Sans 960

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ISBN 978-0-626-24038-7
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Textiles — Dimensional stability during

washing and drying procedures
Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X 191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 38E, Textile test
methods – Dimensional stability & wet tests, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards
Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This edition cancels and replaces the second revision (SABS SM 960:1994).
Reaffirmed and reprinted in June 2011.

This standard will be reviewed every 5 years and
either be reaffirmed, amended, revised or withdrawn.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
Textiles — Dimensional stability during washing and drying

procedures
1 Scope
This standard specifies a method of determining the effect of washing and drying procedures on the
dimensional stability of fabrics, garments and other textile articles. Seven washing procedures and
five drying procedures are described. A complete test consists of a washing and a drying
procedure.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a
standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions
of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
ISO 6330, Textiles – Domestic washing and drying procedures for textile testing.
SANS 70, Conditioning of textiles and standard temperate atmosphere for determining their
physical and mechanical properties.
SANS 651, Low-foam laundry detergent (for use in automatic and non-automatic domestic washing
machines).
SANS 3759/ISO 3759, Textiles – Preparation, marking and measuring of fabric specimens and
garments in tests for determination of dimensional change.
3 Principle
A specimen is marked, conditioned, measured and then washed in an automatic washing machine
and dried in accordance with the appropriate specified procedures. After reconditioning, the
specimen is remeasured and the dimensional change is calculated.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
4 Apparatus and reagents1)

4.1 Automatic washing machine, of the front-loading, rotating drum type, as follows:
a) Dimensions of rotating drum: diameter 515 mm ± 5 mm, depth 335 mm ± 5 mm, with three lifting
vanes each of height 50 mm ± 5 mm that extend the full depth of the drum and that are spaced
120° apart.
b) Rotating action of drum:
1) normal action: 12 s ± 0,1 s clockwise, 3 s ± 0,1 s stop, 12 s ± 0,1 s anticlockwise, 3 s ± 0,1 s

stop; and
2) gentle action: 3 s ± 0,1 s clockwise, 12 s ± 0,1 s stop, 3 s ± 0,1 s anticlockwise, 12 s ± 0,1 s

stop.
c) Rotating speed of drum: 52 r/min during washing; 530 r/min ± 20 r/min during hydro-extraction
(spin).
d) Water supply: tap water at 20 °C ± 3 °C. The machine has a filling time of approximately 6 min
when filled to the high dip level, and a draining time of approximately 1 min when drained from
the high dip level.
e) Heating: electric, thermostatically controlled.
NOTE Other types of horizontal drum machines, that have been determined to give comparable results, may
be used but in cases of dispute, it is recommended that the specified machine be used.
4.2 Marking and measuring equipment, that complies with the relevant requirements of
SANS 3759.
4.3 Ballast (loading cloths, make-weights), in the form of square pieces of knitted 100 %
polyester or woven polyester/cotton fabric of side length in the range 300 mm to 500 mm and of
mass in the range 180 g/m2 to 220 g/m2. (The ballast should be replaced at suitable intervals.)
4.4 Detergent, either ECE test detergent or IEC test detergent, as specified in ISO 6330, or a
commercial detergent that complies with the requirements of SANS 651. (See also NOTE to 6.1.)
4.5 Flat-bed press, that has an operating temperature of 150 °C ± 15 °C and that is capable of
drying the specimen to below its conditioned mass and of applying sufficient pressure to remove
any creases from the specimen.
4.6 Rotary tumble dryer, that

a) has a cylindrical basket of diameter approximately 750 mm and of depth approximately 450 mm;
b) is capable of operating at a rotating speed of approximately 30 r/min;
1) Details of a suitable washing machine, flat-bed press, tumble dryer and detergents can be obtained from the
SABS Standards Division.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
c) is equipped with a means of maintaining a drying temperature of approximately 70 °C, measured

in the exhaust vent as close as possible to the drying cylinder; and
d) has a facility for providing a cooling period of 5 min at the end of the drying cycle.
4.7 Screen drying racks, of meshed stainless steel or of suitable plastics material.
4.8 Suitable facilities for drip-drying or line drying.
5 Preparation of test specimens

