CV2504- MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURE

UNIT I MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR STRATEGIES

PART A

1) What are the causes of deterioration?

a) Deterioration due to corrosion

b) Environmental effects

c) Poor quality material used

d) Quality of supervision

e) Design and construction flaws

2) When do you go for repair of a structure?

a) Cause of damage

b) Type, Shape and function of the structures

c) The type and extent of damage

d) The availability of repair materials.

3) Write the importance of maintenance.

a) Improves the service life of structure

b) Better serviceability of elements and components

c) Leads to quicker detection of defects

d) Prevents major deterioration leading to collapse. Maintenance can be

classified based on duration or frequency.

4) Distinguish between repair and rehabilitation?

Repair Rehabilitation

Repair is the process of restoring Rehabilitation is the process of

something that is damaged or returning a building or an area to Its

deteriorated or broken, to good previous good conditions.

condition.
5) What is the effect of selecting clayey materials in the fine aggregates for

construction?

Clayey materials in the fine aggregates weaken the mortar aggregate bond and

reduce the strength. Salinity causes corrosion of reinforcing bars as well as

deterioration of concrete.

6) Write about the environment effects which lead to deterioration of

concrete structure.

Micro-cracks present in the concrete are the sources of ingress of moistures

atmospheric carbon di-oxide into the concrete which attack reinforcement and

with various ingredients of concrete. In aggressive environment concrete

structure will severely reduce.

7) What is the effect of selecting poor quality material for construction?

Quality of materials, to be used in construction, should be ensured by means

various tests as specified in the IS codes. Alkali-aggregate reaction and sulphate

attack results in early deterioration.

8) What are the steps in repair aspect?

a) finding the deterioration

b) determining the cause

c) evaluating the strength of existing building or structure

d) evaluating the need of repair

e) Selecting & implementing a repair procedure

9) Write about the design and construction errors leading to deterioration of a

structure.
 Design of concrete structures governs the performance of concrete structures.

Well designed and detailed concrete structure will show less deterioration in

comparison with poorly designed and detailed concrete, in the similar condition.

The beam-column joints are particularly prone to defective concrete, if detailing

and placing of reinforcement is not done properly. Inadequate concrete cover

may lead to carbonation depth reaching up to the reinforcement, thus, increasing

the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement.

10) What do you mean by defect in structures?

When a structure or member is subjected permanently to some unforeseen

stresses exceeding its load bearing capacitance, the structure may be set to be

having a defect.

11) When you need inspection based on monsoon?

1. Pre-monsoon period 2. Post-monsoon period

12) What do you mean by Strengthening?

Strengthening consists in endowing the structure with a service level higher

than that initially planned by modifying the structure not necessarily damaged.

13) What do you mean by quality material in construction?

Quality of materials, to be used in construction, should be ensured by means

various tests as specified in the IS codes.

14) What do you mean by Preventive maintenance?

Work is done before failure

15) On what condition maintenance is based on?

The maintenance is based on the climatic conditions

 PART B

1) Describe the steps in the assessment procedure for evaluate damages in a

structure. (16)

While assessing the damage of a structure the following general considerations

should be examined.

1. Physical Inspection of damaged structure.

2. Preparation and documenting the damages.
3. Collection of samples and carrying out tests both in situ and in laboratory.
4. Studying the documents including structural aspects.
5. Estimation of loads acting on the structure
6. Estimation of environmental effects including soil structure interaction.
7. Diagnosis
8. Taking preventive steps not to cause further damage
9. Retrospective analysis to get the diagnosis confirmed
10. Assessment of structural adequacy
11. Estimation on future use
12. Remedial measures necessary to strength and repairing the structure.
13. Post repair evaluation through tests
14. Load test to study the behaviour
15. Choice of course of action for the restoration of structure.
The assessment procedure spans two distinct stages.1. Pre repair2.Post repair
evaluation

Flowchart / 8 points = 16

Marks
2) Explain in detail the various causes for deterioration of concrete structures.

(16)

Some of causes of deterioration of concrete structures which are presentedbelow.

i) Design and construction flaws

Design of concrete structures governs the performance of concrete structures.

Well designed and detailed concrete structure will show less deterioration in
comparison with poorly designed and detailed concrete, in the similar condition.

The beam-column joints are particularly prone to defective concrete, if detailing

and placing of reinforcement is not done properly. Inadequate concrete cover
may lead to carbonation depth reaching up to the reinforcement, thus, increasing
the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement.

ii) Environmental effects

Micro-cracks present in the concrete are the sources of ingress of moistures

atmospheric carbon di-oxide into the concrete which attack reinforcement and
with various ingredients of concrete. In aggressive environme4nt concrete
structure will be severely reduces.

iii) Poor quality material used

Quality of materials, to be used in construction, should be ensured by means

various tests as specified in the IS codes. Alkali-aggregate reaction and sulphate
attack results in early deterioration. Clayey materials in the fine aggregates
weaken the mortar aggregate bond and reduce the strength. Salinity causes
corrosion of reinforcing bars as well as deterioration of concrete.

iv) Quality of supervision.

Construction work should be carried out as per the laid down specification.
Adherence to specified water-cement ratio controls strength, permeability
durability of concrete. Insufficient vibration may result in porous and honey
combined concrete, whereas excess vibration may cause segregation.

v) Deterioration due to corrosion

a) Spalling of concrete cover

 b) Cracks parallel to the reinforcement

c) Spalling at edges

d) Swelling of concrete

e) Dislocation

f) Internal cracking and reduction in area of steel reinforcement.

4 points x4 marks = 16Marks

3) Explain in detail the classification of Maintenance work in detail. (16)

Maintenance:

Maintenance is preventive in nature. Activities include inspection and works

necessary tofulfill the intended function or to sustain original standard of service.
The maintenance of structure is done to meet the following objective
A. Prevention of damages due to natural agencies and to keep them in good
appearance and working condition.
B. Repair of the defects occurred in the structure and strengthen them, if
necessary.
C. Maintenance work is broadly classifies as,
1) Preventive Maintenance
2) Remedial Maintenance
3) Routine Maintenance
4) Special Maintenance
A. Preventive Maintenance:

The maintenance work done before the defects occurred or damage developed in

the structure is called preventive maintenance.

It includes thorough inspection, planning the programs of maintenance and

executing the work. It depends upon the specifications, condition and use of
structure.

B. Remedial Maintenance:

It is the maintenance done after the defects or damage occurs in the structure. It
involves the following basic steps.

 Finding the deterioration

  Determining the causes
 Evaluating the strength of the existing structure
 Evaluating the need of the structure
 Selecting and implementing the repair procedure
C. Routine Maintenance:

It is the service maintenance attended to the structure periodically.

The nature of work done and interval of time at which it is done depends upon
specifications and materials of structure, purpose, intensity and condition of use.
It includes white washing, parch repair to plaster, replacement of fittings and

fixtures, binding of road surface.

D. Special Maintenance

It is the work done under special condition and requires sanction and performed
to rectify heavy damage. It may be done for strengthening and updating of the
structure to meet the new condition of usage or to increase its serviceability. It
may include particular or complete renewal occurring at long interval, such as
floors, roofs etc.

4 points x4 =16 Marks

4) Explain in detail the various facets of maintenance of a concrete structure

in detail.

Facets of maintenance:

Maintenance operations have many facets such as,

a. Emergency maintenance: Necessitated by unforeseen breakdown drainage or

damage causedby natural calamity like fire, floods, cyclone earthquake etc.

b. Condition Based maintenance: Work initiated after due inspection

c. Fixed time maintenance: Activities repeated at predetermined intervals of

time.

d. Preventive maintenance: This is intended to preserve by preventing failure

anddetecting incipient faults (Work is done before failure takes place)

 e.

f. Opportunity maintenance: Work did as and when possible within the limits

of operation demand.

g. Day-to-Day care and maintenance

h. Shut down maintenance: Thorough overhaul and maintenance after closing a

facility.

i. Improvement plans: This is essentially maintenance operation wherein the

weak links in the original construction are either replaced by new parts or

strengthened.

8 points x2 =16 Marks

5) Explain in detail, the importance of maintenance. (16)

Importance of Maintenance: -

a) Improves the life of structure

b) Improved life period gives better return on investment

c) Better appearance and aesthetically appealing

d) Better serviceability of elements and components

e) Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures

f) Prevents major deterioration and leading to collapse

g) Ensures safety to occupants

h) Ensures feeling of confidence on the user

Maintenance is a continuous cycle involves every element of building science

namely,

 Structural

 Electrical wiring

 Plumbing-water-supply-sanitation

 Finishes in floors and walls

  Roof terrace

 Service platform/verandah

 Lifts

 Doors and Windows

Any 8 points x2 =16 Marks

6) Discuss in detail the various aspects of inspection. (16)

Various aspects Inspection:1. Inspection for maintenance routine inspection by

engineer.2.Monthly, periodically apply practical knowledge and find out any

damages. The following are the various maintenance aspects,

 Daily Routine maintenance

 Weekly routine maintenance

 Monthly Routine maintenance

 Yearly Routine Maintenance

A. Daily Routine Maintenance:

 Basically, an inspection oriented and may not contain action to be taken

 Help in identifying major changes, development of cracks, identifying new

cracks etc.

B. Weekly Routine Maintenance:

• Electrical Accessories

• Cobb webs cleaning

• Flushing sewer line

• Leakage of water line

C. Monthly Routine Maintenance

 • Attending to small repairs and while washing

• Painting of steel components exposed to weather

• Check of displacements and remedial measures

D. Yearly Routine Maintenance

• White washing

• Painting

• Repair rectification

4 points x4 marks = 16Marks

 UNIT II SERVICEABILITY AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

PART A

1) Mention any two effects due to temperature changes in structures?

a. The objectionable cracks may occur in cone due to contraction combined with

the effect of shrinkage

b. Occasionally large and harmful stress may develop due to deformation

because temperature changes.

c. The coefficient thermal expansion or contraction depends on the type and

quantity of cement, aggregate, relative humidity and sizes of section.

