IB GEOGRAPHY FRESHWATER TERMS

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1. Abrasion When rocks hit against the bed and the 21. Factors Temperature, rainfall and previous weather
banks of the river, wearing it down affecting conditions, soil/rock type, land use, relief,
discharge (7) seasonality, size and shape of drainage
2. Abrasion/corrasion The wearing away of the bed and bank
basin
(a type of erosion) by the load carried by a river.
22. Flashy response Steep rising and falling limb, overland
3. Aquifer Rocks that store water underground.
hydro graph flow is maximised
People drill boreholes into them to
access the water. 23. Flood plain The flat either side of the river
4. Aquifers Porous rocks such as sandstone or 24. Flotation (a Leaves and twigs carried on the surface
limestone that contain significant type of of the river.
quantities of water. Underlain with transport )
impermeable rock
25. Formation of a
5. Attrition When rocks hit against each other and waterfall
wear each other down
6. Attrition (a type of The wearing away of the load carried
erosion) by a river. It creates smaller, rounder
particles.
7. Baseflow The part of the river's discharge that is
provided by groundwater seeping into Band of hard rock followed by soft
the bed of the river rock........

8. Bradshaw Model The model that shows how some river 26. Groundwater Water stored deep in the rock, below the
variables change from source to mouth. water table and in the saturated zone

9. Capacity The total quantity of sediment a river 27. How can Evapotranspiration, or taken out through
can carry groundwater be wells
lost?
10. Channel efficiency The ability of a channel to move water
and sediment 28. How can Infiltration, seepage from rivers, or
groundwater be irrigation
11. Competence The largest particle a river can carry recharged?
12. Cryosphere The snow and ice environment where 29. How do bridges Bridges restrict the width of a channel and
freshwater is stored affect therefore reduce the bankfull capacity
13. Discharge The volume of water flowing over a discharge?
certain point in a certain time, measure 30. How does a It takes longer for the lower part of the
in cumecs larger drainage river to respond to an event in the upper
14. Drainage basin The area drained by a river and its basin affect course
tributaries discharge?
15. Drainage divide or The boundary between two drainage 31. How does If the soil is already saturated, then
watershed basins usually along a ridge of higher antecedent soil infiltration levels will be low and surface
land. moisture affect runoff will be high
discharge?
16. Eutrophication The nutrient enrichment of streams,
ponds and groundwater 32. How does a Smaller drainage basins respond quicker
small size of to rainfall conditions
17. Evapotranspiration The loss of water directly from rivers or
drainage base
lakes or from vegetation
affect
18. Example of Solid granite discharge?
impermeable rock
33. How does Lots of plants and trees mean more
19. Example of Granite with cracks or faults deforestation interception as water is prevented from
permeable rock affect reaching the ground quickly, so
20. Example of porous Sandstone discharge? deforestation will increase the discharge
rock
34. How does The softer the rock, such as sand, the 48. How does Greater velocity means more erosion
geology affect easier to erode velocity
the rate of affect the
erosion? rate of
erosion?
35. How does The higher, the more GPE, so the faster
gradient affect velocity and the more erosion 49. How is a When a river's thalweg runs through pools
the rate of meander and riffles that aren't directly in line with each
erosion? formed? other. The water erodes these pools and
makes them bigger and forms bends in the
36. How does heavy Pores in the land fill quickly causing
river
prolonged rainfall overland flow (when water doesn't
affect discharge? infiltrate into the soil as it is too 50. How much 66% of the world's freshwater
saturated) freshwater is
stored in the
37. How does high Increases the rate of transpiration so
cryosphere?
temperature less output to channel, also increases
affect discharge? snow melt 51. How to Velocity x cross sectional area
calculate
38. How does humans Deforestation, dams, bridges all
discharge?
affect the rate of interfere with natural flow and erosion
erosion? 52. How to CA/WP
calculate
39. How does There will be large amounts of surface
hydraulic
impermeable rock runoff
radius
affect discharge?
