MAS-9 Suspension System Tires and Wheels PDF

PEPS
AEL2501
Suspension Systems, Wheels and Tires
Lecture delivered by:

Prof. Ashok C.Meti
MSRSAS--Bangalore
MSRSAS
1
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEPS
AEL2501
Session Objectives
• To understand the need for a suspension
system
• Study the various types of springs used in
automotive suspension systems
• To understand the construction and working
of Front and Rear suspension systems
• To get an overview of various
developments in the automotive suspension
systems
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Topics
• Suspension systems
• Components of typical suspension systems
• Electronically controlled suspension
systems
• Wheels and tires
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Suspension System - Introduction

• The purpose of the suspension system along with wheels
and tires to provide greater handling capabilities as well as
increased comfort levels.
• Suspension refers to the use of front and rear springs to
suspend a vehicle’s frame, body, engine & power train
above the wheels.
• Sprung
Sprung--Mass(Weight):
Mass(Weight): vehicle’s frame, body, engine &
power train above the wheels.
• Unsprung
Unsprung--Mass (Weight):
(Weight): includes wheels and tire,
brake assemblies and other structural members not
supported by the springs.
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zs
sprung mass
(body) Ms
suspension spring suspension damper

zu
unsprung mass
(wheel, axle) Mu
tyre stiffness Kt zr
• The vehicle body must be insulated against road shock.

• The blue dotted line shows how the vehicle body moves 5
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• Why need a suspension?

– Ride comfort
– Vehicle stability
– Durability of components
– Suspension makes owning and driving a car more
meaningful!
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3
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Ride Comfort
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The components of a typical suspension System

• Springs - Absorb shock forces while
maintaining
i t i i correctt ride
id height.
h i ht
• Automotive springs are generally classified
by the spring rate (deflection / load)
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• The springs take care

of two fundamental
vertical actions:
– Jounce
• Occurs when a wheel
hits a bump and moves
up
– Rebound
• Occurs when the wheel
hits a dip or hole and
moves downward
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AEL2501
• The spring goes back and forth from jounce and rebound
• Each time the jounce and rebound become smaller
• This is caused by friction of the spring
spring’ss molecular
structure and suspension pivot joints
• A shock absorber is added to each suspension to dampen
and stop the motion of the spring quickly
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– Shock absorbers – damp or

control motion
• Conventional shock absorber
• Gas-charged shock absorber
• Electronically controlled shock
absorber – variable shock
damping, driver selectable soft,
medium and firm settings.
Effect of damper
p on wheel
– MacPherson
h Struts
S – widely
id l oscillations
used for independent suspension

systems.
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AEL2501
Types of springs
• Coil springs
– Linear Rate Spring – all
linear springs
p g are wound
from a steel rod into a
cylindrical shape with even
spacing between coils
– Variable Rate (progressive
rate) Spring – have a
consistent wire diameter,, Coil Spring
are wound in a cylindrical
shape and have unequally
spaced coils
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Leaf springs
A Leaf spring
p g assembly
y
Flexing causes a variation in spring length.
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• Torsion Bar
• The torsion bar is a straight rod of spring steel, rigidly fastened at one
end to the vehicle frame or body.
• The other end attaches to an upper or lower control arm.
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As the control arm swings up and down in response to wheel

movement, the torsion bar twists to provide spring action.
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Shock absorbers
(Damper*)
• Damp or control the
motion in a vehicle
• The
Th shock
h k absorbers
b b are
velocity sensitive
hydraulic damping devices
• They work on the
principle of fluid
displacement on both its
compression and
extension cycles.
• A typical car shock has
more resistance during its
extension cycle than its
compression cycle.
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*US – damper M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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AEL2501
MacPherson Strut
• A MacPherson strut not
only provides ride
dampening, it also
becomes part of the
suspension system.
• It replaces the upper
control arm, upper ball
joint and standard shock
absorber.
• In most cases the front
springs are also
incorporated, making one
complete unit
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2005 model year the Mustang MacPherson struts

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Suspension Types
Front Suspension
Independent Suspension
• Independent
p suspensions
p
allow each wheel to move
vertically without
affecting the opposite
wheel.
• Independent suspension
usually operates through
heavy duty coil springs or
heavy-duty
torsion bars and direct,
double acting shock
absorbers.
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AEL2501
Solid Axle Suspension

• A solid axle is one in which
wheels are mounted at either
end of a rigid beam so that
any movement of one wheel is
transmitted to the opposite
wheel causing them to steer
and camber together
• Solid axle construction, the
axle beam and wheel
assemblies are connected to
the car by leaf springs and
direct or in-direct shock
absorber. 20
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Front Independent Suspensions
Double A-Arm Suspension

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MacPhersion Strut Suspension

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Control Rod Suspension
Torsion Bar Suspension
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Rear Axle Suspension

