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb” ..................................................89
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.....................................................................89
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb ...................................90
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba ...................................................................................92
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb .....................................................................93
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba....................................................................................95
5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb ...................................................................96
edmund berkis konservatizmi .................................................................................................98
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi .............99
memkvidreobiToba .......................................................................................................................100
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli .....................................................................101
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da
adamianis Rirseba rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli ........................103
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg .......................................105
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi” ...............................................................................................107
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi ...............................................................................107
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY...........................................................................109
4 113
Most important part of his work Augustine dedicates to the teaching concerning virtue.
This teaching has its roots in both the philosophical and biblical tradition. A man here is
interpreted as a social animal by nature. Human being has been endowed with speech, by
means of which he is able to communicate and enter to various relationships with another
men. By associating with his fellow men, human being is forming with them a political
community that man attains his perfection. Augustine defines “commonwealth” as an
assemblage of men associated by a common acknowledgement of right and by a community
of interests. Later he explains a word “right” by a word “justice”.
The moral order of the society is rooted in a natural order established by speculative
reason. This order in nature requires the universal and complete subordination of the lower
to higher both within man and outside of him. The same hierarchy should be observed in
society as a whole and is encountered when virtuous people obey wise rulers, whose minds
are in turn subject to the divine law.
The Sacred Scripture distinguishes only two kinds of societies, to which all men of all
times belong – the city of God and the earthly city. There is analogy between them and only
by analogy these societies are called cities. The distinction between them corresponds to the
distinction between virtue and vice. According to St. Augustine why a person would be a
member of one or the other of these two cities is not depend on a race or nationality of that
man, but on the end that he pursues and to which he ultimately subordinates all of his
actions.
Alfarabi
Alfarabi recovered classical political tradition and made it intelligible within the new
context provided by revealed religions. His writings concerned with the political regimes and
the attainment of happiness through political life. In his works Alfarabi discussed the problem
of relationship between classical political writings and Islam. He gains such well-known
followers as Avicena and Averroes. His most important work in political philosophy was “The
Virtuous City” and “The Political Regime”. The virtuous regime is such political order whose
guiding principle is the realization of human excellence or virtue. A man needs to archive his
perfection through the activity proceeding from rational understanding, deliberation and
choosing among various alternatives suggested to him by reason. The ultimate perfection of
man is identical with the supreme happiness available to him.
Alfarabi gave the following classification of regimes: (1) the regime whose citizens have
had no occasion to acquire any knowledge at all about divine and natural beings. These are
ignorant regimes. (2) The regime whose citizens possess the knowledge of those things but
do tot act according to their requirements; these are dissolute or immoral regimes. (3)
Regimes whose citizens have acquired certain opinions about these things but false or
corrupt opinions that claim to be about divine and natural beings and about true happiness,
while actually they are not. .Alfarabi calls them erring regimes.
The character of the citizens is formed with a view to attain one or more of lower ends.
Alfarabi gives these ends as six and each of the general type can be subdivided according to the
end that dominated in it. (1) The regime of necessity (or indispensable regime) in which the aim
of the citizens is confined to the bare necessities of the life; (2) The vile regime (oligarchy) in
which the ultimate aim of the citizens is wealth and prosperity of their own sakes. (3) The base
regime. The purpose of whose citizens is the enjoyment of sensory or imaginary pleasure; (4)
The regime of domination (tyranny), whose citizens aim at overpowering and subjecting others;
(5) The regime of honor (democracy), whose citizens aim at being honored, praised and glorified
by others; (6) The regime of corporate association (democracy), the main purpose of whose
citizens is being free to do what they wish.
Concerning the best ruler, Alfarabi writes, that such ruler has to unify in himself qualities of
wise ruler and prophet. This man, wrote Alfarabi, is true prince according to the ancients, he is
the one whom it ought to be said that he receives revelation. For man receives revelation only
when he attains this rank – when there is no longer intermediary between him and the Active
Intellect. The rule of this man is the supreme rule; all other human rulers are inferior to it and are
derived from it. Alfarabi’s approach to religion leads to a philosophical science of divine laws. By
presenting divine laws, jurisprudence and theology as parts of political science, he points to the
possibility of a neutral discussion of all religions or sects and of the features common to them all.