53. Hydraulic The force of air and water on the sides of
40. How does load Heavier and sharper load means a
action (a rivers and in cracks.
affect the rate of greater potential for erosion
type of
erosion?
erosion)
41. How does With permeable rock, water can be
54. Hydraulic Water smashing into the banks cause air to
permeable/porous absorbed and therefore surface runoff is
power get trapped, and widens cracked
rock type affect decreased
discharge? 55. Hydraulic The dimensionless measure of how efficient a
Radius river channel is. Found by dividing the
42. How does pH Solution erosion is increased when
occupied channel width by the wetted
affect the rate of water is acidic
perimeter.
erosion?
56. The The hydrological cycle begins with the
43. How does relief High land means more rainfall and
Hydrological evaporation of water from the surface of the
affect discharge? lower temperatures, so less evaporation.
cycle ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water
Also steep slopes cause faster surface
vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is
runoff
transported around the globe until it returns to
44. How does Spring: snow melt, summer: monsoon the surface as precipitation.
seasonality affect flood, wet seasons: soil becomes
57. Infiltration When water moves downwards through the
discharge? saturated
soil through tiny pores
45. How does slow Most water infiltrates, and is stored,
58. Infiltration The volume of water a given soil can hold
light rainfall reducing surface run off to river, so
capacity
affect discharge? discharge is not affected much
59. Infiltration The speed at which water can enter the soil
46. How does the Circular basins respond more quickly
rate
shape of a thats linear basins
drainage basin 60. inputs Matter or energy that enters a system
affect discharge?
61. Interception When it rains, moisture will collect on leave
47. How does Smooth impermeable surfaces, less and branches and will be intercepted before it
urbanisation vegetation to store water, less reaches the ground
affect discharge? evapotranspiration, sewers and drains
62. Interception Water storage on leaves and branches
mean a direct flow of water to river
storage
channel
63. Irrigation The artificial addition of water to soil for 81. Solution / The removal of chemical ions, especially
farming corrosion (a calcium, which causes rocks to dissolve.
type of
64. Lagged Shallow rising and falling limb, infiltration os
erosion)
response maximised
hydrograph 82. Solution Chemicals dissolved in the water corrode the
(erosion) bed, banks and sediment
65. Lateral Widens the valley, found in the lower course,
erosion uses most of its energy for transportation 83. Stemflow When water is intercepted by leaves and
branches and flows down tree trunks or
66. Levee Build up of sediment after a flood either side
stems
of a river
84. stores Parts of the water system where water
67. Lower Flat valley, deep, levees, oxbow lakes,
remains for a while eg. Interception store
course of a meanders, floodplains
river 85. Stream The volume of water each second that passes
discharge a particular point in a river. It is found by
68. maximum The most of a resource (such as freshwater)
multiplying the cross sectional area of the
sustainable that can be extracted or taken over an
occupied channel with the average velocity.
yield indefinite period of time without depleting the
stock or store of resource. 86. Surface run When water does not infiltrate into the land,
off and water flows over land
69. Negative An output from a system that becomes an
feedback input and tends to dampen the system so it 87. Surface When water is held in lakes or puddles and
returns to equilibrium storage cannot infiltrate into the soil
70. outputs Matter or energy that leaves a system 88. Suspension Fine particles are carried by the current
71. Overland Water flowing on the surface when 89. Suspension Small particles held up by turbulent flow in
flow / precipitation rate exceeds infiltration rate (a type of the river.
Surface and/or when the soil is saturated (infiltration transport )
runoff capacity exceeded)
90. Throughfall When precipitation exceeds the capacity of
72. Percolation When the water moves vertically down and the plants to intercept the rain then water will
through the rock stemflow drop to the ground (throughfall) and trickle
down plant stems (stemflow)
73. Physical When water consumption exceed 60% of the
water useable supply 91. Throughflow Water flowing through soil that often ends up
scarcity in rivers.
definition
92. Traction Large boulders are rolled along the bed
74. Positive An output from a system that becomes an
93. Traction (a The heaviest material dragged or rolled
feedback input which leads to a greater output and thus
type of along the bed of the river.
greater feedback and tends to lead the system
transport )
out of equilibrium.
