At the end of this topic, students should be able to :

 CO1 – Adopt and gain knowledge in Solid Waste Management System

(C5,A4)
 CO2 – Apply and develop skill in the technology and methods of the
system (C5)
 CO3 – Describe the implementation and installation of the system
accordance to relevant legislation and regulations (C2,A1,P1)

DEFINITION
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY AND RELEVANT
LEGISLATIONS
S.W.M.S IN BUILDING
SOLID WASTE - by products of human and animal activities.
‘Those materials, other than liquids or gases, that are deemed by their owner to
no longer posses value and are discarded’
(Eugene A. Glysson, 1999)

Solid Waste Management (SWM) System,

Defined as the control of waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes (SW) consistent with the best
practices of public health, economics, financial, engineering, administrative, legal
and environmental considerations

SWM refers to SW produced by households, commercial entities (excluding

industries) and institutions. They are highly heterogeneous and are influenced
by socio-geographical factors

Method of disposal and collection

Waste bags in waste bins, control tipping, conventional open trucks with
compactors, landfilling , sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation and leachate
treatment facilities and landfills with incinerators.
Source of Solid Waste:
• Residential - household-type wastes
• Non-residential – commercial, light industrial, institutional etc

Waste can be classified in terms of :

• physical characteristics (solid, liquid, gas)
• original use (e.g. packing waste)
• material (glass, paper, plastics)
• physical properties (combustible, biodegradable)
• origin (domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural)
• safety parameters (hazardous, radioactive).

Solid waste disposal and management

All type of wastes resulting from building must be disposed of in a safe and quick
manner where occupant health and comfort are to be safeguarded. Design of an
adequate system requires careful planning and adherence to the codes in effect and
to state or municipal regulations governing these systems.

Refuse sources (wet and dry) –Domestic, Commercial and institutional, Industrial
waste, Public litters, Garden refuse, Stable refuse, Building construction waste and
etc.
The aims of Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara (JPSPN) are to establish a solid waste
management system which is holistic, integrated, cost effective, sustainable and acceptable to the
community that emphasizes the conservation of the environment, selection of affordable technology
and ensuring public health"; and To implement solid waste management based on the waste hierarchy
which emphasizes waste minimization through 3R, intermediate treatment and final disposal.

The Objectives:

• A solid waste management that is integrated and cost effective, which includes collection,
transportation, intermediate treatment and disposal;
• Minimization of solid wastes from the domestic, commercial, industries, institutions community and
construction through 3R
• Services that are efficient and cost effective through privatization
• Selection of technologies that are proven, affordable in terms of CAPEX and OPEX, and
environmentally friendly
• Ensure conservation of the environment and public health
• Establish institutional and legal framework for solid waste management

Act 672 - Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007
Akta 673 - Solid Waste Public Cleansing Management Corporation Act 2007
Akta A1311 - Local Government (Ammendment) Act 2007
Akta A1312 - Street, Drainage And Building (Amendment) Act 2007
Akta A1313 - Town And Country Planning (Amendment) Act 2007
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Manner Of Appeal) Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Prescribed Solid Waste Management
Facilities And Approval For The Construction, Alteration And Closure Of Facilities)
Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Compounding Of Offences) Regulations
2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Licensing)(Management Or Operation
Of Prescribed Solid Waste Management Facilities) Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Licensing) (Undertaking Or Provision
Of Collection Services For Household Solid Waste, Public Solid Waste, Public
Institutional Solid Waste And Solid Waste Similar to Household Solid Waste)
Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Licensing) (Undertaking Or Provision of
Transportation Services By Long Haluage) Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Licensing) (Undertaking Or Provision
Of Public Cleansing Management Services) Regulations 2011
• Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management (Scheme For Household Solid Waste
And Solid Waste Similar To Household Solid Waste) Regulations 2011
 COMPOSITION

RECYCLING
1. COLLECTING
TEMPORARY STORAGE

RECEPTACLE CHAMBER

DELIVERY

2. DELIVERY
TRANSPORTING

WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY 3. DISPOSAL

9
COLLECTION

• Begins where the customer’s

waste is placed for pickup and
ends when the collection vehicles
leaves the collection route for
the off-route haul to disposal or
processing site
• Removal or refuse from buildings
is a labour intensive service
• The most costly element of
refuse service–75-80% of
budget spent
• WASTE have reclamation value
or some combustible content

TYPE OF REFUSE

Domestic - Includes ashes, foods, paper, bottle, tins etc

Commercial - Includes some of the domestic rubbish, but it mostly consist of
waste paper from office stationery, catering waste etc
Industrial - Includes various waste material produced by industries, some of which
maybe toxic or dangerous.
STORAGE CONTAINERS

Suitable storage container must be easy to handle and to keep clean.

