1.

INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days, the symbolic term of this world is “Hifi world” because of the
technology, intellectuality and developed system that is growing more and more in its
own modern way. I think due to this modernization, humans are made effortless as
compared to the ages before to do our own work. Scientists are working on their new
inventions to develop this world in a more intellectual way. In the present context,
Robots like ‘Sophia’ are one of those examples to relate with the modernization of
this world. We all know that ‘human storage is more than a computer storage’ but now
the scientists are coming up with these robots to win this argument by enhancing their
abilities similar to those of humans. As like in the context of India, Air conditioners,
washing machines, smart phones, laptops, trade and industrial set up is considered as
the modernization. Not only in India, in the Andhra Pradesh scientists sent a satellite
‘Chandrayan’ to the moon for the purpose to find the water and also the life for the
humans to use and propagate them in our daily life. These are the most prevalent and
most existential technologies in today’s world but there are also new techonologies
developed and coming up by America, England, Israel, Japan, Korea etc. These are
regarded as globalization in the human sense and to the worldview.
As the change and development is happening all over the world, the mindset and
perspective of the people and society is also developed. In the past decades, people
are un-civilized and they are not broad minded, because the growth and development
has taken place in a progressive way, not like 4G high speed. Now, the people wanted
everything to happen in just a few seconds. Therefore, I wanted to focus on the
worldview of the people, society and the world. How is it taking place in the
globalized world? What are the main intentions of the human’s worldview and the
global worldview to change for the ultimate purpose of modernization?
2. Background of the concept of Worldview
2.1. Definition of the Worldview
According to Wolman in 1973, The term worldview comes from the German
language “Weltanschauung”, meaning a view or perspective on the world or the
universe “used to describe one’s total outlook on life, society and its institutions”.1
Worldview has gone by many names or terms in the literature:

1 Mark E Koltko Rivera, The Psychology of Worldviews (New York: Educational Publishing
foundation, 2004), 4.

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 In 1954, Jung regarded worldview as the “philosophy of life”, In 1970, Maslow
referred as “world outlook”, and finally Klucjhohn denoted in anthropology alone as
“cultural orientations” in 1950.2
Mark E Koltko Rivera defined “Worldview is a way of describing the universe
and life within it, both in terms of what it is and what ought to be. A given worldview
is a set of beliefs that includes limiting statements and assumptions regarding what
exists and what does not (either in actuality, or in principle), what objects or
experiences are good or bad, and what objectives, behaviors, and relationships are
desirable or undesirable”.3
There are few scholars who defined the concept are as follows:
Robert Redfield defined the Worldview as “that outlook upon the universe that is
characteristic of a people. It is the picture of the members of the society have of the
properties and characters upon their stage of action. Worldview attends specifically to
the way a man, in a particular society sees himself in relation to all else”.4
Michael Kearney defined the Worldview of a people as “their way of looking at
reality. It consists of basic assumptions and images that provide a more or less
coherant though not necessarily accurate, way of thinking about the world”.5
Through these definitions, the writer believe that the readers will have some
understanding about what do it mean by worldview. The writer simply says that, it is
an ideology of human thinking. In what way the people are looking at the things that
is going on in the society or the world or among the people. The way people look at
the things and their ideology is distinguished into different types of Worldview. The
Worldviews of the people are different and also due to change of time and age,
people’s thinking has been changed. For their worldviews are divided into several
categories like Peasant worldview, Modern view, Post modern worldview and Glocal
view.

2 Mark E Koltko Rivera, The Psychology of Worldviews (New York: Educational Publishing
foundation, 2004), 4.
3 Mark E Koltko Rivera, The Psychology of Worldviews (New York: Educational Publishing
foundation, 2004), 3-4.
4 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 18.
5 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 19.