2) Write the need for emphasizing cover thickness for marine structures.

For selecting concrete cover for reinforcement in marine structures,

consideration of the corrosion protection of steel bars is indispensable.

Therefore, requirements for the quality and thickness of concrete cover must be

established so the concrete prevents chlorides, oxygen, water, etc., from

reaching reinforcement through the life of the structure.

3) List out the cause of cracks.

 Use of unsound material

 Poor & bad workmanship

 Use of high water-cement ratio

 Freezing and thawing

 Thermal effects

 Shrinkage stresses

4) What are the effects of cover of thickness in concrete?

 The cover to reinforcement measured from centre of the main reinforcement up

to the surface of concrete in tension is called “Effective cover

5) What is the role of cover in RC structures?

 Increase durability and strength.

 It prevents reinforcement from the atmosphere agent

 It prevents reinforcement from corrosion.

6) What do you mean “durable concrete”?

Durable concrete performs good in its life; in its service environment. Its

ingredient materials are durable. Its mix, matrix and integrity workmanship are

perfect. Further it is protected from corrosion, deterioration, cracking, etc.

7) List any four durability parameters.

Durability means that the structure will retain its original form, quality, and

serviceability for a long time when exposed to its environment.

(i) Having enough strength

(ii) Resistance to undesirable chemical reactions.

(iii) Resistance to corrosion.

(iv) Resistance to absorption and permeability

(v) Resistance to weathering.

8) Write in two lines the effect of temperature on concrete.

 Removal of evaporation water.

 Removal of combined water.

 Alteration of cement paste.

 Strength loss ,crack and colour change

9) What is the effect of fire on concrete?

 Spalling of concrete
  Strength reduction in concrete and steel

 Loss of anchorage of reinforcement

 Excessive deflection in beams and slab

 Distortion (Deformation) of the whole structural forming

10)What is the effect of due to “climate changes ”?

It has a great effect on the life of human beings the basic elements which

constitute the climate of a place are:

 Air temperature and solar radiation

 Rainfall

 Wind

 Humidity

11)Name the components in quality management system.

 Quality assurance plan (QAP)

 Quality control process (QC)

 Quality audit (QA)

12) What do you mean by Strength of concrete?

Strength of concrete defined as the resistance that concrete provides against

load so as so to avoid failure

13) What are the Factors affecting concrete strength?

a) Concrete porosity

b) Water/cement ratio

c) Soundness ofAggregate

d) Aggregate-paste bond

e) Cement-related parameters

14) What do you mean by water cement ratio in Mortar?

 Weight of water to Weight of cement

15) Give the technical name of Formation of white patches on wall.

 Efflorescence

PART B

1) Explain in detail about quality assurance for concrete construction.

Quality assurance scheme is a management system which increases confident

that a material product of service will confirm to specify requirements.

Functions of quality assurance:

It outlines the commitment policies, designated responsibilities and

requirements of the owner. These are the implemented through quality
assurance programme to provide a meaning of controlling to predetermined
requirements. These activities, which influence quality.

In the manufacture of virtually every complex produce a quality assurance

scheme of one type or another is used.

Factors influencing Quality Assurance:

Depending upon the value of the product and methods used in the circumference
such scheme may themselves become extremely complex. So that it cannot in all
cases guarantee all the functional requirements illustrations.

The need of quality assurance:

In the construction of concrete structure, quality assurance in necessary to give

good performance and appearance throughout its intended life is attained.

It is useful for promoting the schemes by engineers. The designer depends upon
this for reputation and professional failure to appearance.

Cases may also include:

Misinterpretation of design and drawings or other specifications. Lack of effective

communication with suppliers and co-contractor. Inefficient coordination of sub-
contracted work. In adequate on site supervision, poor workmanship due to
inadequate skills and experience of the labour force.
 Purpose of structural failure:

 Communication and organization in construction industry.

 Inspection of construction by the structural engineer.
 General Quality of design.
 Design details and shop drawings.
 Timely dissemination of technical data
 Development and operation of quality assurance system:

The basic mechanism available for both the development and operation of a
quality management system.

Organization: Which requires clear definition of responsibilities and

relationship for the total construction project?

Auditing: Which requires the ability to determinate that the tasks defined under
responsibilities are continuously being executed according to stated methods?

Review line: Which requires continuous checks on process methods and action
procedures adopted if stated requirements are not being met.

Feed back: Which requires deduction in measurable terms of causes of errors

that generate defects, in order that processes can be changed so as to reduce non
conformance and shown the benefit of such change to be demonstrated.

Any 8 points x2 =16 Marks

2) Discuss in detail about the thermal properties of concrete.

The three important thermal properties of concrete are,
1) Thermal conductivity of concrete.
2) Co-efficient of thermal expansion and
3) Fire resistance

Thermal character of concrete:

The process of hydration of cements materials releases heat which raises the
temperature of concrete. This heat mush eventually be lost to the atmosphere
and the cone temperature has to reach equilibrium with a long term atmosphere
conditions.The atmospheric gradients may occur or develop in the concrete as
the internal temperature is raised above the surface temperature of the concrete
member. This surface temperature is dependent on the material in contract.The
resulting temperature will produce tensions in the surface and may bestiffness to
cause cracking.The second effect operates as the mean temperature of the
member am remain move that of connecting members and the subsequent
cooling will induce tensions.
Thermal conductivity of concrete:

Thermal conductivity of heat is the ability o the materials to conduct heat.Heat is

defined as the ratio of the ratio of the flow of heat to the atmospheric gradient
and this thermal conductivity is measured in Jules per second per square
meter.The thermal conductivity of heat depend the composition with respect to
the type of aggregate amount of ass and moisture continent.When the concrete is
saturated the conductivity ranges from 1.4 and 3.6 m/sec.The thermal
conductivity various more rapidly in light wt one than heavy or normal wt
concrete.
Thermal expansion of concrete:

Coefficient of thermal expansion of cone is an important property which affects

the stability and durability at different temperature conditions.As the con is made
up of two phases material namely paste and agg paste which has dissimilar
thermal con efficient but the coefficient of cone is a resultant of these two
phases.In general form the coefficient of thermal expansion of cone is a function
of the quantity of aggregate in the mix and the coefficient of thermal expansion of
agg by itself.Even cone is not a refractory material but a good combustible and
has a good fire resisting properties.Fire resistance of concrete is determined by
three factors.The capacity of cone itself to with stand heat.The subsequent action
of water without losing strength unduly without cracking or spelling.And the
conductivity of the concrete to heat and coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete.

Action of fire on (concrete) steel:

The fire introduces high temperature gradients and as a result of it, the surface
layers extent to separate and spall off from the cooler interior.The heating of
reinforcement aggravate the expansion both laterally and longitudinally of the
reinforcement base resulting in loss of bond and loss of strength of
reinforcement.
Fire resistance on concrete:

Fire on cone building damages the cone as well as steel reinforcement, causing
disintegration of the cone and buckling of steel.The temperature gradient is
extreme 30 to 40oc on the outer face and above 800oC on the interface (near the
source of fire).
In the initial stage (half an hour) as the heat inside builds up, some aggregate.
Expand suddenly, spelling the adjacent concrete. Moisture in concrete rapidly
changes to steam, causing localized bursting of small pieces of cone. Extreme heat
near the sources of fire causes spalling rapidly expanding cone surfaces.In the
next 30 minutes a temperature inside reaches 400oC, the cement matrix converts
to QuickTime causing disintegration of concrete. The reinforcing steel loses the
ensile capacity at such temperature. Deflection of beams and slab increases
beyond this limit.Beyond one hour of fire, as the concrete disintegrates, the
exposed steel expands, more rapidly than the surrounding concrete causing
buckling, loss of bond to adjacent concrete.
Thermal effects on concrete:

Excess water in concrete evaporates due to heat and setting of cone occurs. The
loss of moisture to evaporation causes the cement paste matrix to
contract,leading to shrinkage stress and shrine erecting.
A 6m long slab may shrink 3mm to 5mm along its length called “drying
shrinkage”.

Any 8 points x2 =16 Marks

3) Explainin detail about Design Errors in construction.

