SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SAN RAFAEL ILOILO
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD
AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION A

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents related literatures which were used as the baseline
information in the making of this research. The concept and theories were taken as
background of the main theory of the study into the formulation of the problems of the
research. This research effort is targeted at finding the effect of Fermented Fruit Juice
(FFJ) compare to other formulation of fertilizers to the Growth and Yield of Tomatoes.
It includes the following: Tomato, Varieties of Tomato, Formulation of Fertilizers, Type
of Soil and the Growth and Yield of Tomatoes.

Tomato
Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) plays a vital role in human diet and are
good source of vitamins and minerals (Thompson, 1949; south pacific commission,
1994).It belongs to the family solanaceae and is one of the most widely eaten vegetable in
the which popularly stem from the fact that they can be eaten fresh or in multiple of
processed forms (A.S. Isah et al. 2014). It is the most popular vegetable in the world
because of its taste, color high nutritive value and also for its diversified use. Also, tomato
is among the local vegetables that are able to penetrate retail sector as well as export
market. Hence, this crop is gaining importance both in developing and developed countries
and efforts are being made for the quality and quantity production of this commodity
(Mahajan and Singh, 2006). In addition, Tomatoes require nutrients such as N, P, K, Mg,
Ca, Na, and S for good production. These nutrients are specific in function and must be
supplied to the plant at the right time and in the right quantity (shukla and nalk et al., 1993).

Varieties of tomato
Many hybrid varieties have very high demand of nutrients (Bihane et al.) Varieties
differ in their growth and yield potential depending mainly on the physiological process
which is controlled by interplay of both genetic make-up and the environment. Differential
performance of this variety could be attributed to genetic viability adaptability
morphological features and physiological factors during the crop growth period.
The report by (Olaniyi et al.)[15] Indicated that UC82B was higher in the growth
attributes pf tomato than other varieties evaluated. The variety UC82B yielded more than
Roma VF and the study confiners the valuable contribution of NPK fert. And green manure
to the growth and yield of tomato (A.S Isah et al., 2014).

Formulation of fertilizer
The growth and yield of vegetable crops are mainly depends on the quality and
quantity of fertilizer used. So, to increase the soil fertility and yield, inorganic/chemical
fertilizers are often used (International Letters of natural Sciences). Despite the fact that
inorganic fertilizer gives desirable nutrients needed by the plants, it is not applicable to use
frequent and high use of synthetic fertilizer, because inorganic fertilizer have been
associated with some environmental pollution, alteration in soil texture and physical
 SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
SAN RAFAEL ILOILO
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD
AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION A

property of the soil. Also intensive inorganic fertilizer usage in agriculture caused so many
health problems and unrecoverable environmental pollution (Yanar et al., 2011). To reduce
and eliminate the adverse effects of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides on human health
and environment, new agricultural practices have been developed in the so-called organic
agriculture, ecological agriculture or sustainable agriculture (Aksoy, 2001; Chowdhurg,
2004).

Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer helps to improve the physical condition of soil and provides the
required plant nutrients. It enhance cautions exchange capacity and acts as a buffering
agents against undesirable soil pH fluctuation (Jones & Wild, 1975; Ngezee, 1998).Organic
Fertilizer provide the nutritional requirements of plants and also suppress the plants pest
populations (Yanar et al; 2011). Organic Agriculture increase the yield and quality of
agriculture crops in ways similar to in-organic fertilizer (Tonfack et al, 2009).

A.Vermi-Compost
Vermi-compost as one of a kind of organic fertilizer is an excellent soil amendment
for the main fields and it is useful in raising nursery species plants (Birhane et al. 2011). It
has found to effectively enhance the root formation, elongation of stem and production of
biomass vegetables, ornamental plants and it increase the yield of crops.(Grapelli et al.
1985). Vermi-compost has a higher level of available nutrients like ammonium nitrogen,
exchangeable phosphorus, soluble potassium, calcium, and magnesium (Edwards, et al.
1988; Ghosh, et al,. 1999 & Burrows, et al,. 1988).

