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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT 2
2. INTRODUCTION 3
3. NEEDS OF GIS 7
6.CURRENT TRANSFORMER 17
9.INTER-CONNECTION TRANSFORMER 23
10.DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES 24
11.INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF GAS INSULATED
TRANSFORMER 31
14.ADVANTAGES OF GIS 37
15.DISADVANTAGES OF GIS 40
17.CONCLUSION 42
18.REFERENCE 43
ABSTRACT
Due to rapid industrialization and increasing population all over the world, the need of
efficient and reliable power source has become the prime demand. But since
geographic area has reduced due to increasing population, creation of a compact but
efficient power supplying medium is required. Gas Insulated Substation is the solution
to such problems. Gas Insulated Substation uses Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas which
has a superior dielectric property used at moderate pressure for phase to phase and
phase to ground insulation. In Gas Insulated Substationthe high-voltage conductors,
circuit breaker interrupters, switches, current transformers, voltage transformers and
lightning arresters are encapsulated in SF6 gas inside grounded metal enclosures.
Because of its compact nature, the size of the plant is reduced and hence the space
consumed is decreased. This paper presents a study of Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
with reference to the 220/33kV GIS, Himachal Pradesh power transmission
corporation ltd.
The steps of technical development, stages of technical design, state of the art in the
production, and quality insurance are explained with practical examples. Focus is
given to applications worldwide with typical projects shown, including on-site works,
sequences of erection, testing, and civil works. Explanations are given about the
operational primary equipment (switching, grounding, disconnecting), secondary
system, gas handling, maintenance, and monitoring. All requirements are met to have a
safe handling of SF6 even under the assumption of an increasing demand for the use in
the electrical power supply.
INTRODUCTION
Gas Insulated Substations are high voltage Substations that are compact, requiring
little maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional Substations.
Compressed Gas Insulated Substations (CGIS) consist basically a conductor supported
on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6).
The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high dielectric strength. The
voltage withstand capability of SF6 Busduct is strongly dependent on field
perturbations, such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and by
conducting particle contaminants. The contaminants can be produced by abrasion
between components during assembly or operations.
The charge acquired by a particle, the equation of motion, the bounce and the drag are
discussed by several authors. The present work makes use of the equation proposed by
H. Anis, K.D.Srivastava and M.M.Morcos, it also includes the concept of random
motion along axial direction. The random motion is due to the cross-sectional
irregularities of the metallic particles.
Present work analyses the movement pattern of metallic particles in Gas Insulated
Substation (GIS) or Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB). In order to determine the particle
trajectories in a GIB, an inner diameter of 55 mm and outer enclosure diameter of 152
mm were considered. Aluminum, Copper and Silver particles of 0.2 mm/12 mm
(diameter/length) were considered to be present on the enclosure surface. The motion
of the metallic particle was simulated using the charge acquired by the particle, the
gravitational force on the particle, field intensity at the particle location, drag force,
gas pressure, restitution co-efficient and the Reynold‟s number. The distance traveled
by the particle, calculated using the appropriate equations, is found to be in good
agreement with the published work for a given set of parameters. The results are also
presented for other set of parameters.
The effect of various parameters like radii and length of particles, co-efficient of
restitution, pressure in the Busduct and the applied voltage has been examined and
presented. Different metallic contaminants viz., Al, Cu and Ag have been considered
for the above study. Typically, a GIB of 55mm/152mm (inner conductor diameter is
55mm and outer enclosure diameter is 152mm) has been considered for a 132-kV
system.
The thesis presents the movement pattern of metallic particles at different operating
voltages in a Gas insulated Busduct (GIB) which has been simulated with and without
1. Circuit Breakers
2. Operating mechanism of circuit breaker
3. Current transformers
4. Disconnector
5. Maintenance Earthing switches
6. Fast acting Earthing switches
7. Voltage transformers
8. SF6 Bushing
9. Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment
10. Bus Bar
11. Voltage Transformer
12. Gas supply and Monitoring eqipment
NEEDS OF GIS
Gas Insulated Substations are used where there is space for providing the substation is
expensive in large cities and towns. In normal substation the clearances between the
phase to phase and phase to ground is very large. Due to this, large space is required
for the normal or Air Insulated Substation (AIS). But the dielectric strength of SF6 gas
is higher compared to the air, the clearances required for phase to phase and phase to
ground for all equipments are quite lower. Hence, the overall size of each equipment
and the complete substation is reduced to about 10% of the conventional air insulated
substation.