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas was born in 1227 in Neapolitan territory. He was from old highborn
south Italian family. His political thoughts are based upon his theological and ontological
considerations, where St. Thomas was the follower of Aristotle. Aquinas did more than
anyone else to establish Aristotle as the leading philosophical authority in the Christian
West. St. Thomas’ political philosophy is best understood as a modification of Aristotle’s
political philosophy the light of Christian revelation. In his main writings, the “Summa
Theologiae”, he does not ask whether besides the philosophic disciplines another science,
for example, sacred doctrine is necessary.
Aquinas established the rules under which Christian world was ruled by two distinct
powers and two distinct codes of law: ecclesiastical and the civil. As the result, such specific
issues as the origin of divine and human laws, the relation between the two, and the
communication of divine laws through the medium of prophecy or revelation. These
problems are discussed by St. Aquinas in terms of Plato but not Aristotle.
The civic society is natural to Aquinas. But it is not given by nature. It is something to
which is inclined by nature and which is necessary for the perfection of his rational nature.
Human being is nature’s remarkable product. But he is brought into the world more helpless
than any animal. Instead nature has furnished him with reason, which he is eventually able
to provide himself and meet his needs as they arise.
The first society to which man belongs and without which he could not live is the family.
Specific purpose of family is to produce the necessities of life and thus guarantee the
preservation of both the individual and the species. But family cannot supply all the material
goods that man needs for his sustenance and his protection. The truly self-sufficient human
association capable of securing the conditions of virtue and satisfying all man’s earthly
needs is the city. The city is the most perfect work of practical reason. Only within the
framework of civil society can man attain the fullness of life, so that the men is far from
human perfection like a beast (such as man leads a solitary life away from company of his
fellow men) or men has already exceeded that perfection and achieved a state of godlike
self-sufficiency.
The common good and the end of political authority are in the first instance peace or the
harmony of different parts that combine to make up the city. Peace exists when each part
adjusted to the whole.
One of the remarkable parts of St. Thomas’ doctrine is his history of natural law that
presents specific synthesis between biblical faith and Aristotelian philosophy. The law of
nature appeared as a natural law cannot be reduced exclusively to the will of God. But as a
law, however, it also contains an explicit reference to God’s will. These and all like them
considerations of St. Thomas finds its metaphysical expression in doctrine of distinction
between essence and existence in all beings outside of God. Although, that distinction is to
be regarded as distinction of reason and not in any way a real distinction.
Nicollo Machiavelli
Machiavelli was born in Florence, when Italy was divided between four dominant city-
stases and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign governments.
Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. After the break of his political
career, Machiavelli became well known political writer.
Classical political philosophy clarifies or elaborates the conflicting claims to rule that are
raised whenever men associate together; it articulates the degree and sense of justice which
each of such claims means to assert. By understanding and clarifying the unity and diversity
in the claims which set men apart, it attempts to provide the answer to how men ought to live
together and is thus a guide to justice and the common good. Detached from the interests
that animate these claims, classical political philosophy is the deliverer of the community a
non-divine benediction to mankind. Machiavelli continued this tradition in such way, at the
same time had elaborated his own new approaches.
