CE Thesis

THREE STOREY COMMERCIAL E-BUILDING 14
Unit I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Lucena City is known as the Queen City of South Luzon and Entertainment
Capital of Southern Luzon which indicates that this highly urbanized city of
Quezon Province is a growing city full of potential. It has lots of room for growth
because besides of its highly urbanized classification, it also has a large area of rice
fields and vacant lands and it serves as a channel from NCR all the way to the
southern part of the Philippines which makes its accessible to all kinds of trades.
The Eco-tourism road on the north-west side of Lucena City recently opened. This
road extends from San Juan City to Lucena City that passes through the towns of
Candelaria and Sariaya. This new road proves that Lucena City is entitled for being
the Gateway to the South.
As a Gateway to the South, Lucena is required to develop a project to attract
tourist and help suffice on its developing phase. The city doesn’t specialize on
tourist’s attraction, this project will be the first to emerge with the collaboration as
a tourist attraction while attending to the need of the guests, which according to the
city government, it’s what the city offers most. According to data of Department of
Labour and Employment (DOLE) and CBMS Census 2012, 62,419 are unemployed
in the province of Quezon and 2034 of these are from the city of Lucena. As
challenged researchers, this project was formulated to serve the necessary needs of
a developing city without harming the environment.
Development cannot be stopped but can embrace. Development is
associated with destruction of environment that contributes to the global warming.

Hence, this project is proposed. This project is situated along the New Diversion
Road which will be soon commercialized for it will be the new location of City
Hall, and it will contain the basic principles of building and structural design that
will be incorporated to the design of an eco-friendly building. This will also offer
the locals of the city a new job and ways to put their investments in. And it will also
feature a new innovative design to attract people from all corners of the Philippines.
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to create a sustainable design of a building and develop
the land area located at Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City and to achieve the following
objectives:
1. To design a three-storey reinforced concrete commercial E-building
along diversion road, Lucena City;
2. To develop the complete plans and details of the proposed three-storey
reinforced concrete commercial building in Lucena City;
3. To prepare the technical specifications, program of works, bill of
materials and cost estimates for the design of three-storey reinforced
concrete commercial building in Lucena City; and
4. To evaluate the cost, safety and environmental impact of the building.
Significance of the Study

The goal of this study will benefit the unemployed citizens of Lucena,
tourists, entrepreneurs and Lucena City itself.
This building will offer a number of spaces that were opened to
accommodate local entrepreneurs. In return, they will create jobs for the
unemployed citizens
This project also aims to showcase the development of the city through the
new and unique design of the building that will be the first in Lucena City. It
introduced a fresh vibe with a modern look . This project serves as a landmark of
the city.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This project study focused on the possible benefits of the design of three -
storey reinforced concrete commercial building that has incorporated some features
of a sustainable building located inside a leisure park with a man-made lagoon,
bicycle lanes, water treatment facility and a large area of landscape that was situated
at Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City.
The study covered the management, planning, aesthetic, functionality,
safety, economic aspects, tourism and the current condition of the location of the
proposed project.
The study however, has covered only the architectural & structural plans,
billing of materials, soil classification & investigation, structural analysis, technical
specification, cost estimates and program of works.
The study revolved around the design of three – storey commercial building
with rooftop garden which followed the standard regulations & requirements of the
National Building Code of the Philippines, National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP Sixth edition 2010), American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11)
and existing laws and regulations of the city engineering of Lucena City. The USD
(Ultimate Strength Design) was used in the structural analysis and computation.
Conceptual Framework
The project study’s conceptual framework presented the procedures and
processes that were used along the way and were significant to the accomplishment
of the study. This summarized the project’s complete and understandable concept.
This project provided features adhering to the safety, economical significance,
aesthetic requirements and provides benefits for both the community and
environment.
To fully understand the concept of the design of a sustainable green
building, identifying the design objectives and current condition of the site location
for the proposed study were done. Various types of researches were conducted as
part of the data gathering process which included relevant information on the land,
green building design, Leisure Park and tourism.
Various references were used as basis for theories, concepts, technical
specification and technical data/formula for the study. American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is used as a reference in
soil classification system for the site investigation process. In order to determine
the different type for structural computations of loads of the building such as live,
dead and wind loads and as well as the seismic load, National Structural Code of
the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 6th Edition was used as reference. For the technical
specifications of plans and drawings, the standard specifications under the National
Building Code of the Philippines were used as guide. Theories used for the
computation of the structural members are based on Ultimate Strength Design
(USD) concepts. And to assure that the
structure can withstand any form of external forces, the standards of American
Concrete Institute (ACI) were consulted by the researchers.
INPUT
PROCESS
 Existing Site Situation  Data Gathering and

 Soil Classification Analysis
 Technical Specification
 American Association of  Design of Commercial
State Highway and Building
OUTPUT
“A Design of a Three Storey Commercial E-

Building
Along Diversion Road, Lucena City"
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Paradigm
Definition of Terms
E- Building. An environmentally friendly reinforced concrete building with
eco-friendly features like rooftop garden inside a leisure park.

Commercial building. A building that is used for commercial purposes like
food stall, offices, warehouses, retail and others.
Leisure Park. A place where you can spend your free time to enjoy and relax.
Man-made lagoon. An artificial lagoon which is constructed by man with a
purpose of additional tourist attraction and habitat for various species of fish.
Reinforced concrete. Concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded
to increase its tensile strength.
Rooftop garden. A roof of a building that is covered or partially covered with
plants or vegetation.
Green building. A building with a sustainable design.
Acronyms
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
ACI American Concrete Institute
USD Ultimate Strength Design
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique
CPM Critical Path Method
CAD Computer Aided Drafting
CHB Concrete Hollow Block
RSB Reinforced Steel Bar

DPWH Department of Public Works and Highway
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Unit II
Review of related studies and literature

The review of related studies and literature is presented in this chapter. This
chapter aims to determine the similarities and differences of the past studies. It is
important to the researcher for having initial reading of some books, journals,
magazines, online articles and research works to the proposed project study that
will be investigate. It is provided the necessary information about the design of
structure and type of work to be done.
Tourism. The tourism industry generates substantial economic benefits to both
host countries and tourist’s home countries. Especially in developing countries, one
of the primary motivations for a region to promote itself as a tourism destination is
the expected economic improvement. According to the World Tourism
Organization, 698 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2000, spending
more US$ 478 billion. International tourism receipts combined with passenger
transport currently total more than US$ 575 billion - making tourism the world’s
number one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and
food. For Philippine economy, tourism is an important sector because in 2015, the
travel and tourism industry contributed 10.6% to the country's GDP.
Tourist attractions can: (1) Contribute to government revenues, direct contributions
are generated by taxes on incomes from tourism employment and tourism
businesses, and by direct levies on tourists such as departure taxes. (2) Provide
employment. (3) Stimulate infrastructure investment. (4) Contribute to local
economies. (5) Provide foreign exchange earnings. (6) Infrastructures.

Leisure Park or Urban Park. Leisure Park is a delineated open space areas of
natural, semi-natural, or planted space set aside for human enjoyment. It also
provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government.
It may consist of grassy areas, rocks, soil, and trees, but may also contain buildings
and other artifacts such as monuments, fountains or playground structures.
Benefits of Urban Park. The benefits of urban parks go far beyond their role in
contributing to a healthy environment and acting as a hub for local communities.
Green space can help increase property values, while also attracting and retaining
businesses to an area. But as demand for land increases, it becomes more and more
difficult to create new public areas. By including parkland in a project, developers
can also add value and increase a buildings control appeal. Parks are a highly
pursued after attribute for potential homebuyers, and can increase the price of
surrounding real estate. The environmental and human health benefits are important
reasons to integrate more.
Nature and green spaces contribute also directly to public health by reducing
stress and mental disorders, increasing the effect of physical activity, reducing
health inequalities, and increasing perception of life quality and self-reported
general health. Indirect health effects are conveyed by providing arenas and
opportunities for physical activity, increasing satisfaction of living environment
and social interactions, and by different modes of recreation.
Green Building. Based on Sara Soliven de Guzman, she noticed that Philippines
didn’t consider having standards for green building and the benefits it can give to
the country and to the owners. Last year Senator Bongbong Marcos submitted the
Senate Bill No. 3251 Green Building Act which aims to adapt the international
standards for green building which is a very relevant issue nowadays due to the
deterioration of Earth’s ozone layer that is caused by negligence and lack of
consideration to the environment. She also admired the Quezon City’s Green
Building Ordinance that has strict requirements on building construction that
should be complied by the owners, builders and contractors.
Soliven’s opinion and ideals is mostly alike to our research. This study aims
to comply with the standards of a green building. Construct a useful building for its
surrounding community but leaves no trace of damage to the environment and to
renew its life and biodiversity.
The article written by Ludwig Ritchel A. Kambasal features ‘Mind
Museum’ that is a LEED Gold Certified ‘Green Museum’ because it has self-
sustaining features that passed the standards of a green building design. Its
architectural design presents a slanted exterior wall to minimize the entry of
sunlight and curved roof for more efficient rain water collection. And on its
construction aesthetics and features, its showcases a reinforced concrete columns
that are inclined to about 30 to 50 degrees. The interior walls are also environment
friendly because rice husk was incorporated to the cement mixture. For low
maintenance cost, leak proof and for heat insulation, they used aluminum composite
panels on external walls. And for the roof garden which helps to insulate the
building from outdoor heat, carnation plants are planted and maintained there
because according to them carnation plants are capable of regenerating that’s why
it can survive heat. And with the curve roof, the building can efficiently collect rain
water and use it in toilets.
The eco-friendly parts of the Mind Museum that are featured on the article
written by Kambasal has provided us with ideas that can be used in the study to
successfully plan a green building design to save cost and minimize the disturbance
to the environment. The energy efficiency is vital part of the study because it will
sustain the building, lower the cost of maintenance and reduce the carbon
footprints.
Sustainable Design. Montoya published an article that presents the processes in
designing, planning and construction of a green building and its benefits. According
to him, a sustainable design considers the building’s holistic implication, from
planning until the deconstruction of the building at the end. Planning is a critical
part of the design because it needs to consider its impact to the surrounding
community, open spaces, ecosystem, plants, animals, air quality and natural
resources. The health and well-being of the occupants shall also be considered. A
sustainable design should focus on environmental impacts. The choice of system to
generate power and ventilate the building has an impact on the building’s
environmental image. The design should also develop community involvement by
encouraging people to switch into a healthier lifestyle and to enhance their quality
of life. An example is by reducing the vehicular traffic, which contributes to air
pollution and prevent the interaction of people with each other that causes disorder
or chaos, by replacing roads with natural walking paths and outdoor spaces where
people can interact with each other and it will limit the emissions of carbon from
cars. According to Montaya’s research, a study shows that the average person
spends 90% of his/her time indoors and has a little exposure to sunlight. He also
state that lack of exposure to sunlight can cause ailments and disorders such as
depressions. Sustainable design enhances the person’s exposure to sunlight,
comfortable space and outdoor views that will improve the quality of life.
Maximizing the use of natural resources in construction is critical in the
preservation of the health of the planet. Sustainable design consider the reduction
of harvested natural products for building materials by reusing and recycling s
usable scraps in order to decrease the demand for new materials that has a strong
impact on the environment.
Cost. According to Montoya, investors and building owners often assume that
incorporating a green building design will increase a project’s cost but it has been
tested and proven wrong. Fundamentals of green building can be applied without
increasing the cost and similar to the traditional building. Investors believed that
green building design has only short-term benefits to the environment and
community. Sustainable design may require the builder for a higher initial
investment for ventilation but it will lower the overall project cost due to the
decrease heating and low energy consumption with is a long-term benefit to the
owner and occupants.
Green Roof. According to Jennifer Gray's article entitled "A Green Roof", the
method of planting on roofs are used for thousands of years, it was only 50years
when it evolved into green roofs. The modern green roof has two types: Intensive
Living Roof which consists of plants from between 1 to 15 ft. high, including the
shrubs and trees which requires a deep level of soil and has added load to the roof
support. This type is not suitable for domestic buildings. And the other type is
Extensive Living Roof which is most recommended for any kind of roof, including
sheds, garages, houses, balconies and also commercial building because it is a low
maintenance than the preceding type. Low-lying plants from 2 to 6 inches high are
used which requires a few inches of soil those kinds are short perennials,
wildflowers and succulents. There are several benefits of green roof to social,
economic and environment such as increasing energy efficiency, filtering and
cleaning toxins from both air and water, reducing carbon dioxide emissions,
retaining rainwater before it evaporates, reducing the likelihood of flooding,
reducing urban temperatures and associated smog, insulating against sound and
noise, preserving and enhancing biodiversity, providing aesthetic appeal and ‘green
space’ recreational opportunities and reducing the waste product by recycling of
materials.
Jennifer Gray’s article provides the study some important information that
is helpful to the development of the study. Especially the category of the green roof
that is more suitable to the building. She also includes the variety of plants that
must be used on the construction. She also proved the benefits of the this
construction to social, economic and environmental aspects.
Plants. Inhabitat.com recommends the different kinds of plants what will be able
to handle the conditions such as intense heat, cold, wind and drought that some
plants may not be able to handle or some may need an extreme attention and high
maintenance work in order to grow on top of the roof. These four general categories
of green roof plants are: Succulents plants like Sedum, Sempervivum, Delosperm
and Aenoium arboreum , are those plants that grew on dry places such as deserts,
these plants can survive even with less water that let it sustain its life. Grasses that
grow near the ocean and on cliff-side are also advisable for rooftop garden because
it will only require a small amount of soil such as Armeria maritima and Carex
nigra. Wildflowers are also good to use because this kind of plants is no stranger
to harsh weather conditions and thin soil. And the last category are the Aromatic
herbs because these plants live in dry and rocky places which is why it is a good
candidate for rooftop garden.
Due to harsh condition, thin soil and low maintenance of rooftop gardens,
the plants that must be used should be able to survive the weather and conditions in
order to maintain a low cost maintenance. To summarize the requirements for an
ideal rooftop garden plant, it should be low-maintenance, must be able to survive
in intense heat, can survive in a thin soil, should not grow in a large scale and should
live even with small amount of water. And even though this feature of the building
requires a great amount of effort in planning and execution it is beneficial to the
environment and community.
Rise Husks. According to the study and tests conducted by Tomas U. Ganiron Jr.
on “Effects of Rice Husk as Substitute for Fine Aggregate in Concrete Mixture”. It
states that besides reducing the environmental polluter’s factors, rice husks as
substitute to fine aggregates may bring several improvements for the concrete
characteristics. Water absorption on mixture is one factor that affects the quality of
the concrete and it is verified that by replacing fine aggregate with rice husk a
decrease in water absorption is attained. And with some tests, it concludes that rice
husks are applicable to concrete for interior concrete wall. However, the application
is only intended to non-entrained placement because the wet weather because
deterioration of husks that affect the stability of the concrete.
Ganiron’s conclusion is vital to our study because one of our objectives is
to develop a method to reduce the impact of modern construction to the
environment. With the use of rice husk, we can reduce the waste product from mills
and use it as substitute to other materials that are also being taken from nature.
Another advantage of this is that Quezon Province provides a large amount of rice
husks as waste product, therefor there will be a reduction on transportation or
carbon footprints due to transportation of materials won’t require to be imported
from the source.
Commercial Building. According to the Architectural Engineering and Design
Management (2009), the structure should be safe and enhance the aesthetic needed
in the design and construction of the building. The characters of the structure the
natures of their functions, use or occupancy and should reflect their identity as
public structures compatible with their total environment. Use of indigenous
materials which is locally manufactured should be maximized, natural light and
ventilation by means of proper orientation, cross ventilation, convection and sun
control devices should be considered.
According to Merritt F. S. (2000), in the design of a building, engineers
should be guided by the following principles: (1) the building should be constructed
to serve purposes specified by the client. (2) The building should be capable of
withstanding the elements and normal usage for a period of time. (3) Operation of
the building should consume a minimum of energy while permitting the structure
to serve its purposes. (4) The building should provide the degree of shelter from the
elements and of control of the interior environment – air, temperature, humidity,
light, and acoustics – specified by the client and not less than the minimums
required for safety and health of the occupants. (5) The design should be
constructable by known techniques and available labor and equipment, within an
acceptable time. (6) The building should be constructed to minimize adverse impact
on the environment. (7) Both side and outside, the building should be visually
pleasing. (8) No part of the building should pose hazard to the safety or health of
its occupants under normal usage, and the building should provide for safe
evacuation or refuge in emergencies
Atterberg’s Limit Determination. Atterberg’s Limit Determination is one of the
Index Properties of soil that a generally used. This is the reason that clay exhibits
different behavior with the different amounts of moisture content. The Atterberg’s
Limit or consistency limits namely liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit
are useful in determining properties of soil. Atterberg’s Limit is very important to
our study because it help us to determine the consistency and the properties of soil
of our chosen location. We used this method in our soil investigation.
Liquid Limit. The liquid limit (LL) of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as
a percentage of the weight of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the liquid
and plastic states of consistency. The moisture content at this boundary is arbitrarily
defined as the water content at which two halves of a soil cake will flow together,
for a distance of ½ in. (12.7 mm) along the bottom of a groove of standard
dimensions separating the two halves, when the cup of a standard liquid limit
apparatus is dropped 25 times from a height of 0.3937 in. (10 mm) at the rate of
two drops/second. This is done by the following steps: (1) Adjust the liquid limit
device by means of the adjustment plate on the device and the gauge on the handle
of the grooving tool. Adjust so the center of the wear point on bottom of cup is
lifted exactly 1 cm above the base. Secure adjustment plate by tightening screws.
(2) Place approximately 100 grams of prepared soil in the evaporating dish and add
15 to 20 ml of water and mix water thoroughly with the soil. Then add sufficient
water and thoroughly mix to form a uniform mass of stiff consistency. (3) Place
mixture in the cup over the spot where the cup rests on the base and spread into
place with as few strokes as possible to a depth of 10 mm. (4) Take care to prevent
the entrapment of air bubbles within the mass. (5) Divide the soil in the cup with a
firm stroke of the grooving tool along the diameter through the centerline of the
cam follower. (6) Sand soils may require several strokes of the grooving tool to
make a satisfactory groove without tearing the soil. For these soils, increase the
depth of the groove gradually with each stroke and only the last stroke should
scrape the bottom of the cup. (7) Turn the crank to raise and drop the cup twice per
second until the two sides of the grooved sample come in contact at the bottom of
the groove for a distance of 12.5 mm. (8) Record the number of blows. (9) If the
number of blows is between 15 and 40, take a representative sample of the soil in
the cup for moisture content. (10) If the number of blows is outside the range of 15
to 40, transfer the soil from the cup to the evaporating dish. Adjust the moisture
content by mixing, with or without the addition of water and repeat the test until
the blows fall within the range of 15-40 blows. (11) Clean the cup of the liquid limit
device after each trial test. (12) Determine the moisture content by placing the
sample in a tared aluminum can and weighing. (13) Repeat the test and obtain a
second moisture sample. (14) Oven dry the samples at 110°C to a constant weight
and weigh after cooling. (15) Lastly, plot the flow curve and determine the liquid
limit by the formula given below. The liquid limit is expressed as the moisture
content in percentage of the oven-dry weight corresponding to 25 blows.
𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100
𝑊2
Where:
𝑊1 = Weight of wet soil sample
𝑊2 = Weight of oven dried soil
Plastic Limits. The plastic limit (PL) of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as
a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry soil, at the boundary between the plastic
and semisolid states of consistency. It is the moisture content at which a soil will
just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread ⅛ in. (3 mm) in diameter using a
ground glass plate or other acceptable surface. This is done by the following
procedure: (1) Place approximately 20 grams of the prepared soil in evaporating
dish and thoroughly mix with water until the mass becomes plastic enough to be
shaped into a ball. (2) Take approximately 8 to 12 grams of the moistened soil and
form into a uniform mass roughly elliptical in shape. (3) Roll the ball of soil by
hand on the rolling surface with just enough pressure to form an elongated thread
as rolling proceeds. (4) If the soil can be rolled to a thread 3 mm thick without
crumbling, amass it and re-roll it. (5) Repeat rolling and amassing until the soil
crumbles under slight pressure required for rolling. (6) Crumbling may occur when
the soil has a diameter greater than 3 mm, however, this is considered a satisfactory
end point, provided the soil has been previously rolled into a 3 mm thread. (7)
Gather portions of the crumbled soil and place in a tared aluminum can and weigh,
then oven dry at 110°C to a constant weight and weigh again after cooling. (8)
Record the difference between the wet and dry weights as the weight of moisture.
(9) Calculate the plastic limit by dividing the "weight of moisture" by the "dry
weight of sample" and multiply by 100.
𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝐵
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑥100
𝑊𝐵
Where:
𝑊𝐴 = Weight of wet soil thread
𝑊𝐵 = Weight of oven dried-crumbled soil thread
Plastic Index. The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The
PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL - PL).
Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those
with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.

