See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/318875965

Self Compacting Concrete Using Fly Ash and Silica Fumes as Pozzolanic
Material

Article  in  Journal of Engineering Technology · July 2017

CITATIONS READS

2 2,156

3 authors:

Kumar Satish Sanjay Kumar

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra National Institute of Technology Patna
6 PUBLICATIONS   23 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   22 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Baboo Rai
National Institute of Technology Patna
17 PUBLICATIONS   97 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Self Compacting Concrete View project

High Performance Concrete View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Kumar Satish on 03 August 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

Self Compacting Concrete Using Fly Ash and Silica Fumes as Pozzolanic
Material

Kumar Satish1, Sanjay Kumar2, Baboo Rai2

1
Research Scholar, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 800005
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Patna, Bihar 800005

Abstract: A comparative study is carried out to study the effect of partial replacement of pozzolanic
materials like silica fume and fly ash by weight of cement on properties of SCC. To achieve the desired
objective 135 cube samples and 90 cylinders of self compacting concrete with different weight percentages of
fly ash and silica fume were cast to study the effect on flowability, compressive strength and split tensile
strength. The water to binder ratios for all mixes was maintained at 0.36. Further, to achieve the desirable
properties like flowability, chemical admixture was also used. The various flowability tests conducted in lab
were Slump Flow Test, J- Ring Test, L-Box Test and V-Funnel Test.
The spread for all mixes were within the specified range recommended by EFNARC (2002).
Concomitant use of both the pozzolanic material in SCC negated the undesirable effects of each other on
flowability characteristics. Acceptable correlation exists between V-Funnel time and T500 time for all SCC
mixes. The compressive strength as well as split tensile strength increased gradually when only silica fume
was used as pozzolanic material as compared to fly ash as pozzolanic material. In general the strength of all
mixes with silica fume was found to be on the higher side as compared to fly ash mixes for same w/b ratio.
Further, the loss in early strength of fly ash induced SCC mix is negated by using silica fume.

Key words: Self Compacting Concrete, fly ash, silica fumes, flowability, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile
Strength

1. Introduction
Concrete mixture, characterized by high resistance to segregation and which can be cast without
compaction or vibration are termed as Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Better quality concrete is observed
with substantial improvement in working conditions upon exclusion of compaction or vibration [1-3]. SCC
usually contains super plasticizers in form of high range water reducer (HRWR) and viscosity modifying
additive (VMA) which provides constancy to the mix, resulting in high resistance against bleeding and
segregation.
Moreover, as fine materials are substantial constituents of SCC, the replacement of mineral
admixtures with cement in SCC enhances its fresh and hardened properties and also reduces its cost [4].
Cementitious materials replaced partly with pozzolanic materials like fly ash lessens the heat of hydration and
increases the durability [5-7]. The use of fly ash minimizes the need for viscosity-modifying chemical
admixtures [8] and escalates the slump flow of the SCCs mixes.
Initially, there was no rational proportioning method for using fly ash in concrete, and researchers
used to arbitrarily replace fly ash in the concrete. Smith [9] was first to propose a mix proportioning method
for fly ash concrete. He stated that “fly ash cementing efficiency factor” (k) is defined as that part of the
pozzolanic material which can be considered as equivalent to Portland cement having the same properties as
the concrete without the pozzolanic material. Several researchers have reported that the cementing efficiency
of fly ash will also depend up on the level of replacement, type of fly ash and type of cement used [10-11]. It

394
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

has been reported that for w/c ratio varying between 0.5 and 0.65 the cementing efficiency of fly ash can be
taken as 0.5.
Viscosity increasing additives or fillers are utilized to avoid separation of large particles in SCC. The
effectiveness of super plasticizer is enhanced by the presence of silica fume. Recently silica fume has been
found to be very effective in manufacturing of high strength high performance concrete [12]. Moreover, the
use of both silica fume and a suitable super plasticizer is beneficial, as it allows use of low water/cement ratios
for a given workability. Silica fume used as pozzolana enriches the workability of concrete, because of its
minute grain size and durability properties that create additional cementitious products due to reaction with
the calcium hydroxide formed during Portland cement hydration [13-14]. Further, it has been reported that
viscosity and elastic stress limit decrease with the addition of silica fume in cement paste [15-16].
Aim of this research is to explore the benefits of concurrent use of silica fume and fly ash as cementitious
material. The ensuing results may permit the use of high percentage of fly ash as it is expected that the
presence of silica fume will negate some of its undesirable effects such as loss in initial strength.

