Physical Education 101 (S.Y.

2019)
Test Exercise #4

1. What's the difference between leisure time and recreation?

Leisure = free time, freedom from time-consuming duties, responsibilities, or activities.

Recreation = play; Refreshment of one's mind or body after work through activity that
amuses or stimulates.

So you could be at leisure, but it does not mean you have to use your leisure time for
recreational activities. You could just sit there and do nothing.
2. Give examples of some physical, mental, and social benefits of physical
recreation.

Examples of Physical Recreation:

Ball sports – football, rugby, volleyball, basketball, cricket, golf, tennis, netball
Athletics – running, jumping, throwing, triathlon, decathlon
Water sports – surfing, canoeing, kayaking, swimming, water polo, diving, rowing
Martial arts – karate, judo, kickboxing, boxing, taekwondo, kendo
Animal sports – horse riding, polo
Other Activities including dancing, gymnastics, cycling
Examples of Mental Recreation:
Reading/ listening to talking books
Music – listening, watching a live performance, playing an instrument, singing.
Films – cinema, DVD, family recordings.( this could help with memory or concentration)
Puzzles, sudoku, crosswords, electronic games (this could help with hand /eye
coordination, memory or sequencing tasks)
Crafts, making cards, painting. (easy to do at home and can be stopped if the person
gets fatigued)
Board games/card games ( easy to play with one hand)
Benefits of recreation
Promoting health education and healthy lifestyle habit
Improving fitness
Interacting socially, either in a team or meeting people with an interest in a similar
individual sport
Enhancing self-discipline, perseverance and self-motivation
Experiencing a sense of achievement
3. Difference between Sport and Physical Recreation.
Sport is competitive, recreation is fun and enjoyment based. Sports tend to have set
rules. Practice is undertaken to improve and get better in sport.
Physical recreation can be laid back and based on a more social time. Or could be
hobbies.
4. Reasons why people generally have more leisure time now than they did 50
years ago.
This means that leisure time has changed a lot all over the centuries because nobody
would think that school means free time nowadays. However, I think that the most
remarkable changes in the way we spend our free time occurred in the last years with
the improvement of technology. In fact, in the past people spent their spare time
reading, going for a walk, hanging out with their friends, visiting their relatives and so
on. Instead, nowadays we prefer to surf the Net or to have a chat with our friends on our
smartphones rather than in person. We mostly like watching TV for long, listening to
music, playing video games. This is evident for me if I compare the way I spend my free
time with the way my parents did. They used to play with their friends in the city park or
to go shopping with their parents. That's why they can't understand the way I spend my
time and usually tell me: "You're always texting or surfing the Net on your phone. Stop
for a while, please!".
In conclusion, I think that we all can spend our free time the way we like without
forgetting that there's always something interesting and new to experience and to enjoy.
5. Positive and Negative effect on how family affect their participation in sport.
POSITIVE EFFECT
An interest in specific sports will encourage participation. Inherited ability may help you
to be successful. They provide good role models.
NEGATIVE EFFECT
They may influence you to move away from a sport you like and towards their favorite
sport. If they do not like sport, it may be hard for you to get support.
6. What is peer pressure?
Peer pressure is the direct influence on people by peers, or the effect on an individual
who gets encouraged to follow their peers by changing their attitudes, values or
behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. This can result in
either a positive or negative effect, or both.
7. How schools can have an important influence on people’s attitude toward
sport.
Sports do not only have emotional and mental benefits, but they have physical benefits,
as well. The short term benefits of playing sports include weight control, a low strain on
the heart, greatly increased heart rate, and helping athletes sleep at night.
Many people think that sports affect students' learning ability in the classroom; they do,
but for the positive. When students play sports, it requires them to memorize, repeat,
and learn. All these skills translate into the classroom. ... Sports help academically,
physically, and helps reduce pressure as well as stress.
8. Factors that encourage or discourage people to participate in sport.
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disability
Social class
9. Structure of a local sports club.
10.

