GHIST

Lessons Prepared by:

Sir Emmanuel Jimenez Bacud, LPT
Saint Louis University
GHIST LESSON 1: History and
Historiography
• TERMS TO MASTER:
History
Historiography
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Tertiary Source
Philippine Historiography
Sources of Lesson:
• Howell, M. & Prevenier, W. (2001). From Reliable Sources.
p.17-68
• Santillan, Neil Martial R. (n.d). An Introduction to
Philippine Historiography: Sources and Discources
• Scott, W. H. (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials For the
Study of Philippine History. Quezon City. New Day
Publishers.
• Torres, J. (2018). BATIS: Sources in Philippine History.
Quezon City. C & E Publishing. Eliable Sources
 THEORETICAL STAGES OF
HUMAN HISTORY:
• According to Lewis H. Morgan (1877) in his book Ancient
Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress
Lower Savagery: Discovery of fire
Stages Middle Savagery: Discovery of bow and arrow (basic weapons)
Upper Savagery: Discovery of pottery (storage containers)
Lower Barbarism: Domestication of animals
Middle Barbarism: Smelting of iron ore (advanced weapons)
Upper Barbarism: Invention of standardized writing (alphabet)
CIVILIZATION : STABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT
 UNDERSTANDING HISTORY AND
HISTORIOGRAPHY:
• According to Santillan (n.d)

History (Greek: “istoria”/ “historia” past events)

• Study of the sensible (important, impactful) past events

Historiography (Greek “istoria”/”historia +

“graphein”  to write about)
• Practice of historical writing
BEING A HISTORIAN:
HISTORIAN
Individuals who write history

Seek to understand the PRESENT BY

EXAMINING WHAT WENT BEFORE

Conducting an arduous HISTORICAL

RESEARCH to reconstruct the PAST in an
organized and meaningful manner
NOTABLE HISTORIANS:

• Teodoro Agoncillo:
•Herodotus: pioneered nationalist
• Renato
historiography in the Constantino:
the Father of Philippines conceived the idea
History • Authored a book titled of PEOPLE’S
“History of the Filipino
People” (1973) HISTORY (history
•Greek thinker • Also authored “The of the Filipino
Revolt of the Masses: masses)
The Story of Bonifacio
and the Katipunan” • Authored a book
(1956) and Malolos: The titled “Philippines:
Crisis of the Republic
(1960) A Past Revisited”
(1975)
NOTABLE HISTORIANS:
•Zeus Salazar: Reynaldo Ileto: Samuel Tan:
Conceived the idea of Authored the book Approached Philippine
“PANTAYONG titled “Pasyon and history through the
PANANAW” Revolution: struggles of Filipino
(understanding the Popular
past from our cultural Muslim during the
Movements in the American colonialism
frame and language) Philippines, 1840-
1910 (1979)
Emphasized the value Authored “The Filipino
of Austronesian roots Muslim Armed Struggle,
citing Jaime Using folks and by 1900-1972” (1978) and A
Veneracion’s using alternative History of the Philippines
Kasaysayan ng historical sources (1987)
Bulacan (1986) such folk songs and
prayers
 INTERNAL CRITICISM
(CONTENT ANALYSIS): the credibility
and reliability of the document or
historical source ; understanding the
HISTORICAL substance and the message

CRITICISM EXTERNAL CRITICISM

(CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS):
authenticity of the source; Who
composed the material? Where it was
published?; When it was published?
SOURCES OF HISTORY:
Documentary Archaeological Oral and Video
Sources Sources Accounts
• Handwritten and • Preserved remains of • Audio-visual
printed documents human beings and documentation of
• Books, newspapers, activities (fossils people, events and
magazines, journals, and artifacts) places
maps, architectural • Fossils: remains of • Recorded, stored and
blueprint, medical living things that were processed in a video
record, government preserved through format (MP4) through
reports, paintings, time storage devices
photographs and • Artifacts: remnants (CDs, Memory
printed of ancient culture devices)
advertisements (materials and object)
SAMPLES OF FOSSILS AND
ARTIFACTS:
• Callao Man’s Bone • Tabon Man’s Skull Cap