Liquidity Index. The liquidity index (LI) is used for scaling the natural water
content of a soil sample to the limits. It can be calculated as a ratio of difference
between natural water content, plastic limit, and liquid limit: 𝐿𝐼 =

𝑊−𝑃𝐿
where: W = natural water content
𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿
Shrinkage Limit. The shrinkage limit is the water content of the soil when the
water is just sufficient to fill all the pores of the soil and the soil is just saturated.
The volume of the soil does not decrease when the water content is reduced below
the shrinkage limit.
Water Content. The determination of water content, unit weight and void ration is
an important requirement in laboratory test and is part of the test included in more
elaborate tests. Water content is an important measure in the compaction of soil. In
order that correct water content is obtain from a soil sample several sample at
different point must be taken. They are then mixed and the water content is thin
obtained from this soil sample. The unit weight is determined from representative
undisturbed sample. Container, triple beam balance, oven, desiccator, large knife
or wire saw, spatula, small metal can, graduated cylinder, and paraffin wax are the
tools needed to determine the water content of the soil. And the steps for doing this
procedure are: (1) Weigh the empty container. (2) Weigh the container and soil
sample. (3) Dry the container with the soil sample at a constant temperature
between 105°C to 110°C. (4) The drying time will depend upon the size and type
of soil (1-6hrs). (5) Remove the container and let it cool to room temperature. (6)
If the sample is to be weighed within 1hr cool it at a room temperature. (7) If the
sample is not to be weighed at once, it should be place in desiccators for cooling.
Equation 1. Steps in designing two-way slabs. Determine whether the slab
geometry and loading allow the use of the direct design method. Select slab
thickness to satisfy deflection and shear requirements. Such calculations require a
knowledge of the supporting beam or column dimensions A reasonable value of
such a dimension of columns or beams would be 8 to 15% of the average of the
long and short span dimensions namely (11 +l2)/2. For shear check, the critical
section is at a distance d/2 from the face of the support. Divide the structure into
equivalent design frames bound by centerlines of panels on each side of a line of
column. Compute the total statically factored moment, 𝑀 Wul2 lu2 . Select the
𝑂=
8
coefficient factors of the negative and positive moments of slab and calculate the
respective factored moments. Distribute the factored equivalent frame moments
from step 4 to the column and middle strips. Determine whether the trial slab
thickness chosen is adequate for moment- shear transfer in the case of flat plates at
the interior column junction computing that portion of the moment transferred by
shear and the properties of the critical shear section at distance d/2 from column
face. Design the flexural reinforcement to resist the factored moments in step 6.
Select the size and spacing of the reinforcement to fulfill the requirements for crack
control, bar development lengths, and shrinkage and temperature stresses.

Equation 2. Beam design. Step in the design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beam for Flexure: (1) Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads. (2)
Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows:
Small Beams: 2 kN/m
Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m Large-sized Beams:
7kN/m
Or Weight of Beam in kN/m = 24 kN/m3 x Beam are
in m2
Determine the maximum and minimum shear and moment of the continuous beam
through moment distribution method. Compute the factored load on different load
combinations (Example: factored Load = 1.2DL + 1.6 LL). Compute the factored
moment to be raised by the beam (Mu). Try the value of steel ratio ƿ from 0.7 ƿmax
to 0.8 ƿmax, but must not be less than ƿmin. This value of ƿ will provide enough
allowance in the actual value of ƿ due to rounding-off of the number of bars to be
used so that it will not exceed the maximum ƿ.
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ β600
Ƿb =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
β = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 28 MPa
0.05
β = 0.85 - (fc’-28) for fc’ ≥28 MPa
7
𝑝𝑓𝑦
Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔= 𝑓𝑐′
Solve for the reduction factor ∅∶
Solve for C:
Note: For Singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly
proportional to c.
3
C = (assumed factor) x cmax where: cmax = d
7
The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested
in step V.
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
If fs ≥1000MPa, tension-controlled, ∅ = 0.90
𝑓𝑠−𝑓𝑦
If fs ≥1000MPa, transition, ∅=0.65+0.25 1000−𝑓𝑦
Solve for bd2 :
MU = ∅ 𝐹𝑐′𝜔 bd2 (1−0.59𝜔
Try a ration d/b (for d= 1.5 to d=2b), and solve for d. (round off this value to to
reasonable dimension). After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII and solve
for b. Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in
step II.
Solve for the required steel area and number of bars:
𝐴𝑠= 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Number of the bars (diameter = D)

𝜋
𝐴𝑠= 4 x D2 x number of bars
Equation 3. Minimum Steel ratio. Sections 5.10.5.1 of NSCP provides that the
minimum steel ratio be 1.4/𝑓𝑦. It also states that in T-beams where the web is in
tension , the ratio 𝜌 shall be computed for this purpose using width of web.
𝐴𝑠
In checking for maximum 𝜌 (𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥), use 𝜌=𝑏𝑓𝑑 (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎<𝑡)
𝐴𝑠
In checking for minimum 𝜌 (𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛), use 𝜌= 𝑏
𝑤𝑑
For Interior Beam:
𝑏𝑓 is the smallest of:
1. L/4
2. 16t + 𝑏𝑤
S1 S2
3. + 2 + 𝑏𝑤
2
For End Beam
𝑏′𝑓is the smallest of:
1. L/12 + 𝑏′𝑤
2. 6t + 𝑏′𝑤
S3
3. + 𝑏′𝑤
2
For symmetrical interior beam (𝑆1=𝑆2=𝑆)
𝑏𝑓is the smallest of L/4, 16t + 𝑏𝑤, center-to-center spacing
of beams and Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide
a flange for additional compression area shall have a flange
thickness not less than ½ the width of the web and an effective
flange width not more than four times the width of the web.
t≥𝑏𝑤/2
b≤ 4𝑏𝑤
Equation 4. Steps in Finding 𝑴𝒏 of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
with Given 𝑨𝒔,′𝒔, and other Beam Properties. There are three possible cases in
doubly reinforced beams.
Case 1. Both tension and compression yields
(𝑓𝑠=𝑓′𝑠=𝑓𝑦)
Case 2.Tension Steel yields and compression steel does not
(𝑓𝑠=𝑓𝑦,𝑓′𝑠<𝑓𝑦)
Case 3. Tension Steel does not yield and compression steel yields.
(𝑓𝑠=𝑓𝑦,𝑓𝑠<𝑓𝑦)
Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d =
250 mm or more, it is not possible for both steel not to yield.
Assume compression steel yields (𝑓𝑠′= 𝑓𝑦)
As2 = A’s
As1 = As - As2
Solve for a and c ( assuming tension steel yields):
C1 = T2 0.85 fc’ab = As1 fy
A=𝛽1𝑐
Check :fs =600 𝑑−𝑐𝑐
If fs >fy, tension steel yields , proceed to Step III
If fs <fy, tension steel not yields , proceed to Stepp VI
Solve for the stress in compression steel

𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
If fs >fy, proceed to Step VI
If fs <fy, proceed to Step V
Since 𝑓𝑠′>𝑓𝑦, compression steel yields
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1+𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑇1 (𝑑− 2)+ 𝑇2 (𝑑−𝑑′)
𝑎
𝐴𝑀𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−2) = 𝑎𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′)
V. If fs <fy , compression steel does not yield.
𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
From the stress diagram :
C1 + C2 = T
0.85 fc’ab + As’fs = Asfy
𝑐−𝑑′
0.85 fc 𝛽1𝑐𝑏+𝐴𝑠 600 =𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑐
Solve for c by quadratic formula.
Solve for fs’,
𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
Solve for a,
𝑎=𝛽1𝑐
Solve for Mn :
𝑀𝑛=𝑀𝑛1+𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛=𝑐1 (𝑑− 2 )= 𝑐2 (𝑑−𝑑′)
𝑎
𝑀𝑛=0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑−2 )+ 𝐴′𝑠𝑓𝑠(𝑑−𝑑′)
Fs<fy but Fs = fy
T = Cc + C2
As fs = 0.85 fc’ ab + A’s fy
𝑑−𝑐
As x 600 = 0.85 fc’ (𝛽1𝑐)+𝐴′𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑐
; a = 𝛽1𝑐
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1= 𝑀𝑐2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′(𝑑− )+𝐴′𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′).
2
Equation 5. Column design. Step in designing axially loaded columns.
Determine Pu.
Pu = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
Pu .=𝜙𝑂.80[𝑜.85𝑓𝑐′(1−𝑃𝑔)+𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔]
Pu. =𝜙𝑂.80[𝑜.85𝑓𝑐′(𝐴𝑔 −𝐴𝑠)+𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠]
Assume Pg= 0.003 and 𝜙=0.70
Solve for the Gross Area and Dimension of Footing:
𝑃𝑢
Ag =
𝛷0.80[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1 − 𝑃𝑔) + 𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔]
As = AgPg
Ag = L2
Check for actual Gross Area to allowable.
Find the required Steel Reinforcement.
As = AgPg
Assume for diameter of reinforcement bar to be used;

𝜋
𝐴𝑠= 4 x D2 x number of bars
Check for Steel Reinforcement to the Allowable.
Check for Slenderness Ratio.
Slenderness Ratio = L / r
r = 0.3 h
L /r = 32 – (Mu1 / Mu2) < 22
Vertical Spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:
a. 16 db (Diameter of main bar)
b. 48 x Tie Bar Diameter
c. Least Dimension of Column
Check for allowable Pu from Actual Pu.
Equation 6. Step in designing combined footing. Assume weight of footing
between 6% to 8%
Wt. = __ % (dead load + live load)
Total load
T.L. = assume wt. of footing + dead load + live load

Compute the required area of footing using the relation
𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑅𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Required Area (dimension)
Req’d Area = BL
Compute the ultimate column load, 𝑃𝑢
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL
Compute the net upward soil pressure, 𝑞𝑢
𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Compute the allowable ultimate soil pressure, 𝑞𝑎
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑋 𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑎 =
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
Compute the depth of footing from bream shear in short direction
𝑢 𝑣
𝑣𝑛 = φbd ( actual )
Where: 𝑣𝑢 = (𝐿)(𝑥)
1
𝑣𝑐 = 6𝑓𝑐′( allowable)
Check wt. of footing
Wt. of footing = 𝜔𝑉
Wt. of footing < assume wt. of footing
Compute reinforcement:
LONG DIRECTION (use L = short)
Compute steel ratio, ρ

𝑥
From bending: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)(𝑥)(2)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
Compare with 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.4
If 𝜌< ; use 𝜌
Compute for steel area requirement
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌bd
Compute for the numbers of bars
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=π
2
4𝑑
Compute the required development length
= 0.02 Abfy
Req’d Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
Min. Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿−𝑐
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑑 = − 𝑐𝑐 > 𝑅𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝐿𝑑 >
2
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑
SHORT DIRECTION (use L = long)
Compute steel ratio, ρ

𝑥
From bending: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)(𝑥)(2)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔𝑓𝑐′
Compare with 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.4
If 𝜌< ; use 𝜌
Compute for steel area requirement
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌bd
Compute As1 (centership)

𝐴𝑠1 2
= 𝛽+1
𝐴𝑠
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Where: β = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Compute for the number of bars ( As1 )
𝐴𝑠1
𝑛=𝜋
2
4𝑑
Compute AS2 ( outership )
𝐴𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆1 + 2𝐴𝑆2
Compute for the number of bars ( AS2 )
𝐴𝑆2
𝑛= 𝜋
2
4𝑑
= 0.02 Abfy
Check development length, Req’d Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
Min. Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿−𝑐
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑑 = − 𝑐𝑐 > 𝑅𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝐿𝑑 > 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑
2
In the study conducted by Bautista et al., (1998) entitled “A Proposed Hotel
and Commercial Building Located at Barangay Ibabang Dupay Lucena City” stated
that Lucena being one of the city in Quezon Province shows a rapid growth and
development as a center of merchandizing and learning and its ever increasing
population brings the problem of unemployment. They stated that commercial
building could be remedy to this problem. They also mentioned that in the design
of structure took the consideration of combining advance technological facilities
and still providing the feeling of being close to the nature thru aesthetic.
According to the study of Chua et al., (2009) entitled “” the selection of
structural material to be used for particular building depends on the height and the
span of the structures, material market, foundation condition building codes and
architectural considerations. Reinforced concrete is of composite construction in
the sense that they combine two dissimilar materials in any structural member. The
term composite is usually applied to the combination of the concrete with structural.
The structural steel, while capable of carrying loads when acting alone can develop
much strength and stiffness if its acts integrally with the concrete.
According to Arenal et al., (2012) on their study entitled “A Proposed
Design of an Environmental Friendly Three – Storey Reinforced Concrete Parking
Building in Lucena City”, a proposed environmental friendly building will lessen
the pollution caused by the vehicle by the cure of plants that absorbs air pollutants
and convert the carbon dioxide. The mentioned study was related to the present
study in implementing the construction of green building in helping our
environment to lessen the pollution and problems brought about by construction
industry. This related study guided the researcher in involving the development of
leisure park with an environmental friendly building.
The study of Wong N.H entitled “The Effects of Rooftop Garden on Energy
Consumption of a Five-Story Building” has shown that the installation of rooftop
garden in a five-storey commercial building could result in a saving of 1-15% in
the annual energy consumption, 17-79% in the space cooling load and 17-79% in
the peak space. He also conclude that the maximum saving of 1-3% on the annual
energy consumption, 2-64% on the space cooling load and 2-71% on the peak space
load could be obtained with different soil thickness of 100-900mm. .(Related Study
by N H Wong, D K W Cheong, H Yan, J Soh, C L Ong, and A Sia. 2002. " The
Effects of Rooftop Garden on Energy Consumption of a Commercial Building in
Singapore".)
This study has a bearing to our current study because as a researcher, we
must do something to reduce the energy consumption of our structure and to reduce
pollution. Installation of rooftop garden is one of the key to lessen the consumption
of the energy. It can bring also relaxation to the people who are in that place. In his
study, rooftop garden can also bring cool space because of the shade and oxygen
produce by the trees and plants.

In 2003,Kumalasari Wardhana and Fabian C. Hadipriono conducted the
study of Recent Building Failures in the United States, they conclude that Buildings
do fail. Several collapses due to natural forces, many others collapsed of account
of our negligence, and numerous more failed due to combinations of both. Some
fell down because of old age, others broke down prematurely. Numerous published
papers and detailed investigative reports have elaborated root causes of these
accidents and thus contributed to a better way of perceiving the mechanism of
building failures. Causes of building failures are classified into six principal causes
which includes both enabling and triggering.(Related foreign study by Kumalasari
Wardhana and Fabian C. Hadipriono. 2003."Study of Recent Building Failures in
the United States".)
The study of Wardhana and Hadipriono is somehow related to our present
study because the reasons of a building failure is due to natural forces, our own
carelessness, age of the building and others broke down prematurely. In
constructing a building we must also now the primary reasons why a building
collapses for us to avoid it. The role of the engineer is to respond to a need by
building or creating strong building with a given purpose. Engineers have a mindset
that the device, plan or creation should perform its function without fail but time
will come that the structure will eventually fail. The engineer must struggle to
design in such way to avoid failure and calamitous failure which could result in loss
of property, damage to the environment and possibly injury or loss of life. Through
analysis and study of engineering disasters we can learn what to do and what not to
do and how to create designs with less of a chance of failure that's why an engineer
must know the primary reasons of failure.
According to the study conducted by Victoria Janssens, Dermot W.
O'Dwyer and Marios K. Chryssanthopoulos about Building Failure Consequences,
they conclude that the consequences of structural failures typically come in several
forms: for example fatalities, injuries, structural damage, damage to contents, loss
of functionality and environmental damage. When considering structural failures,
these consequences are often divided into two categories, direct and indirect
consequences. Direct consequences are those resulting from damage states of
individual components. Generally, direct consequences are confined to the effects
of immediate damage following the occurrence of a hazard and are related to the
vulnerability of the structure. Indirect consequences are related to a loss of system
functionality or failure, as a result of local failure, and are related to the robustness
of the structure.( Related study by Victoria Janssens, Dermot W. O'Dwyer and
Marios K. Chryssanthopoulos. "Building Failure Consequences".)
This study is related to our present study because building failure has a huge
effect on human, economic and environmental. The human consequences include
fatalities, injuries and psychological damage. The economic consequences of
structural failure include tangible factors such as the cost of rebuilding, the cost of
loss of functionality. In environmental, the failure of an engineering structure can
have consequences for plants, animals and humans. One of the duty of an engineer
is to make a structure that is safe for all. To prevent this consequences the engineer
must follow the right procedures in constructing a building.