5.1 Prepare and mark the test specimen in accordance with SANS 3759.
5.2 Condition the test specimen in accordance with SANS 70, and then measure the conditioned
test specimen in accordance with SANS 3759.
6 Washing procedures
NOTE Information and guidance about suitable applications for the washing procedures are given in annex A.
6.1 Select the appropriate washing procedure given in table 1, as specified in the relevant product
specification or as agreed upon between the parties concerned.
NOTE Use the ECE test detergent, unless use of the IEC test detergent or a commercial detergent is
specified in the relevant product specification or agreed upon between the parties concerned.
Table 1 — Washing procedures
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Washing procedure
Test conditions
A A1 B B1 C D D1
Mass of conditioned load
(including ballast), kg 3,8 to 4,0 3,8 to 4,0 1,9 to 2,0 1,9 to 2,0 1,9 to 2,0 3,8 to 4,0 3,8 to 4,0
Rotating action of drum Normal Normal Normal Normal Gentle Gentle Normal
Washing temperature, °C 90 ± 3 60 ± 3 60 ± 3 50 ± 3 40 ± 3 40 ± 3 40 ± 3
Actual washing time, min 45 45 30 30 15 15 30
Liquor volume, L 40 ± 3
a)
Liquor level (for washing
and rinsing procedures), mm 240 ± 5
Detergent Sufficient (1 g/L to 3 g/L) to form good running suds of height 20 mm to 30 mm.
a
Measured from the bottom of the outer cage.
6.2 Weigh the conditioned test specimen, together with sufficient conditioned ballast, to make up a
wash load of the required mass appropriate to the procedure selected. Not more than half of the
wash load shall consist of test specimens.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
6.3 Crumple each specimen (and the ballast) that is to form part of the wash load into an individual
loose ball and place it in the washing machine. Set the required washing temperature and rotating
action (see table 1) and start the machine. While the washing machine is filling with water
(approximately 6 min), add sufficient detergent (see 4.4 and table 1).
NOTE The heating time varies between 6 min and 28 min, depending on the ambient temperature of the
water and the required washing temperature.
6.4 When the preset washing temperature has been reached, wash the load in accordance with
the actual washing time and rotating action appropriate to the procedure selected and then drain
and spin.
6.5 Rinse the load three times with water, each rinse cycle consisting of approximately 5 min
filling, 5 min agitation and 1 min draining. When relevant (see 6.6 and 6.7), spin the load for
approximately 1 min at the end of the final rinse cycle.
6.6 If a test specimen is to be drip-dried (see 7.5), stop the machine just before the spin cycle of
the final rinse cycle and remove the specimen, taking care not to stretch or distort it. Subject the
ballast to the final spin cycle.
6.7 After the final spin cycle of the final rinse cycle has been completed, remove each test
specimen (and the ballast), taking care not to stretch or distort the specimen during handling, and
dry it (and the ballast), in accordance with one of the drying procedures described in clause 7, as
given in the relevant product specification or as agreed upon between the parties concerned.
7 Drying procedures
7.1 General
If no other method of drying is specified or agreed upon by the parties concerned, dry each test
specimen in accordance with the procedure given in 7.2.
7.2 Procedure E: flat-bed press drying

Without distorting it, place the test specimen flat on the bed of the press (see 4.5) and apply
sufficient pressure for one or more short periods, until enough moisture has been removed to
ensure conditioning from the dry side of equilibrium.
7.3 Procedure F: tumble drying

Place the test specimen (and the ballast) in the tumble dryer (see 4.6) and operate the dryer at
70 °C until the load is dry to the touch (usually 20 min to 40 min). Weigh the combined load and
make sure that it does not exceed the conditioned mass of the load determined before the start of
the washing procedure (see 6.2). Continue to tumble dry for approximately 5 min with the heat
turned off. Remove the test specimen and lay it flat to condition.
7.4 Procedure G: flat drying

Spread the test specimen out on the horizontal screen drying rack (see 4.7), remove any wrinkles
by hand without stretching or distorting the specimen, and allow it to air-dry at a temperature not
exceeding 60 °C.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
7.5 Procedure H: drip-drying

Allow the test specimen (that has been removed from the machine before the spin cycle of the final
rinse cycle (see 6.6)) to dry in accordance with the procedure given in 7.6.
7.6 Procedure J: line drying

Suspend the test specimen from a line, in still air at room temperature, and allow it to air-dry.
Ensure that the warp (length or wale) direction of the specimen is vertical and that made-up articles
are suspended in the direction of use.
8 Reconditioning and remeasuring

Recondition the dried specimen in accordance with SANS 70 and then remeasure the specimen as
specified in SANS 3759.
9 Calculation
For each specimen, calculate the dimensional change, in each direction, to the nearest 0,1 % of the
corresponding original value. Indicate a decrease in dimension by a minus (−) sign and an increase
in dimension by a plus (+) sign. In the case of piece-goods, calculate the mean percentage
dimensional change of the specimen in the warp (length or wale) direction and the weft (width or
course) direction, separately. In the case of a garment, calculate the percentage dimensional
change for each measuring position. If so required, calculate the percentage dimensional change
for the area.
Calculate the expressed dimensional change (C), as a percentage using the following formula:
B−A
C= × 100
A
where
B is the distance between the datum lines, or the area, after washing in millimetres;
A is the distance between the datum lines, or the area, before washing in millimetres.
10 Test report
State the following in the test report:
a) that the test was carried out strictly in accordance with this standard or whether any deviation
was introduced;
b) all details necessary for the identification of the specimen tested;
c) when relevant, the type of detergent used;
d) the washing procedure used;
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
e) the drying procedure used;
f) the mean of the dimensional changes
1) in the warp (length or wale) direction, and
2) in the weft (width or course) direction, or
3) in the case of garments, between the specific measuring points; and
g) if so required, the dimensional change of the area.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
Annex A
(informative)
Information and guidance on suitable applications for