11. Barrier to woman and girl’s participation in sport.

Lack of time and lack of childcare. Women’s
leisure tends to be reactive to the needs of their families.
They often have less leisure time than men, as they take on
the greater burden of responsibility for housework and
care for children and elderly relatives.
Lack of money. Women tend to earn less than men.
Scottish women working full-time earn on average £529
less per month than men1, and the disparity is greater for
women working part-time. Low income families may not
be able to afford to invest in club membership or pay for
sporting clothing and equipment, and mothers from low
income families are unlikely to be able to afford childcare
to give them the time to take part in sport.
Lack of transport. This is a particular problem for
women with young children, elderly women, women
and girls with disabilities, and women and girls living
in rural areas.
Promote physical activity which doesn’t require transport, such
as walking and running. Walking and running groups can
be accessed through organisations such as ‘jogscotland’2
and running groups such as ‘Running Sisters’3. These
organisations can support women to take part in easily
accessible physical activity in a friendly, supportive group.
Personal safety. Personal safety on the streets, on
public transport, and in and around sports and community
venues is a particular problem for women. Some groups
are particularly vulnerable. For example, black and minority
ethnic (BME) girls and women can become the focus of
racist behaviour. People with disabilities are often the
targets of bullying and abuse. Travelling to and from venues
for sports or physical activity can present particular barriers
for these groups.
Ensure activities are offered in locations or facilities that
are safe and appropriate for women and girls. Also
exercising in groups can make physical activity safer
for women and girls.
Funding. At most levels, women’s sport attracts less
funding than men’s. During 2006/07, 41% of female
athletes were funded through various programmes. At
community sport level, girls’ teams tend to attract less
sponsorship from local businesses because they do not
have large supporter bases.
12. Challenges faced by Female athletes.
The first challenge that female athletes have to face is being paid half or less of what is
given to their male counterparts. Be it whichever sport, there are gross discrepancies
between the incomes of male and female athletes. This is the case even with prize
money. Let’s take football, for instance. The prize money for the winners of the FIFA
World Cup (male) would be roughly between $35–50 million (link to this article is here),
while the prize money for the winners of the Women’s FIFA World Cup was roughly
about $2 million (link to this article is here). You don’t have to be a stellar mathematician
to understand that even taking the minimum levels, the men’s team receives about $33
million more than the women’s team. Seriously, where is the justice in that?
The second is representation. We know the biographies of the members of the Indian
cricket team by rote. We know their family members like they’re our own, we follow all
the gossip columns being written about them, and we know how many runs they made
or how many wickets they took in every important match. But what about their female
counterparts? Forget about knowing their names, do we even know when they play a
match? Why don’t they have an IPL to their name? Instead of dealing with these
pertinent issues, society tries to publicly shame these aspiring athletes. One incident
that reached the media was the humiliation meted out to Dutee Chand, who was to be
the first Indian woman in 36 years to run a 100m at the Rio Olympics. Last summer,
acting on an anonymous tip, sporting authorities duped her into getting tested for
hyperandrogenism, wherein a woman's body produces more testosterone than is
acceptable under the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
guidelines. Not only was she banned from competing against other women in the
Commonwealth Games, the world was suddenly questioning her gender identity. Her
personal life became a sham and her professional life was a mess. However, Dutee
refused to cower down and refusing therapy, has challenged the IAAF regulations at the
Court of Arbitration for Sport in Switzerland.
Female athletes are objectified on the field, much as they are on the streets. From
coaches, to commentators, to the audience, women are looked at as commodities
showcasing themselves for men’s pleasure, not as entities of potential and talent. This
level of sexism can come from even the highest of places and the most famous names.
For instance, in 2004, Sepp Blatter suggested that women should play football in more
‘feminine clothing’ to add an ‘aesthetic value’ to the sport. He has said, “Let the women
play in more feminine clothes like they do in volleyball. They could, for example, have
tighter shorts.” Numerous successful female athletes have complained about being
scrutinised by the crowds, the minute they ride the limelight to recognition. Jwala Gutta,
an international badminton player and 14-time winner of the National Badminton
Championships has spoken about being stuck at this juncture of ‘looks vs sport’ on
several public platforms, where she states that her professional success has often been
based on the ‘way she looks’ on and off the field.
13. What is Etiquette?
Etiquette is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior
according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group.
The French word étiquette, literally signifying a tag or label, was used in a modern
sense in English around 1750.
Examples of Etiquette in sport:
Fairness
Promoting Values
Safety of Participants
What is Gamesmanship?
Gamesmanship is the use of dubious (although not technically illegal) methods to win or
gain a serious advantage in a game or sport. It has been described as "Pushing the
rules to the limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to
achieve the desired end".
14.
-Economic Impact
-Jobs
15. Roles of a national sporting governing body.
1,Lead
Represent all members and make sure they can participate and be heard; create vision;
advocate, negotiate and maximise self-determination.

