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 Bellingham, Washington USA

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 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brillant, Avigdor.
Digital and analog fiber optic communications for CATV and FTTx applications / Avigdor Brillant.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
“PM174.”
ISBN 978-0-8194-6757-7 (alk. paper)
1. Optical fiber subscriber loops. 2. Cable television--Equipment and supplies. 3. Fiber optic
cables. 4. Optoelectronic devices. I. Title.
TK5103.592.O68.B75 2008

621.382'75--dc22
2008019335

Published by

SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: +1 360 676 3290
Fax: +1 360 647 1445
Email: spie@spie.org
Web: http://spie.org

and

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111 River Street
Hoboken, New Jersey 07030
Phone +1 201 748 6000
FAX + 1 201 748 6088

Copyright © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author(s).
Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein,
but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any
outcomes resulting from reliance thereon.

Printed in the United States of America.

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 To my wife Merav
and our children Guy, Rotem, and Eden

In the memory of my parents,

Rosita Brillant (Segal) and Edmond Wilhelm Brillant

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 Contents

Nomenclature xiii
Constants and Symbols xxvii
Preface xxix
Acknowledgment xxxiii

Part 1 System Overview 1

1 WDM, Fiber to the X, and HFC Systems: A Technical Review 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Cable TV and Networks System Overview 10
1.3 PON and Its Variants 21
1.4 Main Points of this Chapter 32
References 34

2 Basic Structure of Optical Transceivers 39

2.1 Analog CATV Receiver and Coax Cables 39
2.2 Analog CATV Return-Path Receiver and Transmitter 43
2.3 Digital Transceiver 46
2.4 ITR Digital Transceiver and Analog Receiver 49
2.5 Architecture of Tunable Wavelength Transmitters 52
2.6 Main Points of this Chapter 53
References 54

3 Introduction to CATV Standards and Concepts of Operation 55

3.1 Television Systems Fundamentals 55
3.2 Video Bandwidth and Spectrum Considerations of Color TV 61
3.3 Digital TV and MPEG Standards 76
3.4 NTSC Frequency Plan and Minimum System Requirements 96
3.5 Basic NTSC TV Signal Testing 101
3.6 Main Points of this Chapter 110
References 112

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 viii Contents

Part 2 Semiconductors and Passives 115

4 Introduction to Optical Fibers and Passive Optical

Fiber Components 117
4.1 Single Mode Fiber 119
4.2 Optical Fiber Connectors 123
4.3 Optical Couplers 127
4.4 WDM Multiplexers 131
4.5 Optical Isolators and Circulators 163
4.6 Main Points of this Chapter 171
References 174
5 Optics, Modules, and Lenses 179
5.1 Planar Lightwave Circuits 179
5.2 Free-Space Bulk-Optic WDM Modules 187
5.3 Main Points of this Chapter 203
References 206
6 Semiconductor Laser Diode Fundamentals 209
6.1 Basic Laser Physics—Concepts of Operation 209
6.2 Semiconductor Laser Structure—Gain Guided Versus
Index Guided 214
6.3 Longitudinal Modes and a Fabry Perot (FP) Lasers 216
6.4 Distributed Feedback (DFB) and Distributed
Bragg Reflector (DBR) Lasers 219
6.5 Multiple Quantum Well Lasers 224
6.6 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser 226
6.7 Tunable Lasers 231
6.8 LASER Characteristics in RF 246
6.9 Quantum Efficiency 253
6.10 Main Points of this Chapter 253
References 257

7 Laser Dynamics: External Modulation for CATV and

Fast Data Rates 261
7.1 Dynamic Response of Semiconductor Laser 262
7.2 Large Signal Deviation from a Basic Model 271
7.3 Amplitude-Phase Coupling (Chirp) 274
7.4 Laser Distortions 277
7.5 External Modulation 297
7.6 Main Points of this Chapter 306
References 308

8 Photodetectors 313
8.1 Photodetectors and Detection of General Background 313
8.2 Junction Photodetector 320
8.3 Avalanche Photodetector 346

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 Contents ix

8.4 Bias Considerations 353

8.5 Photodetection and Coherent Detection 354
8.6 Main Points of this Chapter 355
References 359

Part 3 RF and Control Concepts 363

9 Basic RF Definitions and IMD Effects on TV Picture 365

9.1 Distortions and Dynamic Range 365
9.2 1-dB Compression Point and IP3 Relations 370
9.3 Amplifier Gain Reduction Due to Third-Order Nonlinearity 372
9.4 Cross Modulation Effects 375
9.5 AM-to-PM Effects 376
9.6 Multitone CTB Relations 377
9.7 RF Lineups, NF Calculations, and Considerations 382
9.8 RF Lineups, P1dB and IP3 Calculations, and Considerations 387
9.9 Mismatch Effects 389
9.10 CSO and CTB Distortion Effects on TV Picture 391
9.11 Main Points of this Chapter 397
References 398

10 Introduction to Receiver Front-End Noise Modeling 401

10.1 Noise Analysis Basics 402
10.2 Noise Sources in an Optical Receiver 407
10.3 Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) 407
10.4 Shot Noise 410
10.5 1/f Noise 411
10.6 Carrier to Noise Ratio 413
10.7 PIN Photodetector Noise Modeling 426
10.8 APD Photodetector Noise Modeling 426
10.9 Receiver Front-End Design Considerations 429
10.10 Main Points of this Chapter 443
References 444

