A Guide on

Geodetic Survey and

Monitoring
 1 INTRODUCTION 4 WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF
GEODETIC SURVEYING?

TABLE OF
2 WHAT IS THE GEODETIC SURVEY? 5 GEODETIC SURVEYING APPLICATION

CONTENT
3 WHAT IS THE GEODETIC LEVEL? 6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS
1 INTRODUCTION

If used judiciously with geotechnical instrumentation, geodetic monitoring provides

co-related data which is relevant and extensively used in civil construction and struc-
tural monitoring. Encardio Group uses an in-house developed control box with ad-
vanced software to control robotic total stations.
1 INTRODUCTION

The system ensures valuable and timely monitoring of the displacements, providing
high measurement density, simultaneous wireless transmission and automatic entry
of the results in the monitoring database.

Geodic survey is used at pre-construction, during construction, and

post-construction stages.

Several geotechnical instruments are used to monitor the fundamental parameters

affecting the construction.

Due to its relatively low-cost, it is widely spread and used in all civil engineering
projects.
2 WHAT IS THE GEODETIC SURVEY?

When there’s a large area, usually beyond 100 square kilometres, the surveying
requires the consideration of curvature of the earth. Such type of surveying is known
as the geodetic survey.

In geodetic surveying, two stations (points) at a considerable distance from each

other are chosen.

The latitude and longitude of these two points are determined astronomically. The
line joining these two points is known as the baseline, which is measured precisely.
The position of a third station is defined by the angle made with each end of the
baseline.

The complete process is known as triangulation. It is continued until the entire

survey land is mapped.
3 WHY
WHATISISGEOTECHNICAL
THE GEODETIC MONITORING
LEVEL? IMPORTANT?

Geodetic levelling is the process of determining the relative height of the stations or
points on the earth’s surface.

• Level surface
It is defined as the surface, which is parallel to the earth’s mean spheroidal surface.

• Level Line
It is the line lying in the level surface and, hence, it is normal to the plumb line at all
points.

• Horizontal Line
It is a straight line tangential to the level line.

• Vertical Line
It is the line normal to the level surface.
4 WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF GEODETIC SURVEYING?

Following are the objectives of geodetic surveying:

• The main objective of geodetic surveying is to determine the precise position of

distant points on the surface of the earth.
• To get reconnaissance information and preliminary data required by engineers for
selecting suitable routes and sites.
• To prepare efficient structural designs.
• To define selected locations by establishing a system of reference points
• To guide construction forces by setting stakes or otherwise marking lines, grades,
and principle points and by giving technical assistance.
• To measure construction items in place to prepare progress reports
• To carry out dimensioning of structures for preparation of as-built plans
• To detect settlement using pre-installed targets on buildings, structures, pavements,
embankments etc.
4 WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF GEODETIC SURVEYING?

• To monitor the on-going construction project 24/7 so that the mishaps can be
avoided.
• To monitor deformations taking place in the structures, bridges, tunnels, buildings.
• To ensure the safety of the nearby assets to the construction land.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Geodetic monitoring, along with geotechnical instrumentation provides data widely

used for structural monitoring.

Settlement detection

Levelling measurement of preinstalled targets on buildings, structures, pavements,

deep points, embankments using high accuracy digital levels and invar staffs.

3D optical targets

Three-dimensional displacement measurements with bi-reflex targets or monitoring

prisms that are installed in tunnels, structures and buildings etc., using high-end
total stations provide for manual as well as automatic data.

An in-house software by Encardio-rite named Terramon is available that can be

installed on a tablet, laptop or a PC to achieve semi-automatic measurement, to
maximize their accuracy, and to minimize the field time.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

For automatic monitoring, Drishti or Terramove is available depending on the

requirement from project to project.

Terramove can also be used for co-relating data from TBM sensors with data
available from geotechnical and geodetic instrumentation, whether manual or
automatic.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Automatic monitoring system

Projects safety requires 24/7, high frequency, & accurate measuring monitoring
systems.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

The Encardio group uses an in-house developed system that consists of a series of
network robotic total stations, each one controlled by the Terramon software,
installed in the dedicated total station control box.