Extremely high dielectric properties of SF6 have long been recognized. Compressed
SF6 has been used as an insulating medium as well as arc quenching medium in
electrical apparatus in a wide range of voltages.
Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any periodical
inspections. Conducting contamination (i.e. aluminum, copper and silver particles)
could, however, seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-insulated system.
A metallic particle stuck on an insulator surface in a GIS will also cause a significant
reduction of the breakdown voltage.
Gas insulated Substations have found a broad range application in power systems over
the last three decades because of their high reliability Easy maintenance, small ground
space requirements etc...
Because of the entire equipment being enclosed in enclosures, filled with pressurized
SF6 gas, installation is not subject to environmental pollutions, as experienced along
coastal areas or certain types of industries.
a) Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships, etc.,
where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated switchgear is
justified by saving due to reduction in floor area requirement. It is not necessary
that high voltage or extra high voltage switchgear to be installed outdoors.
b) Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in the works,
one site erection time both for supporting structures and switchgear is greatly
reduced.
Explanation:
The SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) contains the same compartments as in the
conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal housings
filled with SF6 gas. The live parts are supported on cast resin insulators. Some of the
insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring modules such that the gas
does not pass through them. The entire installation is sub divided into compartments
which are gas tight with respect to each other. Thereby the gas monitoring system of
each compartment can be independent and simpler.
The enclosures are of non magnetic materials such as aluminum or stainless steel and
are earthed. The gas tightness is provided with static „O‟ seals placed between the
machined flanges. The „O‟- rings are placed in the grooves such that after assembly,
the „O‟-rings are get squeezed by about 20%. Quality of the materials, dimension of
grooves and „O‟-seals are important to ensure gas tight performance of Gas Insulated
Substation.
Gas Insulated Substation has gas monitoring system. Gas inside each compartment
should have a pressure of about 3kg/cm2.The gas density in each compartment is
monitored. If the pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically trapped up. With
further gas leakage, the low-pressure alarm is sounded or automatic tripping or lock-
out occurs.
General Information:
Elimsan SF6 circuit breaker is equipped with separated poles each having its own gas.
In all types of the circuit breakers, gas pressure is 2 bars (absolute 3 bars). Even if the
pressure drops to 1 bar, there will not be any change in the breaking properties of the
circuit breaker due to the superior features of SF6 and Elimsan's high safety factor for
the poles. During arcing, the circuit breaker maintains a relatively low pressure (max
5-6 bars) inside the chamber and there will be no danger of explosion and spilling of
the gas around. Any leakage from the chamber will not create a problem since SF6 can
undergo considerable decomposition, in which some of toxic products may stay inside
the chamber in the form of white dust. If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it
needs special attention during removal of the parts of the pole. This type of
maintenance should be carried out only by the experts of the manufacturer.
(According to ELIMSAN Arcing Products and Safety Instruction for Working on SF6
Circuit Breakers)
instantaneously (with max. 5 milisec. Tolerance). The closing and opening procedures
are performed through springs which are charged by a servomotor and a driving lever.
In the system, the closing springs are first charged. If "close" button is pressed the
opening springs get charged while the contacts get
closed. Thus, circuit breaker will be ready for opening. The mechanical operating
cycle of the circuit breaker is (OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min- CLOSE/OPEN) or
(OPEN-0.3 sec-CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN). The second cycle is valid
when the circuit breaker is used with re-closing relay. In that case, after the closing
operation, the closing springs are charged by the driving lever or by driving motor (if
equipped). Thus, the circuit breaker will be ready for opening and re-closing.
Auxiliary Switch:
The auxiliary switch mounted on the circuit breaker has 12 contacts. One of them is
for antipumping circuit, four of them are allocated for opening and closing coils. The
remaining 7 contacts are spare. Three of them are normally opened and four are
normally closed. When it is necessary, the number of the contacts can be increased.
When manual or motor-drive is used, the circuit breaker will be ready to close. The
closure can be actuated pressing the closing button located on the circuit breaker. It is
recommended to close it using remote control system for secure operations. The
opening can be performed either by opening button or remote-controlled opening coil.
In case of a fault, the relay signal actuates the opening coil and circuit breaker opens.
(This is mechanically a primary protection system). In addition, there is an anti-
pumping relay for preventing the re-closing and opening of the circuit breaker more
than one cycle (O - C - O) and for preventing possible troubles created by remote
closing button.