2
2.2. Types of the Worldview
2.2.1. Peasant worldview
The people who live in the small scale societies are known as Peasants. They are
also rural civilizers and cultivators for they plow and irrigate the fields to raise
animals for work and food. The peasant communities are divided into two groups for
they are closed communities and open communities. Closed communities produces
food like grains and crops. They are the most isolated from cultural, historical and
political life of the larger social and national systems in which they live. Open
communities always have connections with the economic, political and cultural world.
They influences the outside world by making the villages by equipping them. For
example, today we can found lot of coco-cola, fertilizers and sewing machines in
many peasant villages. 6Peasant Worldview can be understood only in a historical
perspective that includes economic, political, and demographic relationships with the
greater world of which the Peasant community is belonging to.7
2.2.2. The modern worldview
This worldview starts from seventeenth century drawing a special emphasis on
modern science and modernity. It is said that, Modernity is the first truly global
culture for its worldview made a great shift in the history. Modernism is a world
system and spirit that today both encompasses us as individuals and encircles the
globe. Andrew says that, “in the years between 1650-1700 is an intellectual
transformation of fundamental and far-reaching importance changed the very nature o
the assumptions and attitudes the thoughts that had been based for centuries and so in
doing change, people understood themselves and their world”. In the 18 th century, the
modern worldview is also called as ‘medieval worldview’. Before this change, people
used to give importance for theistic interventions but after the change, people
understood that world is material rather than spiritual as mechanical rather than
theological. Although, the project of modernity came into focus only during the
eighteenth century. Vinoth Ramachandra observed, ‘modernity is the first truly global
civilization to emerge in human history. It’s impact is even more on remote villages of
the world as much as in the universities, commercial offices of the major cities”. that

6 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People

Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 123.
7 David K Naugle, Worldview: The history of the Concept (Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans
Publishing company, 2002), 244.

3
means Modern worldview offers a scientific and intellectual domination of the world
around us to have our own ways of thinking. 8
2.2.3. Post-modern worldview
Modernism and Postmodernism are not two unique and independent categories
but interwoven concepts. The shift of modernism to post modernism is the fact of
general acceptance, that this is also a shift from old to the new because people always
strive and want some thing new in their life and ways. Post modernism is the situation
in which the world finds itself after the collapse of the enlightenment project which
lasted from the latter part of the eighteenth century until the twentieth century. The
term Post modern came into use in 1940’s in the form of architecture and poetry and
later in 1960’s, it started to appear in the books as well. Post modern Worldview
designates with the rationalism, capitalism and efforts to control the life.9
2.2.4. Post postmodernism Worldview or Glocal view
The Post-modernity has led to the re-conceptualization of the nature of sciences,
political agendas, ethnicities, nationalisms and religious as constructed ideologies of
good and evil over societies and individuals. But in this world, post modernity does
not answers to the growing needs of the human but what lies beyond the post
modernity? Smith referred this emerging paradigm shift from post modernity as “Post
postmodern era”.10 This name emerged because of the rapid globalization. The Post-
modernization led to the concept of Post postmodernism which is centered on the new
paradigm shift of globalization.
According to many scholars, “the spreading of globalization is a beginning of a
new era after post modernity’s destruction of modernity” 11. But I assert that this shift
from the post modernity to the post postmodernity due to the spreading of
globalization describes also another shift. That is the shift from globalization to the
glocalization in which it is also called as ‘the Glocal View’. But what it means and
relates to the worldview? How we will understand the Glocal view in relation with the
Post postmodernity? We have understood about the worldview from the peasant age
till the post modern age. From time to time, the way of thinking and the way of doing

8 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People

Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 141-143.
9 Ruben Videira Soengas, Postmodernism: A Worldview without Answers (N.P, N.p, n.d), 12,14.
10 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 241.
11 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 242.

4
the things in this world has been changed. Therefore, Glocal view is a worldview of
the people, society and world which stepped forward again from post modernity to the
post postmodernity. We do not know, how far it lasts but I am sure that it ends from
the time span of gap and again a new era comes with different concept of lifestyle,
development and the worldview. The Post postmodernism brought a lot of changes in
this world for the better society and world but there are also some challenges which
existed in this world are Globalization, localization, Secularism and Neo-liberal
capitalism. Development.
3. The challenges of the Glocal view
3.1. Development
The term ‘Development’ became more prevalent after 1950’s because many
massive programs are set up to help the under-developed countries to join the so
called ‘developed world’. This development project has resulted in many benefits like
increased life expectancy, higher literacy rates and democratic freedoms. While,
development has wiped out cultures, destroyed Eco-systems, dis-empowered marginal
peoples and created military dictatorships. Due to the affects of the local people about
the development, the anthropologists made an awareness by increasing their
opportunities to decide their future like microloans, local tailoring and modern
empowering development programs for women. These programs led these people to
develop from the ground level to the global level.12
3.2. Globalization
Anthony Giddens defines Globalization as “the intensification of worldwide
social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away”. 13 Mc Grew also specified that
“Globalization as simply the intensification of global interconnectedness”. 14
Robertson also said that Globalization as a concept referred “both to the compression
of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”15
Here, we can see that all scholars are agreeing with the two proponent terms
which are Global compression and Global intensification of consciousness. These are

12 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People

Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 261-262.
13 D Souza Leela, “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search for
Identity”, In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P G Jogoland, S M
Michael, eds. (New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003), 36.
14Ibid, 36.
15Ibid, 36.