2. Material Properties
2.1. Cement and fillers
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 43 conforming to IS: 8112-1989 [17] was used in the
present work. The various laboratory tests conforming to IS: 4031-1996 (PART 1a to 15) [18] specification
were carried out. Samples of Low calcium fly ash shown in Figure 1 were taken from Kahalgaon Thermal
Power Plant, NTPC were used ‘as received’ used in this study. The physical properties of cement and fly ash
are presented in table 1 while table 2 presents the chemical properties of fly ash. Silica fume (figure 1b) was
provided by Elkem South Asia Pvt. Ltd. The chemical and physical properties of micro silica grade 920D
were analyzed for mandatory parameters of ASTM C 1240[19] and the results are presented in table 3 and
table 4 respectively.

Table 1: Physical Properties of Cement and Fly Ash

Observed value for Observed values for
Sl no. Physical Properties
cement fly ash
1 Specific Gravity 3.15 2.2
2 Initial Setting (minutes) 30 min 45 min
3 Final Setting (minutes) 600 min 280 min
4 Consistency (%) 30% 35
2
6 Fineness (m /kg) 225 368

Table 2: Chemical Properties of Fly Ash

Sl. No. Observed Requirement as per IS:3812
Test Conducted
Values (%) (Part- I):2003 Reaffirmed: 2013
1 Loss of Ignition 2.53 5.0(max)

2 Silica as SiO2 59.51 35 (min)

3 SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 86.85 70(min)

4 Available alkalis as Na2O 0.43 1.5 (max)

395
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

5 Reactive silica 29.32 20(min)

6 Magnesium as MgO 1.97 5.0 (max)

7 Sulphate as SO3 2.07 3.0 (max)
8 Total Chloride 0.032 0.05 (max)
9 Lime Reactivity 4.9 N/mm2 4.5(min)

Table 3: Chemical Properties of Silica Fume

Sl. No. Parameters Specification Observed Values

1 SiO2 Min 85% 87.01%

2 Moisture content Max 3% 0.57%

3 Loss of ignition Max 6% 0.99%

Table 4: Physical Properties of Silica Fume

Sl. No. Parameters Specification Observed Values
1 >45µ Max 10% 1.13
2 Pozz activity index (7d) Min 105% 132
3 Sp. Surface Min15m2/g 19.4
4 Bulk density 500-700KG/m3 616

Figure 1a: Fly Ash Sample Figure 1b: Silica Fume Sample

2.2 Fine Aggregates

Ordinary sand from Sone river bed having Fineness modulus 2.60 was used. The Specific gravity and
Water absorption were obtained as 2.66 and 1.35 respectively. After sieve analysis (table 5) the sand sample
conforms to zone III as per IS 383-1970[20].

396
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

Table 5: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

Cum. %cum
IS Sieve Wt. Retained(Kg) % Passing Remarks
Wt.(Kg) Retained
4.75mm 0.0 0.0 0 100
2.36mm 0.0 0.0 0 100
Sand
1.18mm 0.087 0.087 8.7 91.3 Zone III
600µ 0.289 0.376 37.6 62.4 As per
IS: 383-1970
300µ 0.333 0.709 70.9 29.1
150µ 0.243 0.952 95.2 4.80

2.3 Coarse Aggregate

The particle-size distribution of the coarse aggregate is given in Table 6. Locally available crushed
stone from Pakur has been used as coarse aggregate. The Specific gravity and Water absorption were obtained
as 2.74 and 0.755 respectively.
Table 6: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Weight %cum Percentage

Cum.wt(Kg) Remarks
size(mm) retained(Kg) retained passing

20 0.00 0.00 0 100

16 0.00 0.00 0 100

16mm
12.5 ---- ---- ---- ---- Graded
10 2 2 40 60
4.75 2.75 4.75 95 5

2.4 Chemical Admixtures

Polycarboxylic ether based High Range Water Reducing (HRWR) admixture with inbuilt Viscosity
Modified Admixture (VMA) supplied by BASF India limited with a brand name of Master Glenium SKY
8632 has been used in the present research work. The properties as obtained from the manufacturer are given
in table 7.
Table 7: Properties of Chemical Admixture
Colour Light brown liquid
Relative density 1.08 ± 0.01 at 25ºC
pH ≥ 6 at 25ºC

