The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime.

It is characterized by relatively
high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects
to the climate of the countries of Central America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall,
which are discussed hereunder, are the most important elements of the country's
weather and climate.

TEMPERATURE

Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean
annual temperature is 26.6o C. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature
of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3oC.
Latitude is an insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows
greater contrast in temperature. Thus, the mean annual temperature of Baguio with an
elevation of 1,500 meters is 18.3oC. This makes the temperature of Baguio comparable
with those in the temperate climate and because of this, it is known as the summer capital
of the Philippines.

The difference between the mean annual temperature of the southernmost station in
Zamboanga and that of the northernmost station in Laoag is insignificant. In other words,
there is essentially no difference in the mean annual temperature of places in Luzon,
Visayas or Mindanao measured at or near sea level.

HUMIDITY

Humidity refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere. Due to high temperature and
the surrounding bodies of water, the Philippines has a high relative humidity. The average
monthly relative humidity varies between 71 percent in March and 85 percent in
September. The combination of warm temperature and high relative and absolute
humidities give rise to high sensible temperature throughout the archipelago. It is
especially uncomfortable during March to May, when temperature and humidity attain
their maximum levels.

RAINFALL

Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution
throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of
the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems.

The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually.
Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall

1|Page
while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos
City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters.

THE SEASONS

Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country can be divided into two
major seasons: (1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season, from
December to May. The dry season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry season,
from December to February; and (b) the hot dry season, from March to May.

CLIMATE TYPES

Based on the distribution of rainfall, four climate types are recognized, which are described
as follows:

Typhoons have a great influence on the climate and weather conditions of the Philippines.
A great portion of the rainfall, humidity and cloudiness are due to the influence of
typhoons. They generally originate in the region of the Marianas and Caroline Islands of the
Pacific Ocean which have the same latitudinal location as Mindanao. Their movements

2|Page
follow a northwesterly direction, sparing Mindanao from being directly hit by majorty of
the typhoons that cross the country. This makes the southern Philippines very desirable for
agriculture and industrial development.

CLIMATE PROJECTIONS
Projections on seasonal temperature increase and rainfall change, and total frequency of
extreme events nationally and in the provinces using the mid-range scenario outputs are
presented in this chapter. A comparison of these values with the high- and low- range scenarios
in 2020 and 2050 is provided in the technical annexes.

It is to be noted that all the projected changes are relative to the baseline (1971-2000) climate.
For example, a projected 1.0 C-increase in 2020 in a province means that 1.0 C is added to the
baseline mean temperature value of the province as indicated in the table to arrive at the value
of projected mean temperature. Therefore, if the baseline mean temperature is 27.8 C, then the
projected mean temperature in the future is (27.8 C + 1.0 C) or 28.8 C.

In a similar manner, for say, a +25%-rainfall change in a province, it means that 25% of the

3|Page
seasonal mean rainfall value in the said province (from table of baseline climate) is added to the
mean value. Thus, if the baseline seasonal rainfall is 900mm, then projected rainfall in the future
is 900mm + 225mm or 1125mm.

This means that we are already experiencing some of the climate change shown in the findings
under the mid-range scenario, as we are now into the second decade of the century.
Classification of climate used the Corona's four climate types (Types I to IV), based on monthly
rainfall received during the year. A province is considered to have Type I climate if there is a
distinct dry and a wet season; wet from June to November and dry, the rest of the year. Type II
climate is when there is no dry period at all throughout the year, with a pronounced wet season
from November to February. On the other hand, Type III climate is when there is a short dry
season, usually from February to April, and Type IV climate is when the rainfall is almost evenly
distributed during the whole year. The climate classification in the Philippines is shown in
Fig.16.

4|Page
Philippines Weather & Climate
The Philippines have a tropical maritime climate, meaning the weather is generally hot and quite
humid. The region really only experiences three seasons, a hot dry summer between March and May
known as tag-init, a wet season between June and November known as tag-ulan and a coller dry
season between December and February known as tag-lamig. The Philippines weather patterns are
created by the prevailing winds of the southwest monsoon (known as the habagat) from May to
October and the northeast monsoon (known as the amihan) from November to early May.