Commissioning:
The outer surfaces of epoxy insulating tubes of the poles are to be wiped out with a
clean and dry cloth. The wiring and connections of the auxiliary circuit are to be
carefully examined. DC voltage should be checked to see whether it is suitable for coil
and motor or not (if equipped). The opening-closing coils are to be operated 15-20
times and the accuracy of the relay circuit is to be checked before energizing the
circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is to be mounted with two MI2 bolts through its
anchoring shoes. It should not move during operation. No excessive load should be
exerted to the poles and if possible, flexible cables should be used. The incoming and
outgoing contacts must have clean surfaces and their contact resistance should be as
low as possible. When connecting the circuit breaker to protection system and
auxiliary supply, the cable cross sections should be according to the table given. The
circuit breaker must be grounded through at least 16 mm steel tape (by cable shoe).
After all, the following procedure must be performed:
1. Open the isolator of circuit breaker,
2. Prepare the circuit breaker for closing operation by driving mechanism,
3. Close the isolator of circuit breaker firmly,
4. Send the closing signal to the circuit breaker,
CURRENT TANSFORMER
Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and protective
applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters and protective relays by
stepping down the current of that system to measurable values. Their role in electrical
systems is of primary importance because the data sent by current transformers
represent the heartbeat of the entire system.
RHM Internationals proprietary dry type Current Transformers are unique as they
provide a rugged, reliable option for high voltage metering and protection operations
up to 550 kV.
Our high-quality Current Transformers are based on a unique U-shaped bushing
design for the primary winding. The bushing is a very fine capacitance graded
insulator. In a new approach to dry designs, our advanced proprietary HV
DryShieldTM composite insulation system uses reliable materials like PTFE
(Polytetrafluoroethylene) and silicon rubber to provide a low stress, uniform field
distribution between the conductor and the outside structure.
The primary and secondary windings are independently sealed resulting in a totally
weather resistant design. Oil or gas is not required for insulation. Therefore, our
environmentally friendly Current Transformers completely eliminate the risk of
explosion and toxic leaks.
Considering the difficulty for our customers to schedule circuit outages for routine
upgrades and maintenance, the high cost of maintenance, and environmental issues,
RHM International‟s Current Transformers provide exceptionally low cost of
ownership and offer you peace of mind as they are truly maintenance free.
Customer benefits:
• Totally safe – no risk of explosion
• Totally maintenance free – exceptional low cost of ownership
• Environmentally friendly – no risk of toxic leak and recyclable insulation materials
• 2 to 3 times lighter than conventional oil or gas-based products
• Mature and Innovative with unmatched quality records – not a single failure in 20
000 HV DryShieldTM equipped products in the field
• A new approach to dry design without the limitations of conventional dry Current
Transformers
• All products are developed and manufactured in an ISO 9001 certified plant and
compliant to IEC and IEEE international standards.
Main Characteristics:
1.Performance:
Highest voltage for equipment: 40.5-550 kV
Rated frequency: 50, 60 Hz
Rated primary current: 5-5000 A (up to 8000 A under specific conditions – please
contact us)
Rated secondary current: 5 A, 1 A
Rated output: 10-50 VA
Accuracy class for measuring current transformer: 0.2S, 0.2, 0.5S and 0.5 class
Instrument security factor: 5, 10
Accuracy class for protective current transformer: 5P, 10P and TPY (TPS, TPX and
TPZ on demand)
Accuracy limit factor for protective current transformer: 5,10, 15, 20, 30, 40
Secondary cores: 1-8
2. Environmental Condition:
Places of operation: Indoors and outdoors
Environmental temperature: -45°c [-49F] / +45°c [113F]
Altitude: <1000m above sea level (when higher than 1000m, specific design available.
Please contact us)
Pollution level: fully compliant to Class IV environments (IEC category – very heavy
pollution level)
3. Type tests and special tests include:
• Measurement of capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation under Um/√3 and 10kV, the
Dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ) is less than 0.004
• Short-time current tests: Thermal short-time current (Ith): 50 kA, 3s Rated dynamic
current (Idyn): 125 kA (peak value)
• Temperature-rise test: 75 K
on secondary windings:
• Power-frequency withstand test
• Power-frequency withstand test between sections of secondary windings
• Inter-turn over-voltage test
• Determination of errors
2. Produce as large flow as possible by optimizing the layout of gas ducts in the
windings
3. Develop high capacity gas blower with high reliability
4. Apply highly thermal-resistant insulating materials to raise the limit of winding
temperature rises.