11 Amplifier Analysis and Design Concepts 447

11.1 Noise Parameters of a Two-Port Device 447
11.2 Two-Port Network Matching to Minimum Noise 454
11.3 Noise Modeling of MESFET 456
11.4 Noise Modeling of Bipolar Junction Transistors 461
11.5 MESFET Feedback Amplifier 464
11.6 Distributed Amplifier 472
11.7 Operational Transimpedance Amplifiers PIN TIA 477
11.8 Biasing Methods 491
11.9 Equalizers and Optimum Placement of Equalizers 497
11.10 Matched PIN VVA 504

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 x Contents

11.11 Examples for Noise Analysis CMOS and

BJT RF IC Designs 507
11.12 Main Points of this Chapter 508
References 511

12 AGC Topologies and Concepts 517

12.1 Feed Forward (FF) Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 518
12.2 Feedback AGC 521
12.3 Main Points of this Chapter 584
References 588

13 Laser Power and Temperature Control Loops 591

13.1 Automatic-Power-Control Loop 592
13.2 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) 594
13.3 Main Points of this Chapter 622
References 624

Part 4 Introduction to CATV MODEM and Transmitters 627

14 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in

CATV Optical Transmitters 629
14.1 Quadrature Modulators 629
14.2 Generating FM using QPSK Modulators 631
14.3 Digital QAM 632
14.4 Signal Impairments and Effects 635
14.5 Jitter-to-Phase-Noise Relationship 645
14.6 Residual AM Effects 650
14.7 Nonlinear Effects 652
14.8 EVM and MER 653
14.9 BER of M-ary QAM 654
14.10 Relationship between Eb/N0 and C/N 659
14.11 BER versus Eb/N0 to C/N Performance Limits 659
14.12 EVM Relations to C/N 660
14.13 Main Points of this Chapter 662
References 664
15 Introduction to CATV MODEM 667
15.1 QAM MODEM Block Diagram 667
15.2 MPEG Scrambler/Descrambler 669
15.3 Codes Concept 672
15.4 Reed– Solomon Codes 674
15.5 Interleaver/Deinterleaver 677
15.6 Trellis-Coded Modulation 679
15.7 M-ary QAM Transmitter Design 692
15.8 M-ary QAM Receiver Design 699
15.9 Main Points of this Chapter 738
References 742

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 Contents xi

16 Linearization Techniques 747

16.1 Electronic Linearization Methods in CATV Transmitters 748
16.2 Push–Pull 770
16.3 Optical Linearization Methods in CATV Transmitters 780
16.4 CATV Transmitter Structure 798
16.5 Main Points of this Chapter 799
References 802

17 System Link Budget Calculation and Impairment Aspects 805

17.1 Link Design Calculations 806
17.2 Clipping-Induced Nonlinear Distortions 810
17.3 Bursts of Nonlinear Distortions 838
17.4 Multiple Optical Reflections 840
17.5 Dispersion-Induced Nonlinear Distortions 849
17.6 Optical Fiber and Optics Nonlinear Effects 851
17.7 CATV/Data Transport Coexistence 867
17.8 Main Points of this Chapter 873
References 876

Part 5 Digital Transceivers Performance 883

18 Introduction to Digital Data Signals and Design Constraints 885

18.1 Eye Analysis and BER 885
18.2 Extinction Ratio 888
18.3 Mode Partition 891
18.4 Timing Jitter 896
18.5 Relative Intensity Noise 900
18.6 Minimum Detectable Signal and Optical Power 902
18.7 Digital Through Analogue 905
18.8 Data Formats 908
18.9 Clock and Data Recovery 912
18.10 Main Points of this Chapter 920
References 925

19 Transceivers and Tunable Wavelength Transceiver Modules 927

19.1 Burst Mode 927
19.2 Wavelength Lockers and Wavelength Control Loop 966
19.3 Transceiver Housing TOSA ROSA Structure and Integration 971
19.4 Main Points of this Chapter 981
References 984

Part 6 Integration and Testing 991

20 Cross-Talk Isolation 993

20.1 Introduction 993

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 xii Contents

20.2 Desensitization in Wideband Systems with

Overlapping Rx/Tx BW 994
20.3 Wideband PRBS NRZ Interference Analysis 997
20.4 EMI RFI Sources Theory for Shielding 1000
20.5 GND Discipline Theory for Shielding and
Minimum Emission 1002
20.6 Emission and Reception Mechanisms in
Integrated Modules 1003
20.7 Differential Signal 1007
20.8 Important Definitions and Guidelines 1009
20.9 A Brief Discussion about Transmission Lines 1009
20.10 Main Points of this Chapter 1011
References 1013

21 Test Setups 1015

21.1 CATV Power Measurement Units 1015
21.2 OMI Calibration Using PD 1015
21.3 Two-Tone Test 1018
21.4 Multitone Test 1019
21.5 AGC Calibration Using Pilot Tone 1026
21.6 Feedback AGC Performance Under a
Video-Modulated Signal 1027
21.7 Cross-Talk Test Methods 1033
21.8 Understanding Analog Receiver Specification 1035
21.9 Main Points of this Chapter 1038
References 1040