In October 2006, P M Soupios,, P Georgakopoulos, N Papadopoulos, V
Saltas, A Andreadakis, F Vallianatos, A Sarris and J P Makris conducted a study
about Use of Engineering Geophysics to Investigate a Site for a Building
Foundation they found out that Engineering geophysics combined with
geotechnical engineering focuses on the behaviour and performance of soils and
rocks in the design and construction of civil, environmental and mining engineering
structures. Often, existing buildings are located over anomalous subsurface zones
which are inappropriate for bearing the load of a structure. Moreover, building
foundations may not have been built properly. Recent and present damage, such as
terrain subsidence and cracks in houses, call for attention and for further
investigation using some non-destructive geophysical methods to guide additional
exploratory trenching and drilling.( Related Study by P M Soupios,, P
Georgakopoulos, N Papadopoulos, V Saltas, A Andreadakis, F Vallianatos, A
Sarris and J P Makris. 2006. " Use of Engineering Geophysics to Investigate a Site
for a Building Foundation".)
This study has a bearing to our current study because we can use
Engineering Geophysics in site investigation for a building in order to make sure if
the soil is good for constructing a building. Site investigation is simply the process
of collection of information, the gathering of data, assessment of the site to be used.
Before an engineer can design a foundation properly, he must have a reasonably
accurate idea of the physical properties and arrangement of the materials to be used
under. Site investigation is of importance to the civil engineer for the successful
completion of any building project. Site investigation is an important step for an

engineer to build his project properly because we can obtain information on the
physical properties of soil and rock around a site to design earthworks and
foundations for proposed structures. Geophysical surveys could contribute
significantly in major constructions projects in which subsurface structural
problems are possible.
Unit III
Methods and Procedures
This unit introduced the methodologies and procedures that are part of the
study to enable its accomplishment; this unit consists of research design, research
environment, procedures and design concepts.

Research Design
The researchers used Research and Development type of research. Research
and Development is a method where the existing procedure is integrated with
modern procedures. This process allowed the project study to adapt to the modern
time processes and a chance to experience advancement. With the help of Research
and Development, the researchers guarantee that they can improve the traditional
procedures and operations to achieve a sustainable design.
The design of the three-storey commercial building with leisure park and
rooftop garden was achieved through these methods with the assurance of being
safe, functional, beneficial, economically significant and sustainable based on
NSCP, AASHTO, ASTM, NBCP and LEED standards.
Research Environment
The process of gathering data and conducting activities to obtain credible
information regarding certain topic and issues that are related to the study is
necessary for the accomplishment of the project. The researchers took advice,
guidance and professional knowledge for the plans, drawings, design and layout of
the building, and program of works from the faculty of College of Engineering and
Technical Department and College of Architecture and Fine Arts. The necessary
data about the land were consulted to the city engineers’ office, assessors’ office
and land development office. For the protection and preservation of the trees in the
proposed area for construction, the researchers coordinated with the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. And, the authorized suppliers’ assessment
about the materials was taken as basis for the cost of materials.
The design of a three-storey building offered numerous spaces that are
meant for stores that can be rented by the locals or investors. This building featured
sustainable green building designs such as the rice husk as fine aggregates for
interior walls and the green roof. And the building was surrounded with landscape
and lagoon for added attraction, these project was built in a 2.1 hectares of land
located along the new diversion road, Lucena City. This road is the access from
NCR to the Bicol region especially now that the new Eco-tourism road opened.
Procedures
To be able to fulfill the objectives of the project study, the researchers
organized a systematic plan that included the gathered data and existing knowledge
from the course. All data and information were taken from reliable sources or
references either published articles or professional opinion. Afterwards, the
researchers followed the procedures in designing a three-storey commercial
building with rooftop garden.
Data Gathering and Analysis. Data gathering is the method of collecting
valuable data and information that are closely related to the subjects of the
study in need of solution through existing theories, methodologies and
concepts. Furthermore, the information and data collected are used to
support the project study.
Site Investigation. The design of a three storey commercial building with
leisure park and rooftop garden along Diversion Road, Lucena City was
located in a lot area of approximately 21,819 square meters at Barangay
Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City. The location of the building took the physical
and environmental aspects of the design into consideration. The physical
consideration include the following: (1) availability of service, (2) natural
vegetation and trees, (3) approach and access roads, and (4) natural
waterways. As for the environmental considerations, the following were
thought of: (1) land restriction, (2) sub-soil condition, and (3) levels and
topographies.
Structural plans and drawings.The working drawings or sometimes
called construction plans are the graphical presentation on paper that
enables the reader to visualize and understand how the building would be
constructed and how it functions. They contain the necessary details and
information to enable one to know the exact picture of all the elements,
measurements, and how the various structural parts are to be put together to
form the whole structure. Structural plans and drawings consist of
perspective drawing of the building, site development plan, floor plans,
elevation plans, foundation plans, section plans, sanitary plans, and detail
drawing.
Structural Computations. For designing the commercial E – Building, the
researcher followed the steps to determine the details using the equations 1
and 2 of unit II for one-way and two-way slab, equations 3, 4 and 5 for
determining the reinforced concrete beam, equation 6 for reinforced
concrete column, equation 7 for reinforced concrete footings and other

structural computation needed to construct the proposed project. The
methods that they used were seismic analysis and frame analysis by portal
method.
The structural design computation and specification was based from the
ultimate stress design method (USD) of the Natural Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2010), the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11
Codes).
Working Plans and Layouts. The working plans and layouts consisted of
important designs of the structure with complete details and information in
order to physically illustrate the elements, parts, measurements, details and
materials. This served as a guide to efficiently position the structural parts
to form the structure. The structural design and plans mainly consisted of
the following; vicinity map, site development plan, 1st floor plan, 2nd floor
plan, 3rd floor plan, roof garden plan, front elevation, rear-side elevation,
right-side elevation, left-side elevation, cross-sections, architectural details,
detailed design of stairs, footing, column, foundation, beam and slab,
electrical layout, plumbing layout and perspective.
Computer Aided Drafting is use as a tool in constructing the layouts and
plans for the model structure. However, manual drafting can be an
alternative way of producing a model structure.
Technical Specifications. The technical specification is a set of
standardized requirements in order to assure the stability, safety,

functionality and proper service of the structure. The design of the proposed
three-storey commercial building with a leisure park and a rooftop garden
complied with the standard technical specification and requirements of local
government code, City Engineers’ Office, Department of Public Works and
Highways, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department
of Health and other standard requirements.
Program of Works Method. PERT/CPM was the method used in
computing the number of hours the workers and staff shall perform their
duties per day to come up with a number of days to theoretically predict the
end of the project. This is to determine the expected period of time the
project runs considering the critical path that can harm the schedule of work.
It enabled the proponents to anticipate the budget needed until the
completion of the project.
Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials. The estimates of materials used by
the researchers were guided by the following methods: (1) Linear Method
and Direct Counting method was used for estimating the footings, beams,
and columns, (2) Area Method was used for estimating the footing, CHB
and RSB, (3)Volume Method was used in estimating the slabs.
LEED Rating System. This system identified whether the building passed
the requirements of LEED building design and whether it passed the Silver,
Gold or Platinum rating. The researchers prepared a project checklist (see
from appendix A) if the structure is environment-friendly or not.

Design Concepts. In the design of the structural members and
components of the building, the researchers used the principles and theories
they learned in the civil engineering program. The specifications for the
methods, plans and drawings was based on the standard terms of National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010), National Building Code
of the Philippines, Ultimate Strength Design (USD), American Concrete
Institute, present laws and regulations of the City Engineering Office of
Lucena City and the various Philippine government departments that was
involved in the study. The LEED standard codes for green building design
was reviewed in order to comply with its following terms for the green
building design concepts. And for the cost estimates of materials, the
published books by Fajardo and Tagayun was consulted along with the
authorized suppliers for the retail price.
Unit IV
Results and Discussion
The results of the data analysis are presented in this chapter. The data were
collected and then processed in response to the problems posed in chapter 1 of
this study. The four fundamental goals of this study drove the collection of the
data and the following data analysis. These objectives were accomplished. The
results presented in this chapter demonstrate the potential for merging theory and
practice.
Data Gathering and Analysis

Social acceptability.
Demographic Profile
Table 4.0: Distribution of Responses According to Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 62 62%
Female 38 38%
Total 100 100%
It is illustrated by table above the distribution of responses according to
the respondent gender, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, sixty-
two (62) or 62% states that they are male and thirty-eight (38) or 38% says that
they are female.
Table 4.1: Distribution of Responses According to Age
Age Frequency Percentage
16-25 65 65%
26-35 22 22%
36-45 13 13%
Total 100 100%
the respondent age, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, sixty-five
(65) or 60% states that they are in 16-25 years old, twenty-two (22) or 22% says
that they are in 26-35 years old, and thirteen (13) or 13% says that they are in 36-
45 years old.
Table 4.2: Distribution of Responses According to Socio-Economic Status
Gender Frequency Percentage
Employee 8 8%
Parent 13 13%
Students 70 70%
Others 9 9%
Total 100 100%
the respondent class, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, eight (8)
or 8% states that they are employees, thirteen (13) or 13% says that they are
parent, and seventy (70) or 70% says that they are students, and nine (9) or 9%
states that they are others.
Table 4.3: Results of the questionnaire - opinionnaire of the study.
5 4 3 2 1
Question % % % % %
1. Are you satisfied with the job offered to 20 17 54 7 2
you in your community?
2. Do you think, constructing a three-storey 57 40 3 0 0
commercial building will help this
community?
3. Are you in favor of constructing a three- 60 36 4 0 0
storey commercial building?
4. Are you in favor of constructing a three- 58 37 5 0 0
storey commercial ENVIRONMENTAL
building?
5. Do you think it will meet the services 55 39 5 1 0
needed by the demands of the
community?
The final result of the survey shows that a fair quantity or percentage of
the randomly chosen population has fair and favorable interest in the construction
of the commercial E-building. The first question indicates more than half of the
randomly chosen population (54%) fairly agrees with the fact that they have
satisfactory job offers in their community. 57% (57 out of 100 respondents)
agrees that constructing a commercial building will help their community.
Question 3 and 4 shows that more than half of the randomly chosen population
(an average of 59%) will be in favor of constructing a commercial building,
specifically the ENVIRONMENTAL building. And lastly, 55% of the randomly
chosen population thinks that it will meet the demands of the community.
Atterberg Limit Determination
Project : A Design of Three Storey Commercial E-Building
Location of the Project : Brgy. Ibabang Dupay Lucena City
Description of Soil : Macolod Clay Loam
Liquid Limit Determination

Table 4.4
Can Number 1 2 3
Weight of wet 16.69 17.04 19.03
soil+can
Weight of dry soil+can 13.8 13.25 14.6
Weight of can 5.5 5.4 5.4
Weight of dry soil 8.3 7.85 9.2
Moisture loose 2.89 3.19 4.43
Water content, w% 43.75 40.62 38.15
Number of blows, N 37 24 12
Plastic Limit Determination
Table 4.5
Can Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil+can 11.30 11.26

Weight of dry soil+can 10.42 10.35
Weight of can 6.7 6.7
Weight of dry soil 3.72 3.65
Moisture loose 0.88 0.91
Water content, w% 23.66 24.93
Liquid Limit = 40.12
Plastic Limit = 24.30
Plastic Index = 15.82
Water Content Determination
Description of Soil : Macolod clay loam

Table 4.6
Boring Number 1 2 3
Container Number 1 2 3
Weight of cup+soil 30.19 31.66 28.52
Weight of cup+dry
22.6 22.73 22.7
soil
Weight of cup 6.7 6.7 6.7
Weight of water 9.59 8.93 5.82
Water Content, w% 60.31 55.71 36.38
(60.31+55.71+36.38)
Average Water Content = = 50.8%
3
Grain Size Analysis-Mechanical
Sieve Analysis and Grain Shape
Table 4.7

Weight
Diameter Weight
Sieve No. Retained %Retained %Passing
(mm) Passing
(mm)
4 0 0 657 657 100
8 2.38 14 2.13 643 97.87
10 1.68 29.3 4.46 613.7 93.41
40 0.42 44.3 6.8 569.4 86.61
60 0.25 67.12 10.22 502.28 76.39
100 0.15 59.8 9.1 442.38 67.29
200 0.075 82.38 12.54 360.1 54.75
Based from the result of the Atterberg’s Limit Determination Test, the
soil’s classified as inorganic clay of medium plasticity wait allowable soil
pressure of 100-300kPa
(Source: A Proposed Design of an Environment Friendly Three Storey Reinforced
Concrete Parking Building in Lucena City)
Design Computations:
Dead Loads:
Ceiling 0.30 kpa
Utility lines 0.01 kpa

CHB’s (150-mm thick) 2.82 kpa
CHB’s (100-mm thick) 2.50 kpa
Vegetation 10.20 kpa
Floor finish 0.77 kpa
Concrete 23.6 kn/m3
LIVE LOADS:
Roof Top 4.8 kPa
Assembly Area 7.20 kPa
Store 6.0 kPa
Restaurant 4.8kPa
LATERAL LOADS:
SEISMIC LOAD → conform to NSCP requirements ( for 3+ storeys only )
WIND LOAD ( V = 250 kph ) → ( optional ) 2.96 kPa

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS:
f’c ( class-A concrete ) 20.68 MPa
fy ( Structural Steel Grade ) 276.0 MPa
LOAD COMBINATIONS:
1) 1.2DL + 1.6LL
2) 1.2DL + 1.6LL + Eq / 1.4
SEISMIC ANALYSIS
DEAD LOADS:
@ ROOF-DECK LEVEL:
Slab: (0.150)[(50)(28.5) ](23.6)
= 5044.50 kN
Elevator Shafts: (0.20) [(4)(2.50) - 1.20)](4.00)(23.6) = 332.29 kN
Deck Beams: (0.25)(0.45)[ (6)(50) + (12)(28.5) ](23.6) = 1704.51 kN
Vegetation: (10.20)(50)(28.5) = 14,535 kN
Parapet: (2.82)(1.50)[ 2(50) + 2(28.5) ] = 664.11 kN

22280.41 kN
@ THIRD-FLOOR LEVEL
Slab: (0.150)[(55)(40.5)](23.6) = 7885.35 kN
Floor Beams: (0.45)(0.60)[ (8)(55.00) + (12)(40.50) ] (23.6) = 5900.47kN
Floor Finish: (0.77)(55.00)(28.50) = 1206.98 kN
Exterior Walls: (2.82)(2.60)[ (2)(50.00 + 28.50) ] = 1106.85 kN
Interior Walls: (2.50)(5)[ (16)(4) + (8)(6) + 27.5 ] = 1743.75 kN
Vegetation: (10.2)(12.00)(55) = 6732 kN
Columns: (0.45)(0.45)(5.00)(23.6) x 72 = 1720.44 kN
Utility: (0.04)(55)(40.5) = 89.1 kN
26717.23 kN
@ SECOND-FLOOR LEVEL:
Slab: (0.150)[(55.00)(52.50)](23.6) = 10221.75 kN
Floor Beams: (0.45)(0.60)[12(4.5) + 100(4.0) + 9(10) + 90(6)] (23.6)
= 6907.25 kN
Floor Finish: (0.77)(55.00)(40.50) = 1715.18 kN

Vegetation: (10.2)(12.00)(55 = 6732 kN
Utility: (0.04)(55)(52.5) = 115.50 kN
Exterior Walls: (2.82)(2.60)[2(50) + 2(40.5)] =1327.09 kN
Interior Walls: (2.50)(2.60)[8(12) + 6(18) + 4(36) + 10 + 15.75]
= 2429.38 kN
Columns: (0.45)(0.45)(4.0)(23.6) x 96 = 1835.14kN
31605.58 kN
Table 4.8 Lateral Loads
LEVEL HEIGHT WEIGHT WH
Fx
Roof 14 m 22280.41 kN 311925.74 kN-m
8291.65
Third Floor 9m 26717.23 kN 240455.07 kN-m
6391.81
Second Floor 5 m 31605.58 kN 158027.90 kN-m
4200.72
Σ = 80603.22 kN 710408.71 kN-m
0.82 𝑁𝑣 𝐼 𝑊 0.82 (1.6)(1.0)(80603.22)

𝑉= = = 18,884.18
𝑅 5.6
𝑉(𝑊𝐻) 18884.18 (311925.74)

𝐹𝑋𝑅𝐷 = = = 8291.65
Σ WH 80603.22
𝑉(𝑊𝐻) 18884.18 (240455.07)

𝐹𝑋3𝐹 = = = 6391.81
Σ WH 80603.22
𝑉(𝑊𝐻) 18884.18 (158027.90)

𝐹𝑋2𝐹 = = = 4200.72
Σ WH 80603.22
Velocity Pressure, qz
@roof deck
qz = 47.3 x 10-6 kzkztkdv2iw

= 47.3 x 10-6(0.81) (1.00) (0.85) (2502) (1.00)
= 2.04 kPa
@3rd floor
= 47.3 x 10-6 (0.72) (1.00) (0.85) (2502) (1.00)
= 1.81 kPa
@2nd floor
= 47.3 x 10-6 (0.59) (1.00) (0.85) (2502) (1.00)
= 1. 48 kPa
Design of Wind Pressure, P
F = qzGCfAf (NSCP 2010, Table 207.1)
where:
qz = at height z above the ground

G = given in NSCP 2010, Sc. 207-4
G = 0.84
Cf = for all type of structure
Af = projected area of normal wind
@roof deck
F = qzGCfAf
= 2.04(0.84)(1.40)(14)(4)
= 134.35 KN
@3rd floor
F = qzGCfAf
= 1.81(0.84)(1.40)(14)(4)
= 119.20 KN
@2nd floor
F = qzGCfAf
= 1.48(0.84)(1.40)(14)(4)
= 97.47 KN
FRAME ANALYSIS
A. EARTHQUAKE LOAD
FxRD = 8291.65 KN
Fx3rd = 6391.81 KN
Fx2nd = 4200.72 KN
B. WIND LOAD
FRD = 134.35 KN
F3rd = 119.20 KN
F2nd = 97.47 KN
LATERAL FORCE AT FRAME A AND B
For roof deck
FxRD + FRD = 8291.65 KN + 134.35 KN