the washing procedures
Details of washing procedures considered suitable for various fabric compositions and laundering
requirements are given in table A.1.
Table A.1 — Suitable washing procedures
1 2
Fabric composition and laundering requirements Washing procedure
White and colourfast cotton and linen items that are required to withstand severe
washing at a temperature of 90 °C. A
Cotton, linen and cellulosic-blend items that are required to withstand prolonged
washing at a temperature of 60 °C. A1
Cellulosics, polyester, polyamide and cellulosic/synthetic blends that are required to
withstand washing at a temperature of 60 °C. B
Cellulosics, polyester, polyamide and cellulosic/synthetic blends that are required to
withstand washing at a temperature of 50 °C. B1
Unmodified viscose rayon, cuprammonium rayon, diacetate rayon, triacetate rayon,
acrylics and minimum care fabrics that are required to withstand washing at a C
temperature of 40 °C.
Normal washable wool fabrics (including blankets) that are required to withstand gentle
washing at a temperature of 40 °C. D
Shrink-resistant wool fabrics and wool-blends (including socks and blankets) that are
required to withstand gentle, prolonged washing at a temperature of 40 °C. D1
NOTE Other details concerning suitable labelling symbols for washing, bleaching, ironing, dry cleaning and
tumble drying are given in SANS 10011.
Annex B
(informative)
Summarized version of test method, and worked example
B.1 General
This annex gives a basic outline of the steps to be followed in determining the dimensional changes
of textiles during washing and drying and gives a worked example. This summary serves only as a
guide to a person who has studied the full method carefully and should not be used as a substitute
for the full method, which contains important details.
SANS 960:2005
Edition 4
B.2 Summarized version of method, and worked example
Procedure Worked example

1) Prepare, mark and measure the conditioned fabric or Warp direction Weft direction
garment specimen as specified in ISO 3759. 498 496
497 497
496 497
1491 1490
2) Select the appropriate washing procedure from those
given in table 1.
3) Prepare the wash load (see 6.2 and 6.3), place the
load in the washing machine, set the washing
temperature, start the machine and, while the machine
is filling with water, add the detergent.
4) Subject the load to the appropriate washing cycle
followed by three rinse cycles.
5) If a specimen is to be drip-dried, remove it from the
machine before the final spin cycle of the final rinse
cycle, taking care not to stretch or distort the
specimen.
6) After the final spin cycle, following the final rinse cycle,
remove the specimen, taking care not to stretch or
distort it.
7) Dry the specimen in accordance with the appropriate
of the procedures described in clause 7.
8) Recondition the dried specimen in accordance with
SANS 70.
9) Remeasure the specimen between the datum marks. 485 492
482 489
484 491
1451 1472
1451 - 1 491
10) Calculate the dimensional change, as described in Warp = × 100 = - 2,7 %
1491
clause 9.
11) Report the results in accordance with clause 10. 1472 - 1 490
Weft = × 100 = -1,2 %
1490
Bibliography
SANS 10011, Care-labelling of textile piece-goods, textile articles and clothing.
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© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Textiles — Dimensional stability during

Published by SABS Standards Division

Reaffirmed and reprinted in June 2011.

Textiles — Dimensional stability during washing and drying

4 Apparatus and reagents1)

b) Rotating action of drum:

1) normal action: 12 s ± 0,1 s clockwise, 3 s ± 0,1 s stop, 12 s ± 0,1 s anticlockwise, 3 s ± 0,1 s

2) gentle action: 3 s ± 0,1 s clockwise, 12 s ± 0,1 s stop, 3 s ± 0,1 s anticlockwise, 12 s ± 0,1 s

e) Heating: electric, thermostatically controlled.

4.6 Rotary tumble dryer, that

b) is capable of operating at a rotating speed of approximately 30 r/min;

c) is equipped with a means of maintaining a drying temperature of approximately 70 °C, measured

4.8 Suitable facilities for drip-drying or line drying.

5 Preparation of test specimens

Table 1 — Washing procedures

7.2 Procedure E: flat-bed press drying

7.3 Procedure F: tumble drying

7.4 Procedure G: flat drying

7.5 Procedure H: drip-drying

7.6 Procedure J: line drying

8 Reconditioning and remeasuring

State the following in the test report:

b) all details necessary for the identification of the specimen tested;

c) when relevant, the type of detergent used;

d) the washing procedure used;

e) the drying procedure used;

f) the mean of the dimensional changes

1) in the warp (length or wale) direction, and

2) in the weft (width or course) direction, or

3) in the case of garments, between the specific measuring points; and

g) if so required, the dimensional change of the area.

Information and guidance on suitable applications for

Table A.1 — Suitable washing procedures

Summarized version of test method, and worked example

B.2 Summarized version of method, and worked example

Procedure Worked example

SABS – Standards Division

Amendments and Revisions

Details and advice can be obtained from the Senior Manager.

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