Index 1043

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 Nomenclature

ABB analog base-band

ABR available bit rate
AC alternating current or audio compression
ACI adjacent channel interference
ADC analog-to-digital converter
ADS advanced design system (RF design software)
ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line
ADM add – drop multiplexing
AGC automatic gain control
AFC automatic frequency control
ALC automatic level control
AM amplitude modulation
ANSI american national standards institute
AOC automatic offset compensation or automatic offset control
AON active optical network
APC automatic power control or angled physical contact
APD avalanche photo detector
APE annealed proton exchange
APPC angled polished physical contact
AR aspect ratio
ARPANET advanced research projects agency network
ASC automatic slope control
ASIC application specific integrated circuit
ATC automatic temperature control or automatic threshold control
ATIS alliance for telecommunications industry solutions
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
ATP acceptance test procedure
ATR acceptance test results
ATRC advanced television research consortium
ATSC advanced television systems committee
ATV advanced television
AV voltage gain
AWG arrayed waveguide gratings
AWGN additive white gaussian noise
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 xiv Nomenclature

BALUN balanced to unbalanced

BBI balanced bridge interferometer
BCD binary coded decimal
BE base emitter
BELCORE Bell Labs communications research
BER bit error rate
BERT bit error rate tester
B-GT birefringent analog
BGA bragg grating arrays
BH buried heterostructure
BJT bipolar junction transistor
BiDi bi directional
BLD bottom level detector
BMR burst mode receiver
BNC Bayonet Neill-Concelman (inventors of the BNC connector)
BOM bill of materials
BPF band-pass filter
BPON broadband passive optical network
BT British Telecom
BTS balanced twill structure
BW bandwidth
BWER bandwidth enhancement ratio
CAD computer aided design
CATV community access television
CB common base
CBD cumulative bit difference
CBR constant bit rate
CC common collector
CCD coupled charged device
CCDP cross-coupled differential pair
CCF continuous carbon fiber
CCIR committee consulatif international radiocommunications
CCITT comite consultatif internationale de telegraphie
et telephonie
CCN carrier-to-composite noise
CDF cumulative distribution function
CDR clock data recovery
CE common emitter
CFBG chirp fiber bragg gratings
CID consecutive identical data bits
CIN carrier-to-intermodulation noise
CLDI chrominance-to-luminance delay inequality
CLEC competitive local exchange carrier
CLK clock
CLR cable loss ratio

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 Nomenclature xv

CMA constant modulus algorithm

CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
CMOT common management interface protocol
CMRR common mode rejection ratio
CMTS cable modem termination system
CNR carrier-to-noise ratio
CO central office
CPLR coupler
CPU central processing unit
CRT cathode ray tube
CS component side
CSO composite second order
CTB composite triple beat
CTC coefficient of thermal conductivity
CTN carrier-to-thermal noise
CTU coaxial termination unit
CW continuous wave
CWDM coarse WDM
DA data aided
DAC digital-to-analog converter
DAVIC digital audio visual council
dB decibels
dBc decibels relative to carrier power
dBFS decibels full scale
dBm decibels relative to 1 mW
dBmv decibels relative to 1 mV
DBR distributed Bragg reflector
DBS direct broadcast satellite
dBW decibels relative to 1W
DCA digital controlled attenuator
DCT discrete cosine transform
DD decision directed
DEMUX demultiplexing
DFB distributed feedback
DFF delay flip flop
DFT discrete Fourier transform
DG differential gain
DH double heterostructure
DIG digital section
DIR directional coupler
DLC digital loop carrier
DLVA detector log video amplifier
DML direct modulated laser
DNS domain name system
DOCSIS data over cable service interface specifications

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 xvi Nomenclature

DOD Department of Defense

DOE diffractive optical element
DP differential phase/dispersion penalty
DPCM discrete pulse code modulation
DQPSK differential QPSK
DSB double side band
DSF dispersion shift fiber
DSL digital subscriber line
DSLAM digital subscriber line access multiplexer
DSO discrete second order
DSP digital signal processing
DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum
DTB discrete triple beat
DTO discrete third order
DTS decode time stamp
DUR desired to undesired ratio, or demodulated to
unmodulated radio
DUT device under test
DVB digital video broadcasting
DVB –H digital video broadcasting–handheld
DVB –T digital video broadcasting–terrestrial
DWDM dense WDM
ECL external cavity laser or emitter coupled logic
EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier
EDTV enhanced definition television (which is reduced resolution
compared to HDTV)
EFMA ethernet in the first mile alliance
EGSM extended golbal system for mobile communication
EIA electronic industries alliance
EiCN equivalent input current noise
ELR excess loss ratio
EMI electromagnetic emission
EML external modulated laser
ENR excess noise ratio
EOL end of life
EPON ethernet passive optical network
EPM external phase modulation
ER extinction ratio
EVM error vector magnitude
ETSI European telecommunications standardization institute
FBG fiber Bragg grating
FC face contact
FC/APC face contact/angled polished physical contact
FCC federal communication commission
FDM frequency division multiplexing

