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ABSTRACT: As a necessity to support an increasing magnitude of loads from tall buildings and long span bridges, the
piling practice in the Bangkok Plain has moved several phases from driven pre-cast reinforced and pre-stressed concrete
piles of smaller cross sections to spun piles and large diameter bored piles. The Chao Phraya plain in which the
Bangkok city is located is low-lying and consists of a broad basin filled with sedimentary soils which form alternate
layers of clay, sand, and clay. The upper clay layer is soft and highly compressible followed by a stiff clay layer
extending to about 20 m or so and then followed by a layer of sand. Driven piles are normally taken down to this upper
sand layer. However when the demand for a higher capacity arise, these piles cannot be extended in length due to
construction problems and as such bored piles are needed to be taken down to as deep as 50 to 60 m. Below the upper
clay layer there are eight interconnected aquifers from which ground water is pumped from deep wells. Thus in the
design of piled foundations aspects such as the negative skin friction due to pile driving as well as deep well pumping
are also needed to be considered. Some of the experiences gained over a period of 30 years in the study of piled
foundations in the Bangkok Plain are briefly presented in this paper.
1
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, AUSTRALIA
2
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, AUSTRALIA
3
School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, THAILAND
Note: Discussion on this paper is open until December 2009
Balasubramaniam, et al.
Fig. 2 Typical deep soil profiles (based on Sambhandaraksa and Pitupakorn, 1985).
Fig. 4 Adhesion factor for clays (based on Sambhandaraksa and Pitupakorn, 1985)
Balasubramaniam, et al.
Table 2 Skin friction and end bearing factors in CPT 21.4, 23 and 22.5 degrees. The corresponding values
tests from CK0U tests at depths of 3.8, 4.6, 5.3 and 8.1 m gave
ϕ ′ values of 29.9, 27.8, 30.9 and 28.7 degrees. Also, the
References Skin friction factor, α
Soft Medium stiff Stiff corresponding values of ϕ ′ from CID tests at depths of
clay clay clay 3.2, 8.9, 15.2 and 16.4 m depths are 24.9, 22.4, 19.2 and
Chottivittayathanin 1.1 0.7 0.5 19.3 degrees respectively. The β values estimated using
(1977) Burland (1973) method ranged from 0.24 to 0.29 at three
Phota-Yanuvat 1.0 0.7 0.5 sites in Bangkok. In this study the value of β was also
(1979) estimated from full-scale pile load test data in clays by
End bearing factor, λ subtracting the end bearing value, to obtain the average
Sand Clay Sand value of β denoted as β . Figure 8 shows the plot
Chottivittayathanin 0.5 0.33 0.5 between average shaft friction ( τ s ) and the average
(1977)
effective overburden pressure ( σ v 0 ). The β values
Phota-Yanuvat 0.8 0.33 0.5
(1979) range from 0.17 to 0.48 with an average value of 0.33.
This value of β seems to predict the capacity of driven
piles to first sand layer well (Balasubramaniam, 1978;
Balasubramaniam et al., 1981).
BORED PILES
Over 150 pile load tests on bored piles with the tips
in the stiff clay, first sand layer, the hard clay and the
second sand layer were analyzed. Some load tests were
Fig. 7 Variation of CPT local friction with depth carried to failure while most others were taken to about
25
1.5 to 2.0 times the design load. The piles were also
instrumented to determine the mobilization of skin
Average shaft friction (τs), kN/m2
20
β=0.35
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 9 Variation of β -parameter with depths during
Average effective overburden pressure ( σv0), kN/m2
negative skin friction
Fig. 8 Estimation of β from pile load tests
12000
parameter obtained from the negative skin friction Estimated failure values
Mazurkiez --- 12000kN
measurements under short term in the pull out tests and Butler & Hoy --- 11200kN
SPUN PILES 0
0 50 100 150
600 mm and 800 mm spun piles are commonly used Settlement (mm)
in elevated expressways as well as in industrial buildings Fig.10 Load settlement characteristic of 0.8m diameter
(Balasubramaniam, 1991). The capacity of these piles is spun pile
Balasubramaniam, et al.
80
friction and end bearing. With more and more emphasis
on deformation based design than the limit based ones, it
is important to understand the mobilization of skin
friction and end bearing with the movement of the piles.
Figure 11 to 14 illustrate such mobilization of skin
30 400
Skin friction, kN/m2
20 300
Stress at pile toe, kN/m2
10 200
Skin friction development in
soft and medium stiff clay
0
100 Variation of measured
0 10 20 30 bearing stress at pile toe
Pile movement (mm)
60 the driven piles and the bored piles develop more or less
the same skin friction in the stiff clay. If we assume an
For Proof Only
effective overburden pressure of 400kN/m2 as the
40 average value at the centre of the stiff clay, then the
Skin friction development
corresponding β value will be about 0.25.
in stiff clay
In order to better mobilize the shaft friction and the
20
end bearing in bored piles, both shaft grouting and base
grouting are carried out. During shaft grouting, a very
irregular bond area is formed and the strength of sand
0
around the pile is increased; also the effective diameter
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pile movement (mm) of the pile. Thus the skin friction is increased due to the
increase of the radial stresses along the pile-soil interface.
Fig. 12 Development of skin friction in stiff clay with Soil-grout adhesion in granular soil increases with depth
pile movement
Bored and driven pile testing in Bangkok sub-soils
0.4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Mazurkiwicz, B. K. (1972). Test loading of piles
Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 605- according to Polish regulations, Royal Swedish
610. Academy of Engineering Sciences, Committee on
Burland, J. B. (1973). Shaft friction of piles in clay – a Pile Research, Report No. 35, Stockholm.
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