• Laguna Copper Plate

• Butuan Mother Boat

KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES:

Primary Source
Secondary Tertiary
Source Source
• Documents, Physical • Materials made by a • Third-generation
Objects and Video person long after the sources
Accounts made by events (5 years) • A reflection of a
an individual or a being described had reflection of the
group present at the take place primary source
time and place being • Serves as • Prone to
described interpretations and manipulation and
• Direct experiences reflection of primary historical
(First-hand) : to give sources revisionism
facts • To give analysis • To give alternative
about historic events perspectives
Sources of History:
Relics (for living) and Artifacts (material culture)
• Describe ways of life and extent of civilization (e.g.
LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION, Zheng He’s Stele
Inscription)
Testimonies (Oral Sources)
• Describe an event (Vaclav Havel’s Speech during the Velvet
Revolution of 1989)
 Intentional and
Unintentional Sources
Intentional Source
• Intended for historical understanding of the future
generation (personal level: diary; Laurel Thatcher
Ulrich’s A Midwife’s Tale in 1990)
Unintentional Source
• Not produced for historical understanding (e.g. video
of Kennedy’s assassination )
 SOURCE TYPOLOGIES (According
to Physical Attribute)
•Narrative/ Literary Sources : chronicles or
tracts (written sources)
Diplomatic
Ego Documents Social Documents
Source
• Diaries • Transcriptions of • Products of
• Memoirs laws record-keeping
• Legal • CLUP of a
documents and Municipality;
protocols Registration
• Three parts: certificate,
protocol, content Jurisprudence
and eschatocol
Archeological Evidence
•Represents the material culture of the past
civilizations
•MANIFESTATIONS/ EVIDENCE:
1.) Coins (Penniform Gold Barter Ring)
2.) Fossils / relics (Homo luzonensis)
3.) Vessels (Butuan Boat)
4.) Scientific Innovations (gramophone)
 ORAL Evidence
•Tales of the past; oral accounts that
passed through generations
EVIDENCE:
1.) Vedas (Vedic Literature of Hinduism)
2.) Folk narratives in the Philippines
(Alamat; Bugtong; Kwentong bayan;
Salawikain)
 ACTIVITY 1: Kinds of Historical
Sources (1/4 sheet of paper)
1.) Memoirs of Juan Ponce Enrile
2.) Bank Statement of your Parents
3.) Your Written Report in Class about Martial Law
4.) Highschool History Textbooks that analyzed the earlier printed
academic accounts on Martial Law
5.) Artifacts and relics
6.) Photos about the EDSA I
7.) Editorial Cartoons in the Newspapers
8.) Paintings
9.) Online Message in your FB Account
10.) Your FB Post about the DENGUE OUTBREAK reported by GMA
News
• In the Philippines: • National Library and
National Archives as
major repositories of
documentary sources
• Reputable universities
(UP; Ateneo de Manila,
UST-Benavides Library,
Siliman University,
University of San
Carlos)
 The Characteristics of
Philippine Historiography:
The dominance of political narratives
Colonial histories
Elite-centric perspectives
Patriarchal orientation
Emphasis on lowland Filipinos
The dominance of political
narratives
Colonial histories
Elite-centric perspectives
•Story of the ilustrados
(educated Filipinos)
•Local politicians negotiating
with the Americans in gaining
independence
•Constantino’s people history
and Ileto’s history from below
Patriarchal Orientation
• Emphasis on the HEROISM OF MEN IN THE SOCIETY
• WOMEN are just SUPPORT to men.
BUT:
1.) Melchora Aquino : mother of Katipunan
2.) Gabriela Silang : led the Ilocos revolt after the
death of his husband
3.) Teresa Magbanua : “Joan of Arc” of the
Visayas’ against American and Japanese colonialism
4.) Leona Florentino : Mother of Philippine
Women’s Literature
5.) Encarnacion Alzona : first Filipina historian and
the first Filipina to obtain a PhD degree
6.) Corazon Aquino : first female President in Asia
Emphasis on lowland
Filipinos
•Christianized lowland Filipinos as
subjects of history (mainstream
history)
•Neglect of the Moro people;
Cordillerans, Mangyans of Mindoro
•Instigation of the “culture of
mistrust” between CHRISTIAN AND
MUSLIMS
 SUMMARY OF THE
LESSON:
• The Philippine Historiography
• Thinkers of Philippine Historiography
• Kinds of historical sources
According to Origin (Content and Context) : Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary Sources
According to Intention: Intentional and Unintentional
Source
According to Types: Literary Source (Written),
Archaeological, Oral Sources
CASE STUDY 1:
ORAL INDIGENOUS HISTORY
1.) Access youtube.com. Then, watch Kapuso Mo,
Jessica Soho: “Ligbok”, Namamatay na Wika?”
2.) After watching the video, accomplish the form
provided by the faculty-in-charge
3.) Due: Monday (Aug. 31, 2019- 12 noon) via
ejbacud@slu.edu.ph
 Saint Louis University
Department of Political and Social Sciences
July 31, 2018

