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Neutron logs respond primarily to the amount of Density log-derived porosity: The density log
hydrogen (hydrogen index) in the formation. Thus, in records a formation’s bulk density. This is essentially
clean formations whose pores are filled with water or the overall density of a rock including solid matrix and
oil, the neutron log reflects the amount of liquid filled the fluid enclosed in the pores. The log is scaled
3
porosity. linearly in bulk density (g/cm ) and includes a
correction curve that indicates the degree of
MATERIALS AND METHODS
compensation applied to the bulk density data.
Data from two exploratory well logs A & B from Density logging is based on the physical
multinational oil company operating within the Niger phenomenon of gamma ray scattering as a function
Delta was used for this research. These well logs of the bulk density of an environment irradiated by a
specifically Sonic log, Density log and Neutron log gamma ray source. The density log can be used
were used to compute porosity values Determination quantitatively, to calculate porosity and indirectly to
of porosity values was achieved by digitizing the determine hydrocarbon density. It is also useful in
sonic and neutron-density logs. Travel times, bulk calculation of acoustic impedance. Qualitatively, it is
densities and liquid filled porosity (hydrogen Index of useful as a Lithology indicator, as well as
the formation) were digitized every 10 meters interval identification of certain minerals, assessment of
to the bottom of the wells A & B. source rock organic matter content and identification
of overpressure and fracture porosity.
Sonic log-derived porosity: The sonic tool
measures the time it takes sound pulses to travel The formation bulk density is related to formation
through the formation (tlog). This time is referred to matrix density (ρma) and formation fluid density (ρf)
as the interval transit time, or slowness and it is the as:
reciprocal of velocity of the sound wave. The interval
transit time of a given formation is dependent on the (1 ) ma f (3)
Lithology elastic properties of the rock matrix, the
property of the fluid in the rock, and porosity. Re-arranging eq. (3), we have:
Therefore a formation’s matrix velocity must be ma b
known to derive sonic porosity either by chart or by d (4)
using formula. The unit of tlog is usually in µs/ft or ma f
µs/m (microseconds per foot or/per metre) and the
logs are normally recorded on track 3, on a linear In Eq. (4) d = density-derived porosity; ρma = matrix
-3
scale. density (2.648gcm ); ρb = bulk density (clean liquid
-3
filled formation); and ρf = fluid density (0.89 gcm ).
Integrated sonic logs can also be useful in The porosity data obtained from density logs are
interpreting seismic records, and can be very considered to be total porosity.
invaluable in the time to depth conversion of seismic
data. Neutron-density derived porosity: The neutron
porosity values and density porosity values were
Wyllie et al. proposed that the interval transit time (t) used to compute neutron-density porosity using the
can be represented as the sum of the transit time in relation:
the matrix fraction (tma ) and the transit time in the
N D
liquid fraction (tf ) thus ND (5)
2
t (1 )tma t f (1)
where, N = Neutron porosity, D = Density porosity,
Re-arranging eq. 1becomes: ND = Neutron-Density porosity.
t tma RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
s (2)
t f tma Numerical data obtained from the two wells are given
by Tables 1 & 2 showing the depth, interval travel
In Equation (2), s = sonic-derived porosity; t = times, sonic-derived porosities, bulk densities, and
acoustic transit time digitized from the sonic log in density-derived porosities. Transit time was shown to
µs/ft; tf = fluid transit time (189µs/ft); and tma = be decreasing with an increasing depth for the two
transit time for the rock matrix (55.5µs/ft). wells but varies at some depth due to changes in
lithology, vuggy pores and abnormal pressure zone;
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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 261-271
this is shown in Figs. 1 and 7. Similarly Figs. 2, 3, 4, from the plot it was observed that there is high
5, 8, 9, 10 and 11 showed trends of decreasing degree of correlation between the sonic derived
porosity with an increase in depth; attributed to the porosity and neutron-density porosity. Tables 3-6
compactness of formation. Though, these trends are show the results of the statistical analysis. Table 7
not linear with scattered point; these observations shows the computed range, mean porosity values,
phenomena are perhaps due to changes in standard deviation and coefficient of variation for both
lithological characteristics at different depth points. wells A and B.
Also Figs. 6 and 12 shows the plot of sonic derived
porosities against neutron-density derived porosities,
Table 1: Depth, Interval Transit time, sonic-derived porosity, bulk densities, density-derived porosity,
neutron-derived porosity, and neutron-density derived porosity relationship for well A.