The containers should contain odors, limit disease, and keep out
animals and insects. Should matching to the collection system.

Bins
Mild steel, rubber or plastic bins of 0.009m3 capacity – usually one
per-dwelling/ house/ resident. For small blocks of flats larger
communal containers are used to simplify collection

Sacks/bags
Plastic or paper sacks used for the hygienic packaging of refuse
prior to its being placed in a bin, skips or chute
REFUSE RECEPTACLE CHAMBER (RRC)

Local authorities require that the mass storage of refuse containers or the large
dumpster must be in a chamber [i.e. usually in or attached to the building or in a separate
building for that purpose] which is called a Refuse Receptacle Chamber [RRC].

Another name for RRC is 'Central Collection Point'. In Malay the RRC is known as 'Rumah
Sampah" because the RRC is often a separate building built specifically for the purpose of
storing solid waste temporarily.

According to the UBBL, the RRC must fulfill certain conditions i.e

• Provided with stand-on curbs for the refuse bins.

• Fly and vermin proof
• Drained to the sewerage system.
• Ventilated directly [i.e. open directly to external air]
• Have glazed-tiled walls
• Have water supply for cleaning purposes.
• Collection vehicles have
chassis and a body
• The chassis contains the
drive train and
operator’s cab
• The body includes the
receiving hopper,
compactor and storage
• When the collection is filled, or at the end of working day, the truck should be
driven to a disposal site and emptied
• If the location of disposal site is far from the collection area the collection
company will established transfer station
• The purpose of transfer station is to keep off-route time of collection vehicles to
an acceptable minimum.
Solid waste transfer station at
Taman Beringin in the northern
suburbs of Kuala Lumpur
capable of handling 1,700
tonnes of municipal wastes per
day (or 270 tonnes per hour, at
peak time) originating from the
city. The station is to serve as
a central facility for
compacting and transferring
the waste into specially-built
container trucks for
transportation to its final
disposal site at a designated
Sanitary Landfill.

The Transfer Station

comprises the Transfer
Building, Administration
Building, Weighbrides, Fuel
Station, Guard House, Leachate
Treatment Plant and all
associated M&E Equipment.
How A Typical Waste Transfer Station Works.mp4
Simulation of a Transfer Station Operation.mp4
18
3 types of DELIVERY / OPERATING system :
1. GRAVITY (refuse chute – residential)
2. WATER BORNE (waste water pipe network - grinded items)
3. AIR STREAMS (pneumatic refuse handling system – vacuum)

GRAVITY WATER AIR STREAMS

Refuse chute Garchey system Full Vacuum System
Vertical pipe Sink Grinder (Sewer system) Gravity Vacuum System
Residential Public Area System
Food Waste System

Underground suction pipework

Separate from large solid Blower or vacuum

Collection truck Air pressured stream

Compact and drained Vacuumised air stream

GRAVITY SYSTEM
System which use gravity to move refuse where the refuse movement from one point to
the other is due to force of gravity

REFUSE CHUTE (no longer being used)

A refuse chute is carried vertically
through the building, with an inlet hopper
on each floor. The hopper must be
designed to close the chute when they are
opened to receive refuse.
Chute are constructed of large domestic
pipe usually 380mm but 450mm reduces
the risk of blockage. Dwelling often
arranged in handed pairs to make
maximum use of chutes. Delivery points
often arranged to discharge into 2 bins.
WATER BORNE system – system which use water as means of transporting the refuse.
Refuse is deposited into the system and then through a waste pipe network to a central
collection point or waster disposal facility

SEWER system – food waste is disposed via the public or private sewer system as cold
water is run into the sink

The food disposal unit is switched on and food waste is fed into the unit. The waste
falls onto an impeller which revolves at high speed. The food waste is thrown off the
impeller by centrifugal force onto a cutting ring. The waste is shredded into particles
and is carried by the water into the sewer.