Design Errors
Design errors may be divided into two general types :
A. Those resulting from inadequate structural design.
B. Those resulting from lack of attention to relatively minor design details
Each of the two types of design errors is discussed below.
A. Inadequate structural design
(a)Mechanism. The failure mechanism is simple – the concrete is exposed
greater stress than it is capable of carrying or it sustains greater strain
than its strain capacity.
(b)Symptoms. Visual examination of failures resulting from inadequate
structural design will usually show one of two symptoms.
• First, errors in design resulting in excessively high compressive
stresses will result in spalling. Similarly, high torsion or shear stresses
may also result in spalling or cracking.
• Second, high tensile stresses will result in cracking.
To identify inadequate design as a cause of damage, the locations of the
damage should be compared to the types of stresses that should be
present in the concrete. For example, if spalls are present on the
underside of a simple-supported beam, high compressive stresses are not
present and inadequate design may be eliminated as a cause. However, if
the type and location of the damage and the probable stress are in
agreement, a detailed stress analysis will be required to determine
whether inadequate design is the cause. Laboratory analysis is generally
not applicable in the case of suspected inadequate design. However, for
rehabilitation projects, thorough petrographic analysis and strength
testing of concrete from elements to be reused will be necessary.
(c) Prevention. Inadequate design is prevented by thorough and careful
review of all design calculations. Any rehabilitation method that makes
use of existing concrete structural members must be carefully reviewed.
• Poor design details
A structure may be adequately designed to meet loading and other overall
requirements, poor detailing may result in localized concentrations of high
stresses in otherwise satisfactory concrete. These high stresses may
result in cracking that allows water or chemicals access to the concrete. In
other cases, poor design detailing may simply allow water to pond on a
structure, resulting in saturated concrete. In general, poor detailing does
not lead directly to concrete failure; rather, it contributes to the action of
one of the other causes of concrete deterioration described in this chapter.
Several specific types of poor detailing and their possible effects on a
structure are described in the following paragraphs. In general, all of
these problems can be prevented by a thorough and careful review of
plans and specifications for the project. In the case of existing structures,
problems resulting from poor detailing should be handled by correcting
the detailing and not by simply responding to the symptoms.
(a) Abrupt changes in section. Abrupt changes in section may cause
stress concentrations that may result in cracking. Typical examples would
include the use of relatively thin sections such as bridge decks rigidly tied
into massive abutments or patches and replacement concrete that are not
uniform in plan dimensions.
(b) Insufficient reinforcement at reentrant corners and openings.
Reentrant corners and openings also tend to cause stress concentrations
that may cause cracking. In this case, the best prevention is to provide
additional reinforcement in areas where stress concentrations are
expected to occur.
(c) Inadequate provision for deflection. Deflections in excess of those
anticipated may result in loading of members or sections beyond the
capacities for which they were designed. Typically, these loading will be
induced in walls or partitions, resulting in cracking.
(d) Inadequate provision for drainage. Poor attention to the details of
draining a structure may result in the ponding of water. This ponding may
result in leakage or saturation of concrete. Leakage may result in damage
to the interior of the structure or in staining and encrustations on the
structure. Saturation may result in severely damaged concrete if the
structure is in an area that is subjected to freezing and thawing.
(e) Insufficient travel in expansion joints. Inadequately designed
expansion joints may result in spalling of concrete adjacent to the joints.
The full range of possible temperature differentials that a concrete may be
expected to experience should be considered in the specification for
expansion joints. There is no single expansion joint that will work for all
cases of temperature differential.
(f) Incompatibility of materials. The use of materials with different
properties (modulus of elasticity or coefficient of thermal expansion)
adjacent to one another may result in cracking or spalling as the structure
is loaded or as it is subjected to daily or annual temperature variations.
(g) Neglect of creep effect. Neglect of creep may have similar effects as
noted earlier for inadequate provision for deflections. Additionally,
neglect of creep in prestressed concrete members may lead to excessive
prestressed loss that in turn results in cracking as loads are applied.
(h) Rigid joints between precast units. Designs utilizing precast
elements must provide for movements between adjacent precast elements
 or between the precast elements and the supporting frame. Failure to
provide for this movement can result in cracking or spalling.
(i) Unanticipated shear stresses in piers, columns, or abutments.
Through lack of maintenance expansion bearing assembles are allowed to
become frozen, horizontal loading may be transferred to the concrete
elements supporting the bearings. The result will be cracking in the
concrete, usually compounded by other problems which will be caused by
the entry of water into the concrete.
Any 8 points x2 =16 Marks

4) Explain in detail about Construction Errors in Civil Engineering.

Construction Errors:
Failure to follow specified procedures and good practice or outright
carelessness may lead to a number of conditions that may be grouped together
as construction errors. Most of these errors do not lead directly to failure or
deterioration of concrete. Instead, they enhance the adverse impacts of other
mechanisms. Each error will be briefly described below along with
preventative methods. In general, the best preventive measure is a thorough
knowledge of what these construction errors are, plus an aggressive
inspection program. It should be noted that errors of the type described in this
section are equally as likely to occur during repair or rehabilitation projects as
they are likely to occur during next construction.

(a) Adding water to concrete. Water is usually added to concrete in one or

both of the following circumstances:
1. First, water is added to the concrete in a delivery truck to increase slump
and decrease emplacement effort. This practice will generally lead to concrete
with lowered strength and reduce durability. As the w/c of the concrete
increases, the strength and durability will decrease.
2. In the second case, water is commonly added during finishing of flatwork.
This practice leads to scaling, crazing and dusting of the concrete in service.
(b) Improper alignment of formwork. Improper alignment of the formwork
will lead to discontinuity on the surface of the concrete. While these
discontinuities are unsightly in all circumstances, their occurrence may be
more critical in areas that are subjected to high-velocity flow of water, where
cavitations erosion may be induced, or in lock chambers where the “rubbing”
surfaces must be straight.
(c) Improper consolidation. Improper consolidation of concrete may result
in a variety of defects, the most common being bugholes, honeycombing and
cold joints. “Bugholes” are formed when small pockets of air or water are
trapped against the forms. A change in the mixture to make it less” sticky” or
the use of small vibrators worked near the form has been used to help
eliminate bugholes.
Honeycombing can be reduced by inserting the vibrator more frequently,
inserting the vibrator as close as possible to the form face without touching
the form, and slower withdrawal of the vibrator. Obviously, all of these defects
make it much easier for any damage-causing mechanism to initiate
deterioration of the concrete. Frequently, a fear of “overconsolidation” is used
to justify a lack of effort in consolidating concrete. Overconsolidation is
usually defined as a situation in which the consolidation effort causes all of the
coarse aggregate to settle to the bottom while the paste rises to the surface. If
this situation occurs, it is reasonable to conclude that there is a problem of a
poorly proportioned concrete rather than too much consolidation.
(d) Improper curing. Curing is probably the most abused aspect of the
concrete construction process. Unless concrete is given adequate time to cure
at a proper humidity and temperature, it will not develop the characteristics
that are expected and that are necessary to pro-vide durability. Symptoms of
improperly cured concrete can include various types of cracking and surface
disintegration. In extreme cases where poor curing leads to failure to achieve
anticipated concrete strengths, structural cracking may occur.
(e) Improper location of reinforcing steel. This section refers to reinforcing
steel that is improperly located or is not adequately secured in the proper
location. Either of these faults may lead to two general types of problems.
• First, the steel may not function structurally as intended, resulting in
structural cracking or failure. A particularly prevalent example is the
placement of welded wire mesh in floor slabs. In many cases, the mesh ends up
on the bottom of the slab which will subsequently crack because the steel is
not in the proper location.
• The second type of problem stemming from improperly located or tied
reinforcing steel is nor of durability. The tendency seems to be for the steel to
end up near the surface of the concrete. As the concrete cover over the steel is
reduced, it is much easier for corrosion to begin.
(f) Movement of formwork. Movement of form-work during the period while
the concrete is going from a fluid to a rigid material may induce cracking and
separation within the concrete. A crack open to the surface will allow access of
water to the interior of the concrete. An internal void may give rise to freezing
or corrosion problems if the void becomes saturated.
(g) Premature removal of shores or reshores. If shores or reshores are
removed too soon, the concrete affected may become overstressed and
cracked. In extreme cases there may be major failures.
(h) Settling of the concrete. During the period between placing and initial
setting of the concrete, the heavier components of the concrete will settle
under the influence of gravity. This situation may be aggravated by the use of
highly fluid concretes. If any restraint tends to prevent this settling, cracking
or separations may result. These cracks or separations may also develop
problems of corrosion or freezing if saturated.
(i) Settling of the subgrade. If there is any settling of the subgrade during the
period after the concrete begins to become rigid but before it gains enough
strength to support its own weight, cracking may also occur.
(j) Vibration of freshly placed concrete. Most construction sites are
subjected to vibration from various sources, such as blasting, pile driving, and
from the operation of construction equipment. Freshly placed concrete is
vulnerable to weakening of its properties if subjected to forces which dissolve
the concrete matrix during setting.
(k) Improper finishing of flat work. The most common improper finishing
procedures which are detrimental to the durability of flat work are is
discussed below.
 Adding water to the surface. Evidence that water is being added to the
surface is the presence of a large paintbrush, along with other finishing
tools. The brush is dipped in water and water is “slur” onto the surface
being finished.
 Timing of finishing. Final finishing operation must be done after the
concrete has taken its initial set and bleeding has stopped. The waiting
period depends on the amounts of water, cement and admixtures in the
mixture but primarily on the temperature of the concrete surface. On a
 partially shaped slab, the part in the sun will usually be ready to finish
before the part in the shade.
 Adding cement to the surface. This practice is often done to dry up
bleed water to another finishing to proceed and will result in a thin
cement-rich coating which will craze or flake off easily.
Any 8 points x2 =16 Marks
5) Explain in detail about Effect of Cover Thickness and cracking. (16)
Effect of Cover Thickness
There is a substantial experience which relates durability and the amount of
water. The thick the cover over the steel is, the longer it will take the chloride
ions to reach the steel and reduce the pH and passivity provided by the
cement. However, excessive cover can lead to the development of a wide
cracks under overstress, whereas a thinner cover results in many small cracks.
As opposed to the above-mentioned facts, which appear to justify the rigid
rules on cover, are the following facts,
 Ships built during World War I and II had covers of only about 20mm,
yet they did not suffer corrosion of steel
 In the erstwhile USSR, many floating dry-docks have been built with
covers of 15 and 20 mm with highly successful durability over many
years of adverse exposure.
It is confirmed opinion that the im-permeability of the cover is of major
importance. The thickness should be related to the steel bar diameter and the
maximum size of the coarse aggregate. The general factors affecting
permeability, such as cement content, water/cementcompaction and
consolidation of the concrete, and curing are important. While many feel that
prestressing steel should have a greater cover than non-stressed steel, because
of the more serious consequences of corrosion, prestressed concrete piling by
hundreds of thousands are rendering completely successful service with only
4-6 cm of cover. Other factors affecting cover are the tolerances of placement
of steel and forms and the depths of honeycombs and bug holes and other
surface defects.Lack of adequate cover contributes much to corrosion in an
aggressive environment. A well compacted and continuous, even if thin, cover
of good quality concrete on reinforcement is sufficient to protect it from
corrosion. The following are the reinforcement thickness of covers for various
levels of exposure.
For normal exposure : At least 50 mm thickness
 For moderate exposure : At least 40 mm thickness
For mild exposure : At least 30 mm thickness
For normal exposure : At least 20 mm thickness
any 8 points x2 =16 Marks

6) Explain in detail about the various cracks in structures. (16)

Types of cracks in Concrete Structures

Types of cracks in concrete structures are structural cracks and non-structural

cracks.

Structural Cracks in Concrete

Structural cracks are those which result from incorrect design, faulty
construction or overloading and these may endanger the safety of a building
and their inmates.