= 8426.00 KN
For 3rd floor
Fx3rd + F3rd = 6391.81 + 119.20 KN
= 6511.01 KN
For 2nd floor
Fx2nd + F2nd = 4200.72 KN + 97.47 KN
= 4298.19 KN
FRAME A
@ Roof deck
Total horizontal shear = 8426.00 KN
Let x = shear carried by the exterior column
2x = shear carried by the interior column
x + (2x) (10) + x = 8426.00KN
22x = 8426.00KN
x = 383.00KN
2x = 766.00 KN
@ Third floor
Total horizontal shear = 6511.01 + 8426.00 = 14937.01 KN
x + (2x) (10) + x = 14937.01 KN
22x = 14937.01 KN
x = 678.96 KN
2x = 1357.91 KN
@ Second floor
x + (2x) (10) + x = 19235.20 KN
22x = 19235.20 KN
x = 874.33 KN, 2x = 1748.65 KN
FRAME B
@ Roof deck
Total horizontal shear = 8426.00 KN

x + 5(2x) + x = 8426.00 kN
12x = 8426.00 KN
x = 702.17 KN
2x = 1404.33 KN
@ Third floor
x + 7(2x) + x = 14937.01 KN
16x = 14937.01 KN
x = 933.56 KN
2x = 1867.12 KN
@ Second floor

x + 9(2x) + x = 19235.20 KN
20x = 19235.20 KN
x = 961.76 KN
2x = 1923.52 KN
Frame A
Figure 2. Frame A – Traverse Section

Frame B
Figure 3. Frame B – Longitudinal Section
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Design of Reinforce Concrete Slab
Assume:
𝐿𝑛 (800 + 0.73𝑓𝑦 )
ℎ=
36000 + 9000𝛽
10000 − 450
𝛽= = 1.72
6000 − 450
9550(800 + 0.73𝑥276)
ℎ=
36000 + 9000(1.72)
ℎ = 185.78 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 200𝑚𝑚
Check for hmin:
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + 14000)
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
36 + 5𝛽(1 + 𝛽𝑠 )
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠

𝛽𝑠 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2(6) + 10
𝛽𝑠 = = 0.688
2(6) + 2(10)
276
9.550(0.8 + 14000)
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
36 + 5(1.72)(1 + 0.688)
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.155𝑚 𝑜𝑟 155𝑚𝑚
Check for hmax:
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + 14000)
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
36
276
9.550(0.8 + 14000)
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
36
hmax = 0.217 m of 217 mm
hmin < h < hmax thus, h = 185.78mm say 200mm
Computation of Loads: Considering 1meter strip
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL (DLA)
Weight of Partition = 2.1 KN/m2(1m)
= 2.1KN/m
Weight of Electrical and Plumbing = 0.04KN/m2(1m)
= 0.04KN/m
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.77KN/m2(1m)
= 0.77KN/m
Weight of Ceiling = 0.30KN/m2(1m)
= 0.30KN/m
TOTAL DLA = 3.21KN/m
Slab weight = (0.200)(23.6)(1) = 4.72 kN/m
Total dead load = 3.21 + 4.72
Total dead load = 7.93 kN/m

Live Load:
Commercial = 7.2 kPa
Slab 1 (S-1)
LL = (7.2)(1)
= 7.2 kN/m
DL = 7.93 kN/m
Min. thickness = 200mm
wu = 1.2(7.93) + 1.6(7.2)
wu = 21.036 kN/m
Using 12mm bars:
d = 200 – ½(12) – 20
d = 174 mm
Moment along short span (6-m end span)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 10)5.552

𝑀𝑜 = 𝑀𝑜 =
8 8
Mo = 809.95 kN-m
Interior negative factored moment = -0.70 (809.95)
= -566.97 kN-m
Positive factored moment = 0.57 (809.95)
= 461.67 kN-m
Exterior negative factored moment = -0.16 (809.95)
= -129.59 kN-m
Distributing these moments to beam and column strips:
L2/L1 = 10/6 = 1.70
a1 = 1.94; a1(L2/L1) = (1.94)(1.70) = 3.30
Interior Negative Moment:
Column Strip = 53.1% (-566.67) = -300.90 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-300.90) = -255.77 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-300.90) = -45.14 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(255.77 – 45.14) = -210.63 kN-m
Exterior Negative Moment:
Column Strip = 53.1% (-129.59) = -68.81 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-68.81) = -58.49 kN-m

Slab = 15% (-68.81) = -10.32 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(58.49 – 10.32) = -48.17 kN-m
Positive Moment Moment:
Column Strip = 53.1% (461.67) = 245.15 kN-m
Beam = 85% (245.15) = 208.38 kN-m
Slab = 15% (245.15) = 36.77 kN-m
Middle Strip = (208.38 – 36.77) = 171.61 kN-m
Figure 4. Moment along Short Span (6m end span)
Moment along long span (10-m interior beam)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 6)9.552

8 8
Mo = 1438.90 kN-m
Negative factored moment = -0.65 (1438.90)
= -935.29 kN-m
= 509.62 kN-m
L2/L1 = 6/10 = 0.6
a1 = 3.24; a1(L2/L1) = (1.94)(1.70) = 3.30
Negative moment to be resisted by column strip is 87% (-935.29) = -813.70 kN-m
Negative moment to be resisted by the beam is 85% (-813.70) = -691.65 kN-m
Negative moment to be resisted by the slab is 15% (-813.70) = -122.06 kN-m
Negative moment to be resisted by the middle strip is -(691.65 – 122.06) = -
569.59 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by column strip is 87% (509.62) = 443.37 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by the beam is 85% (443.37) = 376.86 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by the slab is 15% (443.37) = 66.51 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by the middle strip is (376.86 – 66.51) = 310.35
kN-m
Moment along the long span (along edge beam)

L2 = 6/2 + 0.45/2
=3.225m
Ln = 10 – 0.15
= 9.55m
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 3.225)9.552

8 8
Mo = 773.41 kN-m
= -502.72 kN-m
= 270.69 kN-m
β = 2.62 L2/L1 = 0.60
a1 = 5.67; a1(L2/L1) = (5.67)(0.6) = 3.40
Column Strip = 87% (-502.72) = -437.37 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-437.37) = -371.76 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-437.37) = -65.61 kN-m

Middle Strip = -(371.76 – 65.61) = -306.15 kN-m
Positive Moment:
Column Strip = 87% (270.69) = 235.50 kN-m
Beam = 85% (235.50) = 200.18 kN-m
Slab = 15% (235.50) = 35.33 kN-m
Middle Strip = (200.18 – 35.33) = 164.85 kN-m
Figure 5. Moment along Long Span (Interior and Edge)
𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (12)2 = 113𝑚𝑚2
4
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00507
𝑓𝑦 276
0.85(20.68)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75) = 0.02781
276(600 + 276)
Figure 6. Slab – 1 Combined Moment
Table 4.9 Slab – 1 RSB Spacing
Rows A and C Row B
Across F Across E Across D Across F Across E Across D

Mo -5.16 18.835 -22.57 -46.17 171.61 -210.63
b 1050 1050 1050 7000 7000 7000
d 162 174 162 174 174 174
Ru 0.2081 0.6583 0.9101 0.2421 0.8997 1.1043
p 0.00076 0.00243 0.00339 0.00088 0.00335 0.00414
use p 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507
As 862.8254 926.7384 862.8254 6178.2563 6178.2563 6178.2563
N=As/Ab 7.6291 8.1942 7.6291 54.6278 54.6278 54.6278
s 137.6318 128.1399 137.6318 128.1399 128.1399 128.1399
use s 130.00 120.00 130.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top
Rows D and F Row E
Across A Across B Across C Across A Across B Across C
Mo -65.61 35.33 -65.61 -590.945 320.025 -590.945
b 1050 1050 1050 3000 3000 3000
d 174 174 174 174 174 174

Ru 2.2932 1.2348 2.2932 7.2291 3.9149 7.2291
p 0.0089 0.0046 0.0089 0.0369 0.0163 0.0369
use p 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051
As 926.2890 926.2890 926.2890 2646.5400 2646.5400 2646.5400
N=As/Ab 8.1902 8.1902 8.1902 23.4005 23.4005 23.4005
s 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021
use s 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Temperature bars:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0020(1000)(200) = 400 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 400
𝑁= =𝜋 = 3.54
𝐴𝑏 (12) 2
4
Required Spacing
36000𝜋
𝑆=
400
S = 282.74mm say 280mm
Slab 2 (S-2)
LL = (7.2)(1)
= 7.2 kN/m
DL = 7.93 kN/m
wu = 1.2(7.93) + 1.6(7.2)
wu = 21.036 kN/m
Using 12mm bars:
d = 200 – ½(12) – 20
d = 174 mm
Moment along short span (along edge beam)
L2 = 6/2 + 0.45/2
=3.225m
Ln = 4 – 0.45
= 3.55m
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 3.225)3.552

𝑀𝑜 = =
8 8
Mo = 106.87 kN-m
= -69.47 kN-m
= 37.40 kN-m
β = 2.62 L2/L1 = 1.5
a1 = 5.67; a1(L2/L1) = (5.67)(1.5) = 8.51
Column Strip = 69% (-69.47) = -47.93 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-47.93) = -40.74 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-47.93) = -7.19 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(40.74 – 7.19) = -33.55 kN-m
Positive Moment:
Column Strip = 69% (37.40) = 25.81 kN-m
Beam = 85% (25.81) = 21.94 kN-m
Slab = 15% (25.81) = 3.87 kN-m
Middle Strip = (21.94 – 3.87) = 18.07 kN-m
Moment along short span (4-m interior beam)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 6)3.552

𝑀𝑜 = 𝑀𝑜 = = 198.83 kN-m
8 8
= -129.24 kN-m
= 69.59 kN-m
L2/L1 = 6/4 = 1.50
a1 = 3.24; a1(L2/L1) = (3.24)(1.50) = 4.86
Negative moment to be resisted by column strip is 60% (-129.24) = -77.54 kN-m
Negative moment to be resisted by the middle strip is -(65.91 – 11.63) = -54.28
kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by column strip is 60% (69.59) = 41.75 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by the middle strip is (35.75 – 6.26) = 29.49 kN-m
Figure 7. Moment along Short Span (Interior and Edge)
Moment along the long span (6-m end span)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 4)5.552

𝑀𝑜 = =
8 8
Mo = 323.98 kN-m
= -226.79 kN-m
= 184.67 kN-m
= -51.84 kN-m
L2/L1 = 4/6 = 0.67
a1 = 4.86; a1(L2/L1) = (4.86)(0.67) = 3.26
Column Strip = 56.1% (-226.79) = -127.23 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-127.23) = -108.15 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-127.23) = -19.08 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(108.15 – 19.08) = -89.07 kN-m
Column Strip = 56.1% (-51.84) = -29.08 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-29.08) = -24.72 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-29.08) = -4.36 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(24.72 – 4.36) = -20.36 kN-m
Column Strip = 56.1% (184.67) = 103.60 kN-m
Beam = 85% (103.60) = 88.06 kN-m
Slab = 15% (103.60) = 15.54 kN-m

Middle Strip = (88.06 – 15.54) = 72.52 kN-m
Figure 8. Moment along Long Span (6m end span)
𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (12)2 = 113𝑚𝑚2
4
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00507
𝑓𝑦 276
0.85(20.68)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75) = 0.02781
276(600 + 276)

Rows A and C Row B
Mo -2.18 7.77 -9.54 -20.36 72.52 -89.07
b 775 775 775 2000 2000 2000
d 162 174 162 174 174 174
Ru 0.1191 0.3679 0.5212 0.3736 1.3307 1.6344
p 0.00043 0.00135 0.00192 0.00137 0.00502 0.00623
use p 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507
As 636.8474 684.0212 636.8474 1765.2161 1765.2161 1765.2161
N=As/Ab 5.6310 6.0481 5.6310 15.6079 15.6079 15.6079
s 137.6318 128.1399 137.6318 128.1399 128.1399 128.1399
use s 130.00 120.00 130.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Rows D and F Row E
Mo -7.19 3.87 -7.19 -60.69 32.815 -60.69
b 775 775 775 4000 4000 4000

d 174 174 174 174 174 174
Ru 0.3405 0.1833 0.3405 0.5568 0.3011 0.5568
p 0.0012 0.0007 0.0012 0.0021 0.0011 0.0021
use p 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051
As 683.6895 683.6895 683.6895 3528.7200 3528.7200 3528.7200
N=As/Ab 6.0451 6.0451 6.0451 31.2007 31.2007 31.2007
s 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021
use s 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Temperature bars:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0020(1000)(200) = 400 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 400
𝑁= =𝜋 = 3.54
𝐴𝑏 (12) 2
4
Required Spacing
36000𝜋
𝑆=
400
S = 282.74mm say 280mm
Slab 3 (S-3)
LL = (7.2)(1)
= 7.2 kN/m
DL = 7.93 kN/m
wu = 1.2(7.93) + 1.6(7.2)
wu = 21.036 kN/m
Using 12mm bars:
d = 200 – ½(12) – 20
d = 174 mm
Moment along short span (2.5-m end span)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 4.5)2.05.2

8 8
Mo = 49.73 kN-m
= -34.81 kN-m
= 28.35 kN-m
= -7.96 kN-m

L2/L1 = 4.5/2.5 = 1.80
a1 = 4.32; a1(L2/L1) = (4.32)(1.80) = 7.78
Column Strip = 51% (-34.81) = -17.75 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-17.75) = -15.09 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-17.75) = -2.66 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(15.09 – 2.66) = -12.43 kN-m
Beam = 85% (-7.96) = -6.77 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-7396) = -1.19 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(6.77 – 1.19) = -5.58 kN-m
Column Strip = 51% (28.35) = 14.46 kN-m
Beam = 85% (14.46) = 12.29 kN-m

Slab = 15% (14.46) = 2.17 kN-m
Middle Strip = (12.29 – 2.17) = 10.12 kN-m
Figure 10. Moment along Short Span (2.5m end span)
Moment along long span (4.5-m interior beam)
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 2.5)4.052

8 8
Mo = 107.83 kN-m
= -70.09 kN-m
= 37.74 kN-m
L2/L1 = 2.5/4.5 = 0.55
a1 = 7.78; a1(L2/L1) = (7.78)(0.55) = 4.28
Negative moment to be resisted by column strip is 89.1% (-70.09) = -62.45 kN-m
Negative moment to be resisted by the middle strip is -(53.08 – 9.37) = -43.71
kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by column strip is 89.1% (37.74) = 33.63 kN-m
Positive moment to be resisted by the middle strip is (28.59 – 5.04) = 23.55 kN-m
Moment along the long span (along edge beam)
L2 = 2.5/2 + 0.20/2
=1.35m
Ln = 4.5 – 0.45
= 4.05m
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 )𝐿𝑛 2 (21.036 𝑥 1.35)4.052

𝑀𝑜 = =
8 8
Mo = 58.23 kN-m
= -37.85 kN-m
= 20.38 kN-m
Distributing these moments to beam:
Beam = 85% (-37.85) = -32.17 kN-m
Slab = 15% (-37.85) = -5.68 kN-m
Middle Strip = -(32.17 – 5.68) = -26.49 kN-m
Positive Moment:
Beam = 85% (20.38) = 17.32 kN-m
Slab = 15% (20.38) = 3.06 kN-m

Middle Strip = (17.32 – 3.06) = 14.26 kN-m
Figure 11. Moment along Long Span (Interior and Edge)
𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (12)2 = 113𝑚𝑚2
4
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00507
𝑓𝑦 276
0.85(20.68)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75) = 0.02781
276(600 + 276)

Rows A and C Row B
Mo -0.595 1.085 -1.33 -5.58 10.12 -12.73
b 400 400 400 3250 3250 3250
d 162 174 162 174 174 174
Ru 0.0630 0.0995 0.1408 0.0630 0.1143 0.1437
p 0.00023 0.00036 0.00051 0.00023 0.00042 0.00052
use p 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507 0.00507
As 328.6954 353.0432 328.6954 2868.4761 2868.4761 2868.4761
N=As/Ab 2.9063 3.1216 2.9063 25.3629 25.3629 25.3629
s 137.6318 128.1399 137.6318 128.1399 128.1399 128.1399
use s 130.00 120.00 130.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Rows D and F Row E
Mo -5.68 3.06 -5.68 -48.345 26.035 -48.345
b 400 400 400 1250 1250 1250
d 174 174 174 174 174 174

Ru 0.5211 0.2808 0.5211 1.4194 0.7644 1.4194
p 0.0019 0.0010 0.0019 0.0054 0.0028 0.0054
use p 0.0051 0.0051 0.0051 0.0054 0.0051 0.0054
As 352.8720 352.8720 352.8720 1102.7250 1102.7250 1102.7250
N=As/Ab 3.1201 3.1201 3.1201 9.7502 9.7502 9.7502
s 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021 128.2021
use s 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Temperature bars:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0020(1000)(200) = 400 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 400
𝑁= =𝜋 = 3.54
𝐴𝑏 (12) 2
4
Required Spacing
36000𝜋
𝑆=
400
S = 282.74mm say 280mm
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Interior beam (IB-1)
Interior Beam – 450mm x 600mm
Length of beam = 10m

Tributary area = 42 m2
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.30KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.20(23.6)(3.33) = 15.72 KN/m
Weight of Beam = 6.37 kN
DLTOTAL = 3.21 + 15.72 + 6.37
= 25.3 KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(3.33)
= 23.76KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(25.3) + 1.6(23.76)
= 68.38KN/m
Wu L2 68.38(10)2
Mu = =
12 12
Mu = 569.83 KN/m
fc' = 20.68
fy = 276
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03708
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
ρmax = 0.02781
ρ = 0.9ρmax
ρ = 0.02501
ρfy
w=
fc′
0.02501(276)
w= = 0.3338
(20.68)
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 0.9(20.68)(450)(560)2 (0.3338)[1 −
0.59(0.3338)]
= 704.07KN/m
Mu < M1 Design as singly reinforced
Mu = ∅Rubd2
569.83 = (0.9)Ru(450)(560)2
Ru = 4.486 Mpa
0.85fc′ 2Ru
ρ= (1 − √1 −
fy 0.85fc′
0.85(20.68) 2(4.486)
ρ= (1 − √1 −
276 0.85(20.68)
ρ = 0.01912
Check for minimum ρ
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 0.00507 < 0.01912 (OK)
As = ρ𝑏𝑑
As = (0.01912)(450)(560) = 4818.24
Use 32mm ∅ RSB
𝜋
(D)²x number of bars = As
4
𝜋
(32)²x number of bars = 4818.24
4
N = 5.99 say 6
Therefore use 6-32 mm ∅RSB
Web Reinforced
Wu =68.38 KN/m
Wu L
Vu = − Wu L
2
Vu = 341.9 KN/m
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √20.68(450)(560)
= 190.99KN
1
∅Vc < 𝑉𝑢
2
1
(0.85)(190.99) < 𝑉𝑢
2
81.17 KN < 341.9 KN
Use stirrup or provide web reinforcement
Spacing of Stirrup
Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅
341.9
= − 190.99
0.85
= 211.25 KN
122 π(6)
Av = = 678.58mm2
4
Av fyd 678.58(276)(560)
S= =
Vs 211.25
S = 496.48 mm say 500mm
d
Smax =
2
560
= = 280mm
2
 Therefore use 12mm∅RSB stirrup @ 280mm O.C
Exterior beam (EB-1)
Exterior Beam – 450mm x 600mm

DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.30KN/m
DLTOTAL = 3.21 + 15.72 + 6.37
= 25.3 KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(3.33)
= 23.76KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(25.3) + 1.6(23.76)
= 68.38KN/m
Wu L2 68.38(10)2
Mu = =
12 12
Mu = 569.83 KN/m
fc' = 20.68
fy = 276
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03708
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
ρmax = 0.02781
ρ = 0.9ρmax
ρ = 0.02501
ρfy
w=
fc′
0.02501(276)
w= = 0.3338
(20.68)
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)

= 0.9(20.68)(450)(560)2 (0.3338)[1 −
0.59(0.3338)]
= 704.07KN/m
Mu < M1 Design as singly reinforced
Mu = ∅Rubd2
569.83 = (0.9)Ru(450)(560)2
Ru = 4.486 Mpa
0.85fc′ 2Ru
ρ= (1 − √1 −
fy 0.85fc′
0.85(20.68) 2(4.486)
ρ= (1 − √1 −
276 0.85(20.68)
ρ = 0.01912
Check for minimum ρ
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 0.00507 < 0.01912 (OK)
As = ρ𝑏𝑑
As = (0.01912)(450)(560)
As = 4818.24
Use 32mm ∅ RSB

𝜋
(D)²x number of bars = As
4
𝜋
(32)²x number of bars = 4818.24
4
N = 5.99 say 6
Therefore use 6-32 mm ∅RSB
Web Reinforced
Wu =68.38 KN/m
Wu L
Vu = − Wu L
2
Vu = 341.9 KN/m
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √20.68(450)(560)
= 190.99KN
1
∅Vc < 𝑉𝑢
2
1
(0.85)(190.99) < 𝑉𝑢
2
81.17 KN < 341.9 KN
 Use stirrup or provide web reinforcement

Spacing of Stirrup
Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅
341.9
= − 190.99
0.85
= 211.25 KN
122 π(6)
Av = = 678.58mm2
4
Av fyd 678.58(276)(560)
S= =
Vs 211.25
S = 496.48 mm say 500mm
d
Smax =
2
560
= = 280mm
2
Edge beam (B-1)
Edge Beam – 200mm x 400mm
Length of beam = 6m
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.30KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.20(23.6)(2) = 9.44 KN/m
DLTOTAL = 3.21 + 9.44 + 6.37
= 19.02 KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(2)
= 14.4KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(19.02) + 1.6(14.4)
= 45.86 KN/m
Wu L2 45.86(6)2
Mu = =
12 12
Mu = 137.58 KN/m
fc' = 20.68
fy = 276
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03708
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
ρmax = 0.02781
ρ = 0.9ρmax
ρ = 0.02501
As1 = ρbd
= 0.02501(200)(360)
= 1800.72mm2
ρfy
w=
fc′
0.02501(276)
w= = 0.3338
(20.68)
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 0.9(20.68)(200)(360)2 (0.3338)[1 −
0.59(0.3338)]
= 129.32KN/m
Mu > M1 it needs reinforcement in the compression side
M2 = Mu – M1
= 134.22 – 129.32
= 4.9 KN/m
M2 = As2fy(d-d′)
d′ = 40mm
M2 4.9x106
As2 = =
fy(d − d′ ) 276(360 − 40)
= 55.48mm2
As = As1 +As2
= 1800.72 + 55.48
= 1856.2mm2
Use 20-mmØ RSB

As 1856.2(4)
N32 = = = 5.90 say 6
Ab (20)2 π
Therefore use 6-20mmØ RSB
Check if compression steel yield
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= ;𝜖 = 𝐸
𝜖
276
𝜖𝑦 = 200000 = 1.38𝑥10−3
C1 = T1
0.85fc’ab = As1fy
As1 fy 1800.72(276)
a= ′
=
0.85fc b 0.85(20.68)(200)
a = 141.37mm
a 141.37
c= =
β 0.85
c = 166.31
𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 (0.003)
= ; =
(𝑐 − 𝑑′ ) 𝑐 (166 − 40) 166.47
𝜖 s′ = 2.28x10-3
𝜖 s′ > 𝜖 y
 compression steel yield
Check if compression steel yields using ACI Code

0.85fc ′ β600d′
′
4(322 π)
ρ−ρ > ρ= = 0.04468ρ′
fyd(600 − fy) 4(200)(360)
202 π
= = 8.73x10−3
2(200)(360)
0.85fc ′ β600d′ 0.85(0.85)(20.68)(40)(600)

=
fyd(600 − fy) 276(360)(600 − 276)
= 0.01670
ρ - ρ′ = 0.04468 – 0.01670
= 0.02798
0.02798 > 0.01670 (OKAY)
ρmax = 0.75ρb + ρ′
= 0.02781 + 8.73x10-3
= 0.03654
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 5.07x10−3
ρmin < 𝜌 < ρmax (OKAY)
Web Reinforced
Wu = 45.86KN/m
Wu L 45.86(6)
Vu = − Wu L = − 45.86(6)
2 2
Vu = 137.58KN
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √20.68(200)(360)
= 163.71KN/m
Vu > ∅Vc (1/2)
Vu > 0.85(163.71)(0.5)
Vu > 69.58KN
Spacing of Stirrup
d
Smax = 2
360
= = 180mm
2
Tie beam (TB-1)
Tie Beam – 250mm x 400mm
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.30KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.20(23.6)(3.33) = 15.72KN/m
DLTOTAL = 3.21 + 15.72 + 6.37
= 25.3 KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(3.33)
= 23.98KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(25.3) + 1.6(23.98)
= 68.25 KN/m
Wu L2 68.25(10)2
Mu = =
12 12
Mu = 568.75 KN/m
fc' = 20.68
fy = 276
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03708
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
ρmax = 0.02781
ρ = 0.9ρmax
ρ = 0.02501
As1 = ρbd
= 0.02501(250)(360)
= 2250.9mm2
ρfy
w=
fc′
0.02501(276)
w= = 0.3338
(20.68)
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 0.9(20.68)(250)(360)2 (0.3338)[1 −
0.59(0.3338)]
= 161.65KN/m
Mu > M1 it needs reinforcement in the compression side
M2 = Mu – M1
= 568.75 – 161.65
= 407.1 KN/m
M2 = As2fy(d-d′)
d′ = 40mm
M2
As2 =
fy(d − d′ )
407.1x106
=
276(360 − 40)
= 4609.38mm2
As = As1 +As2
= 2250.9 + 4609.38
= 6860.28mm2
Use 32-mmØ RSB
As 6860.28(4)
N32 = = = 8.52 say 8
Ab (36)2 π
Therefore use 8-32mmØ RSB
Check if compression steel yield
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= ;𝜖 =
𝜖 𝐸
276
𝜖𝑦 = 200000 = 1.38𝑥10−3
C1 = T1
0.85fc’ab = As1fy
As1 fy 2250.9(276)
a= ′
=
0.85fc b 0.85(20.68)(250)
a = 141.37mm
a 141.37
c= =
β 0.85
c = 166.31
𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 (0.003)
= ; =
(𝑐 − 𝑑′ ) 𝑐 (166 − 40) 166.47
𝜖 s′ = 2.28x10-3
𝜖 s′ > 𝜖 y
compression steel yield

Check if compression steel yields using ACI Code
0.85fc ′ β600d′ 4(322 π) 202 π

ρ − ρ′ > ρ= = 0.04468ρ′ =
fyd(600 − fy) 4(200)(360) 2(200)(360)
= 8.73x10−3
0.85fc ′ β600d′ 0.85(0.85)(20.68)(40)(600)

=
fyd(600 − fy) 276(360)(600 − 276)
= 0.01670
ρ - ρ′ = 0.04468 – 0.01670
= 0.02798
0.02798 > 0.01670 (OKAY)
ρmax = 0.75ρb + ρ′
= 0.02781 + 8.73x10-3
= 0.03654
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 5.07x10−3
ρmin < 𝜌 < ρmax (OKAY)
Web Reinforced
Wu = 68.25KN/m
Wu L 68.25(10)
Vu = − Wu L = − 68.25(10)
2 2
Vu = 341.25KN
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √20.68(250)(360)
= 68.21KN/m
Vu > ∅Vc (1/2)
Vu > 0.85(68.21)(0.5)
Vu > 28.99KN
Spacing of Stirrup
d
Smax = 2
360
= = 180mm
2
Therefore use 12mm∅RSB stirrup @ 180mm O.C
Cantilever Beam (CB-1)
Cantilever beam – 200mm x 400mm
Length of beam = 2.5m
Tributary area = 5m2

DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.30KN/m
DLTOTAL = 3.21+15.72+6.37
= 25.30 KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(2)
= 14.4 KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(25.30) + 1.6(14.4)
= 53.4 KN/m
Weight of the inclined beam:
wS 3−m2
W={ 3
[ 2
] (1) + [(ww)(h) + (b)(d)(wc)]} (1.20)
2.50 2
20.47(2.50) 3−(6.00)
W= { [ 2 ] (1) + [(. 25)(. 45)(23.6)]} (1.20)
3
W = 32.11Kn/m
Factored Maximum Moment:
Mu max = wuLN + PS
Mu max = (32.11)(2.50)(0.06) + (0.36)(6.0)(2.50)
Mu max = 10.22 Kn-m
Steel Ratio:
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03708
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
ρmax = 0.02781
fy = 276.0 MPa
ρmin = 1.4/fy
= 1.4/ 276.0
ρmin = 0.00507
0.02781 > 0.00507∴ ok
ρfy
w=
fc′
0.02501(276)
w= = 0.3338
(20.68)
wfc′
ρ= fy
(0.3338)(20.68)
ρ= 276
ρ = 0.02501
Factored Moment Capacity:
Ru = fc'w (1 – 0.59w)
= (20.68)(0.3338)[ 1 – (0.59)(0.3338) ]
Ru = 5.54; use 2.20
d = t – 50
d = 400 – 50
d = 350 mm
Mu cap = Φbd2 Ru
Mu cap = (0.85)(200)(350)2(2.20)
Mu cap = 45.82kN-m
45.82 kN-m > Mu max ∴ ok
Required Steel Area:
As = ρbd
ρ = 0.02501(200)(350)
As = 1750.7 mm2
@ 20 mm Φ bars
Ab = πD2/4 = π(20)2/4
Ab = 314.16 mm2
Number of Bars:
s = As/Ab
s = 1750.7/314.16
s = 5.57 say 7 pcs.
Therefore use 7 –20 mm Φ (4 @ top & 3 @ bottom)
Interior Column (C-1)
Tributary Area = 7(6) = 42𝑚2
Dead Load
Roof Deck
Slab = 0.18(7)(6)(23.6) = 178.42KN
Ceiling = 0.24(42) = 10.08KN
Utility = 0.04(42) = 1.68KN
Finishing = 0.77(42) = 32.34KN
Vegetation = 4.8(42) = 201.6KN
Beam = [0.45(0.60)(7)+0.3(0.4)(6)]23.6 = 61.6KN
Total = 485.72KN
Third Floor
Slab = 0.18(7)(6)(23.6) = 178.42KN
Ceiling = 0.24(42) = 10.08KN

Utility = 0.04(42) = 1.68KN
Finishing = 0.77(42) = 32.34KN
Vegetation = 4.8(42) = 201.6KN
Partition = 2.1(42) = 88.2KN
Beam = [0.4(0.60)(7)+0.3(0.4)(6)](23.6) = 61.6KN
Column = 0.75(0.75)(5)(23.6) = 66.38KN
Total = 640.3KN
1st Floor & 2nd Floor loading is equal
To the total load of 3rd Floor = 640.3KN
𝐷𝐿𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 485.72 + 640.3 + 640.3 + 640.3
= 2406.62KN
LL= 7.2(42) + 6.0(42) + 4.8(42) + 4.8(42)
= 957.6KN
Pu = 12DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(2406.62) + 1.6(957.60)
Pu = 4420.10KN
Try Pg = 0.03
𝑃𝑢 4420.10
Ag =Ø(𝑜.80)[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1−𝑃𝑔)+𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔] = 0.70(0.80)[0.85(20.68)(1−0.03)+276(0.03)
4420.10
Ag = = 311600.00𝑚𝑚2
14.1852
ℎ2 = 𝐴𝑔 = 311600.00𝑚𝑚2
ℎ = 558.21𝑚𝑚
Say 750mm × 750mm
𝐴𝑔 = 750(750) = 562500𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝐴𝑔 = 0.03(562500) = 16875𝑚𝑚2
Try 36mmØ RSB
362 𝜋
( ) 𝑁 = 16875
4
𝑁 = 16.58 say 18
Say 18 – 36mmØ RSB
𝐴𝑠 16875
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐴𝑔 = 562500
𝑃𝑔 = 0.03 > 0.01 < 0.08 (𝑜. 𝑘. )
Check for Slenderness ratio r
𝐿 𝑀
= 34 − 12 𝑀1
𝑟 2
𝑀1
=1
𝑀2
𝐿
= 34 − 12 = 22
𝑟
𝑟 = 0.3(ℎ) = 0.3(750)
𝑟 = 225𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = Unsupported length
𝐿 = 3400𝑚𝑚
𝐿 3400
= = 15.11 < 22 (𝑜. 𝑘. )
𝑟 225
Therefore; (slenderness ratio may be neglected)
Spacing of tie wires (12mmØ)
1. 17 bars dia. = 17(36) = 612mm
2. 51 tie dia. = 51(12) = 612mm
3. Least dimension = (750) = 750mm
Use spacing of 12mmØ @ 612mm on center
𝑃𝑢 = Ø(0.8)[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

Ø = 0.7
𝑃𝑢 = 0.7(0.8)[0.85(20.68)(562500 − 16875) + 276(16875)]
𝑃𝑢 = 7979.16 > 4420.10𝐾𝑁 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
(Safe load it could carry)
Design of Footing
Interior Footing (F-1)
Dead Load = 2406.62kN
Live Load = 957.60kN
Allowable soil pressure = 235kPa
fc’= 20.68MPa
fy= 276MPa
Cross section of column= 750mm x 750mm
Assume weight of footing 8%-10% of column load
Weight of footing = 0.08(DL+LL)
= 0.08(2406.62+957.60)
= 269.14kN
Total Load = 2406.62+957.60+269.14
= 3633.36kN
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 3633.36𝑘𝑁

A = 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 235𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Area = 15.36𝑚2 = 𝐿2
L = 3.9m say 4m or 4000mm
Depth = 20%(4000mm)
= 800mm
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.2(𝐷𝐿)+1.6(𝐿𝐿)

𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 42
4420.104
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = 276.26kPa
42
Allowable ultimate soil pressure (𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 )
(𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)𝑃𝑢 235(4420.104)

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿 3364.22
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 308.76kPa
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (safe)
Compute “d” base on punching shear

2 1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (1+𝛽𝑐) 6 (√𝑓𝑐′) > 3 (√𝑓𝑐′)
750
𝛽𝑐= 750 = 1
2 1
= (1+1) 6 (√20.68) = 2.27
1
(√𝑓𝑐′) = 1.52
3
bd= ø𝑉𝑛 = ø𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑢
= 1.52(0.85)(4)(750+d)(d)
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )
5.168d (750+d) = 276.26 𝑥10−3 [(4000)2 − (750 + 𝑑)2 ]
d= 574.79mm say 600mm
Check for Beam Shear
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 ) = 276.26x10−3(4000)(2000-d)
1 1
ø𝑉𝑐 = ø 6 √𝑓𝑐′bd = 0.856 √20.68(4000)d
𝑉𝑢 = φ𝑉𝑐 bd
276.26𝑥10−3 (4000)(2000−𝑑) 𝑉
𝑢
= = 𝑉𝑛 = ø𝑏𝑑 < 𝑉𝑐
0.85(4000)(𝑑)
1 1
𝑉𝑛 = 0.758MPa 𝑉𝑐 = 6 √𝑓𝑐′ = 6 √20.68
𝑉𝑐 = 0.760𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑛 < 𝑉𝑐 (safe)
By Bending
𝑀𝑢 = øfc’b𝑑2 w(1-0.59w)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )( )
2
16252
=276.26x10−3(4000) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 =1458.99kN·m
𝑀𝑢 = øfc’b𝑑2 w(1-0.59w)
1458.99= 0.9(20.68)(4000)(600)2 w(1-0.59w)
w = 1.69
𝑓𝑦
𝜌= 𝑓𝑐′
276
𝜌= 20.68
𝜌= 13.35
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 = 276 = 5.07x10−3
∴ use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.07x10−3
Steel Area Required
As= 𝜌bd = 5.07x10−3 (4000)(600)
As= 12168𝑚𝑚2
∴ use 32mm ∅ RSB
16 - 32mm ∅ RSB
Ld = Development length
0.02 ∆𝑏 𝑓𝑦
Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
202 𝜋
0.02( )276
4
=
√20.68
Ld= 381.34mmsss
Min. Req’d Ld
Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 fy or 300 mm
Ld = 0.06(20)(276)
Ld = 331.2mm
Ld furnished = 1650-75 = 1575mm

Check for Bearing Strength
𝐴2
B.S = ∅ 0.85fc’𝐴1 √ ⁄𝐴
1
∅ = 0.7
𝐴1 = (750)(750) = 562500𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = (4000)2 = 16000000𝑚𝑚2
√𝐴2⁄𝐴 = 5.33 > 2 use 2

1
B.S = 0.7(0.85)(20.68) 562500(2)
B.S = 13843kN > 𝑃𝑢 = 4420.10kN (safe)(no need)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Stair
Concrete Stair 1
Thread (t) = 250mm = 0.25m
Rise (e) = 220mm = 0.22m
No. of Steps = 22
1
S = 25(t)(12)
1
= 25(250)(12)
S =120mm
𝑠√𝑟 2 + 𝑡 2 (23.54)2
Wt. of slab =
𝑡
120√0.222 + 0.252 (23.54)2

=
0.25
Wt. of slab = 2.83kN/𝑚2
𝑟
Wt. of steps = 2(23.54)
0.22
= (23.54)
2
= 2.59kN/𝑚2
Total DeadLoad = 2.83+2.59
= 5.42kN/𝑚2
Consider in Strip :
DeadLoad = 5.42 kN/𝑚2 (1m) = 5.42kN/m
LiveLoad = 7.2 kN/𝑚2 (1m) = 7.2 kN/m

