CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

. This chapter provides the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered during the conduct of the study substantial in development and validation of the

developed reviewer in Criminal Law Book I.

1. The Content Validity of the Developed Reviewer

The following table presents the experts’ evaluation on the content validity of the

developed reviewer.

Table 4.1
Result of the Evaluation of the Experts of the Content Validity of the Developed
Reviewer in Criminal Law Book I

Good Moderate Poor Unknown

T.V. W.M. V.I.
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Content Validity 4 3 7

16 9 25 3.57 Good
 27

As shown in Table 4.1, the tallied and tabulated result of the evaluation of the

content validity of the developed reviewer in Criminal Law Book I showed that most of

the experts rated the content validity with a score of 4. It obtained a weighted mean of

3.57 which is verbally interpreted as Good.

This finding indicates that the reviewer reviews what it is intended to review and

all relevant components are included. It could be attributed to the careful and thorough

preparation of each question items in the reviewer.

2. The Level of Reliability of the Developed Reviewer

Table 4.2

Result of the Reliability Test of the Developed Reviewer in Criminal Law Book I

Respondent x y Rx Ry d d²
1 61 18 7 3.5 3.5 12.25
2 72 19 1 2.5 -1.5 2.25
3 29 13 15 8.5 6.5 42.25
4 58 19 8 2.5 5.5 30.25
5 26 10 17 10 7 49
6 44 15 11 6 5 25
7 70 17 3 4.5 -1.5 2.25
8 27 11 16 9 7 49
9 62 16 6 5.5 0.5 0.25
10 35 9 14 11 3 9
11 24 7 18 13 5 25
12 54 14 9 7.5 1.5 2.25
13 21 6 19.5 14 5.5 30.25
 28

Respondent x y Rx Ry d d²
14 47 16 10 5.5 4.5 20.25
15 38 13 13 8.5 4.5 20.25
16 68 17 4 4.5 -0.5 0.25
17 64 18 5 3.5 1.5 2.25
18 71 20 2 1 1 1
19 21 8 19.5 12 7.5 56.25
20 43 14 12 7.5 4.5 20.25
399.5

The squared difference total value of 399.5 was then substituted in the formula to

compute for the reliability test. The computation yielded a 0.69 spearman rho with a

verbal interpretation of fair reliability.

This finding convincingly connotes that the developed reviewer in Criminal Law

Book I has a fair reliability. It implies that the content of the reviewer is consistent with

its reliability. It could be attributed to the efforts put forth in the development of the

reviewer.

3. The Index of Difficulty

The developed reviewer was tested for its index of difficulty using the

result from the pretest and post test. After the computations, the total score for the

pretest of the upper group of students is 128 while on the lower group of students

had a total score of 64. The total score for the post test of the upper group of

students is 468 and the lower group of students had a total score of 183.
 29

When combined, the over-all total score was 843. It was then divided with

the number of students which is 20.

The computations revealed that the index of difficulty of the developed

reviewer is 60.21 which is interpreted as average.

Since the findings connotes that the developed reviewer in Criminal Law

Book I has an average level of difficulty, then it was assumed by the respondents

that each of the item in the reviewer has an average index of difficulty.

4. Index of Discrimination

Each of the question items included in the developed reviewer was tested

for its index of discrimination using the formula declared in Chapter III. The

following table presents the findings of the index of discrimination of the

developed reviewer.

Table 4.3

Result of the Test of Index of Discrimination of the Developed Reviewer in

Criminal Law Book I

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

1 5 2 0.43 positive
2 5 2 0.43 positive
3 5 2 0.43 positive
4 5 2 0.43 positive
5 4 1 0.43 positive
 30

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

6 5 2 0.43 positive
7 5 2 0.43 positive
8 5 1 0.57 positive
9 4 2 0.29 positive
10 4 1 0.43 positive
11 4 1 0.43 positive
12 4 1 0.43 positive
13 5 2 0.43 positive
14 3 1 0.29 positive
15 4 1 0.43 positive
16 5 1 0.57 positive
17 5 2 0.43 positive
18 5 2 0.43 positive
19 5 2 0.43 positive
20 4 1 0.43 positive
21 3 1 0.29 positive
22 4 2 0.29 positive
23 3 1 0.29 positive
24 4 1 0.43 positive
25 4 2 0.29 positive
26 5 2 0.43 positive
27 5 2 0.43 positive
28 5 2 0.43 positive
29 5 2 0.15 positive
30 5 2 0.43 positive
 31

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

31 3 1 0.43 positive
32 3 1 0.29 positive
33 4 2 0.29 positive
34 3 1 0.29 positive
35 5 2 0.29 positive
36 4 2 0.43 positive
37 4 2 0.29 positive
38 5 2 0.29 positive
39 3 1 0.43 positive
40 3 1 0.29 positive
41 4 1 0.29 positive
42 4 1 0.43 positive
43 3 1 0.43 positive
44 4 1 0.29 positive
45 4 2 0.43 positive
46 4 1 0.29 positive
47 3 1 0.43 positive
48 4 2 0.29 positive
49 4 1 0.29 positive
50 4 2 0.43 positive
51 5 1 0.29 positive
52 5 2 0.57 positive
53 4 1 0.43 positive
54 4 1 0.43 positive
55 4 1 0.43 positive
 32