Non-Structural Cracks in Concrete

Non-Structural cracks occur mostly due to internally induced stresses in

building materials. These cracks normally do not endanger the safety but may
look unsightly, create an impression of faulty work or give a feeling of
instability.

Defects in Concrete

Concrete defects can be broadly classified into two categories :

Macro Defects

If these defects are present, concrete has low strength and will rapidly
deteriorate due to easy ingress of water and other chemicals. Invariably,
structure will require repairs within a few years of its construction. Causes
will have to be analysed and defects removed before doing any additional
protective treatment. Often, waterproofing of concrete slabs is carried out
superficially and it fails to give the desired benefit because the defective
concrete below this waterproofing layer has not been treated to seal the
macro/micro defects which existed within the concrete slab. The main causes
of these defects are generally due to inadequacies in design and / or
construction practices.
 Micro Defects

These defects are not visible to the naked eye. They are usually very fine voids
caused by large capillary pores resulting from the use of low grades (strength)
of concrete with high water to cement ratio. They could also occur due to
addition of excess water or high water to cement ratio of concrete mix. Fine
cracks are generally present in concrete and can occur due to various reasons.
They do not pose a serious threat to concrete deterioration initially as they are
generally not deep and are discontinuous. With lapse of time due to variations
in temperatures, changes in weather conditions, changes in loading conditions
they increase in depth, length and width and combine with other fine cracks to
create continuous passage for moisture, chlorides, sulphates and other
chemicals from the environment to enter and start corrosion of steel in
concrete and other deleterious reactions.

Macro defects and micro defects in concrete are both harmful to the health of
buildings and can cause deterioration of concrete depending on the extent of
their presence, environmental conditions around the building and
maintenance done during its life cycle. However macro defects by virtue of
being larger can cause faster deterioration and more damage to the structure
than the micro defects.

any 4 points x4 =16 Marks

UNIT III /SPECIAL CONCRETES

PART A

1) Name any two special mortars for repairs with applications?

Many special admixtures are used normal concrete for repair works

a) Air entrain agents

b) Super plasticizers

c) Shrinkage reducing agents

d) Viscosity modifying agents

e) Retards
2) List any two properties of concrete chemicals.

Polymer concrete: they are highly resistant to chemical attack, freeze andthaw.

Permeability and absorption is almost zero.

Polymer impregnated concrete: It is having cube crushing strengths inexcess of

100N/mm2 irrespective of the strengths of the original concrete.

3) State the application of Ferro-cement.

Doors windows, water tanks

4) What is the role of inhibitors in resisting corrosion in reinforcement?

They resist corrosion of reinforcement in adverse environment sodium

Benzoates, calcium lingo sulphonate and sodium nitrate have good results.

5) What do you mean by ferro-cement?

Ferro-cement is a new material consisting of wire meshes and cement

mortar.The wire mesh is usually of 0.5 to 1.0mm dia wire at 5mm to 10mm

spacing and cement mortar is of cement sand ratio on 1:2 or 1:3 with

water/cement ratio of 0.4 to 0.45.The Ferro-cement element are usually of the

order of thickness is 2 to 3mm external cover to the reinforcement.

Ferro-cement may consider as a type of thin reinforced concrete construction

where cement mortar is reinforced with many layers of continuous and

relatively small diameter wire mesh. While mortars provide to the mass, the

wise mesh imparts tensile strength and ductility to the material.

6) What are admixtures? Give examples.

Admixtures are the materials other than cement, water and aggregate which are

added in the preparation of concrete before or during mixture. SP 430

a) Workability agents
 b) Accelators

c) Retraders

7) What do you meant by aspect ratio?

Length /Diameter ratio

8) What will happen if aspect ratio increased?

Any increase the ultimate strength of the concrete linearly. Beyond 75, relative

strength and toughness gets reduced.

9) What are the basic needs for selection of repair materials?

1. It should be durable

2. It is high workability

3. It should be cheap and best

4. It should be free from chemicals impurities

10) List out the type of polymer concrete composites.

a) Polymer impregnated concrete (PI)

b) Polymer cement concrete (PCC)

c) Polymer Concrete (PC)

d) Partially impregnated and surface coat

11) What are the applications of polymer cement concrete?

Polymer cement concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregates, water and

monomers. Such plastic mixture is cast in moulds, cured, dried and

polymerized.

12) Expand HSC and HPC.

High Strength concrete and High-Performance concrete

13) Expand SIFCON.

Slurry infiltrated fibre Concrete (SIFCON).

14) What is the use of Admixture in concrete?

Admixtures are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete

15) Name the reinforcement used in Ferro cement.

• Hexagonal wire mesh

• Square mesh

• Three-dimensional mesh

Part B

1) What are the different types of Special concrete? (16)

Special concrete:

• Light weight concrete

• Aerated concrete

• No-fines concrete

• High density concrete

• Sulphur-infiltrated concrete

• Fibre reinforced concrete

• Cold weather concreting

• Hot weather concreting

• Pre-packed concrete

• Vacuum concrete

• The Gunite or Shotcrete

• Roller compacted concrete

 • Self-compaction concrete

Any eight x 2=16 marks

2) What are the different types of special mortars? (16)

• Cement clay mortar

• Light weight and Heavy mortar

• Decorative mortar

• Air-entrained mortar

• Gypsum mortar

• Fire resistance mortar

• Packing mortar

• Sound absorbing mortar

• X-ray shielding mortar Any eight x 2=16 marks

3) Explain in detail about plasticisers and super plasticisers.(8+8=16)

Plasticizers:

A plasticizer is defined as an admixture added to wet concrete mix to impart

adequate workability properties.

TYPES OF PLASTICIZERS

1. Finely divided minerals:

They are either cementitious or pozzolanic. Natural cements, hydraulic lime and

slag cement belong to the former category whereas fly ash and heat-treated clays

belong to the latter. They are used as workability aids. They help in reducing

bleeding by way of adding finer particles to the mix.

2. Air-entraining agents:
 These help in protecting concrete subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Concrete with entrained air has higher workability and cohesiveness.

Segregation and bleeding are reduced by using air-entraining agents. These

agents are generally used to ensure durability against frost.

Air-entraining agents are derived from synthetic detergents, salts of

sulphonatedligin, fatty acids, organic salts of sulphonated hydrocarbons or

salts of wood resins.

These agents create millions of tiny air bubbles which relieve the expansion

pressure. They result in a 9% in the volume of water, and osmotic pressure

develops as water diffuses from gel pores into the capillaries.

The stability of the air voids between the cement gel and aggregate is also shown

in the figure. Some air-entraining agents react and produce adverse effects when

used along with accelerating or set-retarding admixtures.

3. Synthetic Derivatives:

Synthetic derivatives introduce soapy action into the mix. These are surface-

active agents and are primarily added to increase workability. The best example

of a synthetic derivative is benzene sulphonate. Chemically they comprise the

same chemicals as found in retarders and hence they also generally retard at the

same time.

These derivatives may react differently with different types of cement. Hence a

careful study of the type of cement is required before choosing a particular

synthetic derivative.

4. Super plasticizers:
 Super plasticizers produce extreme workability and thus flowing concrete. They

achieve reduction in the water content without loss of workability. Their use

generally leads to an overall reduction in the cost.

Super plasticizers molecules and cement grains are oppositely charged and

hence repel each other. This increases the mobility and hence makes the concrete

flow. Super plasticizers enable savings in cement for a given strength and are

ideal for pumping concrete, casting heavily reinforced concrete members and the

precast elements of concrete Two x 8 marks =16 marks

4. Explain in detail about retarders and accelerators. (8+8=16)

1. Accelerators:

Accelerators reduce the setting time generally produce early removal of forms and

early setting of concrete repair and patch work. They are helpful in cold weather

concreting. The most common accelerators for plain concrete work are calcium

chloride. Its quantity in the concrete nix is limited to 1-2% by weight of cement. The

presence of calcium chloride can cause an alkali reaction. For prestressed and

reinforced concrete calcium chloride cannot be used. Instead calcium format is

preferred as an accelerating admixture for such concretes.Chloride free calcium

format used for reinforced and prestressed concrete members

Chloride containing calcium chloride restricted to1.5% for plain concrete

construction

 Aids cold weather concreting

 Increase early strength

 Shortens setting time

2. Retarders:

Retarders increase the setting time of the concrete mix and reduce the water cement

ratio. Usually up to 10% water reduction can be achieved. A wide range of water

reducing and set retarding admixtures are used in ready mixed concrete. Usually

these chemicals are derived from lignosulphonic acid and their salts hydroxylated

carboxylic acid and their salts and sulphonated melamine or naphthalene

formaldehyde.

They have a detergent property. They work on the principle that water reducing

agent migrate to the surface of water as shown in fig. This increases the surfaces

activity and hence imparts a soapy property to the mix and delays setting

 Hot weather concreting

 Surface Activity Agent

Two x 8 marks =16 marks

4) Write in detailed note on Special cement.(16)

Special cements for accelerated strength gain:

In repair of certain structures particularly roadways and bridges, it may be

desired that early strength gain should be as rapid as possible. The engineer may

as a first approach considers admixtures so that ordinary types of Portland

cement can be used. The chief chemical admixture now used for this purpose is

super plasticizers.Formerly high doses of calcium chloride were advocated but

this procedure has been rejected on the basis of corrosion problems associated

with calcium chloride use. The time of setting of Portland cement concrete and its

strength gain may be shortened by the use of calcium aluminate cement. Because

of problems associated with the conversion under hot humid conditions of the

calcium aluminate hydrates from one form to another and the resultant strength

losses other types of cements have been preferred.

 Regulated set cements a modified Portland cement which contains a substantial

amount of calcium fluoro-aluminate. The cement meal contains a substantial

amount of fluorite as a substitute for limestone. The burning process has a

problem due to the release of small amounts of fluoro compounds. When

prepared and ground the initial and final set of this type of cement occurs almost

simultaneously and therefore the time between mixing and set is often referred

to as the handling time. As a rule this varies 2 to 45 minutes.