Bulk Neutron-
Tra n s i t t i m e Sonic Density Neutron
Depth(m) -6 Density density
x10 (s/m ) Porosity (%) 3 3 porosity (%) Porosity (%)
x10 (kg/m ) porosity (%)
1200 207 6 2.20 27 31 29.0
1210 226 10 2.09 34 30 32.0
1220 230 11 2.09 34 33 33.5
1230 223 9 2.06 36 32 34.0
1240 210 6 2.13 32 26 29.0
1250 197 3 2.13 32 25 28.5
1260 216 8 2.05 36 31 33.5
1270 226 10 2.07 35 34 34.5
1280 233 12 2.05 36 32 34.0
1290 213 7 2.10 33 31 32.0
1300 243 14 2.01 39 36 37.5
1310 200 4 2.16 30 29 29.5
1320 223 9 2.09 34 31 32.5
1330 226 10 2.09 34 37 35.5
1340 203 5 2.23 25 35 30.0
1350 220 12 2.08 35 34 34.5
1360 220 9 2.19 28 32 30.0
1370 253 16 1.94 43 40 41.5
1380 230 11 2.02 38 37 37.5
1390 223 9 2.10 33 28 30.5
1400 213 7 2.15 30 27 28.5
1410 203 5 2.16 30 28 29.0
1420 213 7 2.15 30 28 29.0
1430 216 8 2.14 31 36 33.5
1440 203 5 2.21 27 29 28.0
1450 203 5 2.17 29 27 28.0
1460 207 6 2.19 28 25 26.5
1470 194 3 2.18 28 30 29.0
1480 203 5 2.19 28 27 27.5
1490 210 6 2.14 31 28 29.5
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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 261-271
Table 2: Depth, Interval Transit time, sonic – derived porosity, bulk densities, density-derived porosity,
neutron-derived porosity, and neutron-density derived porosity relationship for well B.
Table 3: Statistical table showing the calculation of Standard deviation for Sonic Log of Well A
= 1881.011
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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 261-271
Table:4 Statistical Table showing the calculation of Standard deviation for Neutron -
Density Log of Well A
( ND – ND ) ( ND – ND ) F( ND – ND )
2 2
Class
Interval (%)
F (%) F ND (%) ND (%) 2 2
(%) (% ) (% )
20 – 24 3 22 66 31.69 – 9.69 93.896 281.688
25 – 29 46 27 1242 31.69 – 4.69 21.996 1011.816
30 – 34 46 32 1472 31.69 0.31 0.096 4.416
35 – 39 29 37 1073 31.69 5.31 28.196 817.684
40 – 44 6 42 252 31.69 10.31 106.296 637.776
45 – 49 1 47 47 31.69 15.31 234.396 234.396
F F ND F( ND–
= 131 = 4152
ND )
2
= 2987.776
Table.5: Statistical Table showing the calculation of Standard d eviation for Sonic Log of
Well B
Class
Interval F son (%)
sonic ( son – son ) ( son – son )
2 F( son –
(%)
Fson (%)
(%) (%) (% )
2 son )
2
(% )
2
= 3611.8
( ND – ND ) ( ND – ND ) F( ND – ND )
Class 2 2
Interval F ND (%) F ND (%) ND (%) 2 2
(%) (%) (% ) (% )
20 – 24 3 22 66 30.8 – 8.8 77.44 232.32
25 – 29 12 27 324 30.8 – 3.8 14.44 173.28
30 – 34 20 32 608 30.8 1.2 1.44 27.36
35 – 39 8 37 296 30.8 6.2 38.44 307.52
F F ND F( ND– ND )
2
= 42 = 1294
= 740.48
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Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2013, 4(3): 261-271
Table 7: Showing the Range, Mean Porosity Values, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation for both
Wells A and B
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269
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270
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Prem, V. S (1997). Environmental and Engineering Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P and Sheriff, R. E (1990).
Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, London. Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. London, pp. 283 -292
Schlumberger, 2000. Log Interpretation:
Principles/Applications. Schlumberger Education Wyllie, M. R. J (1963) The Fundamentals of well Log
Services. Interpretation. Academic Press, New York.
Sheriff, R. E., 1991. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration
RD
Geophysics; 3 Ed. Society of Exploration
Geophysicist, USA.
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