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 Nomenclature xvii

FDF fiber distribution frame

FDH fiber distribution hub
FEC forward error correction
FET field effect transistor
FF feed forward or flip flop
FFT fast Fourier transform
FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum
FIFO first in first out
FIR finite impulse response filter
FITL fiber in the loop
FITs functional integrity testing
FM frequency modulation
FOC fiber optical connector
FP Fabry– Perot
FPD frequency phase detector
FR frame rate
FS frame store
FSAN full service access network
FSE fractionally spaced equalizer
FSR free spectra range/feedback shift register
FT fourier transform
FTTB fiber to the building
FTTC fiber to the curb
FTTH fiber to the home
FTTP fiber to the premises
FTTx fiber to the home, curb, building, business, premises
FWHM full width at half maximum
Gb gigabit
Gbps gigabit per second
GBIC gigabit interface converter
GBW gain bandwidth
GBWP gain bandwidth product
GCA gain controlled amplifier
GCC gain control circuit
GCSR grating-assisted codirectional coupler with sampled reflector
GDR group delay ripple
GF Galois field
GHz gigahertz (1,000,000,000 Hz)
GND ground
GOP group of pictures
GPON gigabit passive optical network
GPRS general packet radio service
GRIN grated index or gradually variable reflection index
GS gain state
GSM global system for mobile communication

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 xviii Nomenclature

GT Gires Tournois
GWS grating waveguide structure
HBT heterojunction bipolar transistor
HDTV high definition television
HEMT high electron mobility transistor
HFC hybrid fiber coax
HFX hybrid fiber X, where X can be either copper or coax
HP home passed
HPF high pass filter
HPNA home phone networking alliance
HPPLA home plug power line alliance
HRC harmonically related carrier
IC integrated circuit
I2C-BUS inter IC bus (philips invention)
ID integration derivative
IE ion exchange
IF intermediate frequency
IFFT inverse fast fourier transform
IIP2 second order input intercept point
IIP3 third order input intercept point
IIR infinite impulse response filter
ILEC incumbent local exchange carriers
IMD inter-modulation
IO image-orthicon
IP intercept point or internet protocol
IP2 second-order intercept point
IP3 third-order intercept point
IRC incrementally related carrier
IRE Institute of Radio Engineers (former name of today’s IEEE)
ISDB – T terrestrial integrated services digital broadcasting
ISDN integrated services digital networks
ISI inter symbol interference
ISO international standard organization
ITC integrated triplexer to the curb
ITR integrated triplexer
ITU International Telecommunications Union
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IXC interexchange carriers
JBIG Joint Bilevel Image Experts Group
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
KCL Kirchoff’s current law
KHz kilohertz (1000 Hz)
KVL Kirchoff’s voltage law
L1P first layer protocol
LAN local area network

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 Nomenclature xix

LATA local transport area

LC inductance– capacitance
LCF long carbon fiber
LCM last common multiple
LCN logical channels
LCP liquid crystal polymer
LDS laser driver stage
LEAF large effective area fiber
LEC local exchange carrier
LED light emitting diode
LF lattice filter
LFE linear feedforward equalizer
LFSR linear feedback shift register
LLC logical link control
LMDS local multipoint distribution system
LMS least mean square
LNA low-noise amplifier
LO local oscillator
LPF low-pass filter
LSB low side band or least significant beat
LT loop transmission (open loop gain)
LTE linear transversal equalizer
LVCMOS low-voltage CMOS
LVPECL low-voltage pseudo-emitter coupled logic
MAC media access control
Mb megabit
MBE molecular beam epitaxy
MCEF modulation current efficiency
MCNS multimedia cable network system
MDS minimum detectable signal
MES modified error signal
MEMS micro electro mechanical system
MER modulation error ratio
MESFET metal-semiconductor field effect transistor
MFD mode field diameter
M-FLO media forward link only
MHN mode hopping noise
MHz megahertz
MIS metal insulator semiconductor
ML maximum likelihood
MMDS multichannel multipoint distribution system
MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit
MMSE minimum mean square error
MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
MODEM modulator/demodulator

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 xx Nomenclature

MOS metal oxide semiconductor

MOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
M-PD monitor photodiode or monitor photodetector
MPE mode partition error
MPN mode partition noise
MPEG moving picture experts group
MQW multiple quantum well
MSA multisource agreement
MSR mode suppression ratio
MTBF mean time between failure
MUSE multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding ( japanese
HDTV standard)
MUX multiplexer, multiplexing
MZ Mach-Zehnder
MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer
NA network analyzer
NB noise burst
NCO numerically controlled oscillator
NCTA national cable television association
NDA none data aided
NEB noise equivalent bandwidth
NF noise figure 10 log(F)/noise factor
NG-DLC new/next generation digital loop carriers
NH network header
NICAM near instantaneous companding audio multiplex
NL nonlinear
NLD nonlinear distortions
NLG nonlinear gain
NOG noise over gain
NOL number of levels
NOS number of steps
NPDU network protocol data units
NPR noise power ratio
NRC nyquist raised cosine
NRZ nonreturn to zero
NTC negative temperature coefficient
NTF noise transfer function
NTT Nippon telegraph and telephone
NTSC National Television Systems Committee
OADM optical add drop multiplexer
OC-1 optical carrier level 1 (51.48 MB/Sec)
OC12 optical carrier level 12 (12  51.48 MB/Sec)
OC-24 optical carrier level 24 (24  51.48 MB/Sec)
OC-48 optical carrier level 48 (48  51.48 MB/Sec)
OC-192 optical carrier level 192 (192  51.48 MB/Sec)