Average temperatures in the Philippines usually range between 21 °C (70 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F) with
the average yearly temperature coming in at around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Temperatures can fluctuate
between regions and depending on the season, however generally January is the coolest month
while May is the warmest. The Philippines are also affected by typhoons, also known as bagyo, which
occur between June and November. Really only affecting the Visayas, Cebu is the only tourist
destination that is impacted by these conditions however, typhoons can result in significant damage
in these areas or heavy rain across the rest of the country.

Aside from typhoon season when the weather can be wet and unpredictable, there really is no bad
time to visit the Philippines. The best time to visit the Philippines weather-wise is from January to
May however unsurprisingly this is also the peak tourist season. There are plenty of beautiful places
to escape in the Philippines where you won't have to compete with tourist crowds if you don't want
to however if you don't mind a little rain during your stay, the low season from June to September is
a good time to visit as it is considered the 'rainy' season, although some areas don't experience rain
during this time This is a good option is you are looking to save money or visit when things are less
busy.

5|Page
6|Page
 WEATHER OR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The Philippines is located in the tropics and the weather and climate prevailing in any particular
place in the country is due to its geographical location and the different wind systems that
prevail in the locality during the different times of the year.

When we speak of weather, it refers to the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time.
Weather is thought of in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness,
visibility and wind on a certain day or hour. All these climatic elements are closely associated
with each other.

On the other hand, when we speak of climate, we simply refer to the long-term records of
weather such as long-term average conditions of weather elements, the greatest amount of
rainfall or sunshine as the case may be.

The prevailing wind systems in the Philippines are as follows:

1. Northeast (NE) monsoon - from November to February

2. Southwest (SW) monsoon - from July to September
3. Trade winds - winds in the tropics. They generally come from the east. The trade winds
prevail during the rest of the year whenever NE monsoons are weak.

The typhoon season is usually from the month of July to November. Most often typhoons touch
the islands between the southern tip of Samar and Northern Luzon. Approximately 15 per cent
of typhoons strike areas south of Samar. The least frequently visited is Southern Mindanao.
Northern Luzon is visited by approximately 35 per cent of typhoons, Central Luzon by 20 per
cent while Southern Luzon and the Central and Northern Islands by approximately 30 per cent.
Climate in the Philippines has been described in terms of the characteristics of the distribution of
rainfall received in a locality during the different months of the year. There are four climatic
types in the Philippines based on rainfall distribution. It will be noted that most differences in
climatic types from North to South are due to mountain barriers which are high enough to cause
variations in rainfall distribution. The different climatic types are as follows:

7|Page
Type I - There are two pronounced seasons: dry, from November to April; wet, during the rest of
the year. The localities of this type are protected from the Northwest (NW) monsoon; some are
protected from the trade winds by mountain ranges. However, the controlling factor is
topography in those areas open only to the Southwest (SW) monsoon and cyclonic storms.

Average
temperature : 27.0°C

Average rainfall : 100.58

in.

Geographic coverage Exposure to Typhoons

(per cent)

Ilocos Norte 32

Ilocos Sur 32

Mt. Province (Western part) 32

Abra 32

La Union 32

Pangasinan 32

Tarlac 16

Nueva Ecija 16

Zambales 16

Pampanga 16

Bulacan 16

Bataan 16

Manila 16

Rizal 16

Laguna 16

Cavite 16

Batangas 16

Mindoro Occidental 19

Antique 19 b; 7 c

Iloilo 19 b; 7 c

8|Page
 Negros Occidental (western,
central and southern parts) 7

Type II - There is no dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period from November
to January. These regions are along or very near the eastern coast which are sheltered neither
from the NE monsoon and the trade winds nor from cyclonic storms.

Average temperature : 26.8°C

Average rainfall : 129.08 in.