2.5 Mix-Proportioning
The preamble of IS 10262-2009 [21] is used for mix proportioning of self-compacting concrete.
Fifteen trial mixes with varying weight percentage of fly ash and silica fume were prepared to study their
effect on flowability parameters of SCC. Further, 135 cube samples and 90 cylindrical samples were cast to
study the strength parameters of SCC mixes. For incorporating fly ash in concrete, there is no theoretical
background given in code. A guideline in the form of numerical example has been incorporated in IS: 10262-

397
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

2009 where the total binder content is increased arbitrarily. However, in the present work, for the same water
to cement ratio, and in order that the strength and flowability of fly ash concrete be comparable with that of
conventional concrete without fly ash, a cementing efficiency factor (k) of 0.55 has been considered for the fly
ash. The water to powder ratio for all the mixes was fixed at 0.36. Further, the dose of HRWR with inbuilt
VMA was fixed at 2.2% by weight of cement. The mix proportioning for all fifteen trial mixes are given in
table 8.

Table 8: Mix Proportion of Self Compacting Concrete

% % Water/ Coarse Fine %
Mix Cement Water Extra
fly silica binder Agg. Agg. chem.
No. (kg) (liter) water
ash fume ratio (kg) (kg) admixture
1 468 0 0 0.36 878.86 918.76 168.48 2.2 19.26
2 454 10 0 0.36 848.6 873.3 178 2.2 18.88
3 440 20 0 0.36 810.1 836.1 192.1 2.2 18.54
4 390.80 30 0 0.36 805.31 836.21 191 2.2 18.92
5 365 40 0 0.36 778.7 803.7 198.8 2.2 18.8
6 458.64 0 2 0.36 877.34 917.17 168.48 2.2 19.22
7 449.28 0 4 0.36 875.91 915.68 168.48 2.2 19.19
8 439.92 0 6 0.36 874.44 914.14 168.48 2.2 19.16
9 430.56 0 8 0.36 873.05 912.68 168.48 2.2 19.13
10 421.2 0 10 0.36 871.65 911.23 168.48 2.2 19.10
11 382.96 30 2 0.36 798.97 835.13 191 2.2 18.91
12 375.15 30 4 0.36 798.05 834.28 191 2.2 18.90
13 367.33 30 6 0.36 796.24 832.35 191 2.2 18.86
14 359.52 30 8 0.36 795.35 831.44 191 2.2 18.83
15 351.70 30 10 0.36 794.35 830.08 191 2.2 18.80

3. Results and Discussions

3.1 Flowability Test Results
The various flowability tests viz., Slump Flow Test, J- Ring Test, L-Box Test and V-Funnel Test
conducted in lab where as per EFNARC (2002) [22]. The results of the slump flow tests of fly ash induced
SCC with different weight percentages of silica fumes and fly ash are shown graphically through fig 2a and
fig 2b. The spread diameter of slump flow ranges between 652-725 mm.
From figures it can be clearly interpreted that spread diameter increases with increase in fly ash
percentage indicating that fly ash lowers the viscosity of the SCC mixes and thus encourages segregation. The
same findings have also been reported by Bouzoubaa and Lachemi, 2001[23]. Further, Nehdi et al., 2004 [24]
reported that due to its spherical shape, fly ash can disperse agglomeration of cement particles leading to
reduction in viscosity. From the graphs, presented through figures, it can also be observed that when only fly
ash was used as a pozzolanic material the blocking ratio was in the range of 0.8 to 0.9 and in all the five trial
mixes a slight stickiness along with a slight evidence of bleeding or air popping was observed on the surface
of SCC.
To achieve a balanced viscous flow for the SCC mixes, another mineral admixture, silica fume,
having denser amorphous structure as compared to fly ash, is added as pozzolanic filler in the same SCC mix.
The replacement percentage by weight of cement varied from 0% to 10%. From the graph it can be inferred