Our lecture concerning on Machiavelli’s political theory is based on his main political
work -”The Prince”. Machiavelli opens “The Prince” describing the two principal types of
governments: monarchies and republics. The most controversial aspects of Machiavelli’s
analysis emerge in the middle chapters of the given book Here he proposes to describe the
114
s a r C e v i
politikuri Teoriis kursi ........................................................................................................5
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”.....................................................................................7
1.samarTlianobis problema........................................................................................................8
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma .........8
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema......................................................................................9
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi.........................................................................9
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo ...................................................................................10
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura ..............................................................................................11
3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi ......................................12
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea........................13
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia.............................13
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci....................................................................14
6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi...........................................................................15
7. sxva sakiTxebi..............................................................................................................................16
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria .....................................................................17
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani...........................................................................................................17
2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba......................................................................................19
3. moqalaqis cneba..........................................................................................................................20
4. saxelmwifoebis formebi .......................................................................................................22
ciceroni (106-43) ...............................................................................................................................25
1. saxelmwifos msaxureba ...........................................................................................................26
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma ...........................................27
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi ..................................................................................28
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli) ..............................................................29
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) ......................................................................................................36
1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia ..............................................................................36
2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis
SemoerTebis da maTi marTvis teqnologiebi ...............................................................38
3.samxedro saqme .............................................................................................................................39
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi ..........................................................................................41
5.politikuri moralis cneba ...................................................................................................43
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia ..................................................................................................45
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea ..........................................................45
sxva sakiTxebi..................................................................................................................................47
Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani” .....................................................................................48
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi ............................................49
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba..................................................................................................51
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba ...............................................................................................51
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi.................................................................................52
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi.................................................................53
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba .......................................................................................................55
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi................................................................................................................55
3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria truth about surviving as a monarch, rather than recommending lofty moral ideas. He
describes those virtues, which we think a prince should possess. He concludes that some
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili virtues will lead to a prince’s destruction, whereas some “vices” allow him to survive. Indeed
the virtues we commonly prize in people might lead to his downfall. For Machiavelli it is the
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava best for prince to have a reputation for being stingy. He argues also, that it is better for a
prince to be severe punish people rather then merciful.

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 4 - X
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes “Leviathan” first appeared in England in 1651. Hobbes wrote the work in France,
where he had been in exile since 1640. After its first publication, “leviathan” was recognized
to be the masterpiece of British political thinking. Hobbes civil philosophy was presented as
growing out of his natural philosophy. The theory itself was constructing in a deductive and
scientific form like philosophical systems of Decartes and Spinoza. At the same time Hobbes
remind humanist that is not surprising, because in his century the status of natural science
was bound up with moral philosophy.
One of the most important notions of Hobbes theory is the notion of Free will. Hobbes
wrote a great deal on this issue. Hobbes denied the classical understanding of the
phenomenon of free will. For him the traditional notion of free will is absurd, because all
intentions and actions must be caused by previous material processes. It does not mean,
that Hobbes thought as if we should not deliberate purposively about our actions. He argued
that when it is determined, that one thing will be chosen before another by human being, it is
determined also for what cause it should be chosen.
Hobbes moral philosophy presupposed the ability to perform complicated thinking about
what kind of person we want to be and how we should live. We merely have to understand
that this subjective sense of freedom to choose how to live is no more based on real
freedom, and then our subjective sense of color is based on real color. Maintaining this,
Hobbes has developed old philosophical tradition coming from Tacitus. Under this tradition
human agents were open to causal manipulation of more or less reliable kind.
Next very interesting position developed by Hobbes is his realistic ethics. He defined
“Good” as whatsoever are the object of any means appetite or desire and the object of his
hate or adversity as “Evil”. Moral language, like color language, constantly tempted its users
to attribute to the external world a set of imaginary attributes and as a consequence to
dispute with one another about the world.
Hobbes discussed about practical effects of his theory. He himself believed that the
correct understanding and application of his philosophy would transform human life. The first
step toward this direction was recognition of the true nature of conflict of believes, interests
and passions of people. The only common fundamental desire for human beings, from this
point of view is to preserve oneself from death. All other passions and desires involve some
belief about one’s position in the world and the threats which one might be facing.
John Locke
In his main political work, “Two Treatise on Government” Locke has two main purposes
in view: to refute the doctrine of divine and absolute right of Monarch, as it had been put
forward by Sir Robert Filmer’s “Patriarchia” and to establish a theory which would reconcile
the liberty of citizen with political order. The criticism of Filmer in the first Treatise is
complete. His theory of absolute sovereignty of Adam has lost all interest. Locke’s argument
has been very effective, but his exhaustive replay to absurd thesis of Filmer becomes itself
wearisome. Second Treatise starts from common sense position. Here is given two
fundamental claim of liberalism, that all men are equal and free. If God could be shown to
have given any man, or any order of men superiority over other men, then these inferences
could not be drawn. This conclusion is main result of First Treatise in Locke’s work on
government.