Geographic Coverage Exposure to Typhoons

(per cent)

Quezon (a great portion of eastern part) 16

Camarines Norte (eastern and northern parts) 16

Camarines Sur (eastern and northern parts) 19

Albay (eastern part) 19

Catanduanes 16

Sorsogon 19

Samar 19

Leyte del Norte (eastern part) 19

Leyte del Sur (eastern part) 7

Surigao del Norte 7

Surigao del Sur 7

Agusan del Sur 7

Davao (eastern part) 1

9|Page
Type III - Seasons are not very pronounced; relatively dry from November to April and wet
during the rest of the year. The maximum rain periods are not very pronounced, with the short
dry season lasting only from one to three months. These localities are only partly sheltered from
the northeast monsoon and trade winds and open to the Southwest monsoon or at least to
frequent cyclonic storms.

Average temperature : 27.2°C

Average rainfall : 77.26 in.

Geographic Coverage Exposure to Typhoons

(per cent)

Cagayan (western part) 32

Isabela (western part) 32

Mt. Province (eastern part) 32

Nueva Vizcaya (western part) 32

Quezon (small portions of southern part) 16

Romblon 18

Masbate 19

Aklan 19

Capiz 19

Negros Occidental (northern part) 7

Negros Oriental 7

Cebu (central and southern parts) 7

Bohol (northern parts) 7

Palawan (eastern part) 7

Misamis Oriental 7

Bukidnon (northern part) 7

Zamboanga del Norte (southern part) 1

Zamboanga del Sur (southern part) 1

10 | P a g e
Type IV - Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.

Average temperature : 26.8°C

Average rainfall : 101.84 in.

Exposure to Typhoons
Geographic Coverage
(per cent)

Batanes 25

Cagayan (eastern part) 33

Isabela (eastern part) 32

Nueva Vizcaya (eastern part) 32

Quezon (northern part, a small portion

of eastern part, and southwestern part) 32 b; 16 d

Camarines Norte (southern & western parts) 16 ; 19 e

Camarines Sur (southern & western parts) 16

Albay (western part) 16

Marinduque 19

Mindoro Oriental 19

Leyte del Norte (western part) 19

Leyte del Sur (western part) 7

Cebu (northern part) 7

Zamboanga del Norte (northern part) 7

Zamboanga del Sur (northern part) 1

Misamis Occidental 7

Bukidnon (southern part) 1

Lanao del Norte 7

Lanao del Sur 1

Cotabato 1

Davao (western part) 1

Basilan 1

11 | P a g e
Sulu 1

Legend:

a - per cent of typhoons to which province is exposed

b - northern part
c - southwestern part
d - southern part
e - small portion of eastern part

12 | P a g e
 Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Manila,
Luzon, Philippines
 Sunlight hours in Manila, Luzon range between 4:17 each day
in September and 8:36 for every day in April
 The longest day of the year is 12:51 long and the shortest day
is 11:08 long.
 The longest day is 1:43 longer than the shortest day.
 There is an average of 2105 hours of sunlight per year (of a
possible 4383) with an average of 5:45 of sunlight per day.
 It is sunny 48% of daylight hours. The remaining 52% of
daylight hours are likely cloudy or with shade, haze or low sun
intensity.
 At midday the sun is on average 72.3° above the horizon at
Manila, Luzon.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Average
Sunlight
05:42 07:00 07:17 08:36 07:11 05:24 04:17 04:17 04:24 05:05 05:06 04:54 05:45
Hours/
Day

Average
Daylight
Hours & 11:21 11:38 12:01 12:26 12:47 12:57 12:53 12:35 12:11 11:46 11:25 11:16 12:00
Minutes/
Day

Sunny &
(Cloudy) 51 61 61 70 57 42 34 34 36 44 45 44
48 (52)
Daylight (49) (39) (39) (30) (43) (58) (66) (66) (64) (56) (55) (56)
Hours (%)

Sun
altitude at
solar
55.4 64.6 75.5 87.2 84.4 81.1 83.9 87.4 76.1 64.5 55.4 52 72.3
noon on
the 21st
day (°).