The strength level is adjusted by controlling the amount of calcium fluoro

aluminate in the cement. The time of set is reduced and the compressive strength

gain increased in regulated cement mortars and concrete by an increase in the

cement content of the mix reduction of the water/cement ratio increase

temperature of the mix and increase in curing temperature

The chemical reactions of this type of cement are much more energetic than

those of Portland cements. For this reason retardation is necessary. Conventional

retarders for Portland cement are not effective in controlling the set of regulated

set cement. However citric acid is used in the mix as a retarder. Where practical,

setting action can be effectively controlled by reducing the mix temperature. Such

reduction in the temperature of the mix is also advantageous as the heat of

hydration is considerably higher than that of Portland cement concrete.

Special cements based on chemical reactions which are completely different from

those of normal Portland or similar cements are now part of the technology.

These include fast setting of magnesium phosphate and aluminium phosphate

cements which when used for concrete patching of pavements allow traffic flow

after only 45 minutes. Any eight points x 2=16 marks

5) Write in detailed note on expansive cement.

Expansion cement:
Concrete made with ordinary Portland cement shrinks while setting due to loss

of free water. Concrete also shrinks continuously for a long time. This is known

as drying shrinkage. Cement used for grouting anchor bolts or grouting machine

foundations or the cement used in grouting the prestress concrete ducts if

shrinks the purpose for which the grout is used will be to some extent defeated.

There has been search for such types of cement which will not shrink while

hardening and thereafter. As a matter of fact, a slight expansion with time will

prove to be advantageous for grouting purpose.

This type of cement which suffers no overall change in volume on drying is

known as expansion cement. Cement of this type has been developed by using an

expanding agent and a stabilizer very carefully. Proper material and controlled

proportioning are necessary in order to obtain the desired expansion.

Generally, about 8-20 parts of the sulphonaluminate clinker are mixed with 100

parts of the Portland cement and 15 parts of the stabilizer. Since expansion takes

place only so long as concrete is moist, curing must be carefully controlled. The

use of expanding cement requires skill and experience.

One type of expansive cement is known as compensating cement. This cement

when used in concrete with restrained expansion induces compressive stresses

which approximately offset the tensile stress induced by shrinkage. Another

similar type of cement is known as self-stressing cement. This cement when used

in concrete induces significant compressive stresses after the drying shrinkage

has occurred. The induced compressive stresses not only compensate the

shrinkage but also give some sort of pre-stressing effects in the tensile zone of

the flexural member.

Eight points x 2 marks =16 marks

 UNIT IV/ TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR AND PROTECTION METHODS

PART A

1) Mention the role of rust eliminations in concrete?

Carbonation reduces the pH level in concrete and allows future deterioration of

steel rebar. It has better chemical resistance, weather resistance. This coating has

penetration through all the stratified rust layer, reactions and conversion of rust

stabilization.

2) Write any two applications of vacuum concrete.

Vacuum process of concreting enables to meet this conflicting demand and this

process helps a high workable concrete to get strength.

3) What do you mean by underpinning?

In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing

the foundation of an existing building or other structure`

4) Give any one method of corrosion protection Techniques.

 Costing to reinforcement

 Galvanized reinforcement

 Using stainless steel

 Using corrosion inhibitors

 Electrochemical chloride removal

5) What do you mean by dry pack?

Dry packing is the hand placement of a very dry mortar and subsequent tamping

or ramming of the mortar into place producing an intimate contact between the

old and new concrete works.

6) Write the mechanism of cathodic protection.

Cathodic protection is a technique by which the electrical potential of the steel is

increased to a level at which corrosion take place.It is widely used for both steel

and concrete offshore structures while on land it has boon used for the

protection of pipelines and similar structures.

7) What do you mean by shotcrete?

Shotcrete is a recent development on the similar principle of guniting for

achieving greater thickness with small coarse aggregate.

8) State the preventive measures taken during demolition.

 Conducting a site and building survey, with a structural bias;

 The examination of drawings and details of existing constructing where

available;

 Programming the sequence of demolition work;

 The preparation of a Method Statement.

9) How do repair the cracks by dry packs?

 Dry packing so the hand placement of a very dry mortar and the subsequent

tamping of the mortar into place, producing an intimate contact between new

and existing works.

 Because of the low water cement ratio of the material there is little shrinkage

and the patch remains tight. The usual; mortar mix is 1:2:5 to 1:3.

10) What are the advantages of shotcrete?

Shortcrete has high strength, durability, low permeability, excellent bond and

limitless shape possibilities. These properties allow shotcrete to be used in most

cases as a structural material.

 Although the hardened properties of shotcrete are similar to conventional cast-

in-place concrete, the nature of the placement process provides additional

benefits, such as excellent bond with most substrates and instant or rapid

capabilities, particularly on complex forms or shapes.

11) What do you mean by Shoring?

The temporary support provided to an unsafe structure or to a structure

undergoing alteration is called a shore and the method of its construction is

called shoring.

12) What are the equipments used in vacuum concrete?

The equipment essentially consists of:

vacuum pump ii. Water separator Vacuum pump

Water separator

Filtering pad

Screed board vibrator

13) What do you mean by Gunite?

Gunite can be defined as mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically

projected at a high velocity on to a surface.

14) What are the two types of process in Shotcrete?

a. Wet mix process

b. Dry mix process

15) What are the stages in dry mix process in shotcrete?

In this process, the concrete is mixed with water as for ordinary concrete before

conveying through the delivery pipeline to the nozzle, at which point it is jetted

by compressed air, onto the work in the same way as that if mix process.The

wet process has been generally desired in favour of the dry mix process, owing

to the greater success of the latter.

16) Name any two techniques to repair spalling and disintegration of concrete.

Jacketing, Pneumatically applied mortar or Concrete (guniting/shotcreting),Pre

packed concrete, Replacement for concrete, Dry pack, Over lays, Epoxy resins,

Protective surface treatments

17) What do you mean by jacketing?

Jacketing consists of restoring or increasing the section of an existing member

by encasing it in a new concrete. This method is useful for protection of section

against further deterioration by providing additional to in member

PART B

1) Explain in detail about vacuum concrete.

Vacuum concrete, made by using steam to produce a vacuum inside a

concretemixing truck to release air bubbles inside the concrete, is being
researched. The idea is that the steam displaces the air normally over the
concrete.When the steam condenses into water it will create a low pressure over
the concrete that will pull air from the concrete. This will make the concrete
stronger due to there being less air in the mixture. A drawback is that the mixing
has to be done in an airtight container.

The final strength of concrete is increased by about 25%. Sufficient decrease in

the permeability of concrete is sufficiently decreased. Vacuum concrete stiffens
very rapidly so that the formworks can be removed within 30 minutes of casting
even on columns of 20 ft. high.High water cement ratio is harmful to the overall
quality of concrete, whereas low water-cement ratio does not give enough
workability for concrete to be compacted hundred percent.Generally higher
workability and higher strength or very low workability and higher strength do
not go hand in hand.Now, vacuum process of concreting enables to meet this
conflicting demand and this process helps a high workable concrete to get high
strength.
Vacuum Concrete: - Only about half of the water added in concrete goes into
chemical combination and the remaining water is used to make concrete
workable.
After laying concrete, water which was making concreting workable is extracted
by a special method known as “vacuum method”.This water left in this concrete is
only that which is to go in chemical combination and hence resulting concrete
become very strong.
Technique and Equipments for Vacuum Concrete:

The main aim of the technique is to extract extra water from concrete surface
using vacuum dewatering. As a result of dewatering, there is a marked
reduction in effective water-cement ratio and the performance of concrete
improves drastically. The improvement is more on the surface where it is
required the most.Mainly, four components are required in vacuum dewatering
of concrete, which are given below:

 Vacuum pump
 Water separator
 Filtering pad
 Screed board vibrator
Vacuum pump is a small but strong pump of 5 to 10 HP. Water is extracted by
vacuum and stored in the water separator. The mats are placed over fine filter
pads, which prevent the removal of cement with water.

Proper control on the magnitude of the water removed is equal to the contraction
in total volume of concrete. About 3% reduction in concrete layer depth takes
place. Filtering pad consists of rigid backing sheet, expanded metal, wire gauge or
muslin cloth sheet. A rubber seal is also fitted around the filtering pad as shown
in fig.1. Filtering pad should have minimum dimension of 90cm x 60cm.

Fig:Vaccum Concrete
The filtering consists of a backing piece with a rubber seal all-round the
periphery. A sheet of expanded metal and then a sheet of wire gauge also form a
part of filtering mat.The mat of the suction mat is connected to the vacuum pump.
When the vacuum pump operates, suction is created within the boundary of the
suction mat and the excess water is sucked from the concrete through the fine
wire gauge.
At least one face of the concrete must be open to the atmosphere to create
difference of pressure. The contraction of concrete caused by the loss of water
must be vibrated.

The vacuum processing can be carried out either from the top surface or from the
side surface. There will be only nominal difference in the efficiency of the top
processing or side processing.

Advantages of vacuum concreting:

1) Due to dewatering through vacuum, both workability and high strength are
achieved simultaneously.
2) Reduction in water-cement ratio may increase the compressive strength by
10 to 50% and lowers the permeability.
3) It enhances the wear resistance of concrete surface.
4) The surface obtained after vacuum dewatering is plain and smooth due to
reduced shrinkage.
5) The formwork can be removed early and surface can be put to use early.