2. Plan
Set overall direction, purpose, future strategies, goals, ethics and values.

3. Organized
Develop polices and governance arrangements; interact with management; steer
relationships, alliances and collaborations with the public and among stakeholders.

4. Control
Ensure the organisation is accountable, legal and financially stable; hire, support and
oversee the performance of the top manager; monitor overall outcomes.
16.

17

18
1.Activities
The first thing on our list is activities. When building a new sports complex, you need to
ask yourself what activities you want to host. This includes asking questions about what
sports you need areas for as well as what age groups you plan to serve.

2.Contractor Selection
The next big consideration on our list is contractor selection. There are a lot of different
contractors out there that exist on a wide spectrum of quality. Trust us: You definitely
want to go with a company that has built sports fields before.
3. Building Regulations
Depending on where your land is, your town or state will have different building
regulations. It’s imperative to understand them and ensure your plan is in accordance
with them before you dig the first hole. You must present your plans to your local
municipality for approval. Typically, you’ll have to specifically meet with their zoning
department. Only after these plans are approved can you move forward so get this done
early in the process.
19.

The Private Sector

With regards to the sports industry, the private sector refers to those leisure services
that are funded by private capital and open only to private membership. This can mean
anything from specialist professional sports clubs to health and fitness clubs to local
sports teams that have been established and sponsored by local and national
businesses alike. The advantages of this kind of sporting industry are predominantly
economic with the funding of private sports clubs historically far outstripping the
economic resources available to equivalent public sector sports services. Certainly in
the 1970’s and 1980’s, private sector sports industries were far more popular and
productive than their public sector counterparts mirrored in the elevated sporting
achievements of private school sporting institutions as opposed to the relative failings of
the same public (comprehensive) school sports bodies. There are, however, inherent
disadvantages to sports and leisure services that rely exclusively on the private sector
for funding. First and foremost, there are no guarantees that the source of that funding
will remain constant for any fixed length of time. Benefactors are subject to the ups and
downs of the free market economy, which can result in sharp reductions – as well as
rises – in the level of funding provided. In addition, any leisure service that is inexorably
tied to the private sector also inevitably suffers from the lack of community spirit that can
only be adequately garnered through association with the local public authorities. Thus,
while the advantages to sports services in the private sector appear on the surface to be
all encompassing, the reality is that the lack of stability that characterises all facets of
the private sector economy hampers the sustained growth and popularity.
The Public Sector
We know that sport can make a positive contribution to national morale, health and the
economy. Webelieve that it can enhance community spirit, equality of opportunity,
personal development and social integration.
As the above quotation from the UK Sports Council in 1992 attests, the government has
radically altered the way in which it views sport and the national leisure industry. The
leisure industry is no longer seen as a vehicle through which to achieve solely sporting
success; rather, sport – within the corridors of power in Westminster – is now seen as a
way of combating such issues as obesity, social exclusion and perceived
self-competence.

