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This document discusses techniques for evaluating curriculum, including formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done during preliminary tryouts to improve a curriculum, while summative evaluation assesses a finished curriculum. Key techniques include measuring inputs/outcomes/processes, pre-post testing, and comparing experimental and control groups. A good curriculum is systematically planned and evaluated, reflects the school's aims, maintains balance among aims, promotes continuity of experience, and allows flexibility for individual students. New trends emphasize determining what should be in a program, setting standards, and considering political aspects of curriculum evaluation.
This document discusses techniques for evaluating curriculum, including formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done during preliminary tryouts to improve a curriculum, while summative evaluation assesses a finished curriculum. Key techniques include measuring inputs/outcomes/processes, pre-post testing, and comparing experimental and control groups. A good curriculum is systematically planned and evaluated, reflects the school's aims, maintains balance among aims, promotes continuity of experience, and allows flexibility for individual students. New trends emphasize determining what should be in a program, setting standards, and considering political aspects of curriculum evaluation.
This document discusses techniques for evaluating curriculum, including formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done during preliminary tryouts to improve a curriculum, while summative evaluation assesses a finished curriculum. Key techniques include measuring inputs/outcomes/processes, pre-post testing, and comparing experimental and control groups. A good curriculum is systematically planned and evaluated, reflects the school's aims, maintains balance among aims, promotes continuity of experience, and allows flexibility for individual students. New trends emphasize determining what should be in a program, setting standards, and considering political aspects of curriculum evaluation.
Putting together the three sets of test items in a three-
pat examination. To evaluate is to determine the value or worth of 5. Assignment of values to the three sets of objectives. something, and worth is expressed in relation to some type of 6. Assignment of a random sample of students to each criterion. of the two programs being compared. 7. Selection of the appropriate program on the basis of Types of Criteria: the performance of the learners on each section of the 1. Aims and objective as criteria examination and the values assigned to each part. 2. Achievement standards as criteria 3. Comprehensive, externally developed criteria Payoff evaluation is the examination of the effects of the 4. Locally developed criteria instrument or curriculum on student learning by comparing the results of pre- and post-tests or determining the relationship Steps in evaluating the curriculum between the scores of the experimental group and those of control group on specified criteria. 1. Identification of the instructional objective or the exact learning result desired Another evaluation technique is Intrinsic Evaluation which 2. If necessary, operational statement of these refers to the assessment of the educational program or the objectives, that is, specification of the process and curriculum itself. In order to realize such an examination, we content elements in case instructional objectives are must procure information (1) about the pupil, including his not precisely stated mental capacity, socio-economic background, and past 3. Selection of instruments for measuring or description performance, (2) about the training and efficiency of the of learning result expected professional staff, and (3) about society’s values, culture, and 4. Administration of the instruments and analysis of the problems. Other sources of data are school records, interview, outcomes to determine the extent to which the and questionnaires. expected learning results have been attained Another technique is the Cost-Benefit Study of an educational Evaluation may be quantitative or numerical and program which is mainly the figuring out of the opportunity qualitative or verbal. cost, that is, the cost of foregoing the next best alternative. Evaluation thus proceeds from 1. Data collection activities Marks of a Good Curriculum 2. Data analysis 3. Interpretation Here are some marks of a good curriculum which may be sued as criteria for evaluation purposes. Techniques of evaluation 1. Measurement of inputs or antecedent variables I. A good curriculum is systematically planned and 2. Outcomes or results evaluated. 3. Transactions or processes 1. A definite organization is responsible for coordination planning and evaluation. Types of evaluation 2. Steps in planning and evaluation are 1. Formative evaluation logically defined and taken. - Is done when pupil achievement or written tests 3. Ways or workings utilize the contribution of are administered during preliminary tryouts of an all concerned. educational program in order to improve a II. A good curriculum reflects adequately the aims proposed curriculum. of the school. Inference – is considered here as the process 1. The faculty has defined comprehensive intervening between the objective data seen or heard educational aims. and the coding of those data on an observational 2. The scope of the curriculum includes areas instrument. related to all stated aims. 2. Summative evaluation 3. Each curriculum opportunity is planned with - Is terminal evaluation and it involves judgment reference to one or more aims. of a finished product such as a teaching machine 4. In planning curriculum opportunities from or a curriculum on the market, and assessing year to year and in each area, teachers whether it is better than another or the best consider the total scope of aims. among other of its kind. III. A good curriculum maintains balance among all aims of the school. A paradigm for systematizing comparative evaluation 1. The curriculum gives attention to each aim proposed by Popham in 1968 consists of the following. commensurate with its importance. 