Ultimate Load
Wu = 1.2DL+1.6LL
= 1.2(5.42)+1.6(7.2)
Wu = 6.78+11.52
Wu = 18.02 kN/m
Ultimate Moment
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 (18.02)(4)2
Mu = =
8 8
Mu = 36.04kN.m
Use 10mm ø bars
d = s-25
= 200-25
d = 175mm
Mw = øfc’bd2 w(1-0.59w)
75.12x106 = 0.9(20.68)(1000)(175)2 w(1-0.59w)
w = 0.045
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.045(20.68)
𝜌 = =
𝑓𝑦 276
𝜌 = 0.03371
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 5.07x10−3
𝑓𝑦
∴ use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
As = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 bd = 0.00507(1000)(175)
As = 887.68𝑚𝑚2
∴ use 12mm ∅ bars
887.68(4)
𝑁12 =
122 𝜋
𝑁12 = 4.84
Say 8-12mm ∅ BSB
1000(∆𝑏)
S =
∆𝑠
S = 127.41mm Say 130mm
Mas S = St or 500mm
Min S = 100mm
Min S<S<Max S (ok)
Area or Temperature Bars
As = 0.002bt
As = 0.002(1000)(175)
As = 350𝑚𝑚2
Using 10mm ∅ RSB
1000 (102 𝜋)
S =
350(4)
S = 224.39mm
Say S = 230mm
Mas S = St or 500mm
Min S = 1000mm
Min S < S < Max S (ok)
Check for Shear
𝑊𝑢𝐿 (12.56)(4)
R = =
2 2
R = 25.12kN
𝑅 75.12𝑥103
V = =
𝑏𝑑 (1000)(175)
V = 0.14
1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = √𝑓𝑐′
6
1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = √21
6
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.76
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > V (ok) (safe)
Design of Landing
Dimension = 1.5m x 3m
Use t = 200mm = 0.2m
Considering in Strip
Dead Load = 23.54(2)(1) = 47.08kN/m
Live Load = 7.2(1) = 3.9kN/m
Ultimate Load
Wu = DL(1.2) + LL(1.6)
= 1.2(47.08) + 1.6(7.2)
Wu = 68.016kN/m
Ultimate Moment :
𝑊𝑢𝐿2
Mu =
8
Mu = 136.03kN.m
12
d = S – 26 – ( 2 )
= 200 – 26 – 6
d = 169mm
Mw = øfy’bd2 w(1-0.59w)
125.43x106 = 0.9(20.68)(1000)(169)2 w(1-0.59w)
W = 0.2778
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑤
𝜌 =
𝑓𝑦
= 0.0208
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
As = 𝜌bd = 0.00507(1000)(175)
As = 887.25𝑚𝑚2
Use 12mm ∅ RSB
887.25(4)
𝑁12 =
122 𝜋
= 7.85 Say 8-12mm ∅ RSB

Max S = 500mm
Min S = 100mm
Min S < S < Max S
Area of Temperature Bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(175)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 350𝑚𝑚2
Use 10mm ∅ RSB
1000(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1000(102 𝜋)
= 350(4)
S = 224.39mm
Say 230mm
Min S < S < Max S (ok)
Check for Shear
𝑊𝑢𝐿
R =
2
(12.74)(4)
=
2
R = 125.48kN
𝑅 125.48𝑥103
V = = = 8.74
𝑏𝑑 1000(169)
1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 6 √𝑓𝑐 ′ = 6 √20.68
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.76
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > V (safe)
Design of Shear Wall Elevator Shaft):
Self-weight
Car Counterweight (car + liveload) (area) impact thickness sides
PU = {[(2000 kg x 9.81 ÷ 1000) + (60%)(19.62 + (3.80)(2.0)(2.0)] x 1.20 +
(0.20)(4 x 2.40)
machine rm + height + pit density LIVE LOAD
x ( 4.5 + 13.0 + 1.8 ) (23.6)} x 1.2 + (3.80)(2.00)(2.00) x 1.6 = 1132.08 kN
Perimeter doorway
Weight per meter = 1132.08 ÷ (9.60 - 0.80) = 128.64 kN/m
try ρg = (10)(201) = 0.010 / m
Ag = Pu = 128.64 x 103 N/m

Ag = Φ[ 0.85f’c (1 – ρg) + fy ρg (0.85)[ (0.85)(20.68)(1 – 0.010) +
(276)(0.010)
Ag = 8,744 mm2/ m (min) < 200 x 1000 mm2 = 200,000 mm2 /m ∴ ok
DESIGN OF ELEVATOR PIT:
Pu = 1132.08 kN → Af/q = Wf /215 = 1132.08 + (0.06)(1132.08) =
5.58 m2
L x W = 2.36 m x 2.36 m say 2.40 m x 2.40 m
qnet = P = 1132.08
A = (2.40)2
qnet = 196.54 kPa
x = L – c = (2.40÷2) – 0.20 = 1.00 m
Mu = (qnet)(x)(x/2)(L) = (196.54)(1.00)(0.50)(1.20) = 117.92 kN-m
d = Mu = 117.92 x 106 = 229.24 mm < 325 mm = d ∴ ok
ΦRu b = (0.85)(2.20)(1200)
t = 325 + 75 = 400 mm As = ρbd → try ρ = 0.00825 > ρmin = 0.0061 →
(0.00825)(2400)(325) = 6435 ÷ 201
# bars = 32.01 say 32 – 16mmΦ

R.C. ELEVATOR PIT: 400 mm x 2400 mm x 2400 mm with 32 – 16 mm Φ
rebars bothways ( 16 @ each way )
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
ITEM 100: General Requirements
All parts of the construction shall be finished with first class workmanship
to the fullest panel and meaning of the plans and this specification, and to the inter
satisfaction of the Engineer and owner.
The construction shall conform to all the requirement of the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH), and the local: rules and regulation of the
City of Lucena.
1.1 Mobilization
Include the transportation to the site of Contractor’s plans, materials,
equipment, employees, furnishing, and temporary facilities.
1.2 Temporary Facilities
Temporary facilities shall include but not be limited to the following
items:
a. Site/Field Office it shall be 4m x 5m filed office located by the
Engineer. The field office shall be wooden construction with
plywood siding and corrugated G.I. Sheet roofing. It shall be
provided with necessary facilities specified by the Engineer.
b. Workshops, warehouse, stockpile areas and storage areas for
materials equipment.
c. Construction camp for housing and accommodation of
Contractor’s employees.
d. Community facilities including potable water supply, electrical
power requirements, drainage, sewerage disposal, sanitations,
first aid, refuse collection, temporary fence and barricades, and
fire protection facilities.
ITEM 200: Site of Working
2.1 Site Clearing and Grubbing
All superficial obstruction shall be demolished and removed from the site
and spread uniformly over the areas adjacent to the proposed building or
otherwise disposed off to disposal areas approved by the engineer.
The building site shall be leveled according to the plans and cleared of
rubbish, roots and other deleterious materials to a suitable sub-grade.
2.2 Excavation
All excavation shall be made to grade shown in the drawings. A backhoe
shall be used in the performance of the work, where the building site is covered
with any kind of fill, the excavations for footing shall be made deeper until the
stratum of the safe bearing capacity of the soil reached. Then it shall be refilled to
the proper grade with thoroughly compacted suitable materials approved by the
Engineer.
Whenever water is encountered in the excavation process, it shall be
removed by building or pumping diverted to suitable disposal points.
2.3 Backfills and Fills
Whenever the concrete for foundations is hard enough to withstand the
pressure resulting from fills. The materials removed from excavation shall use for
backfill around them. The fill and backfill materials shall be free from roots,
wood scraps and other extraneous materials.
Backfills and fills shall be placed in layers not exceeding 150mm in
thickness and each layer shall be thoroughly compacted.
ITEM 300: Concrete
All concrete shall be mixed thoroughly by an appropriate concrete mixer
until there is a uniform distribution of the cement and aggregates. It should be
deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position, care being taken to avoid
segregation of aggregates.
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
Cement shall be high quality brand Portland cement conforming to
the “Specification for Portland Cement” (PNS 07 1983). Fortune cement
was the brand of Portland cement used.
Alternative cement so selected must meet the requirements of
Portland and Pozzolan cements and approved by the Engineer in charge of
construction.
3.1.2 Aggregates
Concrete aggregates shall conform to the “Specification for
Concrete Aggregates” (PNS 18). Aggregates should by adequate strength
and durability.
3.2.3 Water
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or
other substance that maybe deleterious to the concrete or
reinforcement.
3.1.4 Admixture
Admixture is subjected to prior approval of the Engineer. An
admixture shall be shown capable of maintaining essentially the same
performance throughout the work.
3.1.5 Metal Reinforcement
All steel reinforcing bars to be used in this construction shall
consist of round deformed bars with lugs or projections on their sides to
provide a greater bond between the concrete and steel. All steel
reinforcing bars shall be accurately placed and secured against
displacement by trying them together at each bar intersection with Gauge
No. 16 galvanized iron wire.
The steel reinforcing bars indicated for footing s, columns, slabs,
beams girders and other concrete members shall all conform to the
number, size, and spacing as indicated in the drawing or schedule of steel
reinforcements.
3.2 Storage Materials
Cement and aggregates shall be stored in such manners as to
prevent deterioration or intrusion of foreign matter. Any material that has
deteriorated, or has been contaminated shall not be used.
3.3 Proportioning of Concrete
The following proportions of concrete mixtures shall be used for
the various parts of building.

Foundation and Tie Beam – Class A (1:2:4)
Columns, Beams and Slabs – Class A (1:2:4)
Reinforced Concrete Stairs – Class A (1:2:4)
Concrete slab shall be mixture of 1 part cement, 2 parts of fine
aggregates, and 5 parts of coarse aggregates by volume plus enough clean
water to make the mixture into a pliable paste.
The fine aggregate for concrete shall consist of natural sand or of
inner materials with similar characteristics having clean hard and durable
grains free from organic material or loam.
The coarse aggregate shall consist of crashed rock of durable and
strong utilities or clean and hard gravel. Nominal maximum size of the
coarse aggregate shall not be larger that:
a. 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms nor,
b. 1/3 the depth of slabs nor,
c. 3/4 the minimum clears spacing between individual reinforcing
bars or wires. This function shall not if in the judgment of the
Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are such
that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
3.4 Forms of Concrete Works

All forms for concrete works shall be properly braced or tied
together so as maintain the correct position and shape of the concrete
member. Forms shall be made constructed sufficiently tight to prevent
bulging and seepage of water. Forms shall be made removed until the
concrete has attained sufficient strength to support its own weight and any
load that may be placed on it.
3.5 Concrete Slab Floors on Fill
Concrete Slab on Fill shall be poured on the gravel not less than
100mm thick. Each concrete slab coarse shall be poured alternately to the
indicator floor finish. Reinforcement for the slab floors shall be prior to
the judgment of the Engineer supervising the construction.
ITEM 400: Masonry
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Concrete Hollow Blocks
Concrete hollow blocks shall be a standard product of recognized
manufacturer conforming to the “Specification of Concrete Hollow
Blocks” (PNS 16)
All exterior concrete hollow blocks to be used for the first floor
walls are at least 1mm thick. For interior walls and partitions of the
comfort room at least 10mm thick shall be used. Concrete hollow blocks
walls shall be laid and the cells filed with cement mortar consisting 1 part
Portland cement and 3 part sand by volume. They shall be reinforced with
10mm diameter bars spaced not more than 8000mm on centers both ways.
The mixture of cement plaster for concrete hollow blocks wall
finishes indicated in the drawing shall be 1 part cement, 1 part lime and 3
parts sand.
4.1.2 Cement, Reinforcing Steel and Water
Cement, reinforcing steel and water shall be specified in ITEM
300.
4.2 Delivery, Storage and Protection of Materials
Storage of materials shall be as specified on ITEM 300: Concrete and as
specified here in.
4.2.1 Concrete Masonry shall immediately upon delivery be stacked under
a covered area or otherwise be protected from exposure to the weather and
contact with the soil.
ITEM 500: Metals
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Stairway railings shall be Stainless and steel pipes of standard
weight conforming to the specification of ASTM A53-88.

5.2 Fabrication
5.2.1 Fabrication
The work shall be formed to the shape and sized shown and
assembled as detail. Structural members shall be fabricated and assembled
properly in the shop to the greatest extent as possible.
ITEM 600: Thermal and Moisture Protection
6.1 Waterproofing of Roof Deck Slab
Waterproofing materials shall be product of reputable manufacturer
recommended by the Engineer. Sahara should be used as the admixture water
proofing the roof deck slab. Other concrete waterproofing such as protoseal shall
be used for coating the roof deck to ensure that water will not penetrate on the
concrete.
6.2 Roof Accessories
Roof accessories such as drain pipes and downspouts shall be adequately
provided as shown in the drawing plans.
All waterproofed surfaces roof sidings, gutters and downspouts system
shall be tested for water tightness by flushing of flooding with water as directed
by the engineer. If any leak occurs, the work shall be repaired or reconstructed.
Test shall be repeated until satisfactory result has been attained.

ITEM 700: Doors and Windows
7.1 Doors and Doorframes
Interior doors and doorframes shall confirm to the sizes, design and kind
of materials specified in the schedule of doors.
7.2 Glass Windows
Glass windows to be used in the project shall conform to the sizes and
designs shown in details of windows. Glass wall cladding, glass and installation
method shall be as suggested by the fabricator and approved by the Engineer.
ITEM 800: Finishes
8.1 Cement Finish on Masonry Walls
Plastering work shall be coordinated properly with the work of other
trades. The work of other trade shall be protected from damage during plastering
operations. The mixing of plaster shall be specified in ITEM 400: MASONRY
Scaffolding to be used during the work shall be strong and well braced,
overloading of scaffolding shall not be permitted.
8.2 Cement Finish on Concrete Floor Slabs
Finishing for floors and slabs shall be as directed by the Engineer.

8.3 Other Cement Finish
All surface defects shall be repaired with cement mortar. Cement shall be
of the same composition as to that used for concrete.
8.4 Tile Works
Tile Works shall not be started until roughing-ins for plumbing and
electrical work has been completed and tested. The work of all other trades in the
area where the work is to be done shall be protected from damage in
workmanship manner as directed by the Engineer. The materials and method of
installation shall conform to the drawings or as specified by the Engineer.
8.5 Painting
All painting work for this project shall be done with the use of Boysen
paint products. The paint to be used for interior coating should be BS8701
KNOxOUT Air Cleaning Paint. The Engineer or the officials of the city of
Tayabas shall also direct the color. The storage and application of the paint shall
conform to the specification of the manufacturer.
The work of all trades in the area where the work is to be done shall be
protected from damage in workmanship manner as directed by the Engineer.
8.6 Other Surface Fluids
On all finishes not indicated in the drawings described herein the
contractor shall submit samples of the said finishes to the Engineer for approval
and selection before commencing the work.

ITEM 900: Electrical
9.1 Basic Electrical Materials and Method
The installation of all electrical system shall be as shown in the drawings
or as directed by the Engineer or an expert Electrician.
Materials to be used shall be indicated in the drawings or may be replaced
by other items or similar purpose and quality and subjected to the approval of the
Engineer or expert Electrician.
9.2 Lighting
All materials to be subjected to the approval of the Engineer.
9.3 Testing
All electrical system shall be repaired or replaced if found faculty. The
system shall be tested until satisfactory results are attained and approved by the
Engineer.
ITEM 1000: Specialties
10.1 Telephone Specialties
The administration office inside the building shall be installed with a
telephone system. The telephone company to which the owner wants to apply
shall do installation.
10.2 Toiler Accessories
Toilet accessories shall include only the necessary items needed in a
public toilet. Waterless urinals and dual flush water closet shall be used in the
toilet. It shall be provided as directed by the Engineer.
ITEM 1100: Mechanical
11.1 Fire Protection
Fire extinguishing units shall be supplied and installed in strategic location
as specified in the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
11.2 Plumbing
Plumbing shall be installed as shown in the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer or an expert plumber.
11.3 Septic Tank
The septic tank shall be constructed as shown in the drawings. It shall
chamber into sedimentation tank and leaching chamber. The effluent from the
leaching chamber shall be discharged to the nearest catch basin or storm drainage
system.
ITEM 1200: Conveying System
12.1 Transportation System
Transportation system to be used for delivery of supply shall include
jeeps, trucks, and delivery vans. There shall be provisions for a road around the
building where these vehicles could move conveniently.
ITEM 1300: Green Roof
13.1 Quality Assurance
13.1.1 The installation of all green roof system shall be as shown in the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer or by the System Provider.
13.1.2 Work of this section shall be installed by a recognized green roof or
landscape contractor. The contractor shall have adequate equipment,
skilled workers with extensive practical experience, skill and knowledge
of plants horticulture techniques and overall landscape design
requirements.
13.1.3 The green roof manufacturer shall inspect the roofing system prior
to commencement of work during application and upon completion.
13.1.4 Prior to the installation of the green roof system test the water
tightness of the roofing system by flood testing for at least a 48 hour
period or electronic leak detection.

13.1.4.1 Any excess water that is not contained by the engineered
soil medium shall drain positively to the existing roof drain. Utilize
composite drainage mats to assist with drainage. The selection of
the roof waterproofing system must support the ease of leak
detection and not allow water to travel under the waterproofing.
13.2 Layers of Green Roof
The green roof system shall include: 1) a waterproofing membrane,
2) an engineered soil support system that includes insulation and elements
for critical moisture retention and drainage system and 4) an engineered
growing medium and selection plantings.