5
also one of the theories of the Globalization but as a concept of worldview I wanted to
focus on only these two theories.
Firstly, the theory of Global compression is described as a common conscious
appearance of the world as more intimate and more compressed. This Global
compression led to the proximity (closeness or intimacy) to an increasing level of
interdependence between national systems by way of trade, military alliance,
domination and cultural imperialism. Wallerstein said that this globe is undergoing
social compression since the beginning of the 16th century but Robertson argued that
its history is much more longer. Hoogvelt also asserted that world compression is not
a new idea. Although, World compression intensifies (increases) Global
consciousness.16
Secondly, the theory of Global intensification of consciousness which implies
to all spheres and issues that could be no longer be looked interdependently from local
perspective but we need to say that Globalization had connected those local
perspectives and factors to this Global world. Robertson clarified that this did not
imply greater intergration or unification of factors and processes such as banking,
political governance and national expressions (national flag, museums, libraries), but
implied more connectivity. He was also careful to state that, these altogether was a
single system but it was divided by conflicts sometimes. This also doesnt mean that
there is a global unity with a simplistic uniformity like a world culture rather it was a
complex social phenomenon in which different aspects of life were brought into
articulation with one another. 17

These two theories are based on the dependence and interdependence with the
society and world. Worldview is all about the view of the people, society, and world.
I suggest that these two theories are related to one another with the worldview
because these are also concentrated in the view of people, society, system and world.
Therefore, I also confirm that Globalization and Post postmodernism are inter-related
to each other. The Internet is the backbone of the network society and globalization is
intrinsically involved in the parallel processes of virtualization, informatization and

16 D Souza Leela, “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search for Identity”,
In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P G Jogoland, S M Michael, eds.
(New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003), 57.
17 D Souza Leela, “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search for Identity”,
In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P G Jogoland, S M Michael, eds.
(New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003), 57-58.

6
industrialization. Yet, the so-called digital revolution has mainly been mainly
portrayed as an exclusive concern of the wealthy nations. The “booming literature on
cyberspace and the new techno-culture in the ‘90s showed little in the developing
countries”.18

3.3. Fundamentalism
Martin Marty and R Scott explained Fundamentalism as a “reaction against the
invasive, intrusive and threatning features of modernity by the emerging nation states
of the world”.19 Adrian Watkins defined that “Fundamentalism is a deep and total
commitment to religious beliefs, involving a return to supposed fundamentals away
from doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life”.20 Through the
spread of post postmodernism, religious communities seek to maintain their own
cultural identities in the light of their traditional civilizations. The result is the tension
between the global level of rationalization and secularization and also the regional
forms of specificity centered on religions. Zeyno Barna states that “Muslims wanted
to establish theocratic states within the world and regard it as ‘Islamic world’. in the
same way, in India battles are fought in India with the revival of hindu
fundamentalism to establish a Hindu state”. 21 Therefore the initial understanding of
globalization to fundamentalism is an attempt to express the identity of a society and
to declare the necessity of a society. This aspect of fundamentalism as a reaction to
globalization resulting the compression from a inter-societal system.22
3.4. Neo-liberal Capitalism
Under this Neo-liberal capitalism, the state controls the economy, markets are
free from the governmental control, state seeks to protect private property, open new
territories to business and use military power to promote and promote private interests
of the people. On the global scale, the conflict is between global capitalist markets
and traditional economics. In the world market, size, technology cheap labor give

18 Oscar Hemer and Thomas Tufte, The Challenge of The Glocal (Denmark: N.p, 2005), 15.

19 D Souza Leela, “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search for

Identity”, In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P G Jogoland, S M
Michael, eds. (New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003), 70-71.
20 Adrian Watkins and Leslie Nathaniel, Gospel and Globalisation (Delhi: ISPCK, 2006), 181.
21 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 257.
22 D Souza Leela, “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search for
Identity”, In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P G Jogoland, S M
Michael, eds. (New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003), 73.