Dr. Francisco T. Agoot, LPT

Mr. Emmanuel J. Bacud, LPT
 MIND EXERCISE
Diplomat, College
Birthdate: Professor,
March 10, 1919 Journalist,
Nationalist Historian
Death: Authored the books
September 15, The Past Revisited
1999 and The Continuing
Past

American-
sponsored
Writer

• PROFILING THE AUTHOR: Renato Constantino, SJ

 MIND EXERCISE
Diplomat, College
Birthdate: Professor,
March 10, 1919 Journalist,
Nationalist Historian
Death: Authored the books
September 15, The Past Revisited
1999 and The Continuing
Past

American-
sponsored
Writer

• PROFILING THE AUTHOR: Renato Constantino, SJ

TOWARDS A PEOPLE’S HISTORY
By: Renato Constantino
The young Renato Constantino learned
about patriotism from his grandmother,
who told him endless stories about friar
abuses and her family’s sufferings under
American rule, and from his lawyer-father,
who was critical of leaders who did not fight
for the country’s independence.
COLONIAL SCHOLARSHIP

Philippine History based on Spanish

and American historiography

Failure to write a nationalist history

 The Task at Hand

• The task is to advance to the writing of a truly

Filipino History
• The principal focus must be on the anonymous
masses of individuals and social forces generated
by their collective lives and struggles
• History is the story of man the collective
• Without society there can be no history and there
are no societies without men
Rediscovering the Past
• PROFILING THE AUTHOR: Fr. John N. Schumacher, SJ
PhD degree Authored the
obtained from Died in 2016 due to Propaganda
Georgetown cardiac arrest Movement 1880-
University 1895

Recipient of National
M.A. History Obtained full Filipino
Award on Philippine
degree holder citizenship in 1976
Historiography

Main Curriculum
Developer of the subject
Authored “Readings
Rizal and the M.A. Philosophy
in Philippine Church
Emergence of the degree holder
History” in 1979
Philippine Nation in
Ateneo
• PROFILING THE AUTHOR: Fr. John N. Schumacher, SJ
PhD degree Authored the
obtained from Died in 2016 due to Propaganda
Georgetown cardiac arrest Movement 1880-
University 1895

Recipient of National
M.A. History Obtained full Filipino
Award on Philippine
degree holder citizenship in 1976
Historiography

Main Curriculum
Authored Developer of the
“Readings in subject Rizal and the M.A. Philosophy
Philippine Church Emergence of the degree holder
History” in 1979 Philippine Nation in
Ateneo
 FURTHERMORE:

• In 1991, the Ateneo De Manila University

published a collection of Shumacher’s essays
“THE MAKING OF A NATION: ESSAYS ON
NINETEENTH CENTURY FILIPINO
NATIONALISM” which reflects the core premises
of Schumacher about FILIPINO NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS for over 30 years of historical
writing about the Philippines.