2. The total plan of curriculum opportunities in 1. Identification of the specific instructional objectives. the basic areas, school activities, and special 2. Grouping the objectives according to (a) those interests reflects careful planning with common to both programs being compared, (b) those respect to all aims. unique to one program, and (c) those unique to the 3. Guidance of each individual helps provide other program. him with a program which is well-balanced 3. Development of test items for each category of in terms of his needs and capacities. objectives. 4. The school organization, schedule, and 5. The curriculum promotes individual facilities help in giving appropriate attention development rather than conformity to some to each aim. hypothetical standard. 5. Classroom activities and schedules are 6. The school attempts to follow up its former arranged so as to provide a balance program students both as a service to them and for of varied learning activities. evaluative data. IV. A good curriculum promotes continuity of experience. New trends in Curriculum Evaluation 1. Provisions are made for the smooth transition and continuing achievement of Glass and Worthen (1972) define curriculum evaluation as the pupils from on classroom, grade, or school process of obtaining information for judging the worth of an to another. educational program, product, procedure, or educational 2. Curriculum plans in areas which extend over objective, or the potential utility of alternative approaches several years are developed vertically. designed to attain specified objectives. In their monograph 3. Classroom practices give attention to the supplement to the journal Curriculum Theory Network they maturity and learning problems of each affirm that evaluative activities include the following: pupil. - Determining what ought to be in a program 4. Cooperative planning and teaching provide - Setting up standards for exchanged or information about pupil’s - Looking at the roles of individual involved in the learning experiences. change process V. A good curriculum arranges learning - Becoming sensitized to political aspects of the opportunities flexibility for adaptation to situation particular situations and individuals. Part two of the monograph presents three comprehensive 1. Curriculum guides encourage teachers to frameworks for curriculum evaluation. One is a make their own plans for specific learning curriculum/student monitoring system for the formative situations. evaluation of school programs. Another collects and analyzed 2. Cooperative teaching and planning utilize student progress data. The third uses systems analysis many opportunities as they arise to share techniques to aid in future decision-making, extending the learning resources and special talents. earlier model devised by Daniel Stufflebeam and EgonGuba. 3. Time allotments and schedules are modified as need justifies. The third part of the monograph treats various aspects of 4. In accordance with their maturity, pupils evaluation methodology: participate in the planning of learning - The distinction between evaluation and research experiences. activities 5. The selection of learning experiences - Interdisciplinary contribution to evaluation reflects careful attention to the demands of - Strategies for optimizing resources the learning situation. - Instruments for analyzing curricular materials VI. A good curriculum utilizes the most effective - Procedure for formative and summative learning experiences and resources available. evaluations 1. Learning experiences are developed so that pupils see purpose, meaning, and Worner (1972) argues that many principals have failed to significances in each activity. convince parents and boards of the potential of an instructional 2. Needed available resources are utilized at program because of vague and imprecise evaluation data. the time they are relevant and helpful Planning-Programming-Budgeting System provide the type of 3. Use of the right learning resources for each date that help principals in making difficult decision on pupil is encouraged. program expansion, program elimination and program 4. Teachers discriminate wisely between maintenance. activities which pupils carry on independently and those in which teacher- A speech prepared by Rush and other (1972) reports a pupils interaction is desirable. systematic attempt to train and use classroom teachers and VII. A good curriculum makes maximum provision administrators in the operation of a curriculum evaluation for the development of each learner. model. The data indicate that competent professionals can 1. The program provides a wide range of indeed be trained to play an effective role. opportunities for individuals of varying abilities, needs, and interests. An “expected opportunity loss” model is advanced by Tanner 2. Extensive arrangements are made for the (1970) as a decision-making technique. The model formulates educational diagnosis of individual learners. alternatives for decision-making under uncertainty and weighs 3. Self-directed, independent study is the probable or possible opportunity loss. encouraged wherever possible and advisable. 4. Self-motivation and self-evaluation are stimulated and emphasized throughout the learning opportunities of the school.
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