What is discussed in Second Treatise is Hobbsean notion of natural condition. The first
impression of Locke’s state of nature seems very unlike Hobbes’ state of nature. But in fact it
can be easy discovered similarities. For Locke the state of nature is simply the condition in
which the executive power of the law of nature remains exclusively in the hands of
individuals and has not been made communal. It was the original condition of all humanity.

115
The state of nature characterized by the absence of any law. In the state of nature everyone
has executive power. Locke provides many passages to support the conclusion that the
state of nature will frequently be indistinguishable from the state of war. The source of law
for society would be found in the strongest desire of men. The law has peace and
preservation as its end. It will be obeyed because of the universal desire for preservation of
civil society.
Locke wrote, that the labor is the origin and justification of property and that contract or socialur mecnierebaTa seria
consent is the ground of government. Behind this doctrine lies the idea of the independence
of the individual person. Men are born free and equal in rights. Whatsoever a man, mixes his
labor with, is his own. The civil society originates when men agree to delegate function of
administrate to certain officers. Thus government is instituted by a “social contract”; its
powers are limited and they involve reciprocal obligations. Locke’s theory is rendering of the
facts of constitutional government in terms of thought and it served as justification of the
Revolution settlement in accordance with the ideas of the time.

Rousseau
Citizen of Geneve, Rousseau reacted against the corruption of social order and
institutions of his time. Error and prejudice in the name of philosophy had stifled reason and
nature and had corrupted morals. The Social Contract was his most influential work. Its
decisive thesis was that all men are both free and equal. Regards the state that is a
politikuri
manifestation of contract, individuals’ surrender non of their natural rights, but rather agree
for the protection of them. Most remarkable in Rousseau’s projected republic was the
provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. Social
Teoria
contract became the textbook of French Revolution.
Rousseau disliked Enlightenment. The main basis of his attack on the Enlightenment is
Rousseau’s belief that progress of the arts and sciences was not the condition of progress of
civil society. The arts and the sciences require an atmosphere of luxury and leisure in order
to flourish. They themselves emerge, in general, from vices of soul. The society dominated momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
by the arts and sciences is one full of inequality. Society is transformed to support the arts akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
and the sciences and their products and this very transformation creates a life full of vain
self-regard and injustice.
Rousseau put old philosophical question - what is justice? Which society is just? In
times and society, thinks Rousseau, justice consists in maintaining the privileges of those in saleqcio kursi
positions of power. All known states are full of inequalities of birth, wealth and honor. These socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
inequalities can be justified in terms of the preservation of the regime, but that does not
make them more tolerable for those who do not enjoy them.
Civil society is not something natural. One can go to a time prior to the civil society to
find man as he is naturally. This investigation is necessary to determine the origins of the
state. Such approach provides the possibility to see, that civil society is conventional.
Since man is not primarily political and social, he must be divested of all qualities that mamuka biWaSvili
are connected with life in a community if we are to understand him as he is by nature. The
first is the reason. Reason depends upon speech and speech implies social life. The
movement from the natural state to the civil state provides a very great change in man.
Formerly he was a beast, now he has become a moral being. In the state of nature man
acted only from instinct, now he must consider his action in relation to principle so that the
chose and freedom take on a moral sense. If man continues to act according to the level of
animals. From this point Rousseau goes to the idea of common will that provide necessary
basis for contract social. The common will in other words explained as “sovereign” and
indicates to the source of all legitimacy that is in the people as of bearer of free will.
Government receives its instructions from the general will and uses its authority to
determine the acts of the citizens according to the sense of the sovereign. There exists
something intermediary between sovereign and individual citizen. The form of government
determined the form of society and with the change of government a new society would be
constituted. The government is a necessary evil because men need direction in the exercise
of their free will.
Tbilisi
2006

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