The components of the system are:-

a. Food disposal unit

b. Sink or feed hopper with water supply
c. Sewer pipe system
 FOOD DISPOSAL UNIT - SINK
GRINDER
• Waste grinders / ‘garberators’
comprised with an electric-powered
shredder
• Fitted in the waste pipe of kitchen
sink and can break down food waste
so that it can be flushed into the
discharge drain (40mm waste pipe)
• Not suitable for tins, papers,
bottles and metal waste.
• Care must be taken when sitting
and mounting the grinder to
minimize the risk of noise and for
safety reasons.

22
GARCHEY SYSTEM
• In this system there is no shredder, instead the kitchen-
waste bowl discharges to a waste pipe and common stack
which is large enough for solid matter, even small tins and
bottles can pass without blockage.
• The solids and waste water are allowed to collect in a
receptacle under the sink. Lifting a central plunger then
discharges the contents cleanly away - the waste water is
the flushing agent.
• A single vertical stack can serve up to about 20 storeys,
further storeys needing a further stack.
• At the bottom of the stack, or stacks, the water is
normally strained off from the solid refuse and passed to
the public sewer. This is either done by local plant or by
the specially equipped collecting vehicle - the latter case
calling for a large holding receptacle.
• It is very clean and convenient.
24
AIR STREAM SYSTEM – system that use air streams to move refuse (pneumatic
refuse), which use the blower method involves the use of compressed air (positive air
pressure) to blow the refuses or vacuum (negative air pressure) to suck waste through
pipe.

Some of the system are :

• Full Vacuum System

• Gravity Vacuum System (Combination of Gravity + Air Stream)
• Public Area System
• Food Waste System
1. Chutes that are used to feed waste into the system
2. Storage section that holds the waste between transport
cycles
3. Primary air inlet that creates an active high speed air path
in the pipe network
4. Discharge valves that periodically open to allow movement
of the waste into the active air path
5. Transport pipes that form the waste path between the
storage chambers and the Central Waste Handling Facility
(CWHF)
6. Outdoor load stations that may also feed smaller quantities
of waste material into the system
FULL VACUUM SYSTEM

The load station is key-operated. The exhauster fan starts once the system is
turned on.

Users throw their waste through chutes and it is transported directly to the
Central Waste Handling Facilities (CWHF) through the pipe network using full
vacuum technology. Vacuum suction starts at the loading point making the whole
disposal process quick and easy.

Trained users are able to lift and throw heavy sacks of garbage at an ease since the
vacuum cycle starts at the loading point. Incorporated with filter system to remove
fine particles and odour before it is emitted to the environment.

Hopper doors are specifically designed to restrict bulky items to be thrown into the
load station. These bulky items are normal recyclables. Users are encouraged to
separate their waste at source and take recyclable items to the designated area. It
is suitable for heavy usage, commercial development in particular.

Video- STREAM Full Vacuum System.mp4

REFUSE DELIVERY SYSTEM – pneumatic refuse
With a "Pneumatic waste collection system", waste is carried through a vacuum-type
underground pipe system from each household to incineration plants or a waste
transfer station. This system was adopted for the first time in Japan in Osaka, as a
waste collection system for high-rise apartments
GRAVITY VACUUM SYSTEM

Users throw their waste through the indoor chutes and outdoor load stations. The
waste are dropped and stored in a storage section which is designed to temporary
hold the waste between transport cycles.

When the waste reached certain level or due to pre-set timer, the exhauster fan
starts to create airflow from the primary air inlet into the pipe network. The
Discharge Valve door opens automatically to unload waste from the temporary storage
section into the pipe network to be transported to a sealed container located at the
central waste handling facilities.

The container is then collected and emptied at specific times by a flatbed arm roll
truck for final treatment.

This system is suitable for residential developments. Hopper doors are specifically
designed to restrict bulky items to be thrown into the load station. These bulky items
are usually recyclables. Users are encouraged to separate waste at source and
take recyclable items to the designated area.
The system is integrated with safety mechanism which is safe and suitable for all
users including children.

