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Steve C. Thompson John G. Proakis James R. Zeidler
Center for Wireless Communications
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093-0407
sct @ucsd.edu
Angle Modularor
ABSTRACT : _. ~
?.,.'~..-.: 1
*%~@koi, Power Amplifier
Data OFDM - -,, ~ .$ .
In this paper a new approach is presented to alleviate the t t
undesirable efects due to the high peak-to-average power High PAPR 0 dB PAPR
ratio of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. A class
Fig. 1. Standard OFDM with transformation (shaded)
siRnalinR called OFDM angle modulation is presented.
of~.
These constant envelope OFDM based sinnals - guarantee
a OdB PAPR thus are well suited for eficient nonlinear
[IO]. Pre-distortion techniques such as clipping and filtering,
power amplification. This paper focuses on binary OFDM
peak windowing, and peak cancellation have been studied
'
621
6
Ea
-
3
.- 0 9"
-
e
F$ -2 t,
4
20
10
-8
0- ~
-'OO 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 08 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.S OS 0.1 08 0.9 1
normflied lime: I I T n O M l i k J time: f I T
where A, is a gain constant, N is the number of subcarriers, where h, is the modulation index for OFDM-PM. Since $ ( t )
T is the signaling interval, and data symbol dk modulates the is required to be real-valued the real part of the OFDM
k" subcarrier eJ2*/'. The data symbols are chosen from a message signal is used in (3) and (4).
complex set defined by an M-point signal constellation such
as PSK or QAM. The real and imaginary parts of v(f) are In these definitions the complex-valued OFDM baseband
N-1 waveform (1) is used. Typically this signal is computed
%[v(t)] = A Y %[dk]COS2nkt/T -3[dk] sin2nkrlT in discrete-time by applying the discrete Fourier tsansform
k=O
(DFT) to the complex-valued data symbols. Alternately, since
and a real-valued signal is needed for @(I), the discrete cosine
N-1 transform (DCT) could be used to calculate an OFDM
3[v(t)] =A, 9[dk]cos2nkf/T+R[dk]sin2nkt/T waveform with 2N PAM data symbols modulating cosines
k=O separated by 1/2T Hz [IS]. Either approach has the same
bandwidth requirement.
Figure 2 illustrates the large dynamic range of the OFDM
signal. Random phase alignment of the subcarriers results
in large signal peaks. Figure 3 plots the squared envelope, IV. BINARYOFDM PHASE MODULATION
% [ v ( r ) ] * + 3 [ ~ ( r ) ]with
~ , the peak and average signal powers.
For this example the peak-to-average power ratio is more than A special case of OFDM angle modulation uses phase
6dB. modulation with binary data symbols resulting in the binary
OFDM-PM bandpass signal
111. OFDM ANGLEMODULATION
622
Ha PAPR WB PAPR
Fig. 4. (a) Binary OFDM message signal and (b) the resulting OFDM-PM
signal. N = 16. h, = 0.8. / c = 20/T Fig. 5 . Block diagram of OFDM-PM receiver
623
The power spectral density of (15) is a function of n,(t) and 2 ) OFDM Receiver: From (20) the zero mean additive
n , ( f ) which depend on the bandpass filter H,(f).Choosing Gaussian noise is flat over the OFDM message frequency
the ideal filter to be band thus appears white. The OFDM receiver block correlates
the noisy input with the N subcarriers in parallel. The AID
converter samples z ( t ) at N equally spaced time instances
over 0 2 r <_ T ,
=~ ~ 1 ~ d ~ c o s 2 ~ i / N ~ c o s 2 (24)
n l i / N
i=O k-0
z ( t ) =m(r)+Z,(t) (19) The zero mean Gaussian noise term, NI, has variance
x [cos(Znl(iz -il)/N)
+ cos(Znl(i*+ i,)/N)]
N
W =a-
T
624
where a 2 1. For integer values of a,(25) simplifies to
I N-I
E [N:] = Rz"(0) [I +cos(4di/N)]
,=O
WNo N-'
= 22 1 +cos(4nli/N) (27)
i=o
C. Resulis and Discussion Constant envelope binary OFDM phase modulated is pre-
sented and analyzed in the additive white Gaussian noise
Figure 7 shows binary OFDM-PM performance curves for channel with a proposed receiver. Rough bandwidth require-
various modulation indices. A comparison is made to standard ments are predicted using the Carson's rule and the root-
binary OFDM. The OFDM system performances curve is that mean-square bandwidth for Gaussian angle modulated pro-
cesses. In studying the AWGN performance a high carrier-
, therefore the O B 0 is assumed
to-noise ratio assumption (CNR > IOdB) is made to linearize
power amplifier saturation. the analysis. Ideal filters are assumed in the receiver front-
The OFDM-PM curves are also idealized since a from (26)
end. Estimates are made on the transmitted data symbols with
is set to unity and the filters from Fig. 5 are assumed to be the use of the discrete Fourier transform.
ideal as exnressed in (16) . , The OFDM-PM svstem
. , and (18).
performance curves account for 6dB less hackoff than the The modulation index controls the spectral spreading and
OFDM system, or equivalently, the OFDM-PM system has a detection performance of OF'DM-PM. Improved hit-error-
6dB power gain over the OFDM system. rate performance is seen with increased modulation index at
625
fixed transmission power. Performance comparisons to ideal ond Sysienis II: Analog ond Digilnl Signal Processing. vol. 46, no. I I ,
binary OFDM are made with a 6dB output power backoff pp. 1329-1336, 1999.
1151
. . 1. Tan and G. L. Stuber, "Constant Envelope Multi-Carrier Modula-
differential. Comparable BER performance i s observed with tion:' in Proceedings of IEEE Milirory Contrnunicarionr Conference.
improved utilization of the power amplifier at the cost of vol. I, (Anaheim), pp. 6 0 7 4 1 1, Oct. ZWZ.
spectral efficiency. [I61 R. Zeirner and W. Tranter, Principles of Comnzunicorionr: Syslenu,
Modulorion, and Noise. Wiley, 4* ed., 1995.
[I71 I. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Conintunicorion Systems Engineering.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Prentice-Hall, 1994.
[I81 1. 1. Downing, Modulation Syrrenis and Noire. Prentice-Hall, 1964.
[I91 1. G. Proakis. Digirol Cornmunicotionr. McGraw-Hill, 4Ih ed., ZWI.
The authors want to thank Professor Ray Pettit from Cal-
ifornia State University, Northridge and Dr. Richard North
from SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego. Also, thanks to
Mike Geile from Nova Engineering (Cincinnati, OH) for his
creative ideas at the genesis of this research.
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