13 | P a g e
Average length of daylight in Manila

sunshine duration twilight phase

Sunrise and sunset in the most important cities of

the Philippines
The cities are ordered by their geographic position from east to west, so in an approximate direction of
the sun course. Since the orbit of the sun is elliptical, sunrise or sunset never happen on a whole
longitude at the same time. All data given for September 14th., localtime in the Philippines

City Sunrise Sunset Hours of daylight

Davao 05:26 am 05:38 pm 12:12 hours

General Santos 05:28 am 05:40 pm 12:12 hours

Cagayan de Oro 05:30 am 05:43 pm 12:13 hours

Lapu-Lapu City 05:32 am 05:46 pm 12:14 hours

Cebu City 05:33 am 05:46 pm 12:14 hours

Bacolod City 05:36 am 05:50 pm 12:14 hours

Iloilo 05:38 am 05:52 pm 12:14 hours

Zamboanga 05:41 am 05:53 pm 12:12 hours

14 | P a g e
Calamba 05:43 am 05:58 pm 12:15 hours

Antipolo 05:43 am 05:58 pm 12:16 hours

Taguig 05:43 am 05:58 pm 12:16 hours

Pasig City 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Quezon City 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

San Jose del Monte 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Mandaluyong City 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Makati City 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Manila 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Dasmariñas 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Bacoor 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

Angeles City 05:45 am 06:01 pm 12:16 hours

Sunrise and sunset by month (Manila)

Month Sunrise Sunset Hours of daylight

January 06:23 am 05:47 pm 11:23 hours

February 06:19 am 06:01 pm 11:42 hours

March 06:02 am 06:07 pm 12:04 hours

April 05:41 am 06:11 pm 12:30 hours

Mai 05:27 am 06:17 pm 12:50 hours

June 05:25 am 06:27 pm 13:01 hours

July 05:33 am 06:30 pm 12:57 hours

15 | P a g e
August 05:40 am 06:20 pm 12:40 hours

September 05:43 am 05:59 pm 12:16 hours

October 05:46 am 05:37 pm 11:52 hours

November 05:55 am 05:25 pm 11:30 hours

December 06:11 am 05:30 pm 11:19 hours

International cities for comparison

City Sunrise Sunset Hours of daylight

Berlin (Germany) 06:36 am 07:27 pm 12:50 hours

New York (USA) 06:34 am 07:08 pm 12:35 hours

Sydney (Australia) 05:53 am 05:47 pm 11:53 hours

Moscow (Russia) 05:57 am 06:53 pm 12:56 hours

Shanghai (China) 05:36 am 06:02 pm 12:26 hours

Helsinki (Finland) 06:42 am 07:48 pm 13:06 hours

16 | P a g e
17 | P a g e
18 | P a g e
19 | P a g e
20 | P a g e
21 | P a g e
REFERENCES:

https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/27-climatology-and-
agrometeorology?fbclid=IwAR0jLRKziMjSMq7Gh-
htwjjGcB3DVOwZu9qL3ffYbbv1vdPX9gpallIQuok#extreme-rainfall-events

http://www.manila.climatemps.com/sunlight.php?fbclid=IwAR1u1iv4HILmj2YNWsxsdzdCptY
aODFXIAZmykcNV2SD1UvxGvbci1HiY1E

https://www.worlddata.info/asia/philippines/sunset.php?fbclid=IwAR1QnSPAllRnZofTxuJxchV
6uIqpvz-h2FHCjkBotUKpkT9F7HH6xVOgsfg

https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/philippines/manila-
climate?fbclid=IwAR3klHdFLBmsmnB7BtZGA3-Ntc2SPqZPUsvtl2Fx69_qaRU5GKgh-
EZPHmE

https://www.travelonline.com/philippines/weather.html?fbclid=IwAR0jjhCZu8br_g5gm7oiZeFo
tRtJUoTtKx2HskTKwl2PwUSbsFUduMIyJ5w

http://www.fao.org/3/AC061E/AC061E16.htm

22 | P a g e