Video - STREAM Gravity Vacuum System.mp4

This regular public garbage bin system comes in varieties of designs usually defined
specifically to a project to suit the aesthetic requirements of the area and the client’s
choice based on a predefined selection perfectly suited to a unique public area.

The system also eliminates all the problems associated with regular refuse bins in public
places such as, overfilled up bins, rodents, pests and foul odour.

It also completely reduces the requirement of regular workers sifting and cleaning up the
bins as well as the utilisation of trucks moving around. It significantly reduces the overall
operational expenses of a municipality or a facility operator.
Besides that, it also enables enrichment of the environmental
aspect of a city by reducing the green emissions associated to
mobile trucks daily movement.

This system is ideally suited for public parks, high streets,

pedestrian walkways, tourist hot spots, boulevards, beach
waterfronts, night markets, stadiums and shopping areas. These
areas usually have high quantities of shopping, food and drink
waste.

The system operation is extremely simple. Public dispose their

waste into garbage bins as how they usually do. Bins are
automatically cleared up by the automated waste collection system.
The bin has an indicator sensor that determines when capacity is
reached for automated suctioned clearance.

Once triggered, a discharge valve which is connected to the litter

bin load station opens up and the waste is sucked through an
underground pipe to a central waste handling facility
Food Waste System is highly operationally and economically sensible for high volume food waste
generation industries, such as:

• Hotels
• Food and Beverage Kitchens
• Airport Catering Centres
• Restaurants and Food Courts
• Wet Markets
• Food Processing Plants

Food waste can be disposed into inlets or load stations and transported through the pneumatic
infrastructure pipeline to a collection station or directly to a food waste treatment plant. From the
collection station, the container can be hauled away to a treatment plant where the waste can be
converted into gas for energy.

This solution paves the way not only for the most environmentally sustainable mechanism for food waste
but for the management of the remaining recyclable waste as well.
34
 REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - 4 METHODS FOR PRETREATMENT

PULVERISING -Grinding (shredder, grinder, crusher, pulveriser)

-To reduce volume
-Neater

COMPACTION -rolled, broken up

-either in the truck or on the ground
-reduce size remain volume

SCAVENGING -separators (magnetic, cyclone, vibrator)

-in house required high cost
-encourage recycling

INCINERATION -sorting
-combustible material
-at landfill

35
 • Scraped motor vehicle and metal items are compressed and recycled.
• Paper and cardboard can be shredded for security, separated material is
recycled.
• Organic matter can be pulverized before burial to speed biological
degradation.
• Organic matter can be composed and recycled.
• Incineration of suitable material can be performed in the building or by
the refuse collection
• Suitable material is buried enabling land reclamation.
• Lubrication oils must not be discharged into drains
• Radioactive waste requires long term storage under carefully controlled
conditions.

36
37
Incinerator
Dumping - Burn to reduce volume
- pollution – waste left open exposed
- cheapest

Landfilling - Widely used – proper

- Waste buried – covered with layer of soil
- Waste pre-treatment before landfill
- Minimise pollution
- Prevent accidents – open fire
- Leachate leaks – contamination
- Explosion

TUTORIAL - Identify 3 different method of landfilling.

Sanitary landfill - Latest method used in Malaysia
- Advance from previous
- Engineering planning and application
- Impermeable material + vent pipes + surface drains
- Spreading + compact + cover
- Leachate protection
- Methane gas releasing
39
The disposal of the waste at the sanitary
landfill involves :

spreading the waste in thin layers

providing a layer of earth cover to protect

the environment

compacting the waste layers to

reduce its volume
CONCLUSION
There are many methods of solid waste disposal. The methods involve either burying
the waste into the ground, laying the waste on the ground, decomposing it by
mechanical biological methods or heat methods or recycling it to generate
pretreatment such as pulverising, compaction, incineration and scavenging.
There is concern about the side-effects of using each method such as pollution of
groundwater and the air. Anti-pollution measures are now considered an important
part of any solid waste disposal system.
The major challenge for the future is how to reduce the amount of solid waste that
need to be disposed of and how to have economic solid waste disposal without polluting
the environment.