20.Possible sources of funding for small clubs and recreational sports facilities
Membership Funds Event Fees Program Fees Fundraising Government Grants

21. big sources of funding for imprtant clubs playing popular sports Membership Funds
Event Fees

22. Unless you have an exclusive sponsorship contract, the organization you support
will likely seek other financial sponsors as well. This could result in your business co-
sponsoring an event with a competitor, or worse, with another business or organization
that isn’t in line with your corporate ideals. For example, if you’re a green,
environmentally conscious company sponsoring an event also sponsored by a major
chemical-production company, the sponsorship has the potential to inadvertently
associate you with the other organization. When considering sponsorship, ask about
other sponsors in the mix and the right to be an exclusive sponsor if you see potential
conflict.
If you sponsor something specific, you’re likely to have control over how your money is
used. If you make a general sponsorship donation, you may not have much say in how
resources are allocated. For example, sponsoring a local youth soccer league and
paying a $500 uniform bill lets you know exactly where your donation is used. If you
make a $500 general sponsorship donation to that same league with no qualifiers about
how the funds are to be used, it could be spent on any expense, or you may not get an
accounting of where the money is used. Always ask for a breakdown of funds usage,
both to see where your donation goes and to have records for tax-reporting purposes.
Businesses may become sponsors as an anticipated way to generate cost-effective
publicity and advertise the company. While this can be a benefit, the approach is not
typically as effective as traditional paid advertising efforts. Sponsorship doesn’t allow
you to target your audience, tailor your sales message or determine the timeline for
promotion like mainstream advertising does. This can be a disadvantage for a small
business that has a limited marketing budget.

23. POSITVE
-Money
-Education
-Role model
-Insporation
- Aid to coaching
NEGATIVE
-Bias
-Lack of attendance
-Overload
-Open season
-Demands to comply

24.
25.
Corinthian
Present day
North American collegiate athletics
Olympics
Baseball
Cricket
Association football
26.
The 24 Hours of Le Mans, France
The Olympic Games
World Cup Soccer
The Super Bowl, United States

27.
The Olympics is one of the most important events worldwide. Every four years
professional athletes from all over the world face each other is different competitions.
For the competitors it is a dream to win a gold medal at the Olympics and sing their
nation’s anthem, showing the world what they are capable of. Winning as many medals
as possible is not the only dream that nations and athletes have when it comes to the
Olympics. Many people want their country to have the opportunity to host an edition of
the Olympic games. But, others believe that international sporting events of this
magnitude might bring more problems than benefits, specially if this event is hosted in a
developing nation. Hosting the Olympic has many advantages, one of them is the
economic benefits. A country which host the Olympics will see how tourism and
economy benefit from the event, because an event of such magnitude will not only
attract athletes but also tourists and media who will give free publicity to the country.
Also, investors will be interested on investing their money in the city, and this will help
crate jobs that can revitalise the economy. These jobs will not only be for the three
weeks the Olympics last but for all the years of planning. Besides that, an important
event can create excitement and interest for such spectacle. This can promote sports
through the country and volunteerism which encourage a civic attitude in the population
and this will definitely have social benefits. However, there are also significant
disadvantages when hosting the Olympics, one of them is the cost. To host a major
event like this can cost lots of money, and this money will not be given but the investors,
it will be paid with the taxes. This lead us to another disadvantage, the taxes will
dramatically increase. People know that this might happen but the taxes often increase
more than expected. Also, many facilities that are specially built for the Olympics will
never be used again or they will never get proper maintenance. Of course, this depends
on what the local government plans to do to increase sport practicing and the use of this
facilities. If things as planned and expected the nation can benefit from positive
publicity, but if things go badly it can cause the opposite and not many people will
choose it as their next destination.
28.
6 Apr 1896 – 15 Apr 1896
Pierre de Coubertin
Demetrius Vikelas, the first president of the International Olympic Committee, was
credited with the successful organisation of the 1896 Games