Solid Axle-Hotchkiss Drive
Four Link Suspension

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• Anti-Roll Bar
– Also called an anti-sway bar, this device connects the left and right
suspensions together and anchors to the vehicle frame.
– Typically
i ll usedd at the
h front
f andd rear off the
h vehicle,
hi l the
h anti-roll
i ll bar
b
is commonly used to adjust the handling balance of the vehicle and
limit the amount of sway or body roll during cornering.
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AEL2501
Adaptive Suspension
– Use electronic shock absorbers with variable valving and some
uses variable air springs.
– Electronic sensors monitor factors such as –
• Vehicle height,
• Vehicle speed
• Steering angle
• Braking force
• Door position
• Shock damping status
• Engine vacuum status
• Throttle position
• Ignition switching
– The controller analyze all the inputs and switch the suspension in
to a preset operating mode matching the existing conditions.
– These systems work in fully automatic mode and driver selectable
mode
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Electronic Air Suspension System
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Active Suspension
• Some of the advanced adaptive suspensions
systems are called Active Suspension systems.
• This
hi configuration
fi i refers
f to those
h controlled
ll d by
b
double--acting hydraulic cylinders or
double
solenoids(actuator) that are mounted on each
wheel.
• Each actuator maintains a sort of hydraulic
equilibrium with others to carry the vehicle
weight, while maintaining the desired body
attitude
attitude.
• It also serves as its own shock absorber,
eliminating the need for yet another suspension
component.
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Bose Suspension System

• The linear electromagnetic motor is used
as a telescoping suspension strut
• A torsion bar connected to one end of
the lower arm supports the weight of the
vehicle.
vehicle
• The wheel damper keeps the tire from
bouncing and losing contact with the
road.
• The motors, mounted on each wheel,
receive input from sensors throughout
the vehicle and react to bumps and
potholes instantaneously, using
downward force to extend the wheel into
potholes while keeping the car level.
level
• As the wheel move back up onto the
road, the suspension recaptures nearly all
the energy expended.
• The system also improves handling, and
comfort during different driving
conditions.
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Wheels
• Wheels are made of either stamped or
pressed steel discs riveted or welded
together.
• They are also available in the form of
aluminum or magnesium rims that are
die--cast or forged.
die
• Magnesium wheels are commonly
referred to as ‘mag wheels’ though
made up of aluminum alloy
• Aluminum wheels are lighter compared
to pressed steel wheels
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• At the center of the wheel,

tapered mounting holes
are provided that help
center the wheel with the
hub
• Wheel size is designated
by rim width and rim
diameter
• Rim width is determined
by measuring the rim
between the flanges
• Rim
Ri diameter
di is
i measuredd
across the bead seating
areas from the top to
bottom of the wheel
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AEL2501
Tires
• Tires and wheel assemblies provide the only
connection between the road and vehicle.
• Modern tires require increased attention to achieve
their full potential of extended service and correct
ride control.
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AEL2501
Tires:
• The primary purpose of tires is to provide traction.
• They also help the suspension absorb road shocks.
• In addition to providing good traction, tires also designed to carry
weight of the vehicle.
• They must perform under a variety of conditions such as –
– Wet or dry road
– Paved with asphalt, concrete or gravel
– There might be NO road at all!
– The car may be moving slow or fast on straight or on curved roads.
– Going up the hill or going down the hill
• The friction created between the road and the rolling tire gives traction.
• The tire must have sufficient traction as well as provide least rolling
resistance
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AEL2501
• The pneumatic tires are of two

types.
– Tube type
– Tubeless type
• The tires have 3 basic type of
construction:
– Bias Ply
– Belted Bias Ply
– Radial Ply*
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AEL2501
• There are tire designs that contain up to 200

raw materials as well as a complex
architecture
hit t off steel
t l bbelts,
lt ttextile
til plies
li andd
computer designed tread patterns.
• The tires will have different tread designs to
provide different capabilities to the tire.
The common tread pattern categories:
– Symmetrical
– Asymmetrical
– Unidirectional
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AEL2501
Aquaplaning / hydroplaning
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Tire Rating and designations
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Michelin Tweels
• "Tweel" concept - a word
made up of the
combination
co b at o ofo Tiree and
a d
Wheel
• It is actually an assembly
of four pieces bonded
together: the hub, a
polyurethane spoke
section, a "shear band"
surrounding the spokes,
and the tread band - the
rubber layer that wraps
around the circumference
and touches the road.
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AEL2501
Summary
• The need for a suspension system in an
automobile has been explained
• Various types of springs used in automotive
suspension systems have been discussed
• Construction and working of Front and Rear
suspension systems have been explained
• An overview of various developments in the
automotive suspension systems have been
given
40
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MAS-9 Suspension System Tires and Wheels PDF

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PEPS

Suspension Systems, Wheels and Tires

Lecture delivered by:

Suspension System - Introduction

suspension spring suspension damper

• The vehicle body must be insulated against road shock.

• Why need a suspension?

The components of a typical suspension System

• The springs take care

– Shock absorbers – damp or

used for independent suspension

Flexing causes a variation in spring length.

As the control arm swings up and down in response to wheel

2005 model year the Mustang MacPherson struts

Solid Axle Suspension

Front Independent Suspensions

Double A-Arm Suspension

MacPhersion Strut Suspension

Torsion Bar Suspension

Rear Axle Suspension

Four Link Suspension

Electronic Air Suspension System

Bose Suspension System

• At the center of the wheel,

• The pneumatic tires are of two

• There are tire designs that contain up to 200

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