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CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

DR. SABARI RAJAN


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning about cellular organization

Learning about various parts of cell

Learning about cell membrane and it’s function

Learning about nucleus and it’s function

Learning about cytoplasmic organelles, functions


and it’s clinical corelation
Cellular organization
CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

SYSTEM

ORGANISM
CELL
Cell is functional unit of life

Cell is composed of

70-85 % of water

Proteins 10-20%

Lipids 2-10%

Carbohydrates 1-6%
Parts of cell

CELL MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS
Guess who ?
CELL MEMBRANE
Also known as BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE,
PLASMA MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASMIC
MEMBRANE

Structure of cell membrane studied by FLUID


MOSAIC model which is proposed by SINGER
and NICOLSON in 1972

In the fluid of lipids, proteins are suspended


Composition of cell membrane
Proteins 60-70%

Lipids 20-40%
SURFACTANT

CARBOHYDRATE-BLOOD
GROUPING
nag

H-Ag
gal
PROTEINS

BASED ON
BASED ON THEIR
NATURE LOCATION

lipoprotein glycoprotein intrinsic Trans extrinsic

Enzymes Channel
Carriers
Ion NT Enzymes cytoskeleton
Pumps
channel receptor
Arrangement of lipids
Bimolecular
thickness of lipid’s
arranged in cell
membrane as the
hydrophilic head
end(polar) facing
exteriorly and
hydrophobic tail
end(non polar)
facing interiorly
Function of cell membrane
Selective permeability:

non polar substances like gases and lipids can


easily/rapidly dissolve eg; O2 , CO2 and steroid
hormones

Water soluble polar molecules like ions , glucose


are slowly dissolve
Protective Function

Digestive properties like in taking food and


excretion of waste

Forms cell junctions


Nucleus and it’s chromosomes
Nuclear membrane:
2 unit of membranes have large pores of 1000A in between
this perinuclear cistern present through which RNA passed
through

R
N
A

DNA isChromosome
the map for inheritable disease proteins
= DNA + Supporting

NUCLEOLUS:
genetic materials arranged densely here and it’s site of
RNA synthesis
Functions of nucleus
Protein synthesis

DNA (TEMPLATE) RNA


mRNA

Transmits hereditary characters

Cellular reproduction
CYTOPLASM AND IT’S ORGANELLES
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

GOLGI APPARATUS

MITOCHONDRIA

LYSOSOMES

PEROXISOMES

CENTROSOMES

SECRETION GRANULES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
They are complex of series tubules whose walls are made of
unit of membrane

SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER

Agranular absence of Granular presence of


ribosomes ribosomes
Site of steroid synthesis Synthesis of protein
and detoxification
Storage of ca2+ Folding of protein

Misfolded proteins
Prions dis
Alzhiemers
Golgi apparatus (post master)
Collection of membranous tubules and vesicles
found always close to nucleus

Protein synth by ER

WRAPING / PACKING BY
GA

vesicles

TARGETED SITE
Mitochondria
They are energy house of a cell

Outer
membrane
provide raw
materials

Inner membrane Interior

Citric acid cycle


Electron Oxidative
transport chain phosphorylation Electron
transport chain

Cristae are folds present in the inner mitochondrial membrane


mitochondrial diseases

LUFT’S DISEASE

this disease due to mitochondrial dysfunction

Patient present with features of

✔ Muscle weakness
✔ Degenerative lesions of the brain
✔ Lactic acidosis
LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes with acid hydrolase enzymes known
as lysozymes

They eliminates defective proteins by the way


reduce the risk of intra cellular accumulation of
proteins and it’s related disease
Wati s fate os
normal cell?

Hydrolytic
enzyme
Examples of various acid hydrolases

Ribonuclease RNA

DNAase DNA

Phosphatase Phosphate esters

Glycosidase Carbohydrates

Arylsulphatase Sulphate ester

Collagenase Collagen
Lysosomal storage disorder

Disease Enzyme deficiency

Fabry disease Alpha galactosidase A

Gaucher disease Acid beta


Glucosidase
Niemann pick disease Sphingomyelinase

Tay sachs disease Beta hexaminidase A

Hurler disease iduronidase

Pompe disease Acid alpha


glucosidase
peroxisomes
Peroxisomes structurally similar to lysosome

They have oxidase enzyme and important role in

✔ FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING

✔ ALCOHOL DETOXIFICATION
DISEASES OF PEROXISOMES
1) ZELLWEGER SYNDROME

2) INFANTIE REFSUM DISEASE

3) BROWN-SCHILDER’S DISEASE

4) PRIMARY HYPOXALURIA

5) VITILIGO
CENTROSOMES
2 Short cylinder like structures visible only
during cell division

Near to the nucleus both are perpendicular to


each other

It’s concurrent with movement of chromosome


during cell division
Cytoskletal system
Cytoskletal elements of cell
Microfilament Intermediate Microtubule
filament

Shape Double Tubular Long and non


stranded hollow branching
helical
Diameter 7 nm 10 nm 25 nm

Basic protein Actin Various Tubulin


proteins

Location in Core of Nuclear Mitotic


cell microvilli lamina spindle
Contractile Skin Core of colia
elements epithelium
Major Contractile Provides Movement of
function elements of mechanical cilia
muscle strength
Summary
PART OF CELL FUNCTION
CELL MEMBRANE Selective perm
NUCLEUS Prot syn.
SMOOTH ER Steroid hr syn
Detoxification
ROUGH ER Sec hr syn
GA Sec of prot
MITOCHONDRIA ETC CAC OP
LYSOSOMES Eliminates def prot
PEROXISOMES Free rad. Scav.
CENTROSOMES Cell divison
MF Contrac of mus
IF Mech.strength
MT Movement of cilia
CLINICAL CONDITIONS

MITOCHONDRIA LYSOSOME
LUFT’S DISEASE

Fabry disease

PEROXISOMES Gaucher disease

ZELLWEGER SYNDROME
Niemann pick disease

Tay sachs disease


INFANTIE REFSUM DISEASE

Hurler disease
PRIMARY HYPOXALURIA
Pompe disease
BROWN-SCHILDER’S
DISEASE
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS…
Cell membrane

Functions of all the structures

Clinical conditions ass with


Question time…
Fluid and mosaic model proposed by ?
Major composition of cell is ______ and
cell membrane is ______
All of the following are trans membrane
protein except

a. Channel

b. Pumps

c. Enzyme

d. Carriers
Match the following

1) Gauchers dis - a) mitochondria


2) Zellweger dis - b)lysosomal stor dis
3) Luft dis - c)peroxisomal dis

i. 1-c,2-a,3-b
ii. 1-b,2-c,3-a
iii. 1-c,2-b,3-a
Twin organelles are ?
Thank you…

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