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 Nomenclature xxi

OCDMA optical code division multiple access

ODN optical distribution network
ODP optical double port
OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFE optical front end
OHI optical hybrid integrated module
OIF optical internetworking forum
OLT optical line terminal
OMI optical modulation index
ONT optical network terminal
ONU optical network unit
OOK on –off keying
ORCAD Oregon computer aided design
OSA optical subassembly
OSI open systems interconnection
OSR over sampling ratio
OSNR optical signal-to-noise ratio
OSP outside plant
OTP optical triple port
PAL phase altered line
PANDA polarization maintaining and absorption reducing
PAR peak to average
PBS polarized beamsplitter
PC physical contact, power combiner, personal computer,
peak comparator, polarization control
P/C PECL to CMOS converter
PCB printed circuit board
PCM pulse coded modulation
PCR program clock reference
PD photodetector
PDD polarization-dependent distortions
PDF probability density function
PDL polarization-dependent loss
PDU protocol data unit
PD-l polarization-dependent wavelength
PECL pseudo emitter coupled logic
PEL picture element
PEP peak envelope power
PES packetized elementary stream
PHEMT pseudo high electron mobility transistor
PHY physical layer
PI proportional integrator
PID proportional integrative derivative
PLC planar lightwave circuits
PLL phase locked loop

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 xxii Nomenclature

PLOAM operation and maintenance

PM phase modulation
PMD polarization mode dependent
PMMA poly-methyl-meth-acrylate
PON passive optical network
POTS plain old telephone service
PPD polarization dependent distortions
PPG pulse pattern generator
PRBS pseudo-random beat sequence
PRF pulse repetition frequency
PRI pulse repetition interval
PS print side or power splitter or portal service
PSD power spectral density
PSPICE personal computer simulation program with integrated
circuits emphasis (circuit simulation software)
PSRR power supply rejection ratio
PSTN public switched telephone network
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PTS presentation time stamp
PW pulse width
PWD pulse width distortion
PWM pulse width modulation
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QE quantum efficiency
QPSK quadrature phase shift keying
QTP qualification test procedure
QTR qualification test results
QW quantum well
R resistor
RAP radio access point
RAU remote antenna unit
RC resistance –capacitance or raised cosine or resistor
capacitor network
RCF receiver control field
RF radio frequency
RFFE RF front end
RFI radio frequency interference
RFIC radio frequency integrate circuit
RFC radio frequency choke
RFL reflection linearizer
RGB red green blue
RHS right hand side
RIN relative intensity noise
R/L return loss
RLC resistor inductor capacitor network

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 Nomenclature xxiii

RLL retardation locked loop

rms root mean square
ROF radio over fiber
ROSA receiver optical subassembly
RS Reed –Solomon
RSSI received signal strength indication
RZ return to zero
SD sigma delta
SA spectrum analyzer
SAI serving area interface
SAR sample to average ratio
S&H sample and hold
SAW surface acoustic wave
SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering
SC square/subcarrier connector
SC/APC angled physical contact
SCTE Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers
SCH separate confinement heterostructure
SCM subcarrier multiplexed
SDH synchronous digital hierarchy
SDR signal-to-distortion ratio
SDV switched digital video
SE shielding effectiveness
SECAM sequential color with memory in french sequentiel couleur
avec memoire
SER symbol error
SFF small form factor
SFP small form pluggable
SGD stochastic gradient descent
SG-DBR sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector
SHB spectral hole burning
SHIP silicon hetero interface photodetector
SINAD signal-to-noise and distortion
SL strained layer
SLM single longitudinal mode
SMA sub miniature version A connector
SMB sub miniature version B connector
SMF single mode fiber
SMPTE society of motion picture and television engineers
SMSR side mode suppression ratio
SMT surface mount technology
SMTP simple mail transfer protocol
SNA scalar network analyzer
SNMP simple network management protocol
SNR signal-to-noise ratio

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 xxiv Nomenclature

SOA semiconductor optical amplifier

SOI second-order intermodulations
SONET synchronous optical network
SOP system on package
SoS silica on silicon
SP serial to parallel
SPC super physical contact
SPICE simulation program with integrated circuits emphasis
(circuit simulation software)
SPM self phase modulation
SQW single quantum well
SRRC square root raised cosine
SRS stimulated raman scattering
SSB single side band
SSC-LD spot size converted laser
ST straight tip connector
STF signal transfer function
STB set top box
STD standard
SZ step size
TCM trellis coded modulation
TCP transmission control protocol
TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol
TDM time division multiplexing
T-DMB terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting
TDMA time division multiplexing access
TEC thermo-electric cooler or thermally expanded core
TELNET TELetype NETwork
TEM thermo electric module/transverse electro-magnetic
THz tera hertz (1,000,000,000,000 Hz)
TIA trans impedance amplifier
TIG trans impedance gain
TIR total internal reflection
TLCG tapered linearly chirped gratings
TO (TO-can) transistor outline metal can package
TODC turn-on delay comparator
TOG take over gain
TOI third-order intermodulations
TOSA transmitter optical subassembly
T-PDU transport protocol data units
TRL transmission line linearizer
TR008 telephone ring (008, 75 etc)
TS transport stream
TSS three-step search or tangential sensitivity
TV television
TW traveling wave