B.Green and Animal Manure

It can be used as a source of soil nutrients and alternative to maintenance of soil
fertility. And animal manure accordingly to (Adedian et al. 2003) has the highest nutrient
contents and mostly increased yield of tomato and soil micronutrients contents. Animal
manure also reduced soil bulk density and enhance led its moisture content it led to
significant increase in growth and yield of tomato. ). Organic manure contains higher level
of relatively available a nutrients elements, which are essentially required for plant growth,
more over it place an important role for improving soil physical properties (Awad et al.,
2002). Nillemas and Sreenivasa 2011, stated that application of liquid organic manure
promotes biological activity in soil and enhance nutrients availability to tomato crop.
Additional of organic manure soil enhance microbial activity and increase their ability to
improve fustigation and consequently increasing their fertility and fertilizers use as
efficiency as a find goal (Nanwai et al., 1998).

C. Compost

Bio-Organic Fertilizer
Bio-Organic fertilizer is a natural production carrying living microorganism
derived from the root or cultivates soil. So they don’t have any ill effect on the soil health
 SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
SAN RAFAEL ILOILO
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD
AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION A

and environment (Ramakrishnan, K. et al. 2012). A small dose of bio fertilizers is sufficient
to produce desirable results because each gram of carrier of bio fertilizers contain at least
10 million cells of a specific strain (Anandaraj and Delapierre, 2010).

A. Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)

According to (Pinoybisnes ideas) FFJ contains nutrients like potassium
production of healthy hormones and increase energy level and resistance to disease
causing oxidants in human and also it helps to increase and improve the growth, yield and
fruit quality of tomatoes. According to (university future Malaysian institutional) the
treated plants with FFJ and FPJ produced early flowers and fruits compare to untreated
.plants due to the enhanced production of aoxin and essential nutrients total soluble solids
were also observed to increase after 10 weeks of FFJ and FPJ application.

B. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)

Type of Soil

Soil fertility is a major problem limiting and affects all aspects of crop production
(Mbah, 2006). The fertility of the soil has not been able to sustain optimum crop production
that can feed the teaming population as a result of their demerits. Pre-cropping soil analysis
indicated that the loamy sand (Ondo) was acidic, deficient in OM, N, K, Ca and Mg but
marginal in p. The clay loam (Bagbe) was slightly acidic, adequate in Ca, Mg, and P,
marginal in OM, N and K (New York Science Journal 2010).

Sandy Loam Soil

The soil of a sandy loam texture, moderately well drained and was previously under maize
cultivation before following for one cropping season (Journal of Applied Bio-Sciences
2008). The low fertility of the experimental soils indicated that the soils made fertilization
(New York Science Journal 2010). It can be said that for obtaining maximum grain yield
as well as profit from tomato, soil should be inoculated with Azotobacter with Azospirillum
(Ramakrishnan 2012

Growth and Yield of Tomato

The growth of plant are the one that give the farmer a success life. This kind of success
are the tool for sustainable agriculture and a trend for the future (Podileet al.2006). It helps also
the farmer to get their everyday income and it depends on the growth of plant and the yield of it.
The increase of seed yield and yield component are depend on the growth of the plant (Naula et.
al.2000).

Yields and quality of tomato fruits depends on the application method of different
kinds of fertilizer (A. Nakano and Y. Uchara). The improvements in plant growth and
 SAN RAFAEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
SAN RAFAEL ILOILO
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD
AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION A

increases in fruit yields in organic amendments could also be due partially to large
increases in soil microbial biomass after organic fertilizer applications leading to
prevention of hormones or hamates in the compost acting as plant-growth regulators
independent of the nutrient supply(Arancon et al.,2003 and Tu, et al., 2006) In relating of
plants flowering to the fruiting state, an increase in the number of flower resulted in an
increase in number of fruits and hence in higher total fruit yield and vice versa
(Olaniy.,2006). However, the sharp increase in the total fruit yields as compared to the
number of flowers and fruit yields of tomato under in organic N treatment might be due
to the effect of N in increasing the water constant of vegetable (Babatola and Olaniyi,
1994). High and sustained crop yield can be obtained with judicious and balanced NPK
fertilization combined with organic matter amendments (Osundare, 2004). Chicken
manure was the most influential organic manure in plant height, yield, number of branch
root length shoot weight root weight , dry shoot, weight and dry weight of leave was the
composed mixed had the least influential in the growth stage of the studied tomato
varieties (International Letters of Natural Science Vol. 53 3). Bio fertilizer can enhance
absorbed of nitrogen by plant and can promote maximum no. of leaves (Ramakrrishnan t
al.,2012). Sakimin et al. also state that higher plant height was observed in plant treated
with FFJ bamboo shoot at vegetative stage & FFJ pineapples at flowering & fruiting
stage on 3 & 5 WAT.