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El otro gran paso lo dio Lee De Forest cuando inventó el triodo en 1906. Este
dispositivo es básicamente como el diodo de vacío, pero se le añadió una rejilla de
control situada entre el cátodo y la placa, con el objeto de modificar la nube
electrónica del cátodo, variando así la corriente de placa. Este fue un paso muy
importante para la fabricación de los primeros amplificadores de sonido,
receptores de radio, televisores, etc.
La electrónica es, por tanto, una de las ramas de la ingeniería con mayor
proyección en el futuro, junto con la informática.
The electronics are considered to have started with the vacuum diode invented by
John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The operation of this device is based on the
Edison effect. Edison was the first to observe the thermionic emission in 1883, by
placing a sheet inside a light bulb to prevent blackening caused by the carbon
filament in the glass ampoule. When the metallic sheet was positively polarized
with respect to the filament, a small current was produced between the filament
and the sheet. This fact occurred because the electrons of the filament atoms,
upon receiving a large amount of energy in the form of heat, escaped the attraction
of the nucleus (thermionic emission) and, crossing the empty space inside the
The other big step was taken by Lee De Forest when he invented the triode in
1906. This device is basically like the vacuum diode, but a control grid was added
between the cathode and the plate, in order to modify the electronic cloud of the
cathode, thus varying the plate current. This was a very important step for the
As time went by, the vacuum valves were perfected and improved, with other types
appearing, such as the tetrodos (four electrode valves), the pentodos (five
electrodes), other valves for high power applications, etc. Among the refinements
But it was definitely with the transistor, which appeared in the hands of Bardeen
and Brattain, from Bell Telephone, in 1948, when even more miniaturization of
devices such as radios was allowed. The junction transistor appeared somewhat
later, in 1949. This is the device currently used for most electronics applications. Its
advantages over the valves are among others: smaller size and fragility, greater
energy efficiency, lower supply voltages, etc. The transistor does not work in a
vacuum like the valves, but in a solid semiconductor state (silicon), which is why it
Despite the expansion of semiconductors, valves are still used in small audiophile
The transistor has three terminals (the emitter, the base and the collector) and
resembles a triode: the base would be the control grid, the emitter the cathode, and
the collector the plate. By properly polarizing these three terminals, a large
In 1958 the first integrated circuit was developed, which housed six transistors on a
single chip. In 1970 the first microprocessor was developed, Intel 4004. At present,
the fields of electronics development are so vast that it has been divided into
several specialized disciplines. The biggest division is the one that distinguishes
Electronics is, therefore, one of the branches of engineering with greater projection