Louver, also spelled Louvre, is an arrangement of

parallel, horizontal blades designed to regulate

airflow. Louvers are often used in windows or
doors in order to allow air or light in while keeping
sunshine or moisture out.
The main difference between Louvers and
Dampers is that the blades of the louvers are
constant and do not move while the blades of the
Dampers move.
 Role of Primary Air & Secondary Air:
For combustion of any fuel to take place, 3 basic ingredients are needed:

 Fuel
 Air (Oxygen to specific)
 and heat
Air provided for combustion reacts with the fuel according to its stoichiometric
ratio. But In real some percentage of air which has been provided for combustion
goes unreacted.

This generally happens because of the quantity of fuel that is fed at once and
variation in the sizes of fuel particles. So, some amount of an extra air (usually
some percentage of an air provided initially) must be provided to compensate for
an air that went unreacted.
Both Primary air and Secondary air have an important role to play in fuel
combustion and must be provided in different ratios according to the fuel
quantity.

Furnaces are generally provided with

both Primary and Secondary air inlets
and both play an important role in
the combustion of fuel.
Primary air is generally the basic amount
of air required for complete combustion of
fuel and it depends upon the composition
and quantity of fuel required by the boiler.
Different fuels will require a different
amount of primary air.
Primary air is generally provided from the
bottom through the Airbox and the fuel is
fed either manually or through the screw
feeder into the furnace.
Primary air fans also help in segregating the fuel particles so that each fuel
particle could come in direct contact with the air resulting in efficient combustion
of fuel particles.
Secondary air, on the other hand, is generally provided to compensate for the
primary air that went unreacted. It is generally said to be an extra air that must be
provided for complete combustion of fuel.
Secondary air is generally provided through the nozzles installed on the walls of
the furnace.
A Forced Draft Fan designed must be able to provide a sufficient quantity of air
which is the sum of both Primary and Secondary air.
The air before entering is made to pass through an Air Preheater (APH) where
the inlet air to the boiler gets heated by the outgoing flue gases and then this
preheated air helps in reducing the moisture content of the fuel.
Providing air at different stages generally reduces the combustion temperature
and will provide more convective heat while single stage combustion will
increase the combustion temperature and will provide more radiative heat transfer
as compared to convective heat transfer.Multi-staging combustion also reduces
the NOx formation which in turn will reduce the pollution caused by exhaust
gases.
FURNACE DAMPERS Furnace dampers
serve several purposes that relate to the air
flow or pressure in the system. Some dampers
may completely stop or allow the flow of air,
while other dampers allow the furnace user to
control the specific amount of air flow or
pressure in the system.

A pressure control damper controls the

pressure or pressure differential in a furnace
system while an user can adjust a flow control
damper to adjust the (air) flow level in a
system. Other dampers act in response to
prevent the reversal of flow, as is the case with a check damper, or to
establish a baseline for air flow or pressure within a purpose (balancing
damper). The function of an isolation or shut-off damper is to stop the air
flow, altogether, in a system, while a flow control damper simply allows a
user to maintain a desired level of air flow.

There four main design types of furnace

dampers are guillotine, butterfly, louver and
specialty dampers. Several manufacturers
produce guillotine dampers to be used in
locations and situations where, as one
manufacturer describes, "isolation with a
minimized pressure loss is required. Simple
shut-off with minimum leakage is
accomplished by the basic design." Butterfly
dampers are so named because they rely on a
butterfly valve. Manufacturers frequently use
butterfly valves for isolation dampers because
of their simplicity. Louver and multiple-
louver design dampers contain several, thin
pieces known as blades. These blades can
rotate to allow more or less air into the system.

Direct-fired combustion equipment is that in which the flame and/or

products of combustion are used to achieve the desired result by radiation
and convection. Common examples include rotary kilns and open-hearth
furnaces. Indirect-fired combustion equipment is that in which the flame and
products of combustion are separated from any contact with the principal
material in the process by metallic or refractory walls. Examples are steam
boilers, vaporizers, heat exchangers, and melting pots.

The tubes that are around the flame get most of their heat energy from radiation.
The tubes in the top of the chamber get their heat from convection as the hot
exhaust gases rise up through the heater and heat the process fluid in the tubes.
The principal classification of fired heaters relates to the orientation of the heating
coil in the radiant section. The tube coils of vertical fired heaters are placed
vertically along the walls of the combustion chamber. Firing also occurs
vertically from the floor of the heater. All the tubes are subjected to radiant
energy.

The radiant section tube coils of horizontal fired heaters are arranged
horizontally so as to line the sidewalls and the roof of the combustion chamber.
In addition, there is a convection section of tube coils, which are positioned as a
horizontal bank of tubes above the combustion chamber. Normally the tubes are
fired vertically from the floor, but they can also be fired horizontally by side
wall mounted burners located below the tube coil.
The draft is obtained by means of fans named Induced Draft Fan and Forced
Draft fan. The main purpose of these fans are to maintain the balanced draft in
furnace where tangential fire ball takes place. FD fan draws air from the
atmosphere and forces it into the furnace through a preheater. These fans are
located at the inlet of the boiler to push high pressure fresh air into combustion
chamber, where it mixes with the fuel to produce positive pressure.FD fans are
used as secondary air fans to regulate proper combustion and maximize
efficiency of the fuel.
Secondary Air Damper Control is mounted between the secondary air conduit
and the transition conduit section,and means for controlling the air flow control
means for the total air through the transition conduit for combustion within the
furnace.