-Abbott, W. (2014). Demise of Fr. John N Schumacher, SJ

 The Historian’s Task in the
Philippines
William
Henry
Morga’s Reynaldo
Rizal’s El Scott’s Fr. Jose
Sucesos de Ileto’s
Filibusteris- Cracks in Burgos’ La
las Islas Pasyon and
mo the Loba Negra
Filipinas Revolution
Parchment
Curtain
Interpretative
meaning of the
F. Nietzsche’s Genealogy of History community based on
Chakrabarty’s Critique of Imperial History (cited in Hawkins, 2013) a specific historical
Mojares’ Two Historical Moments in Philippine Cultural History context (Butler, 1998)
Joaquin’s Philippine Culture as Philippine History
 • HISTORY EMBEDDED IN
POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS
CONTROVERSY
-1949: Catholic Bishops vs.
Publication of Rafael Palma’s
biography of Rizal
• Rizal’s ideas As
Precursor in studying
Analytic History (Real
Understanding of the
Problems of the Past)
“one must unveil that
history which had been
hidden from the eyes of
the Filipino “

“ANNOTATIONS OF ANTONIO MORGA’S SUCESOS de las “TO JUDGE THE PRESENT

Islas FILIPINAS” (GENUINE FILIPINO HISTORY) [using the Past as Reference ]
and to RECTIFY ERRORS OF
“WRITING THE NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO TO THE PRESENT TO MOLD THE
PROVIDE SOLUTION FOR COUNTRY’S SOCIO-POLITICAL FUTURE “
PROBLEMS”
 Uncovering our
roots impels
nations to do
great things

EVENTS BASED
Sense of To BUILD
NATION is to
ON FILIPINOS
POINT OF VIEW
National UNDERSTAND
Identity HISTORY

RIZAL’S LITERARY
WORKS &
BONIFACIO’S ANG
DAPAT MABATID
NG MGA TAGALOG
THEME 1 “MUST BE FILIPINO”
• DEVELOPING CONSCIOUSNESS OF BEING
PEOPLE WITH COMMON ORIGIN AND
COMMON EXPERIENCES

“CENTRALITY OF HISTORICAL
THEME 2 PERSPECTIVE”
• FOCUSING ON A REAL UNDERSTANDING OF
THE PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT

THEME 3 “BRINGING THE RIZAL IN YOU”

• As Filipino historian, we can share the basic goals
Rizal thought capable of understanding by history-
understanding the past, cultivation of our
national identity and inspiration for the future.
ANALYSIS:
Rizal’s Frame of Thought in Studying
history is leaning to Nietzsche’s
Critical History
F. Nietzsche’s
Schumacher’s Approach aims to
Genealogy of challenge Filipino historian to be
CRITICAL
History
NATIONALISM AS A SOLUTION FOR A
MONUMENTAL HISTORY
DEEPER HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING
OF THE FILIPINO NATION
ANTIQUARIAN HISTORY

CRITICAL
HISTORY
 MAIN THESIS:
“THERE IS A FILIPINO HISTORY BEFORE
THE COLONIAL ERA (1872)”
Schumacher’s Arguments:

-Lack of method than a lack of history

-Cracks in Filipino history; Spanish-

dominated

-How to put questions to the

documents (unintended references)
CORE
CONCEPTS: Iron Curtain (USSR) and Bamboo
Curtain (China)
In the Philippines: PARCHMENT CURTAINS
(Spanish Official Documents) preventing modern
Filipinos to have clear depiction of history

CRACKS: Filipinos reaction toward the

colonial power
PARCHMENT CURTAIN
(Historical Site: THE QUIAPO CHURCH)
Parchment
Curtain
• PRIMARY SOURCE:
“Yo, el rey” (Dec. 7, 1610).
Official Document signed by “Kiapo” “Quiapo”
King Philip III through Gov. Tropical Duck
Gen. Juan De Silva Weed or Attributed to
Water lettuce Nazareno
(edible)
• SECONDARY SOURCE:
Very Spanish
Ocampo, A. (2016). Influence on
Chulalongkorn’s Elephants: Filipino Religion 
The Philippines in Asian History Food for Food for
the body the spirit
BY THE WAY…