The system ensures valuable and timely monitoring of the displacements, providing
high measurement density, simultaneous wireless transmission, and automatic entry
of the results in the Terramove monitoring database.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Laser Scanning

It is a method based on exceptionally dense mapping of three-dimensional

coordinates of the points on the surface to be monitored.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Laser scanning is a rapid and reliable surveying method, collecting data in static,
stop and go or kinematic mode.

From the point cloud produced, the exported section profiles can be used to monitor
deformations or displacements mainly in tunnels, but also on other structures or
landslide and rock fall areas.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Monitoring using drones/UAV

A rapid and safe way of collecting data for large scale areas like deserts, mountains
where mm accuracy is not necessary but the motion of the mass is vital to be
determined.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft follow a pre-programmed flight path.

Equipped with HD/IR/Thermal cameras, they capture aerial images over a defined
area.

The point clouds, meshes, and 3D models produced are the data to be compared
between sequel flights during monitoring time.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Tunnel Boring Machines

Tunnel excavation is associated inevitably with ground loss and high-pressure

conditions which, in turn, results in associated ground movement.
5 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEYING APPLICATION
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Hence, it is important to closely monitor the TBM parameters when tunnelling,

especially through urban areas.

Through over advanced software, we can integrate the essential parameters from
the TBM with the monitoring and geophysical data to provide essential information.
6 WHY
GEODETIC
IS GEOTECHNICAL
SURVEY SOLUTIONS
MONITORING IMPORTANT?

Dilapidation Survey using advanced technologies

Dilapidation survey is carried out using both advanced as well as manual methods.
The advanced methodology involves Aerial mapping, laser scanning and mobile
mapping.

• Dilapidation survey involves an inspection of the existing structural condition of the

surrounding buildings and structures and utilities.
• All prominent defects in the form of cracks, settlement, movement, water seepage,
spalling concrete, distortion, subsidence and other building defects are recorded in
photographs together with notes.
• Recording of the position of visible utility infrastructure
• Determination of the type of utility, its age, depth, size, the material it is constructed
• Drawings obtained from various utility agencies are used.
• Physical inspection of the visible utility structures such as existing manholes, light
poles, substations and other similar utilities
6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS

• Checking the verticality of the light poles and other vertical features, visually.
• Monitoring and recording in photographs for any broken light poles, broken
manholes etc.
• Dilapidation survey provides monitoring data for ensuring the safety of construction
activities and structures in the zone of influence. It thus prevents any false claims
that may be raised by the owner of the asset thus saving a lot of time and money on
unnecessary litigation.
6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS

Project Progress

Drones are used to provide information to clients on the progress of the project.

The drones and fixed wings (aeroplanes) UAVs that are equipped with HD/IR/
Thermal cameras or Lidars capture aerial images, videos or point clouds over a
defined area and a specified height with a needed overlap between the image
exposures.

Following the progress of a project, quantity or quality is very important for all
involved parties. This is a low cost and precise method to monitor the progress of
any large scale project.
6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS

• Photos
• Orth photos
• Mesh 3D Models
• Texture 3D Models
• Drawings
• Videos- Presentations
• Contour Maps
• Area- Volumetric calculations
6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS

Geometry control

We provide Geometry control services for construction projects, laying railways

tracks and design.

Geometry control for construction

• Accurate Surveying Network is the fundamental factor for any successful
construction or design plan.
• It is the reference frame of every geodetic measurement; thus, the reliability of land
surveys, stakeouts, quantity surveys, deformation monitoring measurements and
as-built surveys is directly connected to it.
• By using high-end equipment, delicate techniques and methodologies, but mostly by
gained experience, Encardio can establish extend or check the surface and
underground Geodetic Networks of high accuracy in short time and finance terms
6 GEODETIC SURVEY SOLUTIONS

Geometry control for Design

• Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a strategy for the application of information
technology to the building industry.
• Can be defined as the method in which we select in real-time 3D surface
coordinates of an object, automatically and in a normal grid.
• The operation principle of a laser scanner is the transmission and reception of a
visible or not, laser beam, in every desirable direction, which gives the position and
intensity of every point of the desired measured surface. RGB data is also available
if colour images overlaid on the point cloud.
THANK YOU

www.encardio.com