Application:
Disconnectors and earthing switches are suitable for indoor installations up to 36 kV.
Due to their cast-resin ribbed insulators, the disconnectors and earthing switches can
also be used with high air humidity and occasional condensation, e.g., in tropical
areas.
The devices are protected against corrosion. Steel parts are either galvanised and
yellow-passivated, or electrostatically coated with epoxy-resin powder over a
phosphate layer.
The switching devices can be installed in any position with horizontal shaft. Designs
for installation with the shaft in vertical position are also available.
Endurance:
Normally, disconnectors and earthing switches are operated very rarely. Therefore
they are not designed for a high number of operating cycles. The mechanical
endurance and the contact endurance are:
– 5,000 operating cycles for the disconnector
– 1,000 operating cycles for the earthing switch.
The time from initiation of the command until reaching the end position or arrival of
the feedback (total operating time) is 3 s as a maximum at the lowest value of the
operating voltage.
Interlocks
Latch:
For disconnectors and earthing switches a latch can be supplied, which latches tight in
the end positions in an elastic way. Such a latch must be provided when these
switching devices are operated manually with a switching rod.
Mechanical interlocking:
Disconnectors with built-on earthing switch can be equipped with a mechanical
interlock if the earthing switch is actuated by means of a switching rod.
Power-operated switching devices must be interlocked with the means belonging to
the operating mechanism, i.e., actuation must be prevented. For this purpose, the part
without power operating mechanism requires an auxiliary switch.
If neither the disconnector nor the earthing switch is power-operated, mechanical
interlocking is possible in connection with an electromechanical lockout. The
electromechanical lockout is then mounted on the disconnector.
Electromechanical lockout:
Electromechanical lockout devices can be installed on all disconnectors and earthing
switches without power operating mechanism. The lockout devices block the
switching devices in the end positions when the solenoid is not excited. In the
intermediate position (faulty position) the lockout is not effective. The magnet coils
are suitable for continuous operation.
The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but
not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream
sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches.
Disconnect switches are designed to continuously carry load currents and momentarily
carry short circuit currents for a specified duration.
They are designed for no-load switching, opening, or closing circuits where negligible
currents are made or interrupted (including capacitive current and resistive or
inductive current, or when there is no significant voltage across the open terminals of
the switch.
• A combined current and voltage sensor have been developed to replace the
conventional current and voltage transformers in GIS.
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/tele
protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor 38 and
LMU).
ADVANTAGES OF GIS
A GIS has many advantages over a conventional substation, including a space saving
and flexible design, less field construction work resulting in quicker installation time,
reduced maintenance, higher reliability and safety, and excellent seismic withstand
characteristics. Aesthetics of GIS are far superior to that of a conventional substation,
due to its substantially smaller size.
A GIS can even be installed in a building, if desired. When all of these advantages are
taken into consideration, a GIS is a cost-effective alternative to a conventional
substation that offers many benefits to the end user.
vii. Space Saving: - SF6 switchgear installations take up only 10% of the space
required for the conventional installations.
viii. Economical: - Initial high investment is required for installation but the cost
can be comparable for the less maintenance, reliable, safe operation against
conventional substation. Ability to interrupt out-of-phase
xii. It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure.
xvi. The use of SF6 gas as an insulating medium in switchgear reduces the clearance
distance between active and non-active parts of a switchgear facilitating the
following advantages of gas insulated applications compared to air insulated
applications:
DISADVANTAGES OF GIS
c) Normally this type of substations is indoor type and requires separate building.
Each and every component of substation is exposed to air and pollution.
e) When fault occurs internally, the outage period will be very long. The damage
effect will also be severe.
The use of one moving contact for the disconnector and the earthing switch inhibits
simultaneous closed position of both switches.
Combined disconnector and earthing switch are mounted at the front, and acts via
bevel gears and an insulating shaft on the three parallel contact pins.
CONCLUSION
GIS are necessary for EHV&UHV and some important areas to be studied include
more conservative designs better particle control&improved gas
handling&decomposition product management techniques Achieving&maintaining
high levels of availability requires a more integrated approach to quality control by
both users and manufactures.
REFERENCES
I prepared this report on “GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION” by using
following web sites.
Web Sites: -
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.google.com