7
companies are an advantage. In local economies or traditional economies, cheap
imports and the export of consumer goods to rich companies undermine traditional
economic systems like farming etc. Paul G Hiebert says that Neo-capitalism favors
the rich because and also benefited the poor. In both ways, it worked effectively on
the basis of globalization. It is clear that, global markets are thought to be dominated
but we should not forget that they are also originated from the local economies and
local culture.23
4. Transforming Worldview
4.1. Biblical view in response to Glocal view
The biblical view concern about the human understandings of the underlying
scripture rather than how God sees at the creation? Scripture is the foundation of
knowledge which is not the human searching for God but God’s revelation to humans.
God as the Holy Spirit works in the minds of his people as human response.
 Worldview: There are many stories in the bible such as Abraham, Moses, David
and Jesus began from the historical facts. That means worldview is not sum of
many cultural parts but it should be extracted from the historically particular
experiences of our lives.24
 Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-28): these are the affective signs of Christ
likeness in terms of love, joy, peace, patience, kindness and gentleness. God
shows perfect love in his relationship to his creation as a part of reconciliation.25
 Scripture affirms that God is holy (Ps 71:22, Isa 6:3, Rev 4:8), and his creation
should be holy too. But how can we be perfect in the fallen and modernized
world? In modernity we think of holiness as living in obedience to the moral laws
of the universe and also the natural laws. These laws are nothing but God’s
commands given to his people. In the Old Testament, God gave them moral laws
to keep them away from sinning. But in the New Testament, he gave a new
commandment that they have to love one another (John 13:34). 26
 Ramachandran says that, “It is precisely the biblical stress on the historical
particularity of the human life and God’s dealings with creatures” but the Post
postmodernists denies the history and assures that it is a story shaped because

23 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People

Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 255-256.
24 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 275.
25 Ibid., 291.
26 Ibid., 295-296.

8
 they need human reasoning and scientific reasoning. But the enlightement of
God’s acts of creation and universal history shows the unique understanding of
the humans as responsible actors in history.27
 There is fundamental dualism in the scripture which is not supernatural and
natural regarding the creator and the creation. But the bible is clear that all
creation such as angels, humans, animals, plants, matter ad energy should be
dependent on God.28
4.2. Ecclesiastical view in response to Glocal view
Hendrikus Berkhof says that the “church can be missionary only if its being in the
world and at the same time being different in the world” 29. As the modernization and
development is growing more and more, people are adapted to many unwanted things.
So, Church should live an exemplary life for the other through involving in showing
God’s love to the people. Christian worldview is based on the commitment to Christ
and our task is to his example by integrating those same perspectives into our cultural
worldview.
Christian assumptions is to live habitually by them within his or her context but
the present post postmodernity context does not look for assumption but it looks for
the reality and reasoning. Therefore, we need to show our exemplary life through our
deeds like helping the local economies, raising the poor and educating the ill-literate.
Even though the world is globalized but there are areas and places which are still
in the same under the in-developed category. They live in slums, and streets,
especially the migrated people. Through various they are migrated to the cities and
town to start their new life but the Global and secularized people dis-integrate them
with the low values. So, in this time, as a christian we need to look for those kind of
people because sometimes it leads to various devastated conditions. We need to
counsel them to have faith in God and move with the patience because God ultimately
lifts them up. This is the encouragement we can inspire the people.
Industrialization and Globalization is affecting the whole world and leading
sometimes to the natural calamities due to the increase in the radiation level and some
other harmful agents. Therefore, as a christian we need to stand against those large

27 Ibid., 300.
28 Ibid., 268-269.
29 Paul G Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People
Change (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008), 284.

9
global entities, industries and markets to reduce the level of their production or
sometimes to ban their production for the purpose protecting the creation of God.
5. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Koltko Rivera, E Mark. The Psychology of Worldviews. New York: Educational
Publishing foundation, 2004.
Hiebert, G Paul. Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of
How People Change .Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Publishing group, 2008.
Naugle, K David. Worldview: The history of the Concept. Grand Rapids: William B
Eerdmans Publishing company, 2002,
Soengas, Videira Ruben. Postmodernism: A Worldview without Answers. N.P, N.p,
n.d.
Leela,D Souza. “Globalization and Religious Fundamentalist Movements: A Search
for Identity”, In Globalization and Social Movements: Struggle for Human Society, P
G Jogoland, S M Michael, eds. New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003.

Hemer, Oscar and Thomas Tufte. The Challenge of The Glocal. Denmark: N.p, 2005.
Watkins, Adrian and Leslie Nathaniel. Gospel and Globalisation. Delhi: ISPCK,
2006.

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