•WHY IS IT SO

SUCH
THAT THE HISTORY WE
HAVE TODAY TENDS

RATHER
THAN US, FILIPINOS?
Authoritative Answer:

DIPESH CHAKRABARTY’S
“The Difference-Deferral of a
Colonial Mentality (1997)
 THE PHILIPPINES
FORMATIVE CENTURY

• According to Schumacher (1991), there is a disproportionate

amount of the total research into Philippine history has been
devoted to the Revolutionary Period and the American Colonial
period.
 Much attention given about the study of
friar lands than the growth of non-friar
haciendas

Little emphasis on
INSIGHTS OF commercialization of

SCHUMACHER
agriculture

ABOUT THE Negros Hacenderos Embracing

HISTORY OF QUICKLY the American Rule?

PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION
A Deeper Cultural Understanding Must Be
Applied in understanding the different regions of
the country (Negros region, Iloilo, Tagalog) in
relation with the time of American colonialism
 The real history of
Revolution is still to be
written (not just Cavite,
INSIGHTS OF Malolos or Luzon)
SCHUMACHER
ABOUT THE History of
HISTORY OF Revolution must
AMERICAN be done through a
COLONIALISM thorough research of
each region
 • History is always written
from a point of view

•CAN HISTORY BE • Documents are NOT

self-interpreting
OBJECTIVE?
• Historian may bring his
point of views, biases
and prejudices

• OBSERVING TRUISM IN
WRITING HISTORY
(ala 19th century approach to
history)
History is a science with laws

HOW?

Through CRITICAL METHOD

Documentation, Assertions and Interpretation

based on facts, Content Validity of the document
 • Declaration of Philippine
Official
Independence from Spain (June 12,
Documents
1898)
Memoirs
• Rizal’s Correspondence
and Letters
Literary
• Ileto’s Pasyon and Revolution
Works
• Literary Works can be
sources of history if:
-the historian can formulate
the proper question to them
-putting new questions of
the past because history never
delivers ready-made answers.
 Understanding the political unit “ ” and
the small economy of “ to understand the
current orientation of the Filipino

CHAPTER 13: A
Vagueness: “Sense of Pride” and
HERITAGE OF “Sense of Humility” – can a Filipino cater
SMALLNESS the culture of bigness?

Loss of Primordial Freedom, culture and

institutions; how to bring these back?
An expectation to in every Filipino
historian who loves his country

Nationalist History is tend to be

OBSTRUCTED, instead of PROMOTED, the
national cuase
“pseudohistorical” and “pseudoethnographic”
works; forged signatures of J. Burgos
 Synopsis of the La
Lobo Negra
A
TENDENCY: One-
dimensional;
Philosophical
Historical fiction – distortion of constructs
reality to craft an idealized image rather than
objective
description of
events
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Filipino People as Primary THAT AIMS TO PROVIDE
Agents of their HISTORY SOCIAL JUSTICE in all
FILIPINOS

Understanding the ALL

REFORMING AND
ASPECTS of the
RESHAPING the society
EXPERIENCES OF THE
toward a better future
FILIPINOS
A Precursor to this Realization:
 WE TEACH HISTORY:
to attempt to discover on the basis of
fragmentary evidence about the significant things of
the past and to create accepted, valid judgements on
the truthfulness of the historical evidence.

-Adopted from the ideas of Geoffrey Barraclough cited in

Candelaria & Alphoria (2017). READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
References:

• PRIMARY SOURCE:
Nietzsche, F. (1844-1900). On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life.
Hackett Publishing Company.
Scott, W. H. Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
Schumacher, J., SJ (1991). The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth Century
Filipino Nationalism. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

SECONDARY SOURCES:
Candelaria, J. & Alporha (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Rex Bookstore
Hawkins, M. (2013). Making Moros: Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule
in the Philippines’ Muslim South
Joaquin, N. (1988). Culture and History. Pasig City. Anvil Publishing
Mojares, R. (2017). Interrogations in Philippine Cultural History. Ateneo de Manila
University Press.
Ocampo, A. (2010-2017). Looking Back Series. Anvil Publishing