398
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

that spread diameter and L Box ratio decreases with increase in silica fume content indicating increase in
viscosity of the mix. The blocking ratio ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 which means there is increase in viscosity
which in turn retards the flow of the mix. This may be attributed to the fact that silica, in finely divided form,
reacts with calcium hydroxide which in turn leads to formation of secondary cementitious calcium silicate
hydrate which makes the concrete mix denser and more cohesive.
SSC mixes made with ternary cementitious blends of fly ash and silica fumes the flowability test
results were more consistent and a more balanced viscous flow was observed. This may be due to contrasting
particle geometry of fly ash and silica fume. These effects on flowability are similar to the results obtained by
Brooks et al (2000) [25] and Sonebi (2004) [26]. From the experimental findings it can be concluded that
concomitant use of both the pozzolanic material in SCC will negate the undesirable effects of each other on
flowability characteristics.
750

700

650
S pread Diameter in mm

726

725
710

705
700

600
680

672

670
655
652

651

620

550
584

577
565

500
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

% Fly Ash % Silica Fume %Silica Fume + 30% Fly Ash

Figure 2a: Spread Diameter of SCC Mixes

1.2

0.8
B loc king ratio (H2/H1)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
% F ly As h % S ilic a fumes % S ilic a fume +30% F ly as h

Figure 2b: L- Box Test Result

399
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

From the visuals (figure 3) of the trial mixes using different weight percentage of silica fume and 30%
fly ash, it was observed that at 2% and 10% replacement level of silica fume and at 30% replacement level of
fly ash, no mortar halo was observed in the slump flow patty. However, a slight evidence of bleed or air
popping on the surface of SCC was observed. At 4%, 6%, 8% replacement level of silica fume with 30% fly
ash, the segregation and bleeding almost disappeared. During the flowability test, it was observed that the
addition of silica fume in fly ash induced SCC nullified the stickiness observed in mixes without silica fumes
and further, the mixes were highly cohesive.

Figure 3: Flowability Test

The test methods described in EFNARC 2002 are devised specifically for SCC and are mainly
definitive. No correlation has yet been developed between the different flowability parameters to standardize
these test methods. Many researchers in the past have used T500 and V Funnel time as indicator of viscosity in
case of self-compacting concrete, and have indicated co relations between these two parameters. Through the
different flowability test results an effort has been made to develop correlation between different flowability
parameters using regression analysis. Good correlation exists between V-Funnel time and T500 time for all
SCC mixes with a correlation coefficient R2=0.9321 as indicated in figure 4a. Relationship between V-Funnel
time and T500 time has also been reported in the past and is presented in table 9. It is necessary to mention, that
different authors used different mixture constituent for SCC mixes.

Table 9: correlation equation between T500 and VFtim

Author Correlation equation R2 value
Timo Wustholz, 2003[27] T500 = 0.261* VFtime + 0.523 0.77
2.05
B Felekoglu et.al ,2007 [28] VFtime = 2.83(T500) 0.87
Safiuddin et.al, 2011[29] VFtime = 2.7614*T500 + 0.6247 0.92
A Savic et. al, 2016 [30] VFtime = 1.666*T500 + 7.457 0.855
Present work VFtime = 0.8844*T500 + 8.1662 0.932

Correlations were also developed between T-500 Time and L-Box Blocking Ratio and between V-
Funnel time and L Box blocking ratio with a correlation coefficient R2=0.9752 and R2=0.9308 respectively
which can be inferred from figure 4b and figure 4c respectively.
H2/H1 = 1.0596* (T500)-0.1902
H2/H1 = 4.2761 *(VFtime)-0.6663