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 Nomenclature xxv

UDP user data protocol

UHF ultra high frequency
UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system
UPC ultra polish physical contact
USB upper side band or universal serial bus
US-TX up-stream transmit
UUT unit under test
UV ultraviolet
VB video buffer
VBR variable bit rate
VCO voltage controlled oscillator
VCSEL vertical cavity surface emitting laser
VDSL very high speed digital subscriber line
VGA variable gain amplifier
VHF very high frequency
VITS vertical interval test signal
VLC variable length code
VLD variable length coded words
VLSI very large scale integration
VNA vector network analyzer
VOD video on demand
VSB þ C vestigial side band plus carrier
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
VT-WSPD voltage tunable –wavelength selective photodetector
VVA voltage variable attenuator
WAN wide area network
WCDMA wideband code division multiple access
WG waveguide
WG-PD waveguide photodiode
WDM wavelength division multiplexing
WLAN wireless LAN
WSP/WSPD wavelength selective photodetector
XFMR transformer
XFP 10 gigabit small form pluggable
XOR exclusive OR
XPM cross phase modulation
XTAL crystal
X-MOD cross-modulation
X-Talk cross talk
YAG yttrium aluminum garnet
ZFE zero forcing equalizer

Substances and Composites

Alumina Al2O3
Aluminum Al

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 xxvi Nomenclature

Arsenide As
Gallium Ga
Gallium– Arsenide GaAs
Germanium Ge
Gold Au
Gold Tin (solder) AuSn
Helium He
Indium In
Indium– Gallium– InGaAs
Arsenide
Indium– Gallium– InGaAsP
Arsenide– Phosphate
Indium– Phosphate InP
Lead Pb
Lithium Li
Lithium– Niobate LiNbO3
Neon Ne
Niobate Nb
Oxygen O
Phosphate P
Silicon Si
Silicon– Germanium SiGe
Tin Sn

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 Constants and Symbols

Å Angstrom, 1 Å ¼ 0.0001 mm ¼ 0.1 nm

C capacitance
c0 Speed of light TEM velocity in free space
2.99792456  108 m/sec  3  108 m/sec
e Base of natural logarithms e ¼ exp(1) ¼ 2.71828183
f Electrical frequency, Hz
27
h Planck’s constant 6.626 ffi 10 J/sec
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
j Imaginary unit, j ¼ 1
k Boltzmann’s constant 1.38  10223 J/K
L inductance
N0 Noise density at room temperature for BW of 1 Hz,
2174 dBm/Hz ¼ 10 log kT þ 30
Q quality factor
q Electron charge 1.6021917  10219 Coulombs
R resistance
T0 Kelvin’s absolute zero temperature 22738C ¼ 0 K
1 Permittivity 1 ¼ 1r  10
10 Permittivity of vacuum 8.85  10212 F/m  1/(3.6p) pF/cm
1r Relative permittivity
h0 Characteristic impedance of free space 120p, h0 ¼ m0/10
l Wavelength
m Permeability m ¼ mr  m0
m0 Permeability of vacuum 12.56  1027 Hy/m  4p nHy/cm
mr Relative permeability
y Optical frequency
V Resistance units in Ohms
v Electrical radial frequency, v ¼ 2pf rad/sec
p 3.14159265  3.14
s conductance in Mho (1/V)
 Convolution

xxvii

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 Preface

As data rates increase, there is a higher requirement to combine microwave-

engineering experience with digital design. The recent development of the Internet
has created the need for wider knowledge and understanding of different aspects of
system performance. For instance, the traditional digital and logic designer must
be more familiar with the root cause for high-speed link performance tradeoffs
such as sensitivity, BER (bit error rate), eye diagrams, jitter, etc. Some of these
parameters require the background of an RF (radio frequency) engineer, and
having, for instance, a fundamental understanding of passive and active network
design. As an example consider the jitter problem, as all RF engineers are familiar
with its spectral definition of phase noise. Phase noise, as we all know, is a stochas-
tic process. However, jitter of an eye diagram is composed from both stochastic
process and deterministic process. An experienced RF engineer or communi-
cations engineer would try to optimize the phase response of the data transmission
line so that it would have a linear phase response vs. frequency. This way, the
group delay is constant, and therefore all the harmonics of the digital signal pro-
pagate at the same velocity, and the deterministic jitter is minimized. There are
many other parameters affecting the eye performance, such as matching, which
creates reflections and double eye images or clock recovery phase locked loop
phase noise. This example shows the essential wide background required for
fast logic designers.
Any switch or router contains fast logic, and optics interface that operates at
high speed. Moreover, as CATV (community aperture TV, cable TV) technology
advanced, its video transport and return path were wired by fiber. Therefore, it is
much more important to have a full understanding of all design aspects of fiber-
optics transceivers in order to meet the system requirements. Modern CATV trans-
missions are shifting from traditional analog to higher modulation qualities such as
high-order QAM (quadratrure amplitude modulation) modulation. In that case, the
traditional RF engineer has to understand better the effects of designs on the signal
quality and distortions. There is a need to understand the effects of AM-to-AM on
the second-order distortions, and third-order distortions. In the CATV case, we are
dealing with multitone transport; hence the designer has to understand the RF
chain lineup tradeoffs such as CNR vs. compression and the effects on CSO (com-
posite second order) and CTB (composite triple beat) in the receive channel. The
RF engineer has to understand the effects of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM on the
xxix

