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1Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki,
Cairo, Egypt.
2Lab of Tanning and Leather Technology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
The use of chicken feather waste as a substrate for the production of keratinolytic enzyme
blend has a potential to generate value-added products. In this study, Six fungal isolates
were screened for this purpose. Trichoderma viride showed the highest keratinase activity
(69 U ml-1) at 5-day incubation period. Three other proteolytic enzymes along with α-
keratinase were produced in the medium, alkaline, neutral and acidic proteases enzymes.
The alkaline protease showed the highest activity (2453 Anison unit) with weak
collagenase activity. Partial purification of crude enzyme showed a purification fold of
keratinase enzyme reached 5.99 times with 37% protein recovery at 80% ammonium
sulphate saturation using bulk precipitation technique. By applying this fraction on hide
specimen it was cleared that it was the most proper for unhairing process.
1. Introduction
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Mostafa M. El-Abd et al., JIPBS, Vol 3 (3), 86-94, 2016
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Mostafa M. El-Abd et al., JIPBS, Vol 3 (3), 86-94, 2016
centrifugation at 12,000 Xg for 20 min and Table 1 showed that all fungal strains had
4°C then re-suspended in a minimal the ability to produce keratinase enzyme
volume of 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 with different activities. Trichoderma viride
to obtain the concentrated enzyme showed the highest keratinase activity (69
suspension. The enzyme suspension was Uml-1) at 5-day incubation period.
finally dialyzed overnight in the same The final pHs of all culture was in alkaline
buffer, then dried and stored at -20°C. range (7.5-8.6) during all incubation
periods and were not a significant
3. Result and Discussion parameter for keratinase enzyme
production.
The main goal of this study is to produce a The protein content of the culture filtrate
potent enzyme blend used in dehairing was increased exponentially with the age of
process of leather to overcome the pollution the culture and reached the highest values
problems accompanied with the traditional at 17 days incubation period. There was no
chemical methods without deformation of clear relation between the protein content
the grain layer of leather. and keratinase activity.
Six fungal isolates were screened for study The effect of different feather
of their abilities to produce keratinase concentrations on keratinase production is
enzyme using the production medium displayed in Figure 1. The fungal growth
recommended by Cantera [6] using dry and keratinase production increased with
ground feather as a sole carbon source and the increase of feather concentration. The
incubation periods 5,10,17 days at 28oC by optimal concentration was 2.0% at which
static culture method. the highest keratinase activity (69 U ml-1)
was reached.
Table 1. Screening of six fungal isolates for keratinolytic enzymes production in different
incubation periods
Keratinase
Incubation Protein content
Fungal isolate pH of CF activity
period (day) of CF (mg/ml)
(U ml-1)
5 7.50 0.92 2.44
1 10 8.03 1.10 1.95
17 8.50 1.34 1.68
5 8.0 1.60 7.64
2 10 8.5 1.84 9.12
17 8.5 2.07 9.12
5 8.2 1.70 12.08
3 10 8.3 1.93 5.42
17 8.6 2.26 2.96
5 7.64 0.52 16.26
4 10 8.00 0.66 26.37
17 8.30 0.99 54.21
5 7.6 0.19 2.46
5 10 7.6 0.23 5.91
17 7.7 0.26 7.88
5 8.34 1.35 69.00
Trichoderma
10 8.50 2.03 50.00
viride
17 8.60 2.70 30.00
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Table 2. Effect of different keratinolytic wastes (chicken feather and cow hair) combination in culture medium on T. viride Keratinase
productivity Keratinase productivity
Feather concentration Protein content Keratinase
(%, w/v) pH of CF of CF activity
Feather Hair (mg/ml) (U ml-1)
0.0 2.0 7.04 0.192 NA
0.5 1.5 7.67 0.241 19.71
1.0 1.0 7.24 0.443 32.04
1.5 0.5 8.0 0.886 46.82
2.0 0.0 8.34 1.350 69.0
Table 3. Fractional precipitation of the crude keratinase enzyme of T. viride by salting out with different ammonium sulphate saturation
Protein
Keratinase Total Keratinase
Ammonium content of Total protein Protein Keratinase
activity keratinase activity Purification
sulphate satu. the (mg/ recovery activity
(Umg-1 activity of recovery fold
(%) fraction Fraction) (%) (U ml-1)
protein) fraction (U) (%)
(mg/ml)
None
0.51 714 -- 47.5 93.15 66509.1 -- 1
(CF, 1400ml)
25 NP* NP -- NP NP NP -- --
40 NP NP -- NP NP NP -- --
50 NP NP -- NP NP NP -- --
60 6.43 164 22.97 615.14 95.67 15689.42 102.7 1.03
70 NP NP -- NP NP NP -- --
80 5.6 98 13.73 502.3 89.7 8790.25 96.24 0.96
90 NP NP -- NP NP NP -- --
100 5.51 55.07 7.71 475.19 86.24 4749.31 92.58 0.93
Total 317.07 -- 1592.63 -- 29228.98 -- --
Recovery
44.4 -- -- -- 44 -- --
(%)
NP = no precipitation
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Table 4. Bulk precipitation of the crude keratinase enzyme of T. viride by salting out with
different ammonium sulphate saturation
Total
Ammonium Protein Keratinase
Keratinase keratinase
sulphate content Total protein activity Purification
activity activity of
satu. of CF (mg/Fraction) (U mg -1 fold
(U ml-1) fraction
(%) (mg/ml) protein)
(U)
None
(CF, 0.51 714 47.5 93.15 66509.1 1
1400ml)
80 4.15 261.8 2315.04 557.84 146042.5 5.99
Recovery
--- 37 --- --- 581.06 ---
(%)
100 0.876 55.2 103.24 117.85 6505.32 1.27
Recovery
--- 7.7 --- --- 9.7 ---
(%)
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