400
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

15

12.5

y = 0.8844x + 8.1662
10 R2 = 0.9321
V- F unnel time

7.5

2.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T -500 time

Figure 4a: Correlation between T-500 Time and V Funnel Time

1.2

1 y = 1.0596x
-0.1902

2
R = 0.9752

0.8
L- Box Blocking Ratio

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T-500 Time in Sec

Figure 4b: Correlation between T-500 Time and L-Box Blocking Ratio

1.2

0.8
L B0x Blocking Ratio

y = 4.2761x-0.6663
0.6 2
R = 0.9308

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

V Funnel Time

Figure 4c: Correlation between V Funnel Time and L-Box Blocking Ratio

401
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

3.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

Cube specimens prepared for compressive strength were tested in laboratory and different crushing
strengths were found. The results of cube compressive strength test are shown graphically in figure 5a and
figure5b. From the results it can be concluded that at 30% replacement of fly ash by weight of cement the 28
days compressive strength increased by about 1.2% as compared to the reference mix. However, the
compressive strength nominally decreased at 40% replacement of fly ash as compared to 30% replacement of
fly ash by weight of cement, and this laid the basis for optimizing the fly ash content at 30% by weight of
cement for further trial mixes. However, 56 days strength was more as compared to 28 days strength.
The compressive strength increased gradually when only silica fume was used as pozzolanic material
as compared to when fly ash was used as pozzolanic material. An increase in strength is expected due to the
pozzolanic action of silica fume. The same has been observed by Sahmaran et al (2009) [31] owing to the
physical nature of better packing and fineness of silica fume. An increase in strength is also expected due to
the pozzolanic action of silica fume as it is a highly active mineral additive when added to concrete [32,33]
(Xincheng, 1999, Paulon et al., 2004).
When fly ash and silica fume were concurrently used the compressive strength, compared to the
reference mix further increased. At 6% and 30% replacement level of silica fume and fly ash respectively, by
weight of cement the increase in 28 days compressive strength was 7% while the increase was about 9% when
percentage replacement was 8% and 30% respectively. The above observations are also true for compressive
strength at 56 days.
In general the strength of all mixes with silica fume was found to be on the higher side as compared to
fly ash mixes for same w/b ratio. The same has been reported by T. Nochaiya et al (2010) [34]. They stated
that the filler effect of adding silica fume accelerates the matrix expansion. This results in a denser
microstructure due to alkali – silica reaction leading to strength gain. Blanco et al (2006) [35], also stated the
same reasons for strength gain in case of silica fume concrete. Further, the delayed early gain in strength of fly
ash induced SCC mix is negated by using silica fume.
80

75

70

65

60
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN MPa

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
14 Day Strength 37.87 35.56 35.77 36.72 36.65 38.12 38.31 38.72 38.19 37.74 37.84 38.48 39.52 39.37 38.26
28 Day Strength 53.26 51.52 51.82 53.86 53.46 53.56 54.24 55.54 55.91 55.69 53.85 54.94 56.77 57.95 57.18
56 Day Strength 67.52 67.82 68.56 68.97 67.76 67.92 68.48 69.52 69.94 68.56 67.96 68.94 70.78 72.05 70.89

% Fly Ash % Silica Fume % Silica Fume +30% Fly Ash

Figure 5a: Compressive Strength Test Results

402
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

10

% Change in Compressive Strength

4

-2

-4

-6
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
% Increase / Decrease at 28 Days 0 -3.27 -2.70 1.13 0.38 0.56 1.84 4.28 4.98 4.56 1.11 3.15 6.59 8.81 7.36
% Increase / Decrease at 56 Days 0 0.44 1.54 2.15 0.36 0.59 1.42 2.96 3.58 1.54 0.65 2.10 4.83 6.71 4.99
% Fly Ash % Silica fumes Silica Fumes +30% Fly ash

Figure 5b: Percentage Increase in Compressive Strength

3.3 Split Tensile Strength Test Results

The cylinder specimens were tested for split tensile strength and compressive strength at an age of 28
days according to IS-5816-1999[36]. The result have been presented through figure 6a and figure 6b. It can
be observed that the values of splitting tensile-strength range between 3 and 4 MPa. The increase in
compressive strength and split tensile strength with increase in percentage replacement of silica fumes is due
to fineness of silica fume and its better packing qualities. This again may be attributed to the fact that silica
reacts with calcium hydroxide to form Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) which binds the constituents of the
mix together
A correlation between 28-day split tensile and 28 day’s cylindrical compressive strengths is shown in
figure 6c. A linear relationship in the form of fsp = 0.1296 fc - 2.107 has been obtained through regression
analysis with R2 value of 0.8844. Here, fsp and fc denote the 28-day split tensile and compressive strengths of
concrete, expressed in MPa, respectively. Linear relationship between 28-day split tensile and 28 day’s
cylindrical compressive strengths has also been reported in past [37,38].