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

56 4 1 0.43 positive
57 4 1 0.43 positive
58 5 2 0.43 positive
59 3 1 0.29 positive
60 5 3 0.29 positive
61 3 1 0.29 positive
62 3 1 0.29 positive
63 4 2 0.29 positive
64 4 1 0.43 positive
65 2 0 0.29 positive
66 3 1 0.29 positive
67 4 2 0.29 positive
68 4 1 0.43 positive
69 3 1 0.29 positive
70 4 2 0.29 positive
71 4 2 0.29 positive
72 3 1 0.29 positive
73 4 1 0.43 positive
74 4 1 0.43 positive
75 4 1 0.43 positive
76 3 1 0.29 positive
77 4 2 0.29 positive
78 3 1 0.29 positive
79 4 1 0.43 positive
80 4 2 0.29 positive
 33

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

81 3 1 0.29 positive
82 4 2 0.29 positive
83 4 1 0.43 positive
84 4 2 0.29 positive
85 4 1 0.43 positive
86 4 1 0.43 positive
87 3 1 0.29 positive
88 4 2 0.29 positive
89 4 2 0.29 positive
90 4 2 0.29 positive
91 3 2 0.14 positive
92 4 2 0.29 positive
93 2 1 0.14 positive
94 3 1 0.29 positive
95 3 2 0.14 positive
96 3 1 0.29 positive
97 3 1 0.29 positive
98 4 2 0.29 positive
99 4 2 0.29 positive
100 4 2 0.29 positive
101 3 2 0.14 positive
102 4 2 0.29 positive
103 3 2 0.14 positive
104 4 2 0.29 positive
105 3 1 0.29 positive
 34

Number of
Number of Correct Correct
Answers from the Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group the Lower group Discrimination Power

106 4 2 0.29 positive

107 4 2 0.29 positive
108 4 2 0.29 positive
109 4 2 0.29 positive
110 4 2 0.29 positive
111 3 2 0.14 positive
112 4 2 0.29 positive
113 4 2 0.29 positive
114 4 2 0.29 positive
115 3 2 0.14 positive
116 4 2 0.43 positive
117 4 1 0.43 positive
118 3 1 0.29 positive
119 4 2 0.29 positive
120 4 2 0.29 positive

Table 4.3 clearly showed that from the 120 items, there were fifty (50) very good

items, sixty-three (63) fair items and seven (7) poor items. It is also important to note

though that all the indexes have positive values of discriminating power which connotes

that there were more correct answers from the upper group than the lower group.
 35

5. Items that should be Retained, Revised or Rejected

The following tables present the decision on each question items included

in the developed reviewer based on their index of difficulty and index of

discrimination.

Table 4.4

The Decisions on the Items of the Developed Reviewer in Criminal Law Book I

Item Discriminating
Number Level of Difficulty Power Decision
1 average positive retain
2 average positive retain
3 average positive retain
4 average positive retain
5 average positive retain
6 average positive retain
7 average positive retain
8 average positive retain
9 average positive retain
10 average positive retain
11 average positive retain
12 average positive retain
13 average positive retain
14 average positive retain
15 average positive retain
16 average positive retain
17 average positive retain
18 average positive retain
19 average positive retain
 36

Item Discriminating
Number Level of Difficulty Power Decision
20 average positive retain
21 average positive retain
22 average positive retain
23 average positive retain
24 average positive retain
25 average positive retain
26 average positive retain
27 average positive retain
28 average positive retain
29 average positive retain
30 average positive retain
31 average positive retain
32 average positive retain
33 average positive retain
34 average positive retain
35 average positive retain
36 average positive retain
37 average positive retain
38 average positive retain
39 average positive retain
40 average positive retain
41 average positive retain
42 average positive retain
43 average positive retain
44 average positive retain
45 average positive retain
 37

Item Discriminating
Number Level of Difficulty Power Decision
46 average positive retain
47 average positive retain
48 average positive retain
49 average positive retain
50 average positive retain
51 average positive retain
52 average positive retain
53 average positive retain
54 average positive retain
55 average positive retain
56 average positive retain
57 average positive retain
58 average positive retain
59 average positive retain
60 average positive retain
61 average positive retain
62 average positive retain
63 average positive retain
64 average positive retain
65 average positive retain
66 average positive retain
67 average positive retain
68 average positive retain
69 average positive retain
70 average positive retain
71 average positive retain
 38

Item Discriminating
Number Level of Difficulty Power Decision
72 average positive retain
73 average positive retain
74 average positive retain
75 average positive retain
76 average positive retain
77 average positive retain
78 average positive retain
79 average positive retain
80 average positive retain
81 average positive retain
82 average positive retain
83 average positive retain
84 average positive retain
85 average positive retain
86 average positive retain
87 average positive retain
88 average positive retain
89 average positive retain
90 average positive retain
91 average positive retain
92 average positive retain
93 average positive retain
94 average positive retain
95 average positive retain
96 average positive retain
97 average positive retain
 39

Item Discriminating
Number Level of Difficulty Power Decision
98 average positive retain
99 average positive retain
100 average positive retain
101 average positive retain
102 average positive retain
103 average positive retain
104 average positive retain
105 average positive retain
106 average positive retain
107 average positive retain
108 average positive retain
109 average positive retain
110 average positive retain
111 average positive retain
112 average positive retain
113 average positive retain
114 average positive retain
115 average positive retain
116 average positive retain
117 average positive retain
118 average positive retain
119 average positive retain
120 average positive retain

Table 4.4 revealed the decisions on each of the items of the developed reviewer

based on their level of difficulty and index of discrimination.

 40

The table showed that all the items (120) have average level of difficulty and

positive discriminating power. Therefore, based on the rule of retainment, revision and

rejection, all the items should be retained and included in the final copy of the reviewer.