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 xxx Preface

QAM signal constellation. Hence the RF engineer should have a wider background
in digital communications and modulation techniques. Additionally, the RF engin-
eer, as well as the digital design engineer, should have fundamental background in
optical devices, at least their equivalent circuit and impedance matching, in order
to reach high-spec system performance.
In some advanced designs, both disciplines, analog and digital, have to exist
and operate in the same space and packaging enclosure. As the technology of semi-
conductors improves, the size of the components is getting smaller; PCB (printed
circuit board) population density is increasing and becoming more crowded. Sub-
assemblies such as optical transceivers have to be smaller one the one hand, and
faster with higher data rates on the other. In the case of a fast digital transceiver
packaged together with an analog CATV receiver, the challenge in creating an
integrated optical triplexer module, ITR, is higher. ITR converts digital traffic
from light into electronic signal and vice versa; when converting a sensitive
analog signal from light into analog signal, it becomes a X-talk issue. Both
designers should have full understanding of X-talk mechanisms, ground disci-
plines, radiation from transmission lines, the spectral content of digital signals
at different series patterns, and shielding methods, as well as some background
in other fields in order to solve the X-talk problem. The requirement for such a
high level of integration is coexistence, meaning each system should operate
without interference with the other. Consequently, the sensitive and susceptible
channel is the analog channel. However, a proper design of such an integrated
system yielding the required high performances is possible.
There are several excellent books covering many subjects related to fiber
optics. However, the goal of this book is to guide young, as well as experienced,
digital and RF engineers about fiber-optics transceiver electronics designs step by
step, trying to focus on all design aspects and tradeoffs from theory to application
as much as possible. This book tries to condense the all the needed information and
design aspects into several structured subjects. It guides the engineer to have a
proper, methodical design approach, by observing the component requirements
given for a system design level. This way, the engineer will have a deep under-
standing of specifications parameters and the reasons behind it, as well as its
effects and consequences on system performance, which are essential for proper
component design. Further, a fundamental understanding of RF and digital
circuit design aspects, linear and nonlinear phenomena is important in order to
achieve the desired performances. Getting familiar with solid-state devices and
passives used to build optical receivers and transmitters is important. This way,
one can combat design limitations in an effective way.
The book is organized into six main sections covering the following subjects:

. Part 1: Top Level Overview

This part contains three chapters that provide the reader a top-down struc-
tured approach to get familiar with hybrid fiber coax (HFC) systems. This
part provides information about several architectures of data transport
carried over fiber and interfaces, which includes MMDS, LMDS, CATV
Return-Path, and Internet, with some glimpses of protocol stack and last

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 Preface xxxi

mile, last feet concepts. This section provides information about the ITU
grid and optical bands and advantages of fiber as transmission lines and the
WDM concept. This whole review leads to the FTTx architectures
concept.
After the fundamental background about the system needs, there is an
introduction to the structure of the last mile optical-to-coax interfacing.
This review provides different topologies for digital and analog receivers,
which lead to the FTTx integrated solution of access transponder, contain-
ing both CATV receiver and digital transceiver. Additionally, tunable-
laser transponder architecture is explained as a variant of ordinary
digital transceivers’ solution for METRO WDM architectures.The last
part is an introduction to TV and CATV standards and the concept of oper-
ation. The main idea behind the part, even though it looks unrelated, is to
provide detailed information about this unique signal transport and the
implication of system specifications on the FTTx platform and CATV
receivers.
. Part 2: Optics, Semiconductor, and Passives
This section contains five chapters and provides detailed information
about different optical building blocks of fiber-to-coax and coax-to-fiber
converters, which were reviewed in the first part. In this section, the build-
ing blocks are categorized into lasers, photodetectors, and passives, such
as couplers, WDM, filters, triplexers, duplexers, etc. Each type of device
physics is explored and analyzed. Analogies to microwaves are provided
at some points to guide those who are being introduced to fiber optics
about the similarities.
. Part 3: RF Concepts
In this section, there are six chapters. This section deals in depth with RF
topologies to design highly linear analog CATV receivers, and provides a
wide background about the structure of devices for high-speed digital
design. At first, basic RF definitions are provided and simple RF lineups
are reviewed. CSO and CTB beat counts are explained. IMD effects on
CATV picture are analyzed. An introduction to noise and limits is pro-
vided, and these are explored and investigated. Different kinds of RF
amplifiers and front-end matching are investigated. Push–pull distortions
and analysis techniques are explored. On the digital side, various TIAs are
analyzed, such as distributed amplifiers for wideband data rates of 10 and
40 GBit (which can be a laser driver). The structure and limitations of
operational amplifier TIA are investigated. Detailed AGC (automatic
gain control) analysis is provided with analogies to APC (automatic
power control) and TEC (thermoelectric cooler) loop designs.
. Part 4: Introduction to CATV Modem and Transmitters
This section contains four chapters that provide guidance on the CATV
MODEM concept of operation. At first, the background about QAM
modulators and impairments is reviewed. Then, the CATV MODEM

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 xxxii Preface

structure is explored, explaining the different building blocks, such as

coding and synchronization, and limitations such as phase noise. There-
after, the next part of linear transmission is investigated. Predistortion
techniques such as optical and electrical are analyzed and reviewed.
Link analysis and derived OMI specs are investigated and explained
as a summary. Jitter and phase noise are reviewed. Fiber effects are
introduced.

. Part 5: Digital Transceivers’ Performance Evaluation and Concepts

This section contains two chapters structured top-down. It guides the
reader from digital signal definitions to the concept of a digital transceiver
and tunable laser transponder architecture. Performance analysis and syn-
thesis are provided. At first, fundamental definitions of digital transport
such as eye diagram, jitter, extinction ratio are reviewed using
MathCAD. Data formats such as NRZ, RZ, and performances-over-fiber
are investigated. CDR (clock data recovery) structure is analyzed. After
providing a solid background, transceivers and tunable laser transponders
are investigated. Burst-mode concepts and burst-mode AGC are explained
in detail.