COST ESTIMATES AND BILL OF MATERIALS
Table 5.2a
Cost Estimates and Bill of
Materials
COST
TOTAL
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT PER LABOR
COST
QUATITY
45% of total
material cost
I.MOBILIZATION AND
Per day 50,000.00
TEMPORARY FACILITIES
II. SITE CLEARING AND

Per day 10,000
GRUBBING
III. EXCAVATION 2700 Cu. m. 350 945000
IV. BACK FILLS AND FILLS 1350 Cu. m. 450 607500
Soil Treatment 1 Lot 32,000 32000
TOTAL 1644500 740025
V. CONCRETE WORKS
A. Footing
Portland Cement(FORTUNE
13338 bags 243 3241134
CEMENT)
Sand 741 cu. m. 1200 889200
Gravel 1482 cu. m. 1300 1926600
B. Column
6804 Bags 243 1653372
CEMENT)
Sand 378 cu. m. 1200 453600
Gravel 756 cu. m. 1300 982800
C. Slab and Stair Case
15160 Bags 243 3683880
CEMENT)
Sand 842 cu. m. 1200 1010400
Gravel 1687 cu. m. 1300 2193100
Sahara cement for roof

30,000 kl. 30 900000
deck
Protoseal 360 Gal. 2000 720000
D. Beam and Girders
7181 Bags 243 1744983
CEMENT)
Sand 399 cu. m. 1200 478800
Gravel 798 cu. m. 1300 1037400
E. Parking Lot
2030 Bags 243 493290
CEMENT)
Sand 113 cu. m. 1200 135600
Gravel 226 cu. m. 1300 293800
TOTAL 21837959 9827082
E. METAL
REINFORCEMENT
36mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 5832 pcs. 1480 8631360
32mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 5423 pcs. 1146 6214758
20mm dia. 6m. RSB (G-40) 291 pcs. 400 116400
16mm dia. 6m. RSB (G-40) 200 pcs. 232 46400

12mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 45736 pcs. 132 6037152
10mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 4734 pcs. 93 440262
No.16 of G.I Tie Wire (40cm) 10153 kg. 65 659945
TOTAL 22146277 9965825
VI. FORM WORKS
Ordinary Plywood (1/2 X 4FT

2785 pcs. 650 1810250
X 8FT)
Ordinary Plywood (3/4 X 4FT

1788 pcs. 1060 1895280
X 8FT)
Cocolumber (2” X 2” X 12'' ) 69792 bd ft. 19 1326048
Cocolumber (2” X 3'' X 12'') 34522 bd ft. 19 655918
Scaffolding 300 Set 3500 1050000
Shoring Jack 300 Set 2000 600000
TOTAL 7337496 330187
VII. TILE WORKS
Tile Grout 3076 Bags 65 199940
Tile Trim (6') 620 Pcs 45 27900
Unglazed Floor Tiles (0.30m x

975 Pcs 123 119925
0.30m)
Granite Tiles (.6m x .6m ) 14648 Pcs 200 2929600
Unglazed Floor Tiles (0.60m x

2194 Pcs 150 329100
0.60m)
Portland Cement (FORTUNE

529 Bags 243 128547
CEMENT)
Sand 29 cu. m. 1200 34800
TOTAL 3769812 1696415

Table 5.2b
Materials
VIII. MANSORY WORKS
No. 6” CHB 20359 pcs. 15 305385
No. 4” CHB 35596 pcs. 13 462748
5908 bags. 243 1435644
CEMENT)
Sand 492 cu. m. 1200 590400
No.16 of G.I Tie Wire (40cm) 521 kg. 65 33865
TOTAL 2828042 1272619
IX. STEEL WORKS
Stainless Pipe 2 1/2” SCH

258 pcs. 3100 799800
40(6m)
1 ½” X 1 ½” X 3/16” Angle
180 pcs. 400 72000
Bar
¾” X ¾” Tubular (6m) 144 pcs 450 64800
TOTAL 936600 421470
XI. DOOR AND WINDOWS
Panel Door (0.9m x 2.1m) 9 set 8000 72000
Double swing Flush Door (1.0m ×

8 set 8500 68000
2.1m)
Clear Glass Double Swing Door

8 set 10000 80000
(1.0m × 2.1m)
PVC Door (0.8m ×2.1m) 22 set 1800 39600
Glass wall cladding (5.30m ×

8 set 20000 160000
4.0m)
Glass wall cladding (4.0 m × 3.6

62 set 16000 992000
m)
Glass wall cladding (3.6m × 3.6m) 2 set 12000 24000
Glass wall cladding (4.0m × 3.3m) 6 set 13500 81000
Glass wall cladding (3.6m ×

3 set 11000 33000
3.3m)
Roll-up Door (2.1m x 1.8m) 33 set 5000 165000
Roll-up Door (2.1m × 4.1m) 4 set 8000 32000
TOTAL 1746600 785970
XII. MECHANICAL WORKS
Passenger Elevator 1000kg

1 set 488655 488655
capacity (Mitsubishi)
LG Air Conditioner (Ceiling

10 set 98000 980000
Cassette 3TR)
LG Air Conditioners (CCD) 10 set 50000 500000
TOTAL 1968655 885894.75
XII. PLUMBING
8% of Material cost 75601862.25 8% 6048148.98
TOTAL 6048148.98 2721667.04

Table 5.2c
Materials
XIII. PAINTING WORKS
Flat Latex (white) 540 tin 1764.85 1058910
Masonry Putty 205 gal. 573.65 114730
Quick Drying Enamel 95 gal. 406.53 38620.35
Paint Thinner 80 gal. 353.5 28280
B8701 Knockout Air Cleaning

180 tin 3640 655200
Paint
Concrete neutralizer 188 Lt. 471.8 88698.4
Sand Paper # 120 150 Yard 50 7500
Sand Paper # 80 100 Yard 60 6000
4” Nylon Brush 60 pcs. 349.75 20985
2” Nylon Brush 80 pcs. 50 4000
Paint Roller 60 gal. 70 4200
TOTAL 2086411.25 938885
XIV. ELECTRIC WORK
Water pump outlet 2 pcs. 1200 2400
342881
Automatic circuit breaker 61 set 5621
191762.5
Electric wire (lamp) (k/mm2) 50 roll 3835.25
130787.5
Electric wire (outlet) (12mm2) 50 roll 2615.75
1125
Electric wire tape 50 roll 22.5
1500
Gang switch (250V) 30 pcs. 50
3250
2 Gang switch (250V) 50 pcs. 65
8500
3 Gang switch (250V) 100 pcs. 85
Compact Fluorescent lamp

278 pcs. 500 139000
(250V)
Plate Assemble for Single-Gang

30 pcs. 65 1950
switch
Plate Assemble for Two-Gang

50 pcs. 105 5250
switch
Plate Assemble for Three-Gang

100 pcs. 145 14500
switch
41000
Fluorescent lamp (250V) 82 pcs. 500
8140
Duplex convenient outlets 44 pcs. 185
Electric wire, For Service

10 meter 72.5 725
Entrance (8.0mm2)
10920
Telephone Outlet 42 set 260
2000
Telephone Cable 200 meter 10
5250
Solvent (Neltex) 30 cc 175
1396
Entrance Cap – 25mmØ (1”) 2 pcs. 698
Octagon Box, Deep Type w/

250 set 200 50000
Cover (painted)
962337
TOTAL 433051.65
Table 5.2d
Cost Estimates and
Bill of Materials
XV. TOILET WORKS
AND FIXTURES
Water Closet dual Flush 34 set 21000 714000
54594
Waterless Urinal 9 pcs. 9099
161504
Lavatory with Fittings 64 set 2523.50
Floor Drain (OSAKA

19 pcs. 480 9120
3”×3”) w/ insect proof
Soap Holder 34 pcs. 370 12580
Paper Holder 34 pcs. 470 15980
Portland Cement
1000 bags 243 243000
(FORTUNE BRAND)
66000
Sand 55 cu. m. 1200
TOTAL 1276778 574550.1
XVI. SEPTIC TANK &
WATER TANK
Portland Cement
25029
103 bags 243
(FORTUNE BRAND)
6720
Sand 5.6 cu. m. 1200
14560
Gravel 11.2 cu. m. 1300
No. 16 G.I. Tie Wire

6 kl. 65 390
(40cm)
5928
# 4 CHB 456 pcs. 13
12mmØ dia. RSB 86 pcs. 132 11352
Best Tank Water Tank

2 Pcs. 50000 100000
(2000L)
Angle Bar (1 ½ “ x 1 ½ “
10 pcs 660 6600
x ¼ “)
Welding Rod 20 kg 100 2000
TOTAL 172529 77660.55
Table 5.2e
Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials
XVII. GREEN ROOF
Waterproof membrane 3170 Sq.m. 600 951000
Floor Drain (OSAKA 4”×4”) w/

50 pcs. 490 19000
insect proof
Protection board SONOSHIELD
DBS 6200 POLYPROPYLENE 10372 Sq.m. 203

2105516
DRAIN BOARD SYSTEM
Drainage storage layer (oldroyd

3170 Sq.m. 615 1949550
Xv20 GreenXtra)
Filter Fabric 3170 Sq.m. 750 2377500
285300
Roof Insulation Ga. #26 3170 Sq.m. 90
680000
Landscaping 4000 Sq.m. 170
TOTAL 8367866 3765539.7
TOTAL MATERIAL and 117627752.6

LABOR COST
MISCELLAENEOUS
11762775.26
10% Material and labor cost
CONTINGENCIES
5% OF Material, Labor and 6469526.39

Miscellaneous cost
CONTRACTOR PROFIT
15% of Material Labor, Misc., 20379008.14

Cont. cost
VAT
12% of Material , Labor, Misc., 18748687.49

Cont., Contr. Cost
TOTAL COST OF THE 174,987,749.9

PROJECT
21,555.5 per m2
UNIT COST
PROGRAM OF WORKS
The method used to determine the number of days that the project will be
completed is through the PERT/CPM, in which it indicates the number of hour
each laborer could perform in a day.
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION PREDECESSOR TIME

Mobilization and Temporary
A -- 7days
Facilities
B Clearing the Site A 7 days
C Site Layout and Staking B 7 days
D Earthworks C 14 days
E Soil Poisoning D 7 days
F Footing E, D 42 days
G Column(1st) F, D 42 days
H Slab(1st) G 21 days
I Slab and Beam(2nd) H 56 days
J Column(2nd) I 42 days
K Slab and Beam(3rd) J 56 days
L Column(3rd) K 42 days
M Slab and Beam(3rd) L 56 days
N Plumbing (GF) I 14 days
O Electrical (GF) N 21 days
P Plumbing (2F) M 14 days
Q Electrical (2F) P 21 days
R Plumbing (3F) Q 14 days
S Electrical (3F) R 21 days
T Roof Garden (2F) P 14 days
U Roof Garden (3F) R 14 days
V Roof Garden (Roof Deck) U 14 days
W Finishing (GF) O 56 days
X Finishing (2F) Q 56 days
Y Finishing (3F) S 56 days
Z Finishing (Roof Deck) V 42 days
O, Q, S, T, U, V,
A1 Clearing 21 days
W, X, Y, Z
B1 Demobilization A1 7 days
Table No. 5.3. Program of Works
Figure 13: Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) – Critical Path
Method
RESULTS OF THE LEED – NC 2014.
The following are the results of the possible certification for the LEED –
NC, which was based on the critical analysis and judgments of the researcher’s
output of the structure’s design;
Y ? N
Y Credit Integrative Process 1
9 Location and Transportation 16

LEED for Neighborhood
Credit 16
Development Location
1 Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1
1 Credit High Priority Site 2

Surrounding Density and
3 Credit 5
Diverse Uses
2 Credit Access to Quality Transit 5
1 Credit Bicycle Facilities 1
1 Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1

Green
0 Credit 1
Vehicles
5 Sustainable Sites 10
Construction Activity Pollution
Y Prereq Required
Prevention
Credit Site Assessment 1
Site Development - Protect or
1 Credit 2
Restore Habitat
1 Credit Open Space 1

Credit Rainwater Management 3
2 Credit Heat Island Reduction 2

1 Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1
Water Efficiency 11
N Prereq Outdoor Water Use Reduction Required
N Prereq Indoor Water Use Reduction Required
Building-
Level
N Prereq Required
Water
Metering
Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2
Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction 6
Credit Cooling Tower Water Use 2
Water
Credit 1
Metering
17 Energy and Atmosphere 33

Fundamental Commissioning
Y Prereq Required
and Verification
Y Prereq Minimum Energy Performance Required
Building-Level Energy
Y Prereq Required
Metering
Fundamental Refrigerant
Y Prereq Required
Management
1 Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6
10 Credit Optimize Energy Performance 18
1 Credit Advanced Energy Metering 1
1 Credit Demand Response 2
2 Credit Renewable Energy Production 3

Enhanced Refrigerant
1 Credit 1
Management
Green Power and Carbon

1 Credit 2
Offsets
5 Materials and Resources 13
Storage and Collection of
Y Prereq Required
Recyclables
Construction and Demolition
Y Prereq Required
Waste Management Planning
Building Life-Cycle Impact
2 Credit 5
Reduction
Building Product Disclosure
and Optimization -
1 Credit 2
Environmental Product
Declarations
0 Credit and Optimization - Sourcing of 2

Raw Materials
2 Credit and Optimization - Material 2

Ingredients
Construction and Demolition
0 Credit 2
Waste Management
12 Indoor Environmental Quality 16

Minimum Indoor Air Quality
Y Prereq Required
Performance
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Y Prereq Required
Control
Enhanced Indoor Air Quality
1 Credit 2
Strategies
2 Credit Low-Emitting Materials 3

Construction Indoor
1 Credit Air Quality 1

Management Plan
1 Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
1 Credit Thermal Comfort 1
1 Credit Interior Lighting 2
3 Credit Daylight 3
1 Credit Quality Views 1
1 Credit Acoustic Performance 1
4 Innovation 6
3 Credit Innovation 5
1 Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1
4 Regional Priority 4
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Possible
56 0 TOTALS 110
Points:
Result : 56 points, SILVER

The results of the certification shows that the structure scored a total of 56
points, in which it qualified for “Silver” LEED – NC certification.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RESULTS
This set of data and findings will present a summary of the findings made
in this unit in order to have clear presentation of the results of this unit and be the
basis of which the objectives of this study has been attained or not.
Atterberg Limit Determination
Description of Soil : Macolod Clay Loam
Table 4.4
Can Number 1 2 3
Weight of wet 16.69 17.04 19.03
soil+can
Weight of dry 13.8 13.25 14.6
soil+can
Weight of can 5.5 5.4 5.4
Weight of dry soil 8.3 7.85 9.2
Moisture loose 2.89 3.19 4.43

Water content, w% 43.75 40.62 38.15
Number of blows, N 37 24 12
Table 4.5
Can Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil+can 11.30 11.26
Weight of dry soil+can 10.42 10.35
Weight of can 6.7 6.7
Weight of dry soil 3.72 3.65
Moisture loose 0.88 0.91
Water content, w% 23.66 24.93
Liquid Limit = 40.12
Plastic Limit = 24.30
Plastic Index = 15.82

Description of Soil : Macolod clay loam
Table 4.6
Boring Number 1 2 3
Container Number 1 2 3
Weight of cup+soil 30.19 31.66 28.52
Weight of cup+dry 22.6 22.73 22.7
soil
Weight of cup 6.7 6.7 6.7
Weight of water 9.59 8.93 5.82
Water Content, w% 60.31 55.71 36.38
(60.31+55.71+36.38)
Average Water Content = = 50.8%
3
Grain Size Analysis-Mechanical
Table 4.7
Sieve No. Diameter Weight %Retained Weight %Passing
(mm) Retained (mm) Passing
4 0 0 657 657 100
8 2.38 14 2.13 643 97.87
10 1.68 29.3 4.46 613.7 93.41
40 0.42 44.3 6.8 569.4 86.61
60 0.25 67.12 10.22 502.28 76.39
100 0.15 59.8 9.1 442.38 67.29
200 0.075 82.38 12.54 360.1 54.75
Based from the result of the Atterberg’s Limit Determination Test, the
soil’s classified as inorganic clay of medium plasticity wait allowable soil
pressure of 100-300kPa
LATERAL LOAD COMPUTATION
Floor Wx(kN) hx(m) Wxhx Fx
Roof Deck 22280.41 14 311925.74 8291.65
3rd Floor 26717.23 9 240455.07 6391.81
2ND Floor 31605.58 5 158027.90 4200.72
80603.22 710408.71
SLAB DETAILS (Use 12mm∅ bars, t = 200mm)
Mar ALONG INTERIOR

ALONG EDGE BEAM ALONG END BEAM
k BEAM
@ @ @ @ @ @ @
midspa continuou midspa continuou midspa interio exterio
n (mm) s edge n (mm) s edge n (mm) r edge r

(mm) (mm) (mm) edge
(mm)
S1 120 130 120 130 120 120 120

S2 120 130 120 130 120 120 120
S3 120 130 120 130 120 120 120
BEAM DETAILS
Mark B(mm) D(mm) L (O.C.) REINFORCEMENTS STIRURUPS,
12mm∅
TOP BOT.
BARS BARS
B-1 450 600 varies 4- 2– 280mm center to
32mm∅ 32mm∅ center from face of
supported and the rest
B-2 200 400 varies 4- 2– 180mm center to
support and the rest
TB-1 250 400 varies 5- 3– 180mm center to
CB-1 200 400 varies 4- 3– 180mm center to

COLUMN DETAILS
Mark L(mm) W(mm) REINFORCEMENTS LATERAL TIES
C1 0.75 0.75 18 – 36mmØ RSB 12mm dia. bars spaced @
612mm center to center
from face of support and
the rest
FOOTING DETAILS
Use B = 4m, L = 4m and d = 0.8m with 16 – 32mm∅ main bars each side
on center.
RC STAIRS DETAILS
Use thread = 250mm and rise = 220mm with 10mm∅ main bars.
PROGRAM OF WORKS
From the procedure used, the researchers utilized the PERT/CPM method
to identify the number of days of the actual constructions of the proposed design.
The total numbers of working days for the completion of the proposed project
study is 544 days.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
The written Technical Specification will conform to all the standard
specification used in the design of the study, with an identified and detailed
materials and execution of the construction of the project study.
COST ESTIMATES AND BILL OF MATERIALS
Using simple costing method in estimating quantity of materials and
computing all the necessary materials and equipment used based on the current
price and the rate of labor and considering the activities to be done, the researchers
arrive to the probable cost of the Three Storey Commercial E-Building is to be
143,324,285 pesos.
UNIT V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This unit comprises of the conclusions made from the results of the study
based on the objectives. In addition, this unit also includes the necessary
recommendations formulated from the results and analysis of the study.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the research design and study along with the
analysis, the researchers come up with the following conclusions:
1. Based on the assessment of the researchers about the design of the three-
storey reinforced commercial E-building, we concluded the necessary
concept, theories, principles and analysis in order to design the structure.
And as well as the application of the LEED Green Building system to the
design.
2. Computations were made for the structural detailing and load
computations of the building. The structural plans, details and drawings
are prepared for assessment and for further reference.
3. The National Structural Code of the Philippines, National Building Code
and other standard codes were used as reference for the technical
specifications, plans and drawings.