Fig: Effect of vacuum dewatering concrete

2) Explain in detail about Shoring.
Shoring
It is the means of providing support to get stability of a structure
temporarilyunder certain circumstances during construction, repair or
alteration. Such circumstance arises when,

The stability of a structure is endangered due to removal of a defective portion of

the structure. The stability of a structure is endangered due to unequal
settlement during construction itself or in long run.Certain alterations are to be
done in present structure itself. Eg: remodeling of walls, changing position of
windows,etc.Alterations are carried out in adjacent building for remodeling,
strengthening of foundation, etc.For shoring timber or steel tubes may be used.
Sometimes both are used in combination. If timber is used its surface should be
coated with a preservative so as to protect against wet rot.The shoring should be
designed based on the load it has to sustain and duration of load.Shoring may be
given internally or externally depending on the case and in certain cases they
may be provided on either side of the wall to produce additional stability.Shoring
should be installed only after getting the permission if necessary, of the local
authorities.There is no time limit to which the shoring has to be kept, it may
range fromweeks to years depending on the case.
Types of shoring

a) Raking or inclined shores

b) Flying or horizontal shores
c) Dead or vertical shores
Raking or inclined shores

In this method, inclined members known as rakers are used to give lateral
supports to walls. A raking shore consists of the following components:

a) Rakers or inclined member

b) Wall plate
c) Needles
d) Cleats
e) Bracing
f) Sole plate
The following points are to be kept in view for the use of the raking shores:

a) For tall buildings, the length of the raker can be reduced by introducing rider
raker.
b) Rakers should be properly braced at intervals.
c) The size of the rakers is to be decided on the basis of anticipated thrust from
the wall.
d) The centre line of a raker and the wall should meet at floor level.
e) Shoring may be spaced at 3 to 4.5m spacing to cover longer length of the bar.
f) The sole plate should be properly embedded into the ground on an
inclination and should be of proper section and size.
g) Wedges should not be used on sole plates since they are likely to give way
under vibrations that are likely to occur.
Flying or horizontal shoring

It is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two

buildings where the intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt. All
types of arrangements of supporting the unsafe structure in which the shores do
not reachthe ground come under this category. They flying shore consists of wall
plates, needles, cleats, horizontal struts (commonly known as horizontal shores)
and inclined struts arranged in different forms which varies with the situation.

In this system also the wall plates are placed against the wall and secured to it. A
horizontal strut is placed between the wall plates and is supported by a system of
needle and cleats. The inclined struts are supported by the needle at their top and
by straining pieces at their feet.The straining piece is also known as straining sill
and is spiked to the horizontal shore. The width of straining piece is the same as
that of the strut.
 Dead or vertical shoring

This is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and
roofs, floors, etc when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose
of providing an opening in the wall or to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a
structure.The dead shore consists of an arrangement of beams and posts which
are required to support the weight of the structure above and transfer same to
the ground on firm foundation below.

Any Two x 8 = 16 marks

3) Explain in detail about Underpinning.

Underpinning
1) It is the method of supporting the structures while providing new foundations
or carrying out repairs and alterations without disturbing the stability of
existing structures. It is carried under following conditions:
2) When a building with deep foundation is to be constructed adjoining a
building which is built on shallow footings. Here the shallow footings should
be strengthened first.
3) In order to protect an existing structure from the danger of excessive or
differential settlement of foundation.
4) In order to improve the bearing capacity of foundation so as to sustain heavier
loads for which deepening or widening of foundation is done.
5) In order to provide a basement for an existing structure.
Methods of underpinning

 Pit method
 Pile method
 Chemical method
 Other method
Pit method

Pit underpinning is a traditional underpinning technique that stabilizesstructures

prior to adjacent excavation, using concrete and mortar. A limited width pit
(panel) is excavated and shored by hand below the structure and extends to
theunderpinning design depth.

Pile method

Piles have the greatest use where ground conditions are very variable, where
access is restrictive, where environmental pollution aspects are significant, and
where structural movements in service must be minimal.

Mini-piled underpinning is generally used when the loads from the foundations
need to be transferred to stable soils at considerable depths - usually in excess
of 5 m (16 ft). Mini-piles may either be augured or driven steel cased, and are
normally between 150 mm (5.9 in) and 300 mm (12 in) in diameter.

Structural engineers will use rigs which are specifically designed to operate in
environments with restricted headroom and limited space, and can gain access
through a regular domestic doorway.They are capable of constructing piles to
depths of up to 15 m (49 ft). The technique of piling was first applied in Italy in
1952.

Any Two x 8 = 16 marks

4) Name the different types of fibre reinforced polymers. Explain Aramid FRP.
(8+8=16)
TYPES OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS.
Step-growth or Addition polymerizations are the two methods generally used
for manufacturing the polymers. A composite material called as Fibre reinforced
polymer is obtained by reinforcing a polymer-matrix with fibres. Usually, fibres
such as carbon, aramid, glass,basalt, Polypropylene were used for
reinforcement and rarely, other fibres like wood, asbestos or paper have been
used. Fibre Reinforced Polymer is frequently used in construction, aerospace,
automotive and marine structures.Any four x 2 =8 Marks
Aramid Fibre Reinforced Polymers

The fibres which are made by moderately inelastic polymer chain molecules are
known as Aramid fibres. These fibres are also known as man-made high
performance fibers. It is a kind of heat-resistive and strong synthetic fibre
widely used in the tires of bicycles, oceanic hull reinforcement and military
applications. The chain particles found in the fibers are greatly located beside
the central line of the fibre. The melting point of aramid fibres is very high and it
is greater than 500°C. Further, aramid fibers follow a larger grade of alignment
with ultra-large-molecular-weight polyethylene type fibres.
Characteristics of AFRP

The general characteristics of aramid fibers are listed below.

● Good resistance against abrasion
● It is not a conductive material
● Absence of melting point
● Less flammability and molecular weight
● Efficiently transfer the mechanical stresses
● Better fabric reliability at elevated temperatures
● Sensitive to salts, acids and UV radiation
Applications of AFRP

Various applications of AFRPs are:

● Flame-resistive (MIL-G-181188B suits) and Heat-protective clothing
● Replacingthe asbestos
● Warm air fabric filtration
● Reinforcement of rubber and mechanical goods
● Sporting goods, tennis strings, hockey sticks and snow boards
 ● Drumheads, wind instrument reeds, loudspeaker diaphragms and boat hull
material
Reinforcing the fishing reels and asphalt

Any four points x 2 = 8 marks

5) Write detailed notes on BFRP and CFRP. (8+8=16)

Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Basalt fiber is a composite prepared from highly fine fibers of basalt that is
comprised of minerals such as plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine. It is identical
to fiber glass having better physicomechanical properties, but being considerably
cheaper than carbon fibers. It is commonly used as a fire-proof textile in
automotive and aerospace industries and as a composite in preparing camera
tripod products.
Properties of BFRP
The chemical composition of basalt fiber is similar to glass fibers, but the strength
characteristics of basalt fibers are better than glass fibers. Basalt FRPs are new
type of FRP composites that are more likely to be introduced in next generation
materials. The properties of BFRP are presented below.

● It is better than certainfiberswith regard to durability, temperature and noise

insulation characteristics and trembling resistances.
● Because of its better performance, it is useful for applications ranging from
automotive to the aeronautic field.
● Higher oxidation and radiation resistance

● Higher compression and shear strength.

● High temperature and abrasion resistance.

Applications of BFRP
a) The applications of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers are explained
below.
b) Due to its strong application in constructional materials, it is used in
bars, tubes, fittings in pipes and so on.
c) In automotive industries, the chopped strands of basalt are used in the
manufacturing of Compressed Natural Gas cylinders, brake discs and
other portions for internal applications.
d) The chopped strands of basalt are useful for friction materials
preparation.
 e) The basalt material tubes can transfer aggressive liquids, gases, and
petroleum products, hot and cold water supply.
f) Appropriate for the construction of various sporting materialsof arrows,
hockey, snowboards, skis, badminton and so on.
Any four points x 2 = 8 marks
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers

CFRP is an enormously strong and light FRP which is composed of carbon fibers.
Even though it is expensive to make CFRP, it is commonly useful for applications
demanding high strength-to-weight ratio. Thermoset resin like epoxyis mainly
used as binding polymer but other thermoplasticpolymers were also used. The
characteristics of the end CFRP goods will be influenced by the nature of
additive used in the polymer binding.
Applications of CFRP

Aerospace engineering
The Airbus A350 XWB is constructed of 52% carbon fiberreinforced polymer
materials. Due to high strength to mass ratio, CFRP is extensively used in micro
air vehicles.

Automotive engineering
CFRPs are widely used in high-end car racing. Race-automobile builders have
established a way to contribute CFRP strength in a definite location in order to
make it strong for a load carrying location.
Sports goods
Nowadays, CFRP is broadly used in sports utensils like badminton and tennis
racquets, fishing rods, sport kite spars, hockey, squash and so on.
Structural applications
CFRP is commonly used in structural engineering applications. It is economical
for a range of applications such as strengtheningof concrete, cast iron and steel
and timber constructions. It is applied to improve the shear power of concrete
by casing the fibersnear the areas to be reinforced. Casing the structures
(building or bridge columns) may improve the ductility thereby enhancing the
resistivity to fall under earthquake conditions.
Any four points x 2 = 8 marks
6) Write short notes on GFRP and PFRP. (8+8=16)
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
The FRPs which uses textile grade glass fibers are called as Glass Fiber
Reinforced Plastics. FRP permits the orientation of fiber glasses of
thermoplastics so as to make it appropriate for particular design programs. The
alignment of fiber reinforcement can enhance the strength, and it resists
polymer deformation. GFRPs are resistive to the deforming forces, and they are
strongest if the fiber polymers are equivalent to the forces and they are weakest
if the fiber polymers are vertical to the forces.
Advantages of GFRP over cast aluminium

1) Up to 60% weight reduction

2) Enhanced surface quality and aerodynamics
3) Reduce the use of components by combining each part into simple
moulded shapes
4) Clutch pedals made from GFRPs can be casted as single units by
combining both the pedals and mechanical linkages
5) Fibres can be aligned to strengthen against specific stresses, enhancing
the safety and durability.
6) Thermally insulated aluminium windows, facades and doors can be
manufactured from GFRP.
Structural applications of FRP
In structural applications, FRPs are applied to reinforce the columns, beams and
slabs of bridges and buildings. With FRP it is possible to enhance the structural
strength of members even though they have been critically impaired due to
loading circumstances. The repairing process is done by removing the loose
debris and filling the cracks and cavities with epoxy resins. After repairing, the
member is strengthened by impregnating the fibre mats with epoxy resins and
then coating them to the cleaned surfaces of the member.

In general, two types of techniques are available for strengthening the beams.
They are flexural strengthening and shear strengthening. In many areas, it is
essential to apply both the types of strengthening for enhancing the strength of
structures. In flexural strengthening of beams, the FRP layer is applied to the
rigid faces of the member. The principal tensile fibres are aligned towards the
lengthofthe beam similar to inner flexural steel strengthening. This enhances
the strength, stiffness of beam, however, reduces ductility and deflection
capacity. In shear strengthening of beams, the FRP layer is applied to the web
faces of the member. The fibres aretransversely aligned towards the
longitudinally aligned beams.
FRPs are applied in different configurations based up on the exposed sides of
the member and the grade of reinforcement which includes: side bonding, U
wraps and closed wraps. Applying the FRPs only on the faces of the beams is
termed as side bonding. It gives lower shear strength due to the difficulties
formed while de-bonding the free edges of the concrete surface. In U-wrapping,
the FRPs are applied in the form of U-shape around the sides and rigid faces of
the beam. Closed wrapping is preferred if all sides of the beams are accessible.
Closed wrapping means applying FRP on the whole perimeter of the members.
For all types of configuration, FRP is applied either as a continuous layer or
discrete strips along the entire length of the member.
Slabs are strengthened by coating the FRP strips at tension surface and may
provide superior flexural strength since the tensile resistance of the slab is
enhanced by the tensile strength of the slab. In both slabs and beams, the
performance of FRP strengthening is dependent on the effect of resin selected
for bonding.
Columns are reinforced around their perimeter with closed or completed FRP
wrappings. Under axial loading conditions, this will provide higher shear
resistance and higher compressive strength. The FRP reinforcement works by
preventing the lateral expansion of columns, which may improve the
confinement in such a way as the spiral confinement does for the core columns.
Any four points x 2 = 8 marks
Polypropylene FRP
Polypropylene also called as polypropene is a type of thermoplastic polymer
utilized in wide range of areas. It is formed through the chain growth
polymerization of monomer propylene. If the polypropylene film is extruded
and stretched along the path of both the machines and across the path of
machine, then it is known as bi-axially aligned polypropylene. Bi-axial
alignment will increase the clarity and the strength.
Polypropylene is a material that is often compared to PVC. It is not used as
much as PVC, but still it is a useful material for covering the custom wire
baskets. Some polypropylene components applied for coating the custom wire
baskets are resistive to chemicals. Compared to polyethylene, polypropylene is
found to be highly resistive against chemicals. Further, polypropylene will resist
acids, organic solvents and alkalines. Nevertheless, the material is vulnerable to
attacks from aromatics, oxidizing acids and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Properties of Polypropylene
Tensile Strength
Compared to various materials, polypropylene has better tensile strength
approximately around 4,800 psi. This permits the material to endure fairly
heavy loads, despite being lightweight.

Impact Tolerance
As polypropylene has better tensile strength, its influence resistance remain
something to be desired when related to polyethylene.
Water Absorption
Polypropylene is highly water-resistant. In a one day soak test, the material
absorbs less than 0.01% of its mass in water. This makes polypropylene
absolute for overall immersion applications where the bottom basket material
has to be sheltered from contact to different chemicals.
Surface Hardness
The hardness of polypropylene is evaluated on the Rockwell R scale as 92 by
placing it on the top end of the softer materials evaluated on that scale. This
shows that the material is semi-rigid. This makes it more probable to flex and
bend with an effect.
Operating Temperature
The maximum suggested operating temperature for polypropylene is 180°F
(82.2°C). Beyond this range, the performance values of the material could be
conceded.
Melting Temperature
The polypropylene will melt at 327°F (163.8°C). This makes it incompatible to
high-temperature applications.
Applications of Polypropylene
 Though polypropylene material is fatigue-resistant, it is used for making
plastic living hinges like flip-top bottles.
 Since it can withstand the heat in autoclave, it is used to prepare plastic
items for laboratory or medical purposes and consumer-grade kettles.
  Plastic containers used for the dairy food items are polypropylene coated
with aluminium foils and the lids for the tubs are made up of less heat-
resistive material.
 Car batteries, cooler containers, pharmacy prescription bottles, plastic pails,
waste baskets, jugs and bowls are polypropylene FRP.
 If polypropylene is bi-axially aligned, it turns out to be crystal clear and acts
as a tremendous wrapping substance.
 Polypropylene is broadly utilized in making carpets.
Any four points x 2 = 8 marks

7) Name the various techniques available for repair of cracks. Explain any one.
(8+8=16)
The following techniques are available for repairing cracks
 Bonding with epoxies
 Routing and sealing
 Stitching
 External stressing
 Blanketing
 Overlays
 Grouting
 Autogenous healing any eight =8 marks
Explanation any one =8 marks

BONDING WITH EXPOXIES

Cracks in concrete may be bonded by the injection of epoxy bonding compounds

under pressure. Usual practice is to drill into cracks from the face of the
concrete at several locations.

Water or a solvent is injected to flush out the dirt and foreign matter and
allowed to get cleaned through this process. The surface is then allowed to dry.
The epoxy is injected into the drilled holes until it flows out through the order
holes.

ROUTING AND SEALING

This method involves enlarging the cracks along its exposed surface, filling and
finally sealing it with a suitable material.
This is the simplest and most common technique for sealing cracks and is
applicable for sealing both fine pattern cracks and larger isolated. The cracks
should be dormant unless they are opened up enough to put in a substantial
paten in which case the repair may be more property termed as “Blanketing”.

Routing and Sealing of leaking cracks preferably should be done on the pressure
face so that the water, aggressive agents can not penetrate the interior of the
concrete and cause side effects such as swelling, chemical attack or corrosion of
rebars etc.

On road pavements it is common to see cracks which have been sealed by

pouring hot tar over them. This is a simple and inexpensive way where
thorough water tightness of the joint is not important.

STITCHING

The tensile strength of a cracked concrete section can be restored by stitching in

a manner similar to sewing cloth.

Precautions to be followed:

Any desired degree of strengthening can be accomplished but it must be noted

that strengthening also tends to stiffen the structure locally.Stitching the crack
will tend to cause its migration else where in the structure. For this reason
strengthening the adjacent areas of cracks have to be made to take care of
additional stresses. More over the stitching dogs should be of variable
length,orientated and so located that the tension transmitted across the crack
does not devolve on a single plane of the section but is spread over an area,
Strengthening of the adjacent sections of concrete may consist of external
reinforcement embedded in a suitable overlay material.Where there is a
(leakage of) water problem, the crack should be sealed as well as stitched so
that stitches are not corroded.Stress concentrations occur at the ends of the
cracks; hence the spacing of the stitching dogs should be reduced at such
locations. The stress concentrations at each ends of the cracks can be relieved
by drilling holes near them:

V. Wherever possible both sides of cracks have to be stitched to prevent

bending action on dogs due to movements of the structure.In bending members
it is possible to stitch one side of the crack but this should be the tension side of
the section where movement is originating. If the member is in a state of axial
tension then a symmetrical placement of the dogs is a must.

EXTERNAL STRESSING

Development of cracking in concrete is due to tensile stress and can be arrested

by removing these stresses. Further the cracks can be closed by including a
compressive force sufficient to over come the tension a residual compression.

The compressive force is applied by using the prestressing wires or rods. The
principle is similar to stitching except that the stitches are tensioned. But
additional anchorage’s are to be provided for prestressing wires.

The compressive force also may be applied wedging (ie) opening the Crack and
filling it with an expanding mortar, by jack and grouting or by actually driving
wedges.

BLANKETING

Blanketing is similar to routing and sealing on a large scale and applicable for
sealing both active and dormant cracks and joints.

Type of Blanket joints

i. Type I - A elastic sealant filled joint

Where an elastic sealant is used, the serial is one wheel returns to original
shape when the externally induced stress is proved.

ii. Type II - A mastic filled – Joint

This similar to the sealant chase of a Sealant except that the bon breaker is
omitted and the sealant is bonded to the as well as to the side of the chase. The
sealant is mastic rather than a compared with elastic properties. They are used
where the anticipated movements are small.

Type III - A mortar plugged joint

Type IV - A crimped water bar
OVERLAYS

Overlays are used to seal cracks. They are useful and desirable where the are
large numbers of cracks and treatment of individual defect would be expensive.

i. Overlay for active cracks

Seating of active cracks by the use of an overlay should be extensible but not
flexible.

ii. Overlay for dormant cracks

Any type of overlay may be used to seal the dormant type of cracks.

GROUTING

Grouting can be performed in a similar manner as the injection of an epoxy.

However the use of an epoxy is the better solution except where considerations
for the resistance of cold weather prevent such use in which case grouting is the
comparable alternative.

An alternative and better method is to drill down the length of the crack and
grout it so as to form a key. This is applicable only when the cracks runs
approximately in a straight line and are inaccessible at one end.

The grout key functions prevent relative transverse movements of the sections
of concrete adjacent to the crack. It also prevents leakage through the crack.

AUTOGENOUS HEALING

The inherent ability of concrete to heal cracks within “autogenous healing”.

 This is used for sealing dormant cracks such as precast units cracked in
handling of cracks developed during the precast pilling sealing of cracks in
water hands and sealing of cracks results of temporary conditions.

Unit 5 Demolition of structures

Part A

1) What do you mean by Maintenance?

The act of keepingsomethingingood condition bycheckingorrepairingitregularly.

2) What do you mean by Repair?

Repairis theprocess of restoringsomethingthat is damaged or broken,

togoodCondition.

3) What do you mean by Rehabilitation?

Theprocess of returning abuildingoranareato its previousgoodconditions.

4) What are the preliminary investigations before demolition of a structure?

a) The demolition contractor should have ample experience of the type of work

to be offered;

b) Fully comprehensive insurance against all risks must be maintained at all

times;
 c) An experienced supervisor should be continuously in charge of the work;

d) The contract price should include all safety precautions included in the

relevant building regulations

e) The completion date should be realistic, avoiding and need to take risks to

achieve the date

5) Write about protective items given before demolition.

Buildings where chemicals have been stored or where asbestos, lead paint, dust

or fumes may be present will require specialized protective clothing.

6) Give a brief note on shoring and underpinning in demolition.

The demolition contractor has a legal obligation to show technical competence

when carrying out the work. When removing sections of the building which could

have leave other parts unsafe, adequate temporary supports and shoring etc.

must be provided.

7) What are the major factors in selecting a demolition procedure?

 Majors factors to be considered in selecting an appropriate technique

include:-Safety of personnel and public

 Working methods

 Legislation applicable

 Insurance cover

8) Give the categories of demolition techniques.

Demolition techniques may be categorized as:-

Piecemeal demolition, using hand-held tools or machines, to reduce the height of

the building or structure gradually;

Deliberate controlled collapse, demolition to be completed at ground level.

9) Write two line notes on demolition by hand.

Demolition of buildings or structure by hand-held tools such as electric or

pneumatic breakers, sometimes as a preliminary to using other methods, should

 be carried out, where practicable, in the reverse order to the original

construction sequence. Lifting appliances may be necessary to hold larger

structural members during cutting and for lowering severed structural members

and other debris.

10) In what cases demolition by machine can be done?

Simple roof structures supported on wall plates should normally be demolished

to the level of wall plates by hand, but if this may involve unsafe working, then

demolition totally by machine may be appropriate.

11) What do you mean by balling machine?

Balling machines generally comprise a drag-line type crawler chassis fitted with

a lattice crane jib. The demolition ball, with a steel anti -spin device, is

suspended from the lifting rope and swung by the drag rope.

12) How are explosives used for demolition of a structure?

If explosives are to be used for demolition, the planning and execution, include

pre-weakening, should be under the control of a person competent in these

techniques. For large demolition, the competent person is likely to be an

experienced explosive engineer; for smaller work, a shot-firer may be sufficient.

13) What do you mean by hydraulic pusher arm?

Articulated, hydraulically-powered pusher-arm machines are normally mounted

on a tracked or wheeled chassis, and have a toothed plate or hook for applying

for applying a horizontal force to a wall. The machine should stand on a firm

level base and apply force by a controlled movement of the pusher arm.

14) What do you mean by pre-weakening?

Buildings and structures normally have structural elements designed to carry

safely the loading likely to be imposed during their life. As a preliminary to a

deliberate controlled collapse, after loads such as furnishings, plant and

machinery have been removed, the demolition contractor may be able to

 weaken some structural elements and remove those new redundant. This pre

weakening is essentially a planned exercise and must be preceded by an analysis

of its possible effects on the structure until it collapses, to ensure that the

structural integrity of the building is not jeopardized accidentally. Insufficient

information and planning relating to the structure may result in dangerous and

unsafe work.

15) What do you mean by deliberate collapse?

The deliberate collapse of the whole or part of a building or structure requires

particularly high standards of planning, supervisions and execution, and careful

consideration of its effect on other parts of the structure or on adjacent

buildings or structures. A surrounding clear area and exclusion zone are

required to protect both personnel and property from the fall of the structure

itself and debris which may be thrown up by the impact.

16) How can you develop a demolition strategy?

The strategy will need to take into account the method of construction used for

the original building and its proximity to other buildings, structures and the

general public. These factors, together with location, the cost and availability of

tipping and disposal and the desirability and economics of reuse, must be taken

into account in the development of an appropriate strategy for the demolition of

a structure.

17) What do you mean by nibblers?

Nibblers use a rotating action to snap brittle materials such as concrete or

masonry. In either case, material should be removed from the top of walls or

columns in courses not greater than 600mm in depth, steel reinforcement

should be cut separately as necessary.

Part B
 1) What do you mean by demolition? Why is demolition necessary? What are

the considerations before demolition? (2+6+8=16)

Demolition Complete removal of structure -2 Marks

Necessary of demolition:

a) The building is very old and that cannot be put inuseforfurther period.

b) Structural changes whenever required.

c) Due to modernisation, old building may require demolition for new

construction.

d) Development of city were horizontal explain not possible they adopt for

multi-story flat construction.

e) Structural failures of building were repair works may not be possible.

f) Expansion or extension of buildings over existing building.

Any four points = 6 Marks

The considerations before demolition

Considerations should be given to:-

 Conducting a site and building survey, with a structural bias;

 The examination of drawings and details of existing construction where

available;

 The preparation of details and drawings from site survey activities where no

such information is available;

 Establishing previous use of premises, especially with regard to flammable

substances or substances hazardous to health or safety;

 Programming the sequence of demolition work;

 The preparation of a Method Statement.

Any four points = 8 marks

2) Explainthe safety Precautionary Measures of demolition.

 Precautionary Measures:

W h e n e v e r possible windows, doors etc. should betaken out to avoid

damagebeing caused bybrokenglass.

 W i n d o w frame should beleft in to helpto maintainthe strength of walls.

 Windows and doors openingshould bebroad up.

 Internal entranceto lift shaft should be barriguards.

 The approaches to all areawhereflooringhas been removed barricade.

 To indicate theneed forspecial care and the possibilityof danger.

 Balconiesand cantilever,masonryprojection should be cut down and the

debris removed beforethe maindemolitioncommence.

 Manymetal staircaseor ladder should beinspected beforeuse and access to

them should be closelycontrolled.

 Neither stone norconcretestaircaseshould beused oncetheyhavebeen

disturbed as in manycaseBeringareas areverysmalland evenasmall

movement can lead to collapse.

 S t a i r caseshould bekeptfreefrom debris.

 A n y timberremoved from thebuildingbeingdemolished should be

carefullystacked and projectingnails and screws should beremoved.

 The condition of anyadjacent propertywhich

mayaffectedbythedemolitionand the relation of thesetwo buildings

beingdemolished should be pointed out operatives.

 O p e r a t i v e s should notbeallowed to stand on thebrick work which

theyare demolishingor anymember supported bythat brick work.

 O n completion of each daywork, the buildingbeingworked on should

beleft in stable condition without anyoverhangingbrickwork ortimber.

Any Eight points = 16 marks

3) What are the Sequence of demolition steps? Name the methods of

 demolition. (8+8=16)

Sequenceofdemolition:8 marks

 Thefirst task to becarried out on siteis to be ensurethat servicehavebeen

disconnected and madesafeover thewholeold siteto be cleared.

 Demolitionproceedreverseorder of construction.

 The primary stripping out process such as roof covering, fittings, pipe work and

generally all non-structural parts of the buildinghavebeen removed.

 Roof trusses and timbershould be lifted down andas for as possibleonlysteel,

concreteor betweenshould remain.

 All rubble and debrisshould be loweredground and constantly. Cleared soas to

avoid builders

Methods of demolition: 8 marks

1. Demolition by hand.

2. Pulling down byrope.

3. Mechanicaldemolition

a.demolitionball

b. P u s h e r arm machinery

4. Deliberatecollapse(somepart to bedemolished)

5. Explosives.

4) Write Short Notes on (a) Demolition by hand (b) Pulling down by wire rope

Demolition. (8+8=16)

Demolition by hand: T h i s method is usually used for highest and most

inaccessible section.

T h e work period breakingdown bymachineryforcomplete buildings were access

maynot possibleformachinery.

O p e r a t i v e s usetools of theportablevarietylongchisel, hammer, crower bar,

pneumatic drills, hand saw, power saw etc.This method is suitableforsmall

 buildings. b. This method not required skilled supervisor. This method is very

difficult to remove concrete structure like column, beam, roofetc.,

8 marks

Pulling downbywire rope:

T h i s method of demolitionisprobablywidelyused for masonrystructures.If itis

all possible alltimbers, pipes, beams and lintel should beremoved priorto

thepulling down operation.I n nocaseshould this method beused werelong

member arepresent in the buildings.A wirebond is set around aportion of

thebrickwork and is them draggedvehicle.A s aresultitcut into brickwork

causinginto collapse.

8 marks

5) Explain in detail about Mechanical demolition.

Mechanical demolition: Demolitionball

a) This method is used in the main forfairlylargebrick structureand

reinforced concrete buildings.

b) As wellas forbreakingup mass concrete and reinforced concrete slab

andfloors.

c) Theballwhich initiallyweight ofhalf– ton isdropped verticallyon to

thestructureto bebroken.

d) Sidewaysmotion is important to itbyswellingthejip of the craneso

theballhits the side ofthe structure

e) This method requires ahigher standardsof site supervisor.

f) The crane operator has to work at somedistancefrom

thestructurebeingdemolished.

g) Considerable stressesare important to the cranejip and the

supervisormaintenance standard must be high.

h) Thestructurebeingdemolished should bedetached from anyother

 buildings.

i) Ifnecessarybypartiallyhand demolished beforethis method is used.

Pusherarmmachinery:

It involves the useof anextended arms and steelpad fitted to a tracked vehiclein

placeof theexcavated bucket.It is considered that this typeof machine is

morecontrollable and in someways more versatile then the other machinery

mentioned above. The pusher arm is placed on the top most section of the brick

wall and forward motion is applied either bythe hydraulicthrust mechanism or

bydrivingtheexcavatorforward.

Deliberate collapse:

This method is used in some casewhere removal of certain key structure member

will causes collapse of the old or part of the building being demolished. Very

special attention must be paid.To ensurethat everyoneon site

isconversantwithprocedurebeingused.It is removed to a safedistancewhen

theycollapseis imminent.

Explosives:

The use of explosive is considered by much exposure.

This method is most economic and quickest method ofdemolition.

Thebasic principlesisthat holes arebored into various supportingsection ofthe

structure andexplosiveinserted.

When the chargesare exploded thestructurecollapse, breakingup on impact with

the ground.

Any two x 8 marks =16 marks

6) Explain with a case study of a demolition as you know in and around the world.

Any Case study Explanation 16 marks