403
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

4.50

3.75
Split tensile strength (MPa)

3.00

2.25

1.50
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

% Fly ash % of Silica fume % Silica fume +30% Fly ash

Figure 6a: Split Tensile Strength Test Results

6.5

4
% Increase In Tensile Strength

1.5

-1

-3.5

-6
0 10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
% Increase at 28 Days 0 -3.18 -1.16 1.00 0.25 0.43 1.16 2.02 2.31 1.73 0.29 2.02 3.47 5.49 4.34

%Fly Ash % Silica Fumes % Silica Fumes + 30% Fly Ash

Figure 6b: Percentage Increase in Split Tensile Strength

404
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

4.00

3.75

3.50

y = 0.0528x + 1.1844
3.25
Split Tensile Strength

R2 = 0.8616

3.00

2.75

2.50

2.25

2.00
30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00

Cylinderical Compressive Strength

Figure 6c: Correlation between Cylindrical Split Tensile and Compressive Strength

4. Conclusions
The experimental findings have led to following conclusions

1. Spread diameter increases with increase in fly ash percentage thus indicating that fly ash lowers the
viscosity of the SCC mixes which in turn results in segregation. In contrast, Spread diameter and L
Box ratio decreases with increase in silica fume content indicating increase in viscosity of the mix.

2. Concomitant use of both the pozzolanic material in SCC negated the undesirable effects of each other
on flowability characteristics. Addition of silica fume in fly ash induced SCC nullified the stickiness
observed in mixes without silica fumes and further, the mixes were highly cohesive.

3. Acceptable correlation exists between V-Funnel time and T500 time for all SCC mixes. The
correlations presented in this paper may be helpful in standardizing the flowability test methods.

4. The compressive strength as well as split tensile strength increased gradually when only silica fume
was used as pozzolanic material as compared to when fly ash was used as pozzolanic material

5. In general the strength of all mixes with silica fume was found to be on the higher side as compared to
fly ash mixes for the same w/b ratio. Further, the loss in early strength of fly ash induced SCC mix is
negated by using silica fume.

This paper explored the benefits of concurrent use of silica fume and fly ash as cementitious material in SCC.
The experimental results presented here may lead to results that will encourage the use of high percentage of
fly ash with silica fume as it will negate some of the undesirable effect of fly ash such as loss in initial
strength.

405
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

References
[1]. Okamura H. Self-compacting high-performance concrete. Concr Int 1998; 19(7):50–54.
[2]. Okamura H, Ouchi M. Self-compacting concrete: development, present use and future. In:
Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors. In: Proceedings of the first international RILEM symposium on SCC.
Bagneux: RILEM Publications SARL; 1999. p. 3–14.
[3]. Khayat KH. Workability, testing, and performance of self-consolidating concrete. ACI Mater J 1999;
96(3):346–53.
[4]. Yahia A, Tanimura M, Shimabukuro A, Shimoyama Y, “Effect of rheological parameters on self
compactability of concrete containing various mineral admixtures”. Proceedings of the First RILEM
International Symposium on Self -compacting Concrete, Stockholm, (1999). p. 523–535.
[5]. Naik T R, Singh S S & Ramme B W, “Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with
blended fly ash” ACI Mater J, 95 (1998) p. 454-462.
[6]. Poon C S, Lam L & Wong Y L, “A study on high strength concrete prepared with large volume of
low calcium fly ash” Cement Concrete Research, 30 (2000). P. 447-455.
[7]. Atis C D, “Heat evolution of high volume fly ash concrete” Cement Concrete Research, (2002). 32 p.
751-756.
[8]. Yazici H. “The effect of silica fume and high-volume Class C fly ash on mechanical properties,
chloride penetration and freeze–thaw resistance of self-compacting concrete.” Constr Build Mater 2008;
22:456–62.
[9]. Smith I.A., The Design of Fly Ash Concrete Mixes for Strength and Economy, proceedings,
Institution of Civil Engineers(London), vol. 36,1967, pp769-790
[10]. P. Schiessl and RHardtl, Tech. Rep. of Institut fur Bauforschung, RWTH, Aachen/ 1991 /
[11]. Babu, K.G., Rao, G. S., “Efficiency of Fly Ash in Concrete”, Cement And Concrete Composites ,
1993,Vol.15, pp.223-228
[12]. Rafat S, “Utilization of silica fume in concrete” Review of hardened properties, Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, (2011). p. 923-932.
[13]. Hassan, A.A.A., M. Lachemi, and K.M.A. Hossain, “Effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the
durability of self-consolidating concrete”. Cement and Concrete Composites, (2012). 34(6): p. 801-807.
[14]. Hubertova M, H.R., “The effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the properties of lightweight
self consolidating concrete”. ACI Publication SP-243-3, Detroit: American Concrete Institute, (2007). 243:
p. 35-48.
[15]. Zhang X, Han J, “The effect of ultra-fine admixture on the rheological property of cement paste”. J.
Cem. Concr. (2000). 30: p. 827 –830.
[16]. Park CK, Noh MH, Park TH, “Rheological properties of cementitious materials containing mineral
admixtures”. J. Cem. Concr. 35: p.842–849.pastes containing or not mineral additives. J. Cem. Concr. (2005).
30: p.1477–1483.
[17]. IS: 8112-1989 Specifications for 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
[18]. IS: 4031-1996 Method of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement, Bureau Of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
[19]. ASTM C 1240, “Standard specification for use of silica fume as mineral admixture in hydraulic
cement concrete, mortar and grout”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA, 2004.
[20]. IS: 383-1970 Specification for Coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, , Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi

406
 Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.394-407

[21]. IS: 10262-2009 Indian Standards Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[22]. EFNARC. “Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete”, European Federation of
Producers and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures, 2002.
[23] Bouzoubaa N, Lachemi M. 2001. Self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of class F fly
ash: Preliminary results. Cement and Concrete Research 31(3):413-420.
[24] Nehdi ML, Pardhan M, Koshowski S. 2004. Durability of self-consolidating concrete incorporating
high-volume replacement composite cements. Cement and Concrete Research 34(11):2103-2112.
[25] Brooks J.J., Megat Johari, Mazloom M. (2000). "effect of admixtures on the setting times of
highstrength concrete." Cement & Concret Composites. 22, 293-301.
[26] Sonebi M. 2004. Medium strength self-compacting concrete containing fly ash: Modelling using
factorial experimental plans. Cement and Concrete Research 34(7):1199-1208.
[27] Wustholz T. 2003. Fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Otto- Graf-Journal 14:179-
188.
[28] Felekoglu B, Sarikahya H. 2007. Effect of chemical sturcture of polycarboxylate-based
superplasticizers on workability retention of self compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials.
[29] Safiuddin et.al, 2011., Effects Of Recycled Concrete Aggregate On The Fresh Properties Of Self
Consolidating Concrete. Archives of civil and Mechanical Engineering
[30] A Savic et. al, 2016., Forming A Correlation Among The Properties Of Fresh Self Compacting
Concreteusing Fuzzy Least Square Model http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2016/. Pp. 66-75
[31] Mustafa Şahmaran, Mustafa Tokyay Transport and mechanical properties of self-consolidating
concrete with high volume fly ash Cement Concr. Compos., 31 (2009), pp. 99–106
[32] Xincheng, 1999, Xincheng, P. (1999). “Investigation on pozzolanic effect of mineral additives in
cement and concrete by specific strength index.” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 951–955.
[33] Paulon et al., 2004). Paulon, V. A., Dal Molin, D., and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2004). “Statistical analysis
of the effect of mineral admixtures on the strength of the interfacial transition zone.” Interface Science, Vol.
12, No. 4, pp. 399–410.
[34] T. Nochaiya, W. Wongkeo, and A. Chaipanich, “Utilization of fly ash with silica fume and properties
of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume concrete,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 768–774, 2010.
[35] Blanco et al (2006) Effect of cement C3A content, temperature and storage medium on thaumasite
formation in carbonated mortars, Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 707 – 715
[36] IS: 5816-1970 Method of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[37] H.A.F Dehwah, 2012, Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating quarry dust
powder, silica fume or fly ash
Construction and Building Materials Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 547–551
[38] Baboo et al 2016, Effect of Quarry Waste on Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Binary
Cementitious Blends of Fly Ash and Cement Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2016
(2016), Article ID 1326960, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1326960

407

View publication stats