94. Transfers The movement of water from one part of the
75. Precipitation All forms of moisture that reach the Earth's
water system to another. Eg from interception
surface in different forms such as snow or rain
storage in trees to the ground.
76. Salinization The buildup of salt in the soil, sometimes
95. Transpiration When water is removed from leaves into the
caused by poor irrigation techniques.
atmosphere
77. Saltation Small rocks bounce along the river bed
96. Types of Transpiration, evapotranspiration, river
78. Saltation (a Heavier particles bounced or bumped along outputs (3) carrying water to the sea
type of the bed of the river.
97. Types of Interception by vegetation, surface storage,
transport )
stores (4) soil moisture storage, groundwater storage
79. Soil Water is stored in the pores of the soil
98. Types of Stemflow, infiltration, percolation, through
moisture
transfers (6) flow, surface run off, groundwater flow
storage
99. Upper V shaped valley, shallow, steep sides,
80. Solution Tiny sediment particles dissolve in the water
course of a interlocking spurs
and are carried by the current
river
100. Vertical Deepens the valley, commonly found in the
erosion upper course
101. Watershed/drainage The boundary between two drainage 117. What kind of Small rounded sediment
divide basins sediment is found in
the lower course?
102. Water table
118. What kind of Large angular boulders
sediment is found in
the upper course?
119. What other factors Seasons
affect the rate of
deposition?
120. What percentage of 3%
The border between the unsaturated
the Earth's water is
zone and the saturated zone
fresh?
103. Wetlands Land with soils that are permanently
121. What percentage of 69%
saturated
water is used for
104. Wetted perimeter The part of the CSA that is in contact agriculture?
with the banks and bed of the river
122. What percentage of 15%
105. What does Previous weather conditions water is used for
antecedent human consumption
moisture mean? and sanitation?
106. What factors affect Load, velocity, gradient, geology, pH 123. What percentage of 15%
the rate of erosion? and humans water is used for
107. What factors affect Discharge and velocity industry?
the rate of 124. What types of Erosion, deposition and
transport? processes are there? transportation
108. What factors could Sustainable development, access to 125. When are channels When the channels are at their
an IDBM focus on? energy, healthy ecosystems, poverty most efficient? "bankfull" discharge
alleviation, gender equality
126. When are where The mouth of a river as it enters the
109. What is an When a meander has been cut off. Also does deposition sea, and the inside of a meander
abandoned called an Oxbow Lake. occur?
meander?
127. Where is most of the In the sea and is saline
110. What is an aquifer? A layer of permeable rock that contains world's water
large volumes of groundwater stored?
111. What is an Involves all the stakeholders in the 128. Which factor has the Seasonality
Integrated drainage basin planning to develop and greatest impact on
Drainage Basin agreed set of policies so everyone discharge?
Management receives what they need
129. Which kind of rivers Wide, shallow and rough channels
(IDBM)?
are best at at
112. What is a process? A series of actions, changes or functions moving sediment?
bringing about a result
130. Which types of Narrow, smooth and deep channels
113. What is economic Where a country physically has enough channels are more
water scarcity? water to go around, but the water needs effective at moving
processing or transporting to be used, water?
which the country doesn't have enough
131. Why are aquifers They are not subject to changes in
money for
useful? the local weather and store a lot of
114. What is infiltration The maximum rate at which rain can be water
capacity? absorbed by soil
132. Why are drainage They have inputs (where water enters
115. What is physical When there physically isn't enough basins an open the system as rain, snow etc) and
water scarcity? water for everyone cycle? outputs (where water leaves through
116. What is the The constant recycling of water between the sea or evaporation)
hydrological cycle? the sea, air and land
133. Why are most rivers wide During a flood most of the river's energy is devoted to erosion and transport, so the channel becomes
and shallow? wider, and when the flow decreases, sediment is deposited on the bottom of the river
134. Why is the hydrological Because no water is added or lost
cycle a closed system?