. Part 6: Integration and Testing

This section contains two chapters and focuses on integration problems
and methods to test performances. EMI RFI problems within the FTTx
ITR platform are analyzed. X-talk between digital and analog parts in
the FTTx transponder is investigated and methodologies to overcome
interferences are provided. Analytical methods are given.The second
chapter in this section provides original methods for testing and evaluating
FTTx platform compliance to the NCTA specifications. At the end, a prac-
tical FTTx receiver specification is reviewed and analyzed.

At the end of each chapter, a summary of main points studied in that chapter is
provided. This way one could condense key points in order to have the main idea
and concepts behind each chapter.

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 Acknowledgment

The seeds of this book were planted during my work on optical communications at
MRV as head of analog group. The product design challenges required an exten-
sive and in-depth acquisition of state-of-the-art knowledge and background,
as well as pushing the technological edge of optical engineering. The outcome
of this self learning process produced a wealth of know-how, which I applied
to my work and then imparted to the R&D team at LuminentOIC—MRV.
Mr. Rob Goldman, then director and creator of the FTTx FTTP business unit in
LuminentOIC—MRV, noted that much of communicated know-how is unique
in the way it is formulated and explained. It is Rob who inspired me to collect
this mass of papers and notes into a book. It was a huge challenge.
I offered it to SPIE, and I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Tim Lamkins
who accepted the offer and patiently waited for the final delivery. I wish to
express my appreciation to Merry Schnell, who devotedly orchestrated the
project to its success.
The task of material collecting, searching references, learning and creating
genuine models and simulations, editing, and desktop publishing took 3 years
of intensive work in two continents and countries. Many friends and colleagues
have assisted me. I would like to express my deep appreciation for the remarks
and comments, discussions, material, and elaborations about important matters
presented in this book, which made it a good reference design book.
I would like to thank Mr. Yonatan Biran for long discussions about noise
mechanisms, front-ends matching topologies, and useful analysis approaches on
that matter. I would like to thank Mr. David Cahana for taking the time and
reading the analog section and analog analysis of optoelectronics semiconductors
and sharing his remarks and suggestions. Thanks should go to my friend Mr. David
Pezo for his review, notes, comments, and discussions about QAM and complex
signals modulation transport.
Thanks go also to Dr. Amotz Shemi and Dr. David Brooks from Color–Chip
for reviewing PLC technology and introducing to me ion-exchange implantation
technology of PLC on glass.
Academically, I would like to express my thanks to Professor Dan-Sadot, the
head of the optoelectronic department of the Ben-Gurion University in Beer-
Sheba, Israel, and founder of X-Light, for his reviews, checking, remarks, and
useful advice about passive and active optoelectronics devices and systems.
xxxiii

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 xxxiv Acknowledgment

Thanks should go also to Professor Irving Kalet from Columbia University

USA, and Tel Hai College in Israel for his assistance in reviewing the modem,
coding, and decoding sections.
At this stage, I also want to express my gratefulness to Dr. James Farmer and
Dr. John Kenny from Wave-7 Optics, for long technical discussions and guidance
on the delicate nuances in analog optical design for CATV transport. Indeed, I had
a lot to learn and educate myself.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Professor Shlomo
Margalit and Dr. Zeev Rav Noy, founders of MRV Communications, USA, who
recruited me in their company, trusted me, and gave me the exposure and the
opportunity to create and innovate in a state-of-the-art optoelectronics company.
I want to thank my friends and colleagues in MRV for wonderful times, technical
discussions, and joy of creation. I wish to thank Dr. Mark Heimbuch, CTO, Lumi-
nent OIC, for long discussions about lasers and detectors, Dr. Sheng Z. Zhang for
discussions about mode hopping, Dr. Mohammad Azadeh for discussions about
mode hopping and high data rates problems as well as aiding in references
search, Dr. Chriss LaBounty for sharing material about TEC, Dr. Mikael Tokhma-
khian, Mr. Wenhai Yang, and Mr. Tom Ciplickas for analyzing digital and analog
results throughout development, Mr. Moshe Amit for educating me about bulk
optics, Dr. Near Margalit, CEO, LuminentOIC, for elevating the bar of challenge,
and all of my friends and colleagues in LuminentOIC who aided me in my project
by sharing references, papers, and books.
I also want to express my appreciation to my brother Ilan Brillant, director of
business development in GILAT, previously director of the business development
unit in X-Light, for his technical and business reviews about the fiber-optics
market and tunable laser platforms, and for introducing me to Professor Dan
Sadot and Dr. Amotz Shemi. Thanks also should go to my cousin Lea Stoller (Bril-
lant), chief librarian of RAFAEL, Israel’s Armament Development Authority, for
helping me in IEEE references search.
I wish to dedicate this book to the memory of my parents Rosita Brillant
(Segal) and Edmond Wilhelm Brillant, who took care of me and my education,
which brought me to where I am.
Finally, I want to express my deepest appreciation to my wife Merav and our
children Guy, Rotem, and Eden, who supported me, patiently were understanding
the lack of family and father time in weekends and the long nights of working in
order to complete this task.

Avigdor Brillant
Zichron Ya’akov
ISRAEL

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