4. With the use of LEED’s evaluation for green building, the researchers
minimized the impact of the design and construction to the environment.
And the cost of the study was estimated by use of simple method of
estimating for all necessary materials and labor cost.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to improve the design and reduce the cost of the project study, the
following recommendations were presented:
1. Since the project is an environment-friendly building, the materials should
be composed of recycled materials and less carbon footprints should be
emitted in transporting the supplies.
2. The standard specifications of LEED should be used to maintain its green
features in order to minimize its impact to the environment.
3. Alternative source of energy can also be installed such as solar panels for
more efficient energy. And rainwater harvester to reduce the use of clean
water and water bill.
4. The use of other references is recommended in order to improve and
discover new ways and methods to achieve a more ideal green building
structure.
References
Arenal, A. D. (2012). A Proposed Design of an Environment Friendly Three
Storey Reinforced Concrete Parking Building in Lucena City. Lucena
City.
Besavilla, V. I. (2007). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete. Cebu City,
Philippines: VIB Publisher.
Besavilla, V.I. (2007), Structural Analysis, Cebu City, Philippines: VIB Publisher.
Generoso (2001). A Proposed Five Storey Engineering School Building. MSEUF,
L.C.
Guillesania, D.I. (2004) Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second
Edition, Ormoc City: Diego Inucencio Tapang Guillesania
Landicho, M. A. (2006). A Proposed Three Storey Maritime School Located in
Manuel S.Enverga University Foundation, University Site, Lucena City.
Lucena City: BSCE Thesis University Foundation, Lucena City.
Manahan (2012). Integration of Green Building Concept in Design of a Three-
Storey Building.
Moehring. (2009). Is that Mass or just a garden on your roof?

Fajardo, M. (2002). Simplified Estimate.
Wong, J. K. W. (January 2009). Method Statement for Site Investigation.
Bangkok, Thailand: Infratech ASTM Co.
Sherer, P.(2003). The Benefits of Park: Why America Needs More City Parks and
Open Space.San Francisco, CA: Trust for Public Land
Konijnendijk, C. (2013). Benefits of Urban Parks. Switzerland: Copenhagen &
Alnarp Inc.
Bowen, R. (2012). National Science Board: Research and Development,
Innovation, and the Science and Engineering Workforce. Arlington,
Virginia: National Science Foundation.
Salazar, S. (2005). Estimating the Non-market Benefits of an Urban Park: Does
Proximity Matter?. Valencia, Spain: Elsevier.
N.A. The Philippine Green Building Code. Retrieved from
www.dpwh.gov.ph/pdf/PGBC-5.pdf
Monier, J. (2009). Sustainable Benefits of Concrete Structures. European
Concrete Platform ASBL. Retrieved from
http://www.europeanconcrete.eu/ECP_Book_Sustainable_Benefits_of_Co
ncrete.pdf
Wong N.H. et. al. (2002). The Effects of Rooftop Garden On Energy Consumption
of a Commercial Building in Singapore. Singapore: Elsevier.

Chesura, A. (2003). The Role of Urban Park for the Sustainable City.
Wageningen, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
December 2016
DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

Dean, College of Engineering and Technical Department
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Thru: ENGR. RAMELA B. RAMIREZ

Project Study Adviser
Dear Sir:
Presented here in an independent probe and should not be regarded as a basis of

expansion program of any Commercial E - Building. However, any interested
party who would like to give credit to this work for some insights about
Commercial E - Building construction an use the ideas and relevant information
of this research whichever are considered applicable.
The author presents this study “A Design of a Three-Storey Commercial E -

Building Along Diversion Road in Lucena City” that focus on developing and
nurturing the skills of individual through training. This paper combines the
researchers’ knowledge learned in the school curriculum and skills acquired in
present work place. A prioritized work presented with pride and compliance with
the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering requirements.
Respectfully yours,
JOHN WARREN S. ABADILLA

Researcher
JOHN PAUL J. DEL MUNDO

Researcher
MARK STEVEN S. ENRIQUEZ

Researcher
MARK ANTHONY ZAMORA

Researcher
APPENDIX B
SOIL GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
SITE GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
SOIL PROFILE SHEAR WAVE SPT, UNDRAINED

VELOCITY, Vs N SHEAR
STRENGTH
TYPE NAME / GENERIC
DESCRIPTION
Sa hard rock > 1500 m/s
Sb Rock 760 – 1500
m/s
Sc very dense soil and 360 – 760 m/s > 50 > 100
soft rock
Sd stiff soil profile 180 – 360 m/s 15 – 50 – 100
50
Se soft soil profile < 180 m/s < 50 < 50
Sf soil requiring site specific evaluation (see section 208 4.3.1)
APPENDIX C
OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY IMPORTANCE FACTOR 1

Earthquake Wind
I. Essential Facilities 1.5 1.15

II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.15
III. Special Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.15
IV. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

APPENDIX D
NEAR SOURCE FACTOR (Nv and Na)
Near Source Factor, Na
CLOSEST DISTANCE TO
SIESMIC KNOWN SEISMIC
SOURCE SOURCE
TYPE ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
Near Source Factor, Nv
CLOSEST DISTANCE TO
SIESMIC KNOWN SEISMIC
SOURCE SOURCE
TYPE ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0

C 1.0 1.0 1.0
APPENDIX E
LATERAL FORCE FACTOR K FOR BUILDING AND OTHER

STRUCTURE
Type of Structure K
1. Buildings with full framing systems except as below 1.00
1.33
2. Buildings with a box system supported only by load
bearing walls
0.80
3. Buildings with dual bracing systems consisting of a ductile
moment - resisting frame and shear
0.67
4. Buildings with a ductile moment - resisting frame capable

of resisting the entire lateral force 2.50
5. Elevated tanks, including contents, supported by four or 2.00

more cross - braced legs and not supported by a building
6.Other structure
APPENDIX F
Seismic Coefficient
Seismic Cofficient (Ca and Cv) Seismic Cofficient (Ca and Cv)
Seismic Zone Factor Z Seismic Zone Factor Z
Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.20 Z = 0.40 Z = 0.20 Z = 0.40
Sa 0.16 0.32 Na Sa 0.16 0.32 Nv
Sb 0.2 0.40 Na Sb 0.2 0.40 Nv
Sc 0.24 0.40 Na Sc 0.32 0.56 Nv
Sd 0.28 0.44 Na Sd 0.3 0.64 Nv
Se 0.34 0.36 Na Se 0.64 0.96 Nv
Site Specifc geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be
Sf
performed to determined seismic coefficents
APPENDIX G
UNIFORM LIVE LOAD AND CONCENTRATED LOAD
Use of Occupancy Uniform Concentrated

Category Load, Pa Load, N
Description
1. Armories 7200 0
2. Assembly areas and Fixed seating areas 2400 0
auditorium and
balconies there with Movable seating and 4800 0
other areas
Stage areas and enclosed 6000 0

platforms
3. Cornices, marques 3000 0
and residential
balconies
4. Exit facilities 4800 0
5. Garages General storage and/ or 4800 0
repair
Private pleasure car 2400

storage
6. Hospitals Wards and rooms 2000 4500
7. Libraries Reading rooms 3000 4500
Stack rooms 6000 6700

8. Manufacturing Light 3600 8900
Heavy 6000 13400

9. Offices 2400 8900

10. Printing Plants Press rooms 7200 11200
Composing and linotype

rooms
11. Residential 2000 0
12. Restrooms
13. Reviewing stands, 4800 0
grandstands and
bleachers
14. Roof deck Same as areas served or
for the type of
occupancy
accommodated
APPENDIX H
COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENTS IN SLABS

APPENDIX I
WALL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, Cp
Surface L/B Cp Use with

Windward wall All values 0.8 qz
0-1 -0.5
Leeward wall 2 -0.3 qh

≥4 -0.2
Side walls All values -0.7 qh
APPENDIX J
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE
Minimum Cover
Mm
(a) Concrete cast against and 75
permanently exposed to
earth
(b) Concrete exposed to earth
or weather;
20mm through 36mm 50
bars 40
16mm bar, W31 or D31
wire, and smaller
(c) Concrete not exposed to

weather or in contact with
ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
32mm bar and smaller 20
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement ,
ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded place
members: 20
20mm bar and larger 12
16mm bar, W31 or D31
wire, and smaller
APPENDIX K
PHILIPPINE STANDARD REINFORCING STEEL BAR
Table 407-2 Steel Reinforcement Information on Sizes, Areas and

Weights of Various Steel Reinforcements
ASTM STANDARD PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)
Nominal Nominal Nominal Bar Size Nominal Nominal

Diameter, Area, mm2 mass, kg/m Designation Area, mm2 mass, kg/m
mm
9.5 71 0.560 10 79 0.618
12.7 129 0.994 12 113 0.890
15.9 199 1.552 16 201 1.580
19.1 284 2.235 20 314 2.465
22.2 387 3.042 n.a n.a n.a
25.4 510 3.973 25 491 3.851
28.7 645 5.060 28 616 4.831

32.3 819 6.404 32 804 6.310
35.8 1006 7.907 36 1019 7.986
43.0 1452 11.380 42 1385 10.870
57.3 2581 20.240 58 2642 20.729
APPENDIX L
Table 1-A LEED 2014 for New Construction Prerequisites and Credits
Y ? N
Credit Integrative Process 1
Location and
16
Transportation
LEED for Neighborhood
Credit 16
Development Location
Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1
Credit High Priority Site 2
Surrounding Density and
Credit 5
Diverse Uses
Credit Access to Quality Transit 5
Credit Bicycle Facilities 1
Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1
Green
Credit 1
Vehicles
Sustainable Sites 10
Construction Activity
Prereq Required
Pollution Prevention
Credit Site Assessment 1
Site Development - Protect or
Credit 2
Restore Habitat
Credit Open Space 1
Credit Rainwater Management 3
Credit Heat Island Reduction 2
Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1
Water Efficiency 11
Prereq Outdoor Water Use Reduction Required
Prereq Indoor Water Use Reduction Required
Building-
Level
Prereq Required
Water
Metering
Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2
Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction 6
Credit Cooling Tower Water Use 2
Water
Credit 1
Metering
Energy and
33
Atmosphere
Fundamental Commissioning
Prereq Required
and Verification
Prereq Minimum Energy Performance Required
Building-Level Energy
Prereq Required
Metering
Fundamental Refrigerant
Prereq Required
Management
Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6
Credit Optimize Energy Performance 18
Credit Advanced Energy Metering 1
Credit Demand Response 2
Credit Renewable Energy Production 3
Enhanced Refrigerant
Credit 1
Management
Green Power and Carbon
Credit 2
Offsets
Materials and Resources 13
Storage and
Prereq Collection of Required
Recyclables
Construction and
Demolition Waste
Prereq Required
Management
Planning
Building Life-
Credit Cycle Impact 5
Reduction
Building Product
Disclosure and
Optimization -
Credit 2
Environmental
Product
Declarations
Building Product
Disclosure and
Credit Optimization - 2
Sourcing of Raw
Materials
Building Product
Disclosure and
Credit Optimization - 2
Material
Ingredients
Construction and
Credit Demolition Waste 2
Management
Indoor Environmental Quality 16

Minimum Indoor
Prereq Air Quality Required
Performance
Environmental
Prereq Tobacco Smoke Required
Control
Enhanced Indoor
Credit Air Quality 2
Strategies
Low-Emitting
Credit 3
Materials
Construction
Indoor Air
Credit 1
Quality
Management Plan
Indoor Air
Credit Quality 2
Assessment
Credit Thermal Comfort 1
Credit Interior Lighting 2
Credit Daylight 3
Credit Quality Views 1
Acoustic
Credit 1
Performance
Innovation 6
Credit Innovation 5
LEED Accredited
Credit 1
Professional
Regional Priority 4
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Possible
0 TOTALS 110
Points:
Certified: 40 to 49 points
Silver: 50 to 59 points
Gold: 60 to 79 points
Platinum: 80 to 110
PROJECT STUDY SURVEY

Customer (Please tick off (/). Employee Parent
Students Others_________
Name(optional): ______________________________ Age: _________
Gender: F M
Instructions: The following are questions about the relevance of our project study
“A Proposed Design of a Three-Storey Commercial E-Building along Diversion
Road, Lucena City”. Kindly evaluate the following items using the scale below:
5 – Strongly Agree 3 – Fairly Agree 1 – Strongly Disagree
4 - Agree 2 - Disagree
5 4 3 2 1
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE CONSIDERATIONS SA A FA D SD

1. Are you satisfied with the job

offered to you in your community?
2. Do you think, constructing a three-
storey commercial building will
help this community?
3. Are you in favor of constructing a
three-storey commercial E-
building?
4. Are you in favor of constructing a
three-storey commercial
ENVIRONMENTAL building?
5. Do you think it will meet the
services needed by the demands of
the community?
Kindly provide comments, suggestions etc.:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE

Quezon Avenue Brgy. Lalo
Tayabas City
CP # 0942-7480-474
e-mail : johnwarrenabadilla@gmail,com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: October 02, 1994

Birthplace: Tayabas City
Age: 22
Civil Status: Single
Name of Father: Joselito C. Abadilla
Name of Mother: Emelie S. Abadilla

Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Sex: Male
Language Spoken: Filipino, English
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Secondary:
Name of School: Holy Rosary Catholic School
Date Graduated: 2012
Primary:
Name of School: Holy Rosary Catholic School
ORGANIZATION:
Name of Organization: Philippine Institute Of Civil Engineers
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2014- up to present
SKILLS:
Languages: English, Tagalog
Computer Literate and Proficient in Microsoft Office Applications
Basic knowledge in AutoCAD
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED:
“Wind Engineering: The Philippine Ethereal Treasures”

Held at NCAS Auditorium, UPLB
Los Banos, Philippines

February 6, 2016
“PICE 1st Provincial Convention”

Held at Southern Luzon State University
Lucban, Quezon Philippines
January 31 – February 1, 2015
“CADTech Seminar: Different Techniques in AutoCAD”

Held at St. Bonaventure Student Centre Manuel S. Enverga University
Foundation
Lucena City, Quezon Philippines
September 10, 2015
“Traffic Engineering Seminar”

Held at Ouan’s Worth Farm, Lucena City
September 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR. Ed.D, CE

Contact No. 710-3151
ENGR. RAMELA B. RAMIREZ

Professor – College of Engineering
Contact No. 09339276165
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

Signature over printed name
CURRICULUM VITAE

B4, St. Agnes Subd., Brgy Alupaye
Pagbilao, Quezon
Contact No. 0923-687-5760
e-mail : johnpauldelmundo19@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: March 19, 1995

Birthplace: Lucena City
Age: 21
Name of Father: Hilarion J. Del Mundo
Name of Mother: Pacita J. Del Mundo
Sex: Male

Secondary:
Name of School: LUCENA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City
Awards Received : First Honourable Mention, Best in Science
Primary:
Name of School: SILANGANG MAYAO ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
Purok Sampaguita, Brgy. Silangang Mayao,
Lucena City
Awards Received : Third Honourable Mention, Best in Math
ORGANIZATION:
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2014 – up to present
SKILLS:
Basic knowledge in AutoCAD and Sketchup
February 6, 2016


Foundation
September 10, 2015

September 2014


Contact No. 09339276165

CURRICULUM VITAE

Purok Silangan, Brgy. Ibabang Dupay,
Lucena City
Contact No. 09129750589
e-mail: markstevenenriquez1996@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: September 3, 1996

Birthplace: Lucena City
Age: 20
Name of Father: Ulysses G. Enriquez
Name of Mother: Mary Grace S. Enriquez
Sex: Male
Language Spoken: Filipino, English, Aklanon

Secondary:
Name of School: Numancia Integrated School
Primary:
Name of School: Lucena West III Elementary School
ORGANIZATION:
Name of Organization: Philippine Institute Of Civil
Engineers
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2014-up to present
Name of Organization: The Honor Society of the Lambda

Kappa Phi
Position: Grand Monarch (President)
Inclusive Dates: 2014 up to present
SKILLS:
Computer Literate
Able to operate MS Office (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)
Familiar with Auto Cad
Good communication and writing skills
Competent to work in long hours and to a flexible environment
T-shirt printing
February 6, 2016

Foundation
September 10, 2015

September 2014


Contact No. 09339276165

CURRICULUM VITAE
MARK ANTHONY ZAMORA

Silangang Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon
Contact No. 09235559946
e-mail : mark_zamora06@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: June 6, 1996

Birthplace: Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon
Age: 20
Name of Father: Antonio T. Tejada
Name of Mother: Marites D. Zamora

Sex: Male

Secondary:
Name of School: Paco Catholic School
Primary:
Name of School: Alcastle Educational Foundation Iic.
ORGANIZATION:
Position: Under-Secretary
Inclusive Dates: 2016-2017
SKILLS:
Basic knowledge in AutoCAD
February 6, 2016


Foundation
September 10, 2015
September 2014



Contact No. 09339276165
MARK ANTHONY ZAMORA


CE Thesis

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THREE STOREY COMMERCIAL E-BUILDING 14

Background of the Study

the Gateway to the South.

As a Gateway to the South, Lucena is required to develop a project to attract

a developing city without harming the environment.

Development cannot be stopped but can embrace. Development is

associated with destruction of environment that contributes to the global warming.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to create a sustainable design of a building and develop

1. To design a three-storey reinforced concrete commercial E-building

along diversion road, Lucena City;

2. To develop the complete plans and details of the proposed three-storey

reinforced concrete commercial building in Lucena City;

3. To prepare the technical specifications, program of works, bill of

materials and cost estimates for the design of three-storey reinforced

concrete commercial building in Lucena City; and

4. To evaluate the cost, safety and environmental impact of the building.

Significance of the Study

tourists, entrepreneurs and Lucena City itself.

This building will offer a number of spaces that were opened to

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

of a sustainable building located inside a leisure park with a man-made lagoon,

at Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City.

The study covered the management, planning, aesthetic, functionality,

billing of materials, soil classification & investigation, structural analysis, technical

specification, cost estimates and program of works.

National Building Code of the Philippines, National Structural Code of the

The project study’s conceptual framework presented the procedures and

This project provided features adhering to the safety, economical significance,

To fully understand the concept of the design of a sustainable green

green building design, Leisure Park and tourism.

Various references were used as basis for theories, concepts, technical

specification and technical data/formula for the study. American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is used as a reference in

computation of the structural members are based on Ultimate Strength Design

(USD) concepts. And to assure that the

Concrete Institute (ACI) were consulted by the researchers.

 Existing Site Situation  Data Gathering and

“A Design of a Three Storey Commercial E-

Along Diversion Road, Lucena City"

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Paradigm

E- Building. An environmentally friendly reinforced concrete building with

eco-friendly features like rooftop garden inside a leisure park.

Commercial building. A building that is used for commercial purposes like

food stall, offices, warehouses, retail and others.

Man-made lagoon. An artificial lagoon which is constructed by man with a

to increase its tensile strength.

Rooftop garden. A roof of a building that is covered or partially covered with

Green building. A building with a sustainable design.

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines

ACI American Concrete Institute

USD Ultimate Strength Design

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique

CPM Critical Path Method

CAD Computer Aided Drafting

CHB Concrete Hollow Block

RSB Reinforced Steel